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THE PLANTS

OF

3UTHERN NEW JERSEY

With Especial Reference to the

V

.ORA OF THE PINE BARRENS

And the Geographic Distribution
of the Species

By WITHER STONE

Curator Academy oi Natural Sciences oi Philaaelphia

Fellow of the American Ornithologists' Union

Member Philadelphia Botanical Club

VOLUME I

TRENTON, N. J.

1911

V.

. .. \r,r;K

PREFACE. ^ '^'^'

The writer began his botanical studies in Chester County,
Pennsylvania, under the guidance of the classic Flora Cestrica
of Dr. Darlington, and was fairly famihar with the plant life of
this portion of the Piedmont country before he ever visited the
Coastal Plain to the eastward. The first trip to the Pine Bar-
rens, at Egg Harbor City, July 21, 1889, he will probably
never forget. It was one of those delightful little excursions
of botanists which, once a week, left Philadelphia for a day's
tramp, under the leadership of the late Dr. J. Bernard Brinton.
Nearly eveiything was new, and the contrast between the flow-
ers of this wonderful Pine country and the more prosaic flora of
Pennsylvania's agricultural district made an impression and
started an inquiry that were largely responsible for the produxr-
tion of the present volume.

Other work, however, interfered for some years with the
prosecution of botanical studies of any sort, and it remained for
a joint meeting of the Philadelphia an"d Torrey Botanical Clubs,
at Toms River, July 4th, 1900, to provide the stimulus which
led to definite plans for a Flora of the Pine Barrens. The interim
had witnessed a wonderful change in the status of American
botany. The Illustrated Flora had appeared, and under its stim-
ulus botanists were even daring to^ find new species right at
home and to describe them as new, without regard to what
Gray's Manual might have to say on the subject. The old solid
board field-presses, covered with oilcloth and provided with
carpet-bag handles, which had superseded the historic vasculum
at the time oif the Egg Harbor trip, had been supplanted by
light slat presses, and, instead of carrying into the field twenty-
five felt dryers and a like number of folders and exhausting
one's gray matter in deciding just which twenty-five plants we
should select for specimens, we now carried afield only folders

(25)

26 REPORT OF XKW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

or sing-le sheets, but enoug-h to enable us to preserve 150 speci-
mens, if necessar\\

The writer's collections and notes on the South Jersey plants
accumulated rapidly, and the arrangement of the data was for-
tunately well under way when Professor Morse offered to pub-
lish them, as part of his annual Museum Report. The basis of
the present work is the field work of the author and his friends,
the South Jersey material in the herbaria listed below and
the published records contained in the several botanical works
dealing with the region. Wherever possible, an actual her-
barium specimen is cited for every locality mentioned under each
species, so that questions of correct identification can readily be
settled in the future by consulting this material. This plan has
been followed even in the cases of common species, since general
statements leave much to be desired that is sometimes supplied by
actual records. The number of records is, however, no index to
the relative abundance of a species, this matter being covered by
the preliminary statement based upon much additional field data.
The statements regarding the occurrence and abundance of the
wide-ranging species in northern New Jersey, are taken direct
from Britton's Catalogue. Published records not backed by
actual specimens cannot well be ignored, and they have, in
nearly all cases, been included in the text. When they have
been proven to be wrong, or seem exceedingly doubtful, they
are referred to in foot-notes, and where there seems no reason
to question their accuracy they are included with the other rec-
ords, but distinctly marked as to their source. In rare cases of
exceedingly difficult groups where such records are of no par-
ticular additional value to the definite knowledge already pos-
sessed, and where the exact application of the names used is in
doubt, they have been omitted.

LIST OF HERBARIA.

Academy of Natural Sciences. — The Local Herbarium cov-
ering roughly an area of seventy miles around Philadelphia, was
begun in 1891, upon the founding of the Philadelphia Botanical
Club, by the donation of a collection belonging to Isaac C. Mar-

PII.ANTSI OF SOUTHERN NE,W JERSEY. 27

tindale, one of the founders of the club. The members imme-
diately began to contribute specimens, the most important South
Jersey collections coming from J. H. Grove, of New Egypt;
Charles D. Lippincott, of Swedesboro; and Benjamin Heritage,
of Mickleton; other contributors being Dr. J. Bernard Brinton,
Albrecht Jahn, Charles S. Williamson.

Soon after, Dr. Ida A. Keller presented her entire local her-
barium. Of later years, extensive collections were made by Sam'l
S. VanPelt and Bayard Long, while numerous contributions
were received from Edwin B. Bartram, Dr. John W. Eckfeldt,
,W. A. Poyser, Henry A. Lang, Francis W. Pennell, Stewardson
Brown, George W. Bassett, Witmer Stone. Upon the death of
the veteran botanist, Mr. Charles E. Smith, his entire collection
of local plants was bequeathed to the Academy and added to the
herbarium.

The general herbarium of the Academy contained New Jersey
material collected by all the famous botanists from the time of
Nuttall and Pursh down, but outside of Nuttall's collection and
those of S. W. Conrad, of Burlington, and Dr. Joseph Carson,
and W. Wynne Wister, there were probably no complete her-
baria, the specimens being duplicates or special donations. Such
material was received from Diffenbaugh, Pickering, Read, Du-
rand, Z. Collins, A. H. Smith, Canby, Parker, and Burk. Later
on, the valuable local herbaria of Stewardson Brown, Joseph
Craw^ford and Alexander MacElwee, were presented to the
Academy, all rich in South Jersey material, while C. F. Saunders
presented a number of specimens.

In 1910 and 191 1, all of the local material in the general her-
bar^ium was incorporated in the local herbarium, which has thus
become one of the most complete and extensive local collections
in America.

Since 1903, this local herbarium has been under the care of
Mr. S. S. VanPelt, aided during the past two years by Mr. Bay-
ard Long, both of whom volunteered their services and have
brought the collection to its present high standard. The thou-
sands O'f plants which they have themselves collected, and which
Mr. Van Pelt has so carefully mounted, are unsurpassed as her-
barium specimens.

28 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

The South Jersey material contained in this herbarium has
been carefully estimated at 14,000 sheets. For permission tc
avail myself of its riches, I am under obligcitions to the Academy
and the Club and for various aid and assistance, to Mr. Steward-
son Brown, Conservator of the Botanical Section in charge of the
Academy's herbaria, and to Messrs. VanPelt and Long.

Princeton University. — Comprises the collection of Mr.
Charles F. Parker, one of the best authorities on the flora of
the Pine Barrens, and a number of other New Jersey plants,
received from various sources. Mr. Parker's herbarium contains
probably 3,000 specimens from the region covered by the present
report, including nearly all those v\hich served as the basis for
the records published in Britton's catalogue, on the authority of
Parker. The majority of the specimens were carefully examined,
especially those mentioned by Britton. For this privilege I am
indebted to Prof. George Macloskie.

Philadelphia College of Pharnuicy. — This contains the herba-
rium of Mr. Isaac Martindale, containing a great many New
Jersey specimens, only a small portion examined.

(University of Pennsylvania. — ^This herbarium, contains the
private herbaria of Dr. Joseph Leidy, Dr. J, Bernard Brinton,
Isaac Burk, all of them rich in South Jersey plants, and valuable
collections made by Dr. J. M. Macfarlane and Dr. John W.
Harshberger. There are approximately 3,500 specimens from
our region.

For permission to examine this collection I am indebted to the
last two gentlemen.

New Jersey Geological Survey. — This herbarium, preserved
at New Brunswick, consists of some 5,000 sheets, probably half
of them from our area, and forms the basis of Dr. N. L. Britton's
catalogue of New Jersey plants published by the survey in 1883.
Prof. B. D. Halstead gave me every facility for making a careful
examination of the collection.

State Museum^, Trenton, N. J. — Two important herbaria be-
long to this institution. ( i ) That o-f Mr. C. S. Gross, formerly
of Landisville, containing about 2,000 sheets of plants from this
vicinity, Pancoast, Pleasant Mills, Mays Landing, etc. (2) That
of Prof. Austin P. Apgar, foifmerly of Trenton.

P!LANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 29

Torrey Botanical Club. — Contains probably 2,000 sheets from
within our range.

Witmer Stone. — A local herbarium containing 5,000 sheets of
iouthem New Jersey plants, obtained during the past ten years.
Many of the collections were made in company with Mr. Van
Pelt and other members of the Philadelphia Botanical Club, and
Tiuch of the material is duplicated in the Academy's herbarium.

Bayard Long. — A herbarium of the plants of Long Beach
[sland, comprising 2,000 specimens. Most of Mr. Long's collec-
:ions have been presented to the Academy, but this series he has
"etained for study.

Baijamin Heritage. — Contains a full series of plants from^ the
country about Mickleton and a number from other parts of our
region.

Charles D. Lippincott. — A fine series of the plants of Swedes-
x>ro and vicinity and many from other parts of southern New
"ersey.

0. H. Brozvn. — A very full collection of the plants of lower
!^ape May County, probably 2,500 specimens.

Portions of the herbaria of Dr. Thos. S. Githens, of Philadel-
>hia (since presented to the Academy) ; Dr. Joseph Stokes, of
Moorestown ; Messrs. M. and A. N. Leeds, and Mr. C. S. IV il-
iiamson, of Philadelphia, have also been examined.
j Number of sheets of southern New Jersey plants examined in
ponnection with the preparation of this report :

i

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, 14.000

Herbarium of Witmer Stone, 5,ooo

N. J. State Herbarium, New Brunswick, 2,000

N. J. State Herbarium, Trenton, i.ooo

Herbarium Torrey Botanical Club, 1,000

Herbarium of Princeton University, 2.000

ierbarium of University of Pennsylvania, 2,000

lerbarium of Bayard Long 2,000

Ierbarium of Chas. D. Lippincott, 1,000

Ierbarium of Benj. Heritage, 1,000

ierbarium of O. H. Brown, 1,000

lerbaria of Dr. Thos. S. Githens and others, 1,000

33>ooo

u

le

30 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Much field work has been planned and carried out in connec-
ticKn with the preparation of this report, which has resulted in,
the addition of many thousands of specimens to the herbaria of
the Philadelphia Aicademy and the writer, and added greatly
to his understanding of the several botanical regions here con-
sidered and their relationships.

At the time of Dr. Brinton's weekly field trips, certain historicp
localities were visited year after year, with the object of obtain-
ing special desirable species known tO' occur there. The distribu
tion of the various plants appealed more especially to the writer,-*^
and he realized the necessity of broader field work in order to '
secure data for this line of study. He therefore made efforts toP
visit as m;any new localities each year as possible, selecting spots*
that from their location on the map looked promising. This
work was ably seconded later by Messrs. S. S. Van Pelt and
Bayard Long. Some of these excursions proved barren of
results, but the majority added many additional stations for
plants hitherto known from only a few localities. The collecting'^
of common species was prosecuted quite as diligently as the f
search for rarities, since the herbaria were lamentably weak in
their representation of well-known plants. The collectingi of^^
series of specimens of the same species was not considered de-
sirable in the old days, and the writer well remembers his good
friend and preceptor, Mr. John H. Redfield,* conservator of the
Academy's botanical collections, carefully examining the herba-
rium to see if there might be roomi on a sheet to mount an
additional duplicate that had been recently obtained. If there
were not, the specimen was generally rejected rather than use up
a new sheet of mounting paper. One cannot but wonder what
the older botanists would have thought of the vast herbaria of
to-day, in which "genus covers" have been supplanted by "species
covers," so rapidly has material accumulated.

The accompanying map will show approximately the country
covered by the field work of Messrs. Van Pelt, Long and thei

* 1815-1895. To Mr. Redfield's generous care the preservation of the many
valuable herbaria at the Academy is largely due. He devoted many years of
his life gratuitously to their care and arrangement at a time vv^hen such
attention was imperative. Cf. Torrey Bull. XX. 162 for sketch of his life.

V

le,

le

?d
If

.3-

lul

is

PLANiTS OF SOUTHERiN NEW JERSEY. 31

writer, from 1900 to 191 o, inclusive. Some localities were
visited many times and at all seasons, others only once or twice,
but constantly increasing knowledge of the conditions governing
plant life in this region usually made it possible to determine
whether or not additional trips were worth while.

Fig. I. — Field work of Messrs. Van Pelt, Long and Stone, 1900-1910, indi-
cated by heavy black lines. Circles indicate ground covered by resident
botanists.

The north central and northeastern portions of our area have
tlteen least studied, mainly because of their remoteness from
Philadelphia, and also because their flora has but little bearing
upon that of the Pine Barrens, with which this report is more

32 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEIUM.

especially concerned. Further exploration of upper Monmouth
and Burlington Counties would probably only add to the number
of stations for the more lx)real species, known to strag-gle down
into the coastal plain, and would increase our knowledge of the
true flora of the latter reg-ion but little.

At certain stations within our range we have been fortunate
enough to have resident botanists who have become authorities
on the plants of their home neighborhood, and who, by their
collections (referred to above) and cordial co-operation, have
rendered valuable assistance in this work — Messrs. J. H. Grove,
of New Egypt; Benjamin Heritage, of Mickleton; Charles D.
Lippincott, of Swedesboro; Georg^e W. Bassett, of Hammonton,
and O. H. Brow^n, of Cape May.

The writer has made a rather exhaustive study of the flora
about Medford, where, in conjunction with some fellows-natural-
ists, he has maintained a cabin camp for some ten years past, to
which trips of two to four days' duration have been made at all
seasons of the year and 750 specimens collected.

Mr. Bayard Long has made a similar study of the flora of Long
Beach Island, where he has a summer home. Some 109 days
have been spent here during the past few years and a collection
of 2,000 specimens obtained.

Several wagon trips from Medford to the Plains have been
taken by the writer and some fellow-naturalists, one of a week's
duration, others of two or three days, and two visits of several
days' duration were made to Farmingdale in May and July, 19 10,
by Messrs. S. Brown, B. Long, VanPelt and Stone, of the Phila-
delphia Botanical Club, and Mr. Norman Taylor, of the Torrey
Club.

With the exception of the above the collecting trips have been
one-day affairs. Trips made by Messrs. Long, VanPelt and
Stone during the past ten years number 329; some were indi-
vidual trips, others were participated in by two or three, wdiile
additional members of the Philadelphia Botanical Club often took
part, especially Messrs. Stewardson Brown, Charles S. William-
son, Dr. J. W. Eckfeldt, Francis W. Pennell, George W. Bassett
and O. H. Brown, to- all of wiiom the writer is indebted for valu-
able assistance.

PLANETS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 33

The writer has also traveled over all the railroads traversing
South Jersey, and car-window data and general note-book records
of conspicuous species have been used as supplementary evi-
dence in estimating abundance in the general statements accom-
panying each species.

The entire series of South Jersey plants in the Academy her-
barium was gone over critically by the writer in 1908, and subse-
quently much of this material has been reviewed by Mr. Bayard
Long and many difficult groups have been worked over by one or
both of the above. Other questions of the identity of various
South Jersey species have been investigated by members of the
Philadelphia Botanical Club, whose work has been of the greatest
benefit to the writer. In this connection, too, he must express his
indebtedness to a number of botanists who have directly or in-
directly aided his work by identifying material sent to them or
by examining specimens in their institutions — Prof. M. L.
Fernald, Dr. B. L. Robinson, Dr. N. L. Britton, Dr. J. K. Small,
Mr. Norman Taylor, Mr. A. S. Hitchcock, Mrs. Agnes Chase,
Mr. K. K. Mackenzie.

The statements on the time of flowering and fruiting of each
species have been drawn up almost entirely by Mr. Bayard Long
from the Academy Herbarium, his own and that of the writer.
The results form an exceedingly valuable contribution to a sub-
ject that is too often treated loosely and accompanied by little or
no original research. Mr. Long has prepared some account of
the methods employed and the objects sought in this investiga-
tion, which will be found on p. 115.

As explained beyond (p. 70), ecologic problems have neces-
sarily received scant attention, the aim of the work being to
present facts of distribution from a geographic point of view for
all plants of the region as a necessary preliminary to more com-
prehensive discussions of both geographic and ecologic distribu-
tion in the future.

While a local flora such as the present one is of the greatest
assistance to the student, it is impossible to expect it tO' take the
place of a Manual. Every botanist must have access to either
Britton's Manual, the new Gray's Manual or one of the more

3 MUS

34 REnORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

popular works of like character. The present work is to l>e re-
garded as supplementary to these, to show exactly what species
are present in southern New Jersey and their distribution and
relative abundance.

Popular or historical accounts of some of the more striking- or
noted species are added, however, and to meet the request of the
Museum authorities, keys, which are in some cases unavoidably
based on the same characters as those of the manuals, but in
others largely original and supplementary to the latter have been
prepared, and vernacular names given for each species.

So far as the resources of the library of the Academy of Nat-
ural Sciences of Philadelphia have permitted, the original place
of publication has been looked up, the reference verified and the
type locality stated. Where the latter is general or where several
localities are mentioned no attempt has been made to sift the
matter to the bottom, since this usually involves the selection or
examination of a type specimen, as so admirably explained in
Hitchcock's paper on the types of North American grasses and
in the monograph of the genus Panicum by Hitchcock and
Chase. About one hundred additional references to volumes
not in Philadelphia were verified at the New^ York Botanical
Garden with the courteous aid of Dr. J. H. Barnhart, and a few
others at Cambridge by Prof. M. L. Fernald. Only one refer-
ence remains unverified (p. 527).

As to nomenclature the botanist in America, at least, is on the
horns of a dilemma. He can follow either the Vienna Code* or
the American Code.f Should he be also a zoologist he will prob-
ably find it quite impossible to accept certain of the features of
these codes which are at variance with the International Zoologi-
cal Code (virtually identical with the A. O. U. Code).

The broad problems of Zoological and Botanical nomencla-
ture are identical. The zoologists have been "playing the game"
seriously, longer than the botanists, and it seems logical to infer
that, with the same tools to work with and the same object in
view, men of the same intellectual ability will eventually adopt

* Cf. Rhodora, March, 1907, pp. 29-55.

tCf. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, April, 1907, pp. 167-178.

PLANTS OF SOUTHERIN NEW JERSEY. 35

the same methods. In a great many particulars the recent botani-
cal codes are already in accord with those framed by zoologists.
The principal points in which they differ are as follows :

I. The Vienna Code believes in a list of generic "Nomina Con-
servenda" which shall be excluded from the operations of the
law of priority. Such reservation is not allowed by the Ameri-
can or the Zoological Codes, and is contrary to the basic prin-
ciple of our rules governing nomenclature.

II. The Vienna Code does not recognize the principle of types
which constitutes the only possible basis for a stable nomencla-
ture.

III. The Vienna Code places species and sub-species on differ-
ent planes, so that a plant may bear one name if it is recognized
as a species and another if it is called a sub-species. This plan
was long ago rejected by zoologists and was not adopted by the
original American Botanical Code, although the later one has
followed the Vienna Code in this respect, a distinctly retrograde
step, in the opinion of the writer.

In the present report no attempt has been made to revise the
nomenclature. The names given in Britton's Manual have been
adopted except where changes have been suggested in subse-
quent publications. In such instances an investigation has been
made into the merits of the proposed change and a decision
reached in accordance with the AiTierican Botanical Code, except
in the treatment of species and sub-species in separate categories,
a most pernicious rule which botanists will in all probability ulti-
mately reject. The original spelling of each name has also been
followed except in the case of obvious typographical errors, and
all specific names have been written with a lower case initial let-
ter, according to the custom prevalent among zoologists, while
only one authority, the authority of the specific or subspecific
name has been given.

In the matter of genera considerable diversity of opinion exists
as to how many it is desirable to admit, but no departure has here
been made from those recognized in Britton's Manual. The ques-
tion is wholly one of individual opinion and involves the problem
of just w^hat use we propose to make of technical nomenclature.
The more sub-genera we raise to generic rank the less meaning

36 REPORT OP NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

do the names convey to the general botanist, as the mind's
capacity for retaining names is limited. On the other hand, if we
wish to recognize every group which shows any slight difference
of structure by a distinct generic name, we are building our
nomenclature on a purely evolutionary basis; we are emphasiz-
ing differences rather than resemblances between groups, and the
generic name becomes less and less a clue to the systematic posi-
tion of the plants which it comprises. Phylogenetic relationships
can be expressed just as well by sub-generic headings in manuals,
etc., and it is a serious question whether the objects of a generic
name are not better attained if it is used in as broad a sense as
possible.

The synonymy given under each species consists of the cita-
tion of the original place of publication, with the type locality in
all cases where the reference has been personally verified, and
all published references to the plant in southern New Jersey,
mainly in Pursh's Flora, Michaux's Flora, Nuttall's Genera, Bar-
ton's Flora and the catalogues of Knieskern, Willis, Britton, and
Keller & Brown. In the last, as w^ell as in the works of Barton
and Willis, many general statements occur which are evidently in-
tended to cover southern New Jersey, but unless this region is
especially mentioned these references are not cited, since the state-
ments are based largely upon conditions farther north or on the
Pennsylvania side of the Delaware, and do not apply at all to the
region under consideration. Not a few of Dr. Britton's general
statements, too, while doubtless true for the northern part of the
State, are quite erroneous for our region.

The illustrations are, all of them, made especially for this work.
The full-page plates are from beautiful w^ater-color paintings by
Mr. Hugh E. Stone, which unfortunately lose much of their force
in half-tone reproduction. Mr. Stone also prepared the line
drawings. The smaller figures and views are from photographs
taken by Messrs. Stewardson Brown, T. M. Lightfoot and
Bayard Long, while the cones, grasses and sedges were photo-
graphed from specimens under the author's supervision.

To all those mentioned in the above pages, especially to Mr.
Bayard Long, the w-riter w-ishes to express his obligations, as

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 37

well as to Mr. Silas R. Morse, Curator of the New Jersey State
Museum, for his assistance and encouragement.

Owing to the extremely short time available for the final prepa-
ration of the manuscript and the rapidity with which it was put
through the press, many minor errors and inconsistencies have,
no doubt, crept in, which would have been avoided had there been
more time for revision. Many additional records have also come
to light too late to be included, but a work of this kind is never
complete, and if it paves the way for more thorough work along
similar lines, its purpose will have been accomplished.

WiTMER Stone.

September i, 191 1.

INTRODUCTION.

The object of this report is to present a complete list of the
native plants known to grow in the coastal plain region of New
Jersey, or, more exactly, in that part of the State lying south of
the northern boundaries of Burlington and Monmouth counties,
together with an outline of their distribution within this area
and some account of the characteristics, habitat and history of
the more important species.

The demand for such a report is threefold:

(i.) It supplies to teachers and students a local botany, to be
used in conjunction with the general botanical manual, which
must be in the hands of all; showing them exactly which of the
plants described in the more general work are to be found in
southern New Jersey, and in what sections they should be looked
for.

(2.) It presents to botanists of New Jersey and elsewhere a
study in geographical distribution, which may be used in connec-
tion with similar reports from other parts of the country in
solving the more general problems of the distribution of life.

(3.) It places on permanent record the present condition and
history of one of the most interesting botanical areas in the
United States ; which is still one of the most extensive areas in
the Middle States left in primeval condition, but which is rapidly
undergoing the inevitable changes incident to deforestation, cul-
tivation and settlement — the Pine Barrens of New Jersey.

UFE ZONES AND EEORAL BEETS OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.*

It was the original intention to consider in this report only
the flora of the Pine Barrens, but it soon became evident that a

* Cf. C. Hart Merriam, Geographic Distribution of Life in North America,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., VII, 1-64, 1892. Laws of Temperature Control of
the Geographic Distribution of Terrestrial Animals and Plants, Nat. Geog.
Mag., 1894, 229-238. Geographic Distribution of Animals and Plants in
North America, Year Book U. S. Dept. Agr. 1894, 203-214.

J. A. Allen, Geographic Distribution of North American Mammals, Bull.
Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., XIV, 199-244, 1892.

(39)

40 REPORT 01<^ NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

proper understanding of its nature involved a thorough knowl-
edge of the plants of the contiguous areas w^hich, together with
it, constitute the coastal plain section of the state. Furthermore,
as it is necessary in a detailed study of distribution to have some
definite boundary line, the limit above mentioned was selected.
While this does not exactly coincide with the upper edge of the
coastal plain, it comes quite close to it and does not include any
of the higher ground above the fall line.

The coastal plain extends north of Burlington and Monmouth
Counties to a line connecting Trenton and Bound Brook, thence
to Passaic and Hackensack behind the Palisades, and includes
all the low country adjacent to the Hackensack marshes as well
as Staten Island, part of Long Island and the immediate coast
district of southern New England. In New Jersey this involves
parts of Mercer, Middlesex, Union, Hudson, Essex, Passaic
and Bergen Counties, and, while the ranges of many southern
New Jersey plants touch them all, the higher parts of these
counties harbor so many northern plants that to include them
would be confusing. Moreover, no southern plants occur in this
northern extension of the coastal plain which do not also occur
south of our boundary line.

This coastal plain region of New Jersey has always attracted
the attention of naturalists because of the striking differences
that are presented by its flora and fauna as compared with those
of the higher ground of the Piedmont country to the north and
w^est of it. Pennsylvanians often liken it to a bit of the Southern
States that has been transported northward. Its climate in winter
is certainly milder; there is rarely a heavy snowfall, and what
does fall soon disappears, while many southern species of plants
and insects and a few birds and mammals are found there which
are unknown to the w^est of Philadelphia or elsewhere beyond the
fall line.

It may seem incongruous to find a "southern flora and fauna"
by going eastward, as w^e do in the vicinity of Philadelphia, but
this is easily explained when we examine a map of the life zones
of North America. As Dr. Merriam has shown, temperature is
one of the chief — if not the chief — factors in fixing the bound-
aries of these zones. If the surface of the earth were level, they

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 41

would encircle the globe like the parallels of latitude — the trop-
ical zone at the equator, followed by the austral, transition,
boreal and arctic as we pass toward the north pole. The inter-
vention of a mountain chain, like the Alleghanies, however, run-
ning in a general way at right angles to the life zones, materially
alters their direction. The higher elevations carry the boreal
zone far southward, while the other zones, covering successively
lower altitudes, naturally run parallel to the general direction of
the mountains. We therefore find (i) that the Boreal zone of
Canada and upper Maine is in evidence on the higher mountain
tops all the way to western North Carolina, the elevation neces-
sary to support it becoming higher and higher as we go south-
ward; (2) the Transition (Alleghanian) zone of our northern
tier of States, which covers most of New England and New
York, spreads southward over all of central Pennsylvania and
northern New Jersey, and follows the mountains on both slopes
to North Carolina, northern Georgia and eastern Tennessee; (3)
the Upper Austral (Carolinian) zone, covering Illinois, Indiana
and Ohio, sweeps southward, rounding the lower extremity of
the Alleghanies, and then, bending northward again, flanks the
Transition all the way to southeastern Pennsylvania and southern
New Jersey, sending up terminal arms into the valleys of the
Susquehanna, Delaware, Hudson and Connecticut rivers, cover-
ing Staten Island and western Long Island, and leaving its trace
on the southern coast of New England. Below the Carolinian
lies the Lower Austral zone (Austro-riparian), which covers the
region between the seashore and a line drawn from the mouth of
the Potomac to middle Georgia; thence it bends northward to
the juncture of the Ohio and Mississippi, and thence southwest.
The Cape Charles peninsula belongs to this zone, and a slight
tinge is seen in the plant and bird life of southern Delaware and
possibly of extreme southwestern New Jersey.

Consequently, with the life zones running northeast and south-
west, we experience the same sequence of animal and plant life
in traveling from the higher Alleghanies of Pennsylvania to the
seacoast of southern New Jersey as we do in coming from Maine
southward at sea level.

42 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

REI.ATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE l-LORA OE THE COASTAL PEAIN AND
THAT OE THE PIEDMONT REGION,

The line separating the coastal plain from the Piedmont region
to the west of it is known as the fall line and is marked through-
out its extent by a more or less abrupt change of level. As
already stated there is an appreciable difference in climatic con-
ditions as we pass east or west of this line, and a more striking
difference in soil conditions, the coastal plain being for the most
part covered with sand and gravel in marked contrast to the
heavier soils of the Piedmont. There are also frequent rock
outcrops and rapid tumbling streams in the latter region, which
are entirely lacking in the flat stretches of southern New Jersey.
Historically, too, there are ample reasons for differences between
the two regions, as the vastly older land of the Piedmont area
was undoubtedly covered with vegetation before the coastal
plain was elevated above the sea.

Hence it is not surprising that we should find a decided differ-
ence in the plant life of these two areas.

In the life-zone maps issued by the United States Department
of Agriculture, and based mainly upon the distribution of birds
and mammals, we shall notice that the line of demarcation be-
tween the Transition and Carolinian Zones is much further back
towards the mountains than the line separating the coastal plain
flora from that of the uplands. It is, however, well known that
Carolinian birds and mammals are everywhere taking advantage
of deforestation and cultivation to push northward, so that it is
quite conceivable that the two lines may have been much more
nearly identical in Pennsylvania and New Jersey under primeval
conditions.

Whether the fall line ever did form the boundary between the
faunal zones, there is no question but that it still marks a great
change in plant life.

Farther south, however, it seems that a great many coastal
plain plants range far west of the fall line, so that its effect
upon distribution is less potent southward or else it coincides in
the north more nearly with a line of demarcation in plant life
due to other influences.

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 43

In plant distribution we have to reckon with other factors in
addition to temperature, which are only indirectly instrumental
in the distribution of vertebrate animals or are not at all in
evidence.

(i) Soil conditions play a very important part in the distribu-
tion of plants, and (2) the past geological changes in the region,
which necessarily caused great alterations in the ranges of both
animals and plants, have often left their mark in the isolated
colonies of plants still found in spots far removed from the
present general habitat of the species, while in the case of free
moving animals such cases are rare.

It should also be borne in mind that the life-zones of to-day
are not permanently fixed, but are constantly and gradually
changing, and oftentimes man accelerates these changes very
materially by clearing forests, draining swamps, etc.*

The flowering and filicoid plants of the New Jersey coastal
plain comprise IS73J species. Of this number no less than 807
are more or less common in the Piedmont region. They are
either of boreal affinities or plants adapted to richer, heavier soil,
and have spread southeastward across the fall line into the
northern and western portions of the New Jersey coastal plain,
where many of them are still rare or only locally common, some
of them being restricted to the immediate vicinity of the Dela-
ware River. Only 181 of them reach the Pine Barrens, and of
these only 80 are at all abundant, these being species of wide
range.

On the other hand, 91 species of austral affinities, which are
widely distributed over the coastal plain, occur also more or less
abundantly in the Piedmont region northwest of the fall line,
though they vary greatly both in abundance and in the extent
of their distribution westward.

The remaining 475 species are restricted to the coastal plain
except for sporadic occurrences here and there in the Piedmont

* Cf. Trotter, Geological and Geographical Relations of the Land Bird,
Fauna of Northeastern America. The Auk, 1909, p. 231-233 (especially p.
230).

t The figures given here and beyond vary slightly from the actual number
of species in the list, as a few have been added and a few relegated to foot-
notes or excluded entirely since this count was made.

44 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

region, where certain boggy spots seem to furnish the necessary
conditions for the support of isolated colonies of coastal plain
species. Quite a number of these lowland plants range right
up to the fall line, occurring more or less plentifully in Pennsyl-
vania on the strip of land lying between the Delaware River and
the fall line, especially in Tinicum townsliip, Delaware County,
and about Bristol and Tullytown, in Bucks County. Among them
may be mentioned:

Lycopodium chapmanii.

" alopecuroides.

Woodwardia virginica.
" areolata.

Chamaecyparis thyoides.
Erianthus saccharoides.
Andropogon corymbosus abbreviatus.
Panicum verrucosum.

" scoparium.
Calamagrostis cinnoides.
Eragrostis pectinacea.
Uniola laxa.
Cypcrus lancastriensis.
Eriophorum virginicum.
Eleocharis tricostata.
Rynchospora cymosa.
Scleria reticularis torreyana.
Carex folliculata.

" barrattii.

" caroliniana.

" leptalea harperi.
Xyris torta.
Juncus dichotomus.

" scirpoides.
Lilium SLiperbum.
Smilax tamnifolia.
Iris prismatica.
Pogonia ophioglossoides.
Betula populifolia.
Quercus phellos.
triloba.
Magnolia virginiana.
Drosera longi folia.

" rotundifolia.
Liquidambar styraciflua.
Spiraea tomentosa.
Rubus cuneifolius.
Meibomia laevigata.

Strophostylus hclvolus.
Polygala cruciata.
Crotonopsis linearis.
Euphorbia ipecacuanhae.
Ilex glabra.
Hibiscus moscheutos.
Ascyrum stans.

" hypericoides.
Hypericum adpressum.

" virgatum ovalifolium.

" gymnanthum.

Viola brittoniana.
rafinesquii.
Ludwigia spaerocarpon.
Oenothera laciniata.
ICneififia longipedicellata.
Oxypolis rigidior.
Clethra alnifolia.
Leucothoe racemosa.
Pieris mariana.
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi.
Sabatia gracilis.
Limnanthemum lacunosum.
Asclepias rubra.
Monarda punctata.
Linaria canadensis.
Gratiola aurea.
Gerardia purpurea.
Utricularia inflata.
Lobelia nuttallii.
Eupatorium verbena:folium.

" pubescens.

Solidago neglecta.
Euthamia caroliniana.
Aster novi-belgii.
Bidens trichosperma.
Senecio crowfordii.
Carduus spinosissimus.

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 45

Certain coastal plain species occur a short distance above the
fall line along river valleys, and while this is not particularly-
noticeable on the smaller streams flowing into the Delaware from
eastern Pennsylvania, it is obvious along the Delaware River
itself for some distance north of Trenton, where Dr. Britton has
recorded a number of coastal plain species in his Catalogue of
Nezv Jersey Plants.

In the valley of the lower Susquehanna also a number of
species occur within the limits of Pennsylvania, which do not
range so far northward elsewhere except in the New Jersey
coastal plain. Their distribution is, of course, more or less con-
tinuous down the shores of Chesapeake Bay to the coastal plain
in Maryland ; while they are absent in the intervening Piedmont
region of southern Pennsylvania.

Such species are :

Pinus echinata. Ptelea trifoliata.

Cyperus lancastriensis. Chionanthus virginianus.

Blephariglottis peramoena. Asimina triloba.

Castanea pumila. Dianthera americana.

Cercis canadensis. Lippia lanceolata.

Meibomia sessilifolia. Ipomoea lacunosa.

Phaseolus helvolus. Ruellia ciliosa.

Opuntia opuntia. Galium concinnum.

Ilex opaca. Boltonia asteroides.

Rlius vernix. Willugbseya scandens.

Euonymus atropurpureus. Tecoma radicans.*
Acer negundo.

Some of these, notably Cercis, occur on the upper Delaware
and Raritan, quite isolated from the general range of the species
to the southward, but they are everywhere plants of the hilly
country near the fall line and not coastal plain species.

The isolated colonies of coastal plain plants in the Piedmont
region, already referred to, are probably not as numerous as
formerly, owing to the general tendency to drain the bogs and

* Other species occur in the lower Susquehanna Valley which are not
known from New Jersey and are hence omitted from this list. Many of those
listed are much more common in the Susquehanna Valley than in that of the
Delaware, as one would expect in passing nearer to the upper limits of the
coastal plain, and on the Raritan or lower Hudson all but one or two have
disappeared. A few species in the list extend casually to southern New
England along the coast, and a few occur in isolated colonies in other parts
of southeastern Pennsylvania.

46 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

swamps which are necessary for their existence. Some, however,
still survive, and we have fortunately pretty good lists of species
from others which have been destroyed. Probably the most
remarkable spot of this sort is Frazer's lx»g, near Willow Grove,
Montgomery County.

Here we find quite a plantation of swamp magnolias, with
which grow a large number of coastal plain plants. From the
boyhood of the oldest residents and still earlier, according to the
reports handed down by their fathers, this bog has presented
much the same condition as at present, but more recently strenu-
ous efforts have been made, with but little success, to fill it in
and convert it into a meadow. The flora of this bog was ap-
parently first collected by Mr. C. F. Saunders, later Mr. Alex.
MacElwee published some notes upon it,* and Mr. S. S. Van
Pelt and Bayard Long made collections. From these sources as
well as from my own herbarium the following list is compiled :

Panicum lucidum.

" meridionale.
Calamagrostis cinnoides.
Agrostis data.
Eleocharis tuberculosa.
Eriophorum virginicum.
Rynchospora glomerata.

" alba.

Scleria reticularis torreyana.
Carex varia emmonsi.

" interior.

" atlantica.
Xyris torta.
Juncus scirpoides.
Lilium superbum.
Aletris farinosa.
Blephariglottis cristata.
Pogonia ophioglossoides.

Limodorum tuberosum.
Magnolia virginiana.
Drosera rotundifolia.
Rubus hispidus.
Polygala cruciata.
Rhus vernix.

Acer rubrum carolinianum.
Hypericum canadense.
Triadenum virginicum.
Linum striatum.
Oxypolis rigidior.
Gaylusaccia dumosa.
Gentiana saponaria.
Asclepias rubra.
Gerardia purpurea.
Eupatorium verbenaefolium.
Aster novi-belgii.

The Smithville swamp, in Lancaster County, is a somewhat
similar locality, from which Prof. Porter has recorded the

f ollov.'ing :

* Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1901, pp. 485-486.

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 47

Calamagrostis cinnoides. Arethusa bulbosa.
Andropogon corymbosus abbreviatus. Blephariglottis ciliaris.

Scleria triglomerata. Qnercus marylandica.

Carex oblita. Magnolia virginiana.

" vestita. Linum striatum.

" polymorpha. Rhus vernix.

" bullata. Polygala nuttallii.

Orontium aquaticum. Viburnum nudum.

Juncus dcbilis. Gaylussacia dumosa.

Smilax glauca. Leucothoe racemosa.

Aletris farinosa. Kalmia angustifolia.

Cypripedium acaule. Azalea viscosa.

Pogonia ophioglossoides. Asclepias rubra.

The further tabulation of the distribution of coastal plain
plants in the Piedmont of Pennsylvania and northern New Jersey
cannot be too highly recommended, as it is likely to throw light
upon a problem of great importance.

GENERAL GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OE TllE PLANTS COMPRIS-
ING THE ELORA OE THE NEW JERSEY COASTAL PLAIN.

A detailed study of the 1,373 species of flowering and filicoid
plants which occur in the New Jersey coastal plain shows that
they are divisible into four categories.*

(i) Species of wide range north and south through eastern
North America and sometimes much farther — 74:2 species.

(2) Species of northern affinities which reach the southern
limit of their range on the Atlantic coast in or near southern
New Jersey — 121 species.

(3) Species of southern affinities which range north only as
far as New Jersey or to the narrow extension of the coastal plain

* In making up these lists and those which follow, a series of card slips
was prepared, representing all the species found in the region under con-
sideration. On each slip was recorded the several districts of southern
New Jersey (see beyond) in which the species occurs and the northern
and southern limit of its distribution in eastern North America, the latter
being compiled from Britton's Manual, the new Gray's Manual, and a
few recent monographs. The cards were then sorted and re-sorted into the
various categories and the desired lists and figures readily obtained.

As this report goes to press, a notable paper by Prof. M. L- Fernald appears
in Rhodora (1911, pp. 109-162), on the Origin of the Newfoundland Flora, in
which he adopts nearly the same method of contrasting the several elements

48 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

which is found on Long Island, N. Y,, southern Connecticut
and Rhode Island and eastern Massachusetts — 479 species. f

(4) Species of local distribution, restricted to New Jersey
and portions of the immediately adjacent States lying- within the
coastal plain — 31 species.

Plants 01" Wide Range. — These species may be divided into
three groups, as follows :

Ranging throughout North America 22

Newfoundland — New Brunswick on the north to Virginia — Florida on

the south, 420

Maine — Vermont to Virginia — Florida 300

As already said, many of these plants barely enter our region
on the northwest, so that the lower part of New Jersey is really
on the southern boundary of their range, although since they
follow the trend of the mountains to the southwest the actual
southern limit of their range, given in the Manuals, is far down
in the southern States. The most surprising fact in the study of
these ranges is the large number of plants which range from the
far north all the way to Florida and yet are rare or absent in the
lower part of the New Jersey coastal plain, but the brief data
of the Alanuals is hardly sufficient for detailed studies of distribu-
tion and many of them may be quite as scarce in Florida as they
are in southern New Jersey,

The Northern Element. — A second group of our New
Jersey coastal plain plants includes those which find the absolute
southern limit of their range in this region or close to it, while
they extend north to Maine or the Canadian provinces. They
may be divided as follows :

Canadian Provinces to New Jersey, 60

Maine to New Jersey, 18

Vermont or New Hampshire to New Jersey, 3

Canadian Provinces to Delaware or Maryland, 27

Maine to Delaware or Maryland, 13

121

as I have employed in the following pages. He likewise considers all the
species native to the region, which, a? I have stated elsewhere, is the only
way to logically discuss the floral relationship of a district.

fCf. Collins, Flora of Lower Cape Cod, Rhodora XI, 125; XH, 8; XHI, 17,
and Sears, Essex Co. Mass. Rhodora X, p. 42.

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY.

49

The detailed lists of species are as follows:

CANADIAN PROVINCES TO NEW JERSEY.*

Isoetes echinosp. braunii M.
Lycopodium inundatum m.
Schizaea pusilla pb.
Potamogeton oakesianus pb, cm.
Scheuchzeria palustris M.
Triglochin maritima c.
Savastana odorata c.
Spartina michauxiana c.
Phalaris arundinacea M.
Panicularia canadensis m.

" obtusa M, PB, CM.

" grandis m.

Scirpus subterminalis pb, cm.

" robustus paludosus c.

Eriophorum tenellum M, pb, cm.

" gracile m.

Carex lanuginosa M, c.

" trichocarpa m.

" exilis PB.

" livida PB.

" canescens disjunrta M, pb.

" utriculata m.

" limosa M.

" silicea c.
Eriocaulon septangulare pb.
Juncus articulatus c.

" pelocarpus m, pb, cm.
Sisyrinchium angustitolium c
Populus tremuloides m, c.
" grandidentata m.

MAINE TO

Isoetes canadensis m.
Potamogeton confervoides pb, c.
Muhlenbergia foliosa m.
Panicularia laxa m.
Sporobolus serotinus pb.
Elymus striatus m, c.
Scirpus smithii m.

" setosus M.
" torreyi [Vt] m.
Carex interior capillacea [N. H.]
m, pb.

Salix bebbiana m.

" lucida c.
Dondia maritima c.
Chenopodium rubrum c
Moehringia lateriflora M, c.
Acta:a rubra m.
Oxygraphis cymbalaria c.
Nymphaea variegata pb.
Rosa virginiana c.
Dalibarda repens m.
Geum strictum m.
Lathyrus maritimus c.
Corema conradii pb.
Geranium robertianum c.
Hypericum boreale c, cm.

" ellipticum m.

" ascyron m.

Polanisia graveolens m.
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi pb.
Vaccinium pennsylvanicum M.
Myriophyllum tenellum m, c
Glaux maritima c.
Limosella tenuifolia m, c.
Menyanthes trifoliata M, cm.
Utricularia intermedia pb.
Plantago decipiens c.
Aster nemoralis pb.
Solidago uniligulata pb.
Xanthium commune m.

NEW JERSEY.f

Carex annectens m, pb.

" umbellata tonsa m, pb.

" " abdita m.

" festucacea brevior cm.
Juncus greenii m.
Chenopodium leptophyllum c.
Polygonum careyi M, c.
" atlanticum c.

Hypericum majus m.
Plantago major m, c.
Eupatorium sessilifolium [Vt] M.

* The letters following the names indicate the several divisions of the New
Jersey coastal plain in which they occur. See p. 57.
t Those ranging only to Vt. or N. H. are so marked.
4 MUS

50 REPORT OP^ NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

CANADIAN PROVINCES

Botrychiuni ncglcctum m.
Puccinellia fasciculata c.
Rynchospora fusca pb, cm.
Carex umbellata m, pb, cm.

" folliculata M, pb, cm.

" trisperma pb.

" hormathodes c, cm.
Juncus militaris pb, cm.
Leptorchis loeselii m, cm, c.
Salix discolor m.

" interior m.
Betula populifolia pb.
Sagina procumbens c.
Alsine longifolia m.

TO DELAWARE OR MARYLAND.

Alsine uliginosa m.
Anemone canadensis M.
Potentilla argentca m, c.
Drymocallis arguta m.
Vitis vulpina M.
Callitriche heterophylla M.
Cicuta bulbifera M.
Angelica atropurpurea M.
Pyrola chlorantha M.

" elliptica M.

" secunda m.
Utricularia clandestina pb.
Aster radula M.

MAINE TO DELAWARE OR MARYLAND.

Isoetes engelmanni [N. H.] m.
Dryopteris simulata M, pb.
Panicum scribnerianum m.
Agrostis maritima c.
Panicularia acutiflora m.
Carex vestita m, cm.

" lupuliformis [Vt.] m.

Potentilla pumila m, c.
Myriophyllum humile m, c, pb.
Antennaria fallax m.

" parlinii m, cm, c.

Bidens connata m, c.
Carduus odoratus m.

The Southi^rn Ele^ment. — The third group of Nevv Jersey
coastal plain plants comprises those which find their northern
limit of distribution in or near this region. They may be grouped
as follows:

Ranging north to N. J.

From Va., 4

N. C, 6

S. C, 6

Ga 15

Fla., 133

164

.. N. Y.*

R. I. or Ct.

Mass.t

I

3

14

7

4

12

2

4

3

9

12

24

58

46

116

n

69

169

The detailed lists of species follow

* Staten Island and Long Island for the most part.

t Usually the immediate coast district or outlying islands.

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY.

51

NEW JERSEY TO FLORIDA.*

Lycopodium carolinianum pb.
Pinus taeda cm.

" serotina m, cm.
Taxodium distychum cm.
Coelorachis rugosa cm.
Erianthus divaricatus [Ga.] pb.

" saccharoides m, c, cm.

Andropogon elliotii m, cm.
Paspalum membranaceum m, cm.

" laeve australe c, CM.

" " angustifolium M, C,

CM.

" glab'-atum c, cm.

" plenipilum c, cm.

Panicum hemitomon cm.

" condensum c, cm.

" anceps m, cm.

" angustifolium cm.

" aciculare cm.

" caerulescens cm.

" ensifolium [Ga.], pb, cm.

" leucothrix pb.

" wrightianum cm.

" oligosanthes m, pb, cm.

" scabriusculum pb.

" cryptanthum pb.

" polyanthes [Ga.], m, cm.

" lanuginosum c, cm.
Amphicarpon amphicarpon pb, cm.
Sacciolepis striata cm.
Chaetochloa magna c, cm.
Cenchrus tribuloides c.
Aristida oligantha m.

" lanosa m, cm.
Agrostis data [Ga.], pb, cm.
Calamovilfa brevipilis [N. C] pb.
Danthonia epilis pb.
Gymnopogon ambiguus M, cm.

" brevifolius M, cm.

Poa brachyphylla [S. C.]. M, cm.
Cyperus hystricinus [Ga.] M.
" retrofractus M.
" microdontus CM, c.

" lancastriensis [Ga.] M.
" pseudovegetus m.

Eleocharis tortilis m, cm.

" ocreata cm.

Rynchospora smallii m, pb.

" rariflora cm.

" glomerata leptocarpa pb.

" filifolia pb.

pallida [N. C.], pb, cm.

" oligantha pb.

" knieskernii [Va.] pb.

" axillaris microcephala

PB.

" cymosa m, cm.

Fuirena hispida c.

Fimbristylis autumnalis m, pb, c, cm.
Scleria pauciflora m, cm.
Carex leptalea harperi m, cm.
Xyris fimbriata pb.
" data CM.
" arenicola pb.
Eriocaulon decangulare pb, cm,
" compressum pb, cm.

Commdina communis mc.
Juncus setaceus cm.
Xerophyllum asphodeloides pb.
Tofiddia racemosa pb.
Uvularia nitida [S. C] pb.
Smilax tamnifolia [S. C.] pb, cm.
" laurifolia pb, cm.
" walteri pb, cm.
•Lophiola americana pb.
Gymnadeniopsis integra pb.

" nivea cm.

Blephariglottis cristata pb, cm.

" peramoena [Ga.] M.

cm.
Pogonia divaricata pb, cm.
Gyrostachys prsecox pb, cm.
Listera australis M, pb.
Tipularia discolor m, cm.
Corallorhiza wisteriana M.
Myrica cerifera cm, c.
Castanea pumila m.
Quercus triloba m, c, cm.

" michauxii m.
Polygonum setaceum cm.

* Species ranging only to Va., N. C., S. C., or Ga. are so marked.

52 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Polygonum eciliatum cm.

Phoradendron flavcsccns M, pb.

Asimina triloba m.

Itea virginica pb, cm.

Malus angustifolia cm.

Prunus angustifolia M.

Cercis canadensis m.

.<Eschynomene virginica M.

Meibomia stricta m, pb.

Lespedeza stuvei neglecta [Ga.] cm.

" oblongi folia pb.

Bradburya virginiana m, c.
Polygala incarnata m.

" mariana pb, cm.
Rhus toxicodendron [Ga.] m, c.
Vitis cordifolia m, c.
Hypericum densiflorum pb.

" gymnanthum [Ga.] m.

Viola emarginata [Va.] m, C, cm.
Rhexia aristosa [Ga.] pb.
Lythrum lineare c.
Ludwigiantha arcuata c.
Ludvigia linearis pb.

" hirtella pb, cm.

CEnothera humifusa c.

" laciniata mc.

Eryngium aquaticum pb.
Thaspium trifoliatum [Ga.] n, m.
Oxypolis rigidior longifolius [S. C]

PB

Dendrium buxifolium pb.
Vaccinium virgatum pb.
Chionanthus virginica M.
Sabbatia lanceolata pb, cm.
Gentiana porphyrio pb, cm.

" villosa m.
Obolaria virginica [Ga.] m.

Limnanthemum aquaticum M.
Asclepias rubra pb, cm.

" lanceolata c.

Pyxidanthera barbulata [N. C.] pb.
Cuscuta cephalanthi pb.
Breweria pickeringii [N. C.] pb.
Lippia lanceolata c.
Koellia aristata c.
Gratiola pilosa m, cm.

" sphaerocarpa m, cm.
Micranthemum micranthemoides M.
Gerardia racemulosa pb.
Buchnera americana [Va.] M.
Melampyrum latifolium M.
Ulricularia juncea pb, cm.
Tecoma radicans m, cm, c.
Ruellia ciliosa cm.
Diodia virginiana cm.
Galium hispidulum cm.

" pilosum puncticulosum pb, cm.

" concinnum [Va.] M.
Viburnum scabrcllum M.
Lobelia canbyi [S. C.] pb.

" puberula m, c, cm.
Lactuca sagittifolia [S. C.] m.
Nabalus virgatus pb.
Eupatorium coelestinum M, cm.
Kuhnia eupatorioides [Ga.] m.
Lacinaria g. pilosa pb. c, cm.
Solidago stricta pb.

" fistulosa PB, c, cm.
Aster gracilis [N. C] pb, c, cm.
Doellingeria umbellata humilis pb.
Pluchea foetida cm.
Actinomeris alternifolia M.
Mesadenia reniformis [N. C.] M.
Senecio tomentosa c, cm.

NEW YORK TO FLORIDA.

Pinus virginiana [S. C.] m. pb. cm.
Andropogon littoralis c
Paspalum laeve circularc c, cm.

" pubescens [Ga.] M, c.

Panicum mattamusketense [N. C] C.

" lucidum pb, c, cm.

Uniola laxa m, c, cm.

Cyperus ovularis m, c, cm.

" flavescens m, pb, c, cm.

" cylindricus pb, c, cm.
Eleocharis tricostata pb, cm.
Rynchospora axillaris pb.
Fimbristylis castanea c.
Psilocarya nitens cm.

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY.

53

Carex oblita [N. C] M, cm.

" carolinensis [N C] M.
Juncus scirpoides m, Cj cm.

" dichotomuo m, pb, c, cm.
Zygadenus leimanthoides [Ga.] m. pb.
Helonias bullata [N. C] m, pb, cm.
Melanthium virginicum [Ga.] M.
Chrospcrma muscaetoxicum m.
Quercus marilandica pb, c, cm.

" phellos M, c, cm.
Sesuvium maritima c.
Arenaria caroliniana pb.
Ranunculus pusillus M.
Njrmphaea advena m.
Capnoides flavulum [Va.] m, cm.
Cardamine rotundifolia [N. C] m.
Hydrangea arborescens m.
Porteranthus trifoliatus [Va.] M.
Aronia arbuti folia M, pb, c, cm.
Crataegus tomentusus M, pb.
Stylosanthes biflora M, pb, cm.
Meibomia laevigata m, cm.

" viridiflora m.

Galactia regularis m, pb, cm.

" volubilis cm.
Strophostyles umbellata m, c, cm.
Ptelea trifoliata m.
Polygala lutea pb, cm.
Euphorbia darlingtonii [N. C] m.
Euonymus americanus M, c, cm.
" atropurpureus M.

Kosteletzkya virginica, c, CM.
Ascyrum stans, pb, cm.
.Lechea racemulosa pb, cm.
Viola hirsutula [Ga.] m.

" rafinesquii [Ga.] m.
Rhexia mariana pb. cm.
Aralia spinosa m.
Chaerophyllum procumbens [N. C.]

M.

Oxypolis rigidior M, c, CH.
Sabatia angularis m, c, cm.
Asclepias variegata M, c, cm.
Polemonium reptans [Ga.] m.
Phlox subulata m.
Mertensia virginica [S. C] M.
Scutellaria pilosa m, cm.
Monarda punctata m, c, cm.
Cunila origanoides m, cm.
Gerardia holrrJana pb.
Utricularia fibrosa pb.

" virgatula pb, cm.

Oldenlandia uniflora m, c, cm.
Lobelia nuttallii [Ga.] pb, c, cm.
Lactuca villosa m.

" floridana m, c.
Eupatorium album pb, c, cm.

" leucolepis pb, c, cm.

Solidago erecta [Ga.] pb, cm.
Helianthus angustifolius pb, c, cm.
Chrysopsis mariana m, pb, cm.

RHODE ISLAND OR CONNECTICUT TO FLORIDA.

Sagittaria longirostra [Ga.] pb, cm.

" subulata m.

Tripsacum dactyloides c.
Panicum longifolium pb, cm.

" stipitatum [S. C.] m.

" meridionale [Ga.] pb, c, cm.

" pseudopubescens M, pb, cm.

" commonsianum pb, c, cm.

" virgatum cubense m, pb.

" amarum [Ga.] c.

Chaetochloa imberbis M.

" versicolor c.
Spart-na cynosuroides c.
Sporobolus clandestinus m, cm.
Sphenopholis obtusata c.

pubescens cm,
c.

Tridens flavus m c.

Eleccharis quadrangulata [Ga.] cm.

" torreyana pb.

Scirpus eriophorum M, pb, c, cm.
Scleria torreyana pb, cm.
Carex coUinsii [Ga.] m, pb, cm.

" squarrosa [Ga.] m.

" barrattii [N. C] pb, cm.

" styloflexa M, cm.

" nigromarginata [N. C] m.
Wolffia Columbiana m.
Tradescantia virginica [S- C] M.
Heteranthera reniformis M.
Juncus debilis [S. C] M, pb, cm.
Dioscorea villosa m, c, cm.
Populus heterophylla [Ga.].
Chenopodium boscianum [N. C.].

54 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Amaranthus pumilus [N. C.]-
Aristolochia serpentaria M, cm.
Heuchera americana [Ga.] m, cm.
Liquidambar styraciflua M, c, CM.
Rubus cuneifolius M, pb, c, cm.
Prunus americanus m.
Geum flavum [Va.] m.
Agrimonia rostellata [Va.] M.
" parviflora [Ga.], M.

Lespedeza repens, m, pb, c, cm.
Phaseolus polystachyus M, c.
Polygala brevifolia pb.
Crotonopsis linearis M^ pb.
Euphorbia ipecacuanhse pb, cm.
Rhus vernix m, pb, c, cm.
Kneiffia longipedicellata.
Zizia cordata [Ga.] M.
Eryngium yuccaefolium c.
Pieris mariana m, pb, c.

Diospyros virginiana m, c.
Gentiana saponaria mc, cm.
Ipomoca pandurata M, cm.
Phlox maculata m, cm.

" pilosa m.
Salvia lyrata M, c, cm.
Trichostema lineare [Ga.] pb.
Mimulus alatus [Ga.] m.
Plantago virginica m, c, cm.
Viburnum nudum M, pb, cm.

" prunifolium [S. C.] M, cm.

Diodia teres m, pb, c, cm.
Eupatorium rotundifolium [Va,] u,

C, CM.

Boltonia asteroides cm.
Helenium autumnale mc, cm.
Synosma suaveolens.
Bidens bipinnata m, c.

MASSACHUSETTS TO FIX)RIDA.

Lycopodium alopecuroides m, pb, cm.
Botrychium dissectum M, c, cm.
Helianthium tenellum m.
Andropogon corymbosus abbreviatus
m, c, pb, cm.
" virginicus m, c, pb, cm.

Panicum verrucosum m, pb, cm.

" columbianum thinium pb,
c, CM.

" addisonii M, pb, c, cm.

" oricola pb, c.

" villossissimum m, pb, cm.

" ashei m, pb, cm.

" clutei pb, cm.

" barbulatum m, cm.

" microcarpon m, c, cm.

" scoparium m, c, cm.

" commutatum cm.

" boscii M, cm.
Aristida purpurascens M, c, pb, cm.

" tuberculosa m.

Muhlenbergia capillaris m.
" tenuiflora M.

Stipa avenacea m, cm.
Danthonia sericea m, pb, c.
Sphenopholis pallens m, cm.
Spartina glabra pilosa c.

Diplachne fascicularis c.
Cyperus filiculmis m, cm.

" speciosus M, c, pb, cm.
" erythrorhizos M, c.
Eleocharis interstincta m.
" engelmanni m.

" melanocarpa m, cm.

" tuberculosa pb, cm.

Scirpus robustus c.
Fuirena squarrosa c
Rynchospora macrostachya m, cm.
" macr. inundata m, pb,

Scleria triglomerata pb.
" verticillata c, cm.
" reticularis cm.
Carex triceps m, cm.
" glaucodea m, cm.
" abscondita m, cm.
" walteriana pb, c, cm.
" willdenovii N, m.
" hormathodes nchii m.
Lemna perpusilla c.
Orontium aquaticum pb, cm.
Xyris torta m, c, pb, cm.

" congdoni m, pb, cm.
Juncus aristulatus pb, c, cm.
Gyrotheca tinctoria pb, cm.

PLAiNTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY.

55

Chamaelirium kiteum m.
Uvularia perfoliata m, cm.
Sisyrinchium mucronatum M.
Smilax glauca m, pb, c.
Isotria verticillata m.
Gyrostachys vernalis pb, c.
Juglans nigra m.
Hicoria alba m, cm.
Betnla nigra M, c, CM.
Quercus palustris m, cm.

" stellata m, c, pb, cm.
Rumex hastatulus c.
Polygonum maritimum c.

" punctatum m, c, CM.

Atriplex arenaria c.
Anychia canadensis m.
Sagina decumbens m, c.
Silene caroliniana m, c.

" stellata m, c.
Nelumbo lutea m.
Liriodendron tulipifera M, c, CM.
Magnolia virginiana M, pb, c, cm.
Draba caroliniana m.
Cardamine bulbosa m.
Arabis canadensis m.
Drosera filiformis pb, c.
Ribes rotundifolium m.
Crataegus pruinosa m.
Agrimonia mollis m, cm.
Cassia chamaecrista m, c, cm.
Lespedeza angustifolia pb, cm.

" stuvei m, pb, cm.

Mcibomia obtusa m, c, pb, cm.

" michauxii m, pb, cm.
marilandica m, pb, cm.

" sessilifolia pb.

canescens m, cm.
Strophostyles helvula M, c.
Geranium carolinianum m.
Oxalis violacea m.
Linum floridanum pb, c.

striatum m, pb, c, cm.
Polygala nuttallii pb, c, cm.
Euphorbia preslii m.

" corollata m, c.

Ilex opaca m, c, cm.
" glabra pb, c, cm.
Acer rub. carolinianum pb, c, cm.
Hibiscus moscheutos M, c, cm.
Ascyrum hypericoides m, pb, c, cm.

Hypericum adpressum m, cm.
Lechea leggettii m, pb, c, cm.
Viola sagittata m, c.

" palmata m.

" papilionacea m.
Opuntia opuntia m, c.
Rotala ramosior m, pb, cm.
Lythrum alatum m, c.
KJieiflRa linearis m, pb, c, cm.
Ludvigia sphaerocarpa m, pb, cm.

" alternifolia m, c, pb, cm.

Myriophyllum pinnatum m, c, cm.
Hydrocotyle verticillata c, cm.

" umbellata m, c, cm.

Ptilimnium capillaceum c.
Angelica villosa M, cm.
Chimaphila maculata m, c, cm.
Azalea nudiflora m, cm.

" viscosa glauca pb, c.
Leucothoe racemosa M, pb, cm.
Polycodium stamineum M.
Sabatia dodecandra c, cm.
" stellaris c.

gracilis m, c, cm.
Bartonia paniculata m, c, pb, cm.
Asclepias verticillata m, cm.
Acerates viridiflora m.
Cuscuta arvensis m, pb.
" compacta m, pb.
Onosmodium virginianum m.
Verbena angustifolia m, pb, c.
Scutellaria integrifolia m, c, cm.
Agastache nepetoides m.
Stachys hyssopifolia m.
Stachys aspera m.
Lycopus sessilifolius m, c, pb, cm.
Leptandra virginica m.
Scrophularia marylandica M.
Pedicularis lanceolata m, cm.
Castilleja coccinea m.
Ilysanthes anagallidea m, c, cm.
Gerardia purpurea m, pb, c, cm.
Schwalbea americana pb.
Utricularia subulata pb, c, cm.

" cleistogama pb, c, cm.

Plantago elongata m, cm.
Valerianella radiata m, cm.
Viburnum venosum m, c, cm.
Triosteum perfoliatum M, cm.
Adopogon virginicum m, c, cm.

56 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Hieracium gronovii m, c, pb, cm. Euthamia caroliniana m, rn, c, CM.

Vernoilia noveboracensis M, c, cm. Aster tonuifolia c.
Lacinaria spicata m, c, cm. " concolor m, pb, cm.

Eupatorium verbenaefolium m,pr, c, Coreopsis rosea m, pb.

CM. Bidens laevis M, c, cm.

aromaticum m, cm. " trichosperma m, c, cm.

hyssopifolium m, pb, c, Pluchea camphorata c.

cm. Baccharis halimifolia c.
Solidago elliottii c, cm.

LoCAiy EivEMENT. — Finally we have a group of plants re-
stricted to New Jersey or spreading dhly to the States immedi-
ately north and south of it, or west to Pennsylvania. Some
of these undoubtedly have a wider range, as subsequent investi-
gation will show, while others, like the very distinct Ahatna
americana, Sporobohis torreyanus, Bupatorium resinosiim and
Chrysopsis falcata, are probably truly local.

NEW JERSEY.*

Isoetes riparia m. Bidens trichosperma tenuiloba pb, C,

Juncus caesariensis pb. cm.

Eupatorium resinosum pb. Senecio cravvfordii m.

NEW YORK — NEW JERSEY.

Paspalum prostratum [to Del.] m. c. Scleria minor pb, cm.
Sporobolus torreyanus pb, cm. Eupatorium album subvenosum pb.

NEW JERSEY — DEI,AWARE OR MARYLAND.

Isoetes saccharata M. Hypericum virg. ovalifolium pb, cm.

Eriocaulon parkeri m, c. Hydrocotyle canbyi cm.

Abama americana pb. Bidens bidentoides m.

Callitriche austini [from Ct] M.

■ MASSACHUSETTS TO NEW JERSEY.

Cyperus grayi pb, c. Sisyrinchium arenicola m.

Scirpus longii pb. Chrysopsis falcata pb.

MASSACHUSETTS TO MARYLAND OR DELAWARE.

Lycopodium chapmanii c, pb. Hicoria microcarpa m.

Najas gracillima m. Falcata pitcheri m, cm.

Scirpus planifolius m. Iva oraria C

" fluviatilis M. Solidago neglecta, m, pb, cm.

Carex seorsa m. Aster spectabilis m, pb, cm.

* Some of these occur also in eastern Pennsylvania.

PLANTS 0)F SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 57

BOTANICAL SUBDIVISIONS OF THE NEW JERSEY COASTAL PLAIN.

'Passing now to the consideration of the subdivisions of the
New Jersey coastal plain, we find several very well marked areas.

As we cross southern New Jersey from west to east we are
first struck by the sharp line of demarcation between the farming
district of West Jersey and the Pine Barrens ; crossing the latter
we find on the coast a narrow belt separating the Pines from the
maritime marshes, which has essentially the same flora as the
West Jersey region, a flo-ra that is also shared by the coast islands,
although they have some additional elements peculiar to them-
selves. Southward in the Cape May peninsula we find the West
Jersey and coast strips coming together tO' the partial extinction
of the Pine Barrens which exist only as detached islands, while
especially at the southwestern extremity of the peninsula we en-
counter a floral element quite different from the Pine Barrens,
but related in no small degree to the flora of southern Delaware.

We thus have five distinct floral districts in southern New
Jersey — (i) The West Jersey, or better, the ]^.Iiddle District,
which covers not only the Delaware Valley region south of
Trenton, but also- all the country below the fall line and north of
the Pine Barrens which terminate at Long Branch; (2) The
Pine Barrens; (3) The Coastal Strip; (4) The Cape May
District, south of the Great Cedar Swamp; (5) The Maritime
District.

The northern half of the State is referred to as the Northern
District without attempting to subdivide it, since it is only indi-
rectly concerned with the present discussion. For an account of
its relationship cf. Stone, Ann. Rep. N. J. State Museum for 1908,
pp. 31-32.

Some attempt has been made tO' correlate these areas or parts
of them with underlying geological formations, but a more
accurate knowledge of the distribution of their plants shows that
such correlation is not possible. The surface soil has far more
to do with the matter than the underlying geological formation.

The western boundary of the Pine Barrens is often the eastern
edge of the cretaceous formation, but in the southern part of

58 REPORT OF NEW JERSElY STATE MUSEUM.

the State it is not so, the cretaceous lying in some places fifteen
or twenty miles west of the Pines. In the same way the very
distinct coast strip with its West Jersey flora is geologically the
same formation as the Pine Barrens.

In West Jersey, moreover, we find considerable differences in
the flora of different parts of the same formation. In the
cretaceous, for instance, we have in the rich marl beds one style

Fig. 2. — Range of Lobelia cardinalis covering Middle and Coast Districts,
but absent from the Pine Barrens.

of vegetation, while on sand deposits of the same age are plants
of quite a different sort.

A number of species are restricted to one or other of the above-
defined districts, some are common to two or three of them, and
still others are found throughout our region or throughout the
St.ate.

PUANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY.

59

Using- the initial letters to indicate the several districts, the
distribution of the plants of the New Jersey coastal plain as
indicated by the data that we have collected is as follows :

Fig. 3. — Range of Polygala brevifoUa. Central Pine Barrens only.

Halophytes of the
coast marshes and

beach strand,

Coast strip only,

Middle district only,
so far as our region
is concerned, though
many range through

northern N. J.,

Cape May only,

M*+C

71
16

!- 343

35
87

M+PB, 84

M+CM, 100

PB+C, 9

PB+CM, 22

C+CM, 18

M+CM+PB, 142

M+PB+C, 50

M+CM+C, 137

PB+C+CM, 10

Throughout, I94

Total,

1373

* M==Middle Dist. ; C=Coast Strip; CM=Cape May District; PB=Pine
Barrens.

6o REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Erom the above list we may compute :

After exclud-
ing obvious
introductions
from other
districts.

Total Flora of Pine Barrens, 565* 386

" " " Coast Strip (excluding Halophytes),. . 524 492

■' Cape May District, 658 649

" " " Middle District, 1 138 1023

Common to Middle and Pine Barren Districts, 470* 295

" " " " Coast Districts, 416 410

" " " " Cape May Districts, 573 493

" " Pine Barren and Coast Districts, 263! , 162

" " " " Cape May Districts, 368 252

" " Coast and Cape May Districts, 359 S37

The status of each species in the above table w^as ascertained
by a careful study of the data presented in the main text of this
report after excluding such records as bore evidence of being
based upon accidental occurrences such as roadside or railroad
introductions. All weeds, even those of native origin, were also
excluded, as their distribution has little or no bearing upon
natural conditions.

A further study of the data covering the general range of
the south Jersey plants (see p. 47) gives the following results
for the flora of each of the four districts considered separately :

M. PB. C. CM.

Wide Ranging, 628 153 301 359

Northern Element, 78 28 26 16

Southern Element, 299 183 159 263

Local Element, 18 17 6 11

1023 386 492 649

U. PB. C. CM.

Percentage of Southern Element, 29% 48% 31% 40%

* As explained beyond, these figures include a number of recent introduc-
tions not really native to the Pine Barrens. See p. loi.

t These figures are somewhat misleading, as only such Pine Barren species
as reach the Coast Islands are included. The mainland coast strip is so
narrow that it is impossible to mark it off sharply from the Pine Barrens,
and we cannot say which Pine Barren species spread into it and which do
not, without a vast amount of further study.

PIvANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 6i

It is impossible to compute the percentag-e of the northern
element in the flora for the reason that accurate data are lacking
on the actual southern boundary of the range of the species listed
above as "Wide Ranging." The only fact given in the manuals
as a rule is the southernmost State touched by this boundary.
It is known that a large number of the 628 species of the Middle
District barely toucli the coastal plain on its western or northern
edge, and really find the southern limit of their range all the way
from New Jersey to Florida, and thus belong distinctly to the
northern element of our flora. Other species, on the contrary, are
found pretty generally over the coastal plain, and are truly wide
ranging, but accurate data for the proper disposition of all the
species in one class or the other are not at present available.
Figures based entirely upon the character of their occurrence in
New Jersey (p. 43) would indicate that at least three-quarters of
these wide-ranging species reach their southern limit at the
coastal plain, but a study of their distribution to the southward
might not uphold this estimate.

A further analysis is given in the consideration of the flora of
each of the several districts which follows.

THE PINE BARRENS.

The Pine Barrens are of especial interest from the fact that
the region is one of the largest in the Middle States in which
anything like primeval conditions remain. Always sandy and
thickly covered with more or less scrubby vegetation, interspersed
with swamps and infested by hordes of mosquitoes, settlers
have been in no hurry to clear it so long as more valuable land
was available to the westward. Even to-day one may travel for
ten or fifteen miles in some parts of the Barrens without seeing
a habitation of any sort, and this within fifty and thirty miles
respectively of New York and Philadelphia. Wagon roads lead
across the white sand to the sea at infrequent intervals, and ill-
defined trails branch off to former charcoal clearings, all of these
highways largely fallen into disuse since the establishment of
railroads and the abandonment of the old iron forges. The
oldest towns in the district are those located on navigable tide-

62 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

water streams like Toms River, Mays Landing-, Millville, etc. ;
others, like Hammonton, Vineland and Egg Harbor City, owe
their establishment to the railroads.

In recent years many other settlements are springing up along
the railroads, and are spreading their clearings into the wilder-
ness, while various agencies exert an important influence on
vegetation.

Portable sawniiills are cutting all the white cedars, and in
place of the dark swamps we encounter mountains of yellow saw-
dust. The extension of cultivated cranberry bogs proves the
death knell to many native bog plants, which do not seem able to
stand the flooding. The onslaught of the Christmas venders
upon the mistletoe has practically exterminated it, while berry-
bearing holly is becoming scarce, and the sale of arbutus and
pyxie must soon affect their abundance in certain localities. The
wood pulp industry makes a market for any sort of timber, no
matter what size ; the use of sphagnum' for packing bulbs and
garden plants for shipment makes it worth while to rake some of
the small bogs completely clear of this moss which is so neces-
sary for the growth of many native bog species, and the demand
for native shrubbery for planting on large estates has practically
exterminated the laurel in certain regions, many carloads of
these bushes being shipped at one time by a single dealer.

The advent of the automobile, too, has forced the substitution
of good roads for the old sand trails in many places, and hun-
dreds of people now visit certain remote parts of the barrens to
one who went there ten years ago.

All these influences are bound to make changes in the flora of
the region in the near future, and it is none too soon to make a
serious effort to record its characteristic features and its com-
ponent species before it is too late.

Although the New Jersey Pine Barrens have been well known
as a locality for choice plants since the earliest days of botanical
study in America, nevertheless very little has been published re-
garding their flora or even their history and physical features.
We know, from casual mention in the descriptions of new species,
that Rafinesque, Pursh, Nuttall and Zaccheus Collins were
familiar with their barren sands and deep swamps. We know,

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 63

also, that James Goldie, the Scottish botanist, traveled through
them early in the nineteenth century, and earlier still Peter Kalm,
the Swede, probably touched the western border of the region, as
he secured the Helonias and submitted it to Linnaeus for descrip-
tion.

William Bartram and, probably, John Bartram, his father,
were undoubtedly familiar with the "Pines" and were probably
the first botanists to explore the region, although they, so far as
I am aware, published nothing relative to it.

In Edwards' Gleanings of Natural History, London, 1758,
where are described a number of birds submitted by William
Bartram to the author, we find a figure of the "Gentian of the
Desert" reproduced from a drawing by Bartram, which is clearly
Gentiana porphyrio, so characteristic of the remote portions of
the Pine Barrens. Some of the plants sent by Bartram to
Linnaeus and named by the latter, such as Blcphariglottis ble-
phariglottis, the white- fringed orchis, undoubtedly came from
the New Jersey coastal plain, although Linnaeus records them
from Pennsylvania, the name of Bartram being so closely identi-
fied with the latter State that it was taken for granted that all his
local collections came from there.

During the first half of the nineteenth century the barrens were
visited by wagon from Philadelphia or Burlington and there was
considerable travel over the long sandy roads, as the fishermen-
farmers of the coast were constantly bringing their produce
across the State to market and returning with necessary supplies.

Audubon made the journey across to Great Egg Harbor on
one of these produce wagons and describes the trip in his episode
entitled "Great Egg Harbour," p. 606, vol. HI of his Ornitho-
logical Biography. There were several half-way houses and
other taverns where travelers could rest and procure refeshments,
and a number of forges — many of them now only names on the
map — were extracting iron from the bog ore which before the
discovery of better deposits in the west had a marketable value.

Dr. John Torrey, when twenty-two years of age, made a wagon
trip from Philadelphia to South Amboy during the latter part of
June, 1 8 18, in company with William Cooper, and, fortunately,

64 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

a record of it is preserved in a letter to Zaccheus Collins in the
possession of the Philadelpliia Academy.* It runs as follows:

Nkw York, July gth, 1818.
Dear Sik:

We arrived at South Amboy one week after we left Philadelphia, and, al-
though our journey was rather an arduous one, we think ourselves well
rewarded for all the privations we endured. The principal difficulty we
experienced was in keeping the right road. Hundreds of these little roads
cross each other in every direction like a labyrinth, so that it is next to a
miracle if you hit the right one. We remained two days at Thompson's Tav-
ern [at Quaker Bridge], where we were very well entertained. About this
time we found a considerable number of plants which were new to us, indeed
there were few plants but what we found here. The Drosera filiformis and
foliosa (?) were abundant, as well as two species of Utricularia, one of
which does not appear to be described. What pleased us more than any plant
we found was the Schizaea. Cooper found the first specimen. It is a singular
little plant, and I first doubted whether Pursh had referred it to the right
genus, but subsequent examination has convinced me that he is right. The
whole of the plant which we saw was confined to a very small space. There
is a small patch of it about forty-five yards from the west end of the bridge
on the left side as you approach it from Philadelphia and about twelve feet
from the road. I have been particular to mention its locality, as this is the
only spot where we found it. We found abundance of the Leiophyllum and
Hudsonia, some of them in flower. The latter plant I am inclined to think
is a different species from the one which grows on the seacoast. At first
sight you are struck with the long peduncled flowers of the one and the al-
most sessile flowers of the other. We found two species of Eriocaulon — one
common, tall and with large hemispherical heads and tuft of short leaves at
the base, the other smaller, with large leaves. They are both ten-striate.

After we had left Quaker Bridge we fared pretty hard. Some places called
Taverns that we put up at were not fit for an Arab. At a place called the
Ten-mile Hollow, or Hell Hollow, we expected to sleep in the woods, for it
was with difficulty that we persuaded them to take us in. This was the most
miserable place we ever saw ; they were too poor to use candles. No butter,
sugar, etc. A little sour stuff, which I believe they called rye 'bread, but
which was half sawdust, and a little warm water and molasses, were all we
had for breakfast. For supper I could not see what we had, for we ate in the
dark. From this place until we reached Monmouth we found scarcely a
single plant in flower.

We found near Philadelphia a species of Plantago which may be new. It
is not described in Persoon, but it may be the P. linearifolia of Muhl. Cat. 2d
ed. I shall send you specimens of it together with most of the plants we col-
lected on our journey. I hope you will indulge me if I trouble you in this
way once in awhile.

I remain, sir, with the greatest respect, etc., yours,

John TorrEy.

* Published in Bull. Torr. Bot. Club VI, p. 83.

PLANTS OF SOiUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 65

If there is any young botanist in your society that would be willing to com-
mence botanical correspondence and exchange of specimens with me, I should
be very glad to commence one immediately.

To Zaccheus Collins, Esq., Philadelphia.

There were other ways of getting to the coast in these early
days. An advertisement in a copy of Poulson's American Daily
Advertiser, July 12th, 1823, states that "The subscriber [Seth
Crane] respectfully informs the public that he has commenced
running a stage between Mount Holl}^ and Mannahawkin for the
accommodation of persons disposed to visit the Grouse Plains,
Mannahawkin or Tuckerton. The Stage will leave Mannahawkin
every Monday and Thursday mornings at 6 o'clock and arrive at
Griffith Owens' Tavern, in Mount Holly, same afternoon at 4
o'clock. From whence passengers will be conveyed to Burling-
ton on the follov/ing morning in time to meet the Steam Boat for
Philadelphia and Trenton. Returning will leave Mount Holly
ever}'- Wednesday and Saturday morning at 6, and arrive at
]\'Iannahawkin same afternoon at 4 o'clock. Wliere Ladies and
Gentlemen can be accommodated with genteel Boarding and
Lodging at the moderate rate of $3 per week; and conveyed at
any time across the Bay to Jam.es Cranmer's, Plazleton Cran-
mer's or Stephen Inman's. Fare through $1.75 cents.

A conveyance will be in readiness at Mannahawkin for Tuck-
erton."

In the same paper are advertised a line of stages, and the
"Union" and "Good Intent" lines of four-horse carriages direct
to Tuckerton from Philadelphia. There was also the steamboat
"Delavvare," leaving Philadelphia for Cape May "at five o'clock
in the morning on Monday and Friday during the bathing
season."

Prof. S. F. Baird, when a young man, used to visit Beesley's
Point, on Great Egg Harbor, by way of Cape May, going
down by boat and up the coast by stage. In July, 1854, hovv'ever,
John Cassin, of the Philadelphia Academy, in a letter to Baird,
tells him that a railroad to Absecon has been completed v/ith
stage connection for Beesley's Point, which will greatly facilitate
his future trips.

S MUS

66 REPORT OF NEW JERSEiY STATE MUSEUM.

It was many years later before the railroad was built to Cape
May, which had always been rather inaccessible except by water.
Indeed, prior to 1707, there was no wagon road out of the
peninsula, merely horse paths through the dense cedar swamps
which stretched away from Cedar Swamp Creek to Dennis
Creek, forming an effectual barrier to traffic and making Cape
May virtually an island.*

With, the advent of the railroads traffic on the old stage roads
practically ceased and with it went the taverns and forges, so
that the latter part of the nineteenth century found the remote
parts of the Pines more of a wilderness than they were before.

Within the past decade several botanical trips have been made
across the Pine Barrens which have been recorded in print.

Mr. C. F. Saunders has a charming account of a wagon trip
from Tuckerton to Atsion, July 3-5, i899,t in company with
Mr. W. N. Clute. His picture of the country is very vivid.
He says, after leaving Tuckerton : "Mile after mile of oak and
pine barrens were passed without sign of human habitation, and
when five miles were registered we came to the spot which is
marked upon the maps as Munyon Field. Here, in old times,
had been a house, and a family had lived here, scratching some
sort of a living from the sand and fattening hogs on the abundant
mast which strewed the ground under the little chinquapin oaks.
Now no vestige of human occupation remains save a little clear-
ing, which is rapidly filling up with wildings from the surrounding
forest. * * * Two or three miles more of a similar wilder-
ness, and the forest growth thinned out and dwindled down to
dwarf proportions as we emerged upon the rolling heathlike
expanse of the east or lower plains. * * * Nothing could
be more restful to the eye than this rolling expanse of green
plain, melting away in every direction into the misty distance, the
white sand gleaming out here and there like whitecaps on an
emerald sea. * * * f he luxuriant vines of the bearberry
lay sprawling everywhere in the sun, their dry, astringent berries
not yet tinged with the crimson that makes them so conspicuous

* Cf. Dr. Maurice Beesley's Early History of Cape May, in the Geology of
the County of Cape May, 1857.
t Proc. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Phila., vol. 52, 1900, pp. 544-549.

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 67

in winter, the pyxie, trailing- arbutus, hudsonia, laurel, tephrosia
and leiophyllum were so abundant that the whole place must
have been like a garden in the spring. * * * After leaving
the plains, the old road wound now through dry sandy pine
woods, bare of conspicuous flowers, save, perhaps, for the ever
present Melampyrum lineare and the yellow banners of Baptisia
tinctoria — now through damp swamp lands, where we had as
roadside companions the thread leaved sundew's purple flowers,
the orange heads of Poly gala lutea, the magenta blossoms of the
grass pink and the snake-mouth pogonia. * * *"

Two years later the writer, accompanied by Messrs. H. h.
Coggins and J. A. G. Rehn, crossed from Medford to the plains
and back, June 17-22.

In Mr. Coggins' account* of the trip, which deals with orni-
thology rather than botany, occurs the following admirable pic-
ture of the plains : "A sing-ular region, hot, level and dry. We
wade into the scrub scarce able to believe that it is over the top
of a dwarf forest that we are gazing for miles. Its barrenness,
except for the stunted vegetation, recalls vividly to mind long
forgotten descriptions of desert regions. The heat rising from
the parched ground gives a blur of uncertainty to distant out-
lines, and we close our eyes involuntarily before the glare of the
sun on the exposed gravel areas. Chewinks and brown thrashers
scuffle listless in the dry soil. A mere speck in the sky, a turkey
vulture, circles lazily for a time then drops from view beyond
the horizon. A little tree lizard at our step scurries across a
gravel patch and disappears under the dry leaves. The only
other sound of life is the weary vibrant trill of the prairie
warbler, which rises on the hot air like a supplication for life."

Trips through the pines, even with the certainty of much
botanical reward, have drawbacks which are liable to make one
hesitate, as Mr. Saunders truly says: "The sands are heavy,
the flies and ticks and mosquitos are numerous, the heat is ex-
cessive, springs are few and far between and forest fires are apt
to be at their devastating work." At the same time thoughts of
the pungent odor of the pines, the cool shade of the cedar swamp.

* Cassinia, 1902, p. 26.

68 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

where the road runs through, with its white bridge spanning the
dark tea-like water of the streain ; the refreshing draught of the
water itself, always palatable in spite of its dark color; the
fragrance of the magnolia, azalea and clethra, and the beauties
of the ever attractive pine barren flowers, all tend to obliterate
the memory of clouds of mosquitos and dripping perspiration
and draw the naturalist back again and again to this wonderful
wilderness.

The streams of the pine barrens are navigable by canoe, and
many a trip has been made over their dark waters. One of these
is admirably described by Henry Vandyke in his delightful
sketch "Between the Lupin and the Laurel," and in it the reader
will find an excellent account of the pine barrens in spring time.*

As one enters the Pine Barrens from the agricultural region
of Western Jersey, the most striking feature, apart from the
Pines themselves, is the continuous shrubby undergrowth of
Bracken Ptcridimn aquUimtm, Sweet Fern Comptonia aspleni-
folia and Chain Fern Woodwardia virginica. Then the absence
of such familiar trees as the Wild Cherry Prunus serotina, Sweet
Gum Liquidamhar styi'acifliia, Willow Oak Quercus phcllos, etc.,
and the presence of White Birch Betida alba, and the abundance
of Sassafras Sassafras sassafras, Sour Gum Nyssa- sylvatica.
Chestnut Oal<: Quercus priniis and the Scrub Oaks Q. ilicifolia,
fnarylandica and prirwides. The White Oak Q. alba, Black Oak
Q. velu-tina and Post Oak Q. stellata, occur in the outlying por-
tions of the Pine Barrens or locally throughout, but the first two
are often rare over large areas.

The abundant pine is the Pitch Pine Pinus rigid a. The Yellow
Pine Pinus echinata occurs, locally, sometimes in large tracts, but
in other sections is absent.

The forests of the Pine Barrens to-day present considerable
diversity, due to the inroads of fire and axe, and my efforts to
ascertain from old residents just what the primitive condition was
have resulted in such contradictory information that I am, in
doubt as to just what should be said on the matter.f

*Cf. also Gustave Kobbe, "The New Jersey Coast and Pines." C. C.
Abbott, "Days Out of Doors."

t Cf. for detailed discussion of N. J. Forests. Cf. Reports in Ann. Rept.
State Geologist.

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY.

69

There are woods oi rather tall Pine with practically no oaks
of any size, but with an undergrowth of Scrub Oaks and Huckle-
berries.

Then there is a more open growth in which Oaks and Pines
mingle in about equal proportion and in which the Oaks, mainly
Q. uiarilandica, reach a fair height.

Other sections are covered with a dense growth of Oaks, in-
cluding Q. prinus, alba, marilandica, ilkifolia and velntina.

It seems to me that the first two types are the natural or
primitive ones, while the solid Oak growth covers recent clear-
ings. The Pines spring up again in such tracts and reassert
themselves unless fire or continuous clearing have exterminated
them. Indeed, it is remarkable to see how rapidly young Pines
will develop. In old abandoned open ground which has grown
up in Andropogon grass the Pines will soon establish themselves
and grow rapidly. Equally rapid growth is seen on the bottom
of sand excavations along the railroads where a ridge of eight
or ten feet in height has been entirely removed for grading
purposes somewhere else, and in a few years the floor will be
completely covered with the regular forest vegetation with
flourishing young Pines on all sides.

The typical open Pine forest (see PI. CXXVII) is character-
ized by the following species :

Pteridium aquilinum.

Pinus rigida.

Panicum commonsianum.

" addisoni.

" columbianum.
Andropogon scoparius.
" virginicus.

Smilax glauca.
Quercus ilicifolia.

" marilandica.

" stellata.
Comptonia asplenifolia.
Sassafras sassafras.

Helianthemum canadense.
Baptisia tinctoria.
Kalmia angustifolia.
Pieris mariana.
Epigaea repens.
Vaccinium vaccillans.
Gaylussacia baccata.
Hieracium venosum.
Aster concolor.

" patens.
Sericocarpus asteroides.
Solidago odora, etc.

In bare open sandy patches occur Lichens of several species.

together with

70 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

C)rperiis grayi. Arenaria caroliniana.

filiculmis niacilcntus. Lechea racemulosa.

Carcx umbellata. Euphorbia ipecacuanhae.

Hiidsonia ericoides. Cracca virginiana.

The Cedcar swamps (see PI. CXXVII) which hue all the
streams of the Pine Barrens possess quite a different flora, some
of the characteristic species being:

Chamaccyparis thyoides. Rhus vernix.

Magnolia virginiana. Carex folliculata.
Acer rubrum carolinianum. " trisperma.

Clethra ahiifolia. Drosera rotundifolia.

Nyssa sylvatica. Osmunda cinnamomea.

AInus rugosa. Vaccinium corymbosum.
Ilex glabra. " atrococcum.

Viburnum nudum. Azalea viscosa.

The natural open bogs are characterized by the presence of
such species as:

Oxycoccus macrocarpon. Eriocaulon decangulare.
Sarracenia purpurea. " compressum.

Orontium aquaticum. " septangulare.

Castalia odorata. Drosera longi folia.

Nymphsea variegata. Polygala lutea.

Utricularia spp. Blephariglottis blephariglottis.
Pogonia ophioglossoides. " cristata, etc. etc.*

Limodorum tuberosum.

The curious elevated tract known as the Plains (see PL
CXXVIIL), which covers portions of Burlington and Ocean
Counties, presents a stunted vegetation scarcely higher than one's
knees, consisting mainly of Pinus rigida, Qiierciis marilandica
and Q. ilicifolia, but with all the characteristic species of the open
pine woods. The additional species more or less peculiar to the
Plains are Corema conradii and Arctostaphylos uva-ursi.

* The above lists are by no means exhaustive, and are simply given to call
attention to some of the dominant or more conspicuous species of the several
types of environment to be found in the Pine Barrens. No attempt has been
made toward an "ecological" study of the region. While much valuable work
has been done along true ecological lines, a certain amount of discredit
appears to have been thrown upon the term by the fragmentary and super-
ficial work presented under this title by certain writers. The hasty division
of a flora into various societies and associations is a case in point. To my
mind the only proper basis for work of this kind is the detailed study of a
number of similar spots in a given area, such as the various patches of

PI^AiNTS QF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 71

Mr. Xrifford Pinchot publis'hed an account of the Plains in
the Annual Report of the State Geologist of New Jersey for
1898, and from this I have taken most of the following figures.
Mr. Pinchot's conclusions agree entirely with my own observa-
tions in this interesting region.

The Plains occupy the highest part of the central Pine Barrens,
ranging from 100 to 200 feet above sea level. They stretch from
a point three miles east of Woodmansie south nearly to Munyon
Field, varying from two to four miles wide, and are bisected by
the Oswego river and its adjoining swamps. The upper section
lying west of Cedar Bridge constitutes the West Plains, the
lower the East Plains, the location of the former on the U. S.
Geological Survey Maps being entirely wrong.

The West or Upper Plains comprise 7,737 acres and the East
or Lower Plains 6,662, though with outlying tracts of similar
character this region of stunted vegetation probably covers an
area of nearly 20,000 acres.

The soil is exceedingly poor, consisting largely of white sand
and coarse white pebbles, but it is no different in composition or
in aridity from that of other dry sections of the Pine Barrens.
Mr, Pinchot found that the Pine trees, such as had developed
trunks with sufficiently well marked rings for counting, averaged
about thirteen years in age, though one three feet high was thirty-
one years old.

Most of the Pines, however, consist of sprout growth from
old stumps which have been burned back by countless fires, some
being almost globular burls with slender radiating stems. There
are also numerous seedlings with prostrate stems. Occasionally
a tree will approach a normal height of six to fifteen feet, but
they are rare and usually killed by fire.

Jersey Pine woods in the middle district of the region here considered or
the various cedar swamps of the Pine Barrens. By a comparison of results it
will be possible to determine what species really do occur in close association
in all such similar locations. The establishment of such associations upon a
few days' study seems utterly unwarranted, and when, as is usually the case,
the same author proposes a different lot of "associations" for every area he
studies, the utility of the whole method is called into question.

Furthermore, some writers on "ecology" are so careless in the systematic
side of their work that their papers abound in misidentifications which, of
course, render them practically worthless.

72 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

The prostrate character of the trees reminds one strongly of
timber line veg'etation on high mountains and is doubtless due to
the elevated, exposed and wind-swept nature of the region, con-
ditions congenial to the Arctostaphylos and Corcma, which here
reach their southern limit.

Add to this the constantly recurring fires which help to main-
tain the above conditions and the slow growth of all the trees in
the most arid parts of the Pine Barrens, and we probably have
all the factors necessary to explain the conditions found on the
plains.

It seems likely that the Indians were in the habit of burning
off this region long before the advent of the whites, and early
intensified original conditions, a practice that the accidental fires
of later years have perpetuated.

The term Pine Barrens has been used very loosely by those
who have written upon the plants of New Jersey.

Rev. L. H. Lighthipe* refers all of southern New Jersey below
the triassic to the Pine Barrens.

Dr. Arthur Hollickf limits it to the portion lying south of a
line from Long Branch to Salem.

Mr. C. C. Vermuelet gives it as "practically all of that portion
of the State southeast of a line from Seabright to Glassboro and
thence through Bridgeton to Delaware Bay." Both of these
latter statements are based exclusively upon a study of forest
trees, and as a result of careful field studies on the same line Mr.
Vermeule (Ann. Rept. State Geol. N. J., 1898, p. 185) limits
the coniferous forest to the region east of a line beginning
at Asbury Park and passing through Farmingdale, Brindletown,
New Lisbon and Taunton, with a considerable indentation south
of Vincentown ; thence to Atco, Andrews, lona and south along
the Maurice river. The belt between this and the previous line,
he states, is composed of mixed coniferous and deciduous forest.

My studies, based upon herbs and shrubs as well as trees, show
that the western border of the Pine Barren botanical region coin-

* Torreya II, p. 79.

t Report on Forests, Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist for 1899, 182.

t Do. p. 16.

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 73

cides very closely with Mr. Vermeule's boundary of the conifer-
ous forest (see colored map), the only important differences being
some projections to include outlying Pine Barren ''peninsulas" or
"islands," especially the region southeast of Clementon, and the
exclusion of the coast strip, a similar strip along the bay shore
from Port Norris to Dennisville, which belongs to the Middle or
West Jersey district, and the Cape May peninsula south of the
great Cedar Swamp, which, although it contains some Pine Bar-
ren "islands," is mainly coastal and W^est Jersey in its affinities,
as already explained.

The errors in most attempts to outline the Pine Barren region
were due to a total lack of knowledge of the southwestern por-
tion of the State, the prevailing idea being that the Pines must
cover all of the yellow gravel tertiary area, while as a matter of
fact they stop short at the Maurice river, the region west of this,
especially north of Bridgeton, being fine farm land, often rolling
with patches of deciduous forest here and there.

The boundary line between the Pine Barrens and the "Middle"
and "Coastal" districts which bound it, respectively, on the west
and east, is not a straight or sharp one; narrow tongues of the
two floras interlace and often both elements will be found in the
same bog or swamp along the border line. On the east, moreover,
the peculiar coastal flora will be found running up the tidewater
streams and their tributaries well into the Pine Barrens as far,
for instance, as Toms River, Batsto, Mays Landing and Mill-
ville, where artificial dams now seem to mark the limit of the
coastal intrusion. On other streams the coast plants follow back
to the natural limit of tidewater, and perhaps some isolated
colonies of such species well within the Pine Barrens owe their
presence to the intrusion along tidewater streams that were sub-
sequently dammed. In grouping the records in the systematic
part of this report the same locality may often be put in one dis-
trict under one species and another under another, when it is
located on the border line between the two. Mays Landing, for
instance, is cited as a Pine Barren locality for the Pine Barren
species occurring above the dam, while when cited in connection
with the coastal plants occurring below the dam, it is placed in the
Coastal district. In addition to the main Pine Barren district

74 REPORT Ol- NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

there are in the Middle or West Jersey districts certain "Pine
Barren" islands, where a number of characteristic Pine Barren
plants occur, often associated with species of wide range or others
typical of the Middle district. One of the most important of
these is the so-called Sandhill region of Middlesex Co., while
Griffith's Swamp (now destroyed) near Lawnside, Camden Co.,
was famous in the past. Prof. J. B. Smith has indicated several
of these islands in his map (Ann. Rept. N. J. State Museum for
1909), but they do not seem sufficiently well marked or equal in
character to warrant such recognition.

There seems to be no peculiar geological formation correlated
w^ith these outlying colonies except that dry ground species are
found where deposits of pure white sand or gravel occur, but
which are not necessarily of the same age as similar deposits in
the Pine Barren area proper.

Intrusions of the Middle district flora into the Pine Barrens in
the form of narrow tongues along the boundary line have al-
ready been alluded to, but there are also occurrences of similar
species well within the region, where extensive clearings have
been effected and maintained for long periods of years; such
occurrences can, I think, be safely regarded as intrusions from
the Middle district, analogous to the occurrence of w'eeds in all
spots that are brought under cultivation.

The attempts that have been made to list the typical plants of
the Pine Barrens are in some respects as misleading as the efforts
to outline the district, due, of course, to the fact that the writers
were only familiar with a portion of the region or w^ere relying
entirely upon compilation.

Dr. Britton's list of fifty Pine Barren species* comprises
twenty-five that are as common in the Middle district as in the
Pines, and six that are distinctly Middle district species and do not
occur in the Pine Barrens — Desmodium viridiftorum, Phlox sub-
ulata, Quercus phcllos, Stipa avenacca, Jimciis scirpoides, Bleo-
charis melanocarpa.

Rev. Mr. Lightpipe's listf contains the following, which are not
found at all in the Pine Barrens, or are very rare : Onoclea sensi-

*BulI. Torr. Bot. Club VII., p. 82; XL, p. 126.
tTorreya II., p. 79.

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 75

bilis, Bquisitacece, Pinus vi/rginiana, Uniola laxa, Stipa avenacea,
Chani(elirimn luteum, Pogonia divaricata (one record), Qiierciis
phellos, Castanca pumila, Liquidambar styraciflna, Nelumbo
lutea, Viola atlaniica, Azalea nudiflora, Salvia lyrata. Also the
following, which were apparently wrongly attributed to New
Jersey: Aletris aurea and Chondrophora.

Mr. Roland Harper* gives as species confined to the New Jersey
Pine Barrens, or much commoner in New Jersey than in adjoin-
ing States, Dicromena colorata and Aletris aurea, of which we
have no definite records, and Eriocaidon parkeri, a middle district
plant which does not occur in the Pine Barrens. Poly gala lutea,
Clethra alnifolia and Sabatia lanceolata are given in his list of
characteristic North Carolina Pine Barren plants, but omitted
from the New Jersey list, though it would be hard to find more
generally distributed species in the latter region.

An analysis of the Pine Barren flora based upon the data pre-
sented beyond shows the following numerical results :

Total number of species growing in the Pine Barrens exclusive of weeds, 565
Species occurring only locally in long-settled spots, obviously intrusions

from the Middle or other districts, 179

True Pine Barren Flora, 386

Of these there are :

Common to the Middle District 295

" " " Coast Islands, 162

" " " Cape May District, 252

Not found elsewhere in New Jersey, 55

" " " " the world, . af

Systematically they may be grouped as follows :

Pteridophytes, 11

Gymnosperms, S

Monocotyledons (jraminese, . 44

Cyperaces, 55

Others, 59

158

Dicotyledons Polypetalae, 100

Monopetalje, 114

214

* Torreya VII, 42.

t Juncus casariensis, Bupatorium resinosum.

ye REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

In relation to their general range they may be grouped as fol-
lows:

WIDE RANGING.

Throughout North America, 5

Canadian Provinces to Virginia-Florida, ^2

Maine-New Hampshire to Virginia-Florida, 76

153

NORTHERN ELEMENT.

Plants ranging south to N.J. Del. or i.Id.

From Labrador, 3 o

Newfoundland, 10 3

New Brunswick, o 3

Nova Scotia, 2 2

Maine, 3 2

18*

SOUTHERN ELEMENT.

Plants ranging north to N. J. So. N. Y. R. I. or Ct. Mass.

From Virginia, i i i 4

N. Carolina, 5 o i 3

S. Carolina, 4 o i 2

Georgia, 5 3 3 4

Florida, 55 29 18 48

70* Z2, 24 6;

LOCAL ELEMENT.

New Jersey only, or N. J.-Del., 5

N. J.-Southern N. Y., 3

N. J.-Mass., 5

Del.-Mass., 4

17

LIST Olf NEW JERSEY PINE BARREN PLANTS.

I. Characteristic Pine Barren Species. ■^ — Tliose which occur
locally or as stragglers in other districts are so indicated by the
initial letters of the districts, i. e., M, Middle; C, Coast; C M,
Cape May.

* Detailed lists on pp. 49-56. The number of species there attributed to the
Pine Barrens may differ a trifle from the totals here given due to additional
data on distributon received after these figures were compiled.

fA few species which occur only in the Pine Barrens or in the Middle
District and Pine Barrens are omitted from these lists since they are rare
and not typical, but they are, of course, included in the numerical statement.

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY.

77

Schizsea pusilla (c).
Dryopteris simulata.
Lycopodium chapmanii (c, cm).
" alopecuroides (cm).

" carolinianum (c, cm).

Chamascyparis thyoides (m).
Pinus rigida (m, c, cm).
Sparganium americanum.
Potamogeton oakcsianus (cm).

" confervoides.

Sagittaria longirostra (cm).
Erianthus saccharoides.
Panicum longifolium (cm).
" meridionale (c, cm).
" leucothrix.
" spretum (c^ cm).
" ensifolium (cm).
" clutei (cm).
" lucidum (c, rfvi).
" scabriusculum.
" cryptanthum.
" commonsianum (c, cm).
" columbianum thinium (m,
c, cm).
Amphicarpon amphicarpon (cm).
Sporobolus serotinus (m).

" torreyanus (cm).

Calamovilfa brevipilis.
Agrostis data (cm).
Danthonia epilis.
Cyperus cylindricus (m, c, cm).

" dentatus (m).
Eleocharis robbinsii (m).
" torreyana (cm).

" tuberculosa (m^ c, cm).

" tricostata (m, cm).

Scirpus subterminalis (cm).

" longii.
Eriophorum tenellum (m, cm).
Rynchospora pallida (m, cm).
" oligantha.

" alba (m, c, cm).

" knieskernii.

filifolia.
" gl. leptocarpa.

" axillaris.

" axillaris microcephala.

" fusca (cm).

" gracilenta (cm).

" torreyana (cm).

Cladium mariscoides (c, cm).
Scleria triglomerata (m).
" minor (m^ cm).

" torreyana (cm).
Carex bullata (m).

" walteriana (m, c).

" livida.

" barrattii (m, cm).

" exilis.

" atlantica (m).

" trisperma.
Orontium aquaticum (m, cm).
Xyris caroliniana (cm).

" congdoni (m).

" fimbriata.

" arenicola.
Eriocaulon septangulare.

" compressum (cm).

" decangulare (cm) .

Juncus aristulatus (c, cm).

" militaris (m).

" caesariensis (m).
Tofieldia racemosa.
Abama americana.
Xerophyllum asphodeloides (m).
Uvularia nitida.
Smilax tamnifolia (m, cm).

" laurifolia (cm).
" walteri (cm).
Gyrotheca tinctoria (cm).
Lophiola americana.
Gymnadeniopsis integra.
Blephariglottis blephariglottis (m),
cm).
" cristata (m, cm).

Pogonia divaricata (cm).
Gyrostachys prsecox (cm).

" vernalis (c).

Betula populifolia (m, c).
Quercus marilandica (m, c, cm).

" ilici folia (m, c, cm).
Arenaria caroliniana.
Nympheea variegata (m, cm).
Brasenia purpurea (m, cm).
Sarracenia purpurea (m, cm).
Drosera filiformis (m, c).
Itea virginica (m^ cm).
Meibomia sessilifolia.

" stricta (m).

Lespedeza angustifolia (m, cm).

78 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Lespedcza oblongifolia.
Clitoria mariana (m, cm).
Linum floridanum (c).
Polygala hitca (m, cm).

" cruciata (m, c, cm).

" brevifolia (m).

" mariana (cm).
Euphorbia ipecacuanhae (m, cm).
Corema conradii.
Ilex glabra (m, c, cm).
Acer rubriim caroliniannm (cm).
Ascyrum stans (m, cm).
Hypericum densiflorum (m).

" virgatum ov'alifolium (m

cm).
Hudsonia ericoides (c).
Lechea minor (m, cm).

" racemulosa (m, cm).
Rhexia mariana (m, cm).

" aristata.
Ludvigia linearis.

hirtella (cm).
Proserpinaca pectinata (m, cm).
Myriophyllum humile (m. c).
Oxypolis rigidior longifolia.
Azalea viscosa (m, c, cm).

" " glauca (m).

Dendrium buxifolium.
Kalmia angustifolia (m, c).
Pieris mariana (m, c).
Chamaedaphne calyculata (m).
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi.
Gaylussacia dumosa (m, cm).
Vaccinium corymbosum (m, c).

" virgatum.

Oxycoccus macrocarpus (m, c. cm).
Pyxidanthera barbulata (m).
Trichostema lineare (m).
Sabbatia lanceolata (cm).
Gentiana porphyrio (cm).

Asclepias rubra (m, cm).
Breweria pickeringii.
Cuscuta cephalanthi.
Gerardia holmiana.

" racemulosa.
Schwalbea americana.
Utricularia cornuta.

" subulata (m, c).

" clcistogama (cm).

" inflata (m, cm).

" purpurea (m, cm).

" clandestina (m).

" intermedia (m).

" fibrosa (m).

" virgatula (cm).

Galium pilosum puncticulosum (cm).
Lobelia nuttallii (m, c, cm).

" canbyi.
Nabalus virgatus.
Sclerolepis uniflora (cm).
Eupatarium album (m, c, cm).
" album subvenosum.

" resinosum.

" leucolepis (c, cm).

Lacinaria gramin. pilosa (m, c, cm).
Chrysopsis falcata.
Solidago stricta.

" puberula (m, cm).
" erecta (m, cm).
" uniligulata.
" fistulosa (m, c, cm).
Aster nemoralis (m).
" gracilis (m, c, cm).
" spectabilis (m, cm).
" dumosus (m, c, cm).
Doellingeria umbellata humilis.
Helianthus angustifolius (m, c, cm).
Bidens trichosperma tenuiloba (c,
cm).

II. SPECIES common to both the pine barrens and middle district.

Pteridium aquilinum.
Woodwardia virginica.
" areolata.

Osmunda cinnamomea.

" regalis.

Pinus echinata.

Potamogeton epihydrus.
Sparganium amer. androcladum.
Andropogon scoparius.

" corymbosus abbreviatus,

" virginicus.

Paspalum setaceum.

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY.

79

Panicum verrucosum.

" lindheimeri.

" sphserocarpon.

" villosissimum.

" oligosanthes.

" pseudopubescens.

" ashei.

" columbianum.

" addisonii.

" tsugetorum.

" virgatum cubense.
Aristida dichotoma.
" gracilis.

" purpurascens.
Calamagrostis cinnoides.
Agrostis hyemalis.
Danthonia sericea.
" spicata.

Triplasis purpurea.
Panicularia obtusa.
Festuca octoflora.
Cyperus flavescens.

" filiculmis macilentus.
Eleocharis olivacea.

" tenuis.

Scirpus americanus.

" cyperinus.

" eriophorum.
Fimbristylis aiitumnalis.
Eriophorum virginicum.
Rynchospora glomerata.

" macrostachya inundata.

" smallii.

Carex collinsii.

" foUiculata.

" pennsylvanica.

" umbellata

" " tonsa.

" canescens disjuncta.

" albolutescens.

" annectens.
Xyris torta.
Pontederia cordata.
Juncus pelocarpus.

" efifusus.

" tenuis.

" dichotomus.

" canadensis.

" acuminatus.

debilis.

Zygadenus leimanthoides.
Helonias bullata.
Lilium superbum.
Aletris farinosa.
Smilax rotundifolia.

" glauca.
Hypoxis hirsuta.
Iris prismatica.
Sisyrinchium atlanticum.
Cypripedium acaule.
Gymnandeniopsis clavellata.
Blephariglottis ciliaris.
Pogonia ophioglossoides.
Arethusa bulbosa.
Limodorum tuberosum.
Gyrostachys beckii.

" cernua.

Listera australis.
Populus grandidentata.
Comptonia peregrina.
Alnus rugosa.
Quercus alba.

" minor.

" prinus.

" prinoides.
Polygonella articulata.
Phoradendron flavescens.
Castalia odorata.
Magnolia virginiana.
Drosera longifolia.

" rotundifolia.
Sassafras sassafras.
Rubus hispidus.
" villosus.
" cuneifolius.
Aronia nigra.

" arbutifolia.
Amelanchier intermedia.
Crataegus tomentosus.
Baptisia tinctoria.
Lupinus perennis.
Cracca virginiana.
Stylosanthes biflora.
Meibomia michauxii.

" rigida.

" obtusa.

" marilandica.

Lespedeza repens.

" frutescens.

" stuvei.

8o REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Lespcdeza hirta.
Apios apios.
Galactia regularis.
Linum striatum.
Polygala nuttallii.

" polygama.

Crotonopsis linearis.
Rhus vernix.
Ilicioidcs mucronata.
Ilex laevigata.
Ascyrum hypericoides.
Hypericum canadense.
Sarothra gentianoides.
Triadenum virginicum.
Helianthemum canadense.
Lechea villosa.

" leggettii.
Viola lanceolata.
Rotala ramosior.
Decodon verticillatus.
Rhexia virginica.
Ludvigia alterni folia.

" sphaerocarpa.
Chamaenerion angustifolium.
Epilobium coloratum.
Nyssa sylvatica.
Clethra alnifolia.
Rhododendron maximum.
Kalmia latifolia.
Leucothoe racemosa.
Xolisma ligustrina.
Epigaea repens.
Gaultheria procumbens.
Gaylusacia baccata.

" frondosa.

Vaccinium vaccillans.

" atrococcum.

Lysimachia terrestris.
Tricntalis borealis.
Bartonia virginica.

" paniculata.
Limnanthemum lacunosum.
Asclepias amplexicaulis.

Cuscuta compacta.
" arvcnsis.
Trichostema dichotomum.
Kocllia mutica.

" verticillata.
Lycopus sessilifolius.
Linaria canadensis.
Gratiola aurea.
Dasystoma pcdicularis.
Gerardia purpurea.
Melarnpyrum lineare.
Utricularia gibba.
Cephalanthus occidentalis.
Diodia teres.
Viburnum nudum.

" cassinoides.

Adopogon carolinianum.
Hieracium gronovii.
'■' venosum.

Nabalus trifoliatus.
Eupatorium pubescens.

" rotundifolium.

" verbenaefolium.

" hyssopifolium.

Chrysopsis mariana.
Solidago bicolor.
" nemoralis.
" odora.
" neglecta.
" rugosa.
Euthamia caroliniana.
Sericocarpus asteroides.
" linifolius.

Aster concolor.
" patens.
" undulatus.
" novi-belgii.
lonactis linariifolius.
Gnaphalium obtusifolium.

" purpureum.

Helianthus divaricatus.
Coreopsis rosea.

THE MIDDLE DISTRICT.

"\^/^at I have termed the Middle District occupies that portion
of the coastal plain which lies west and north of the Pine Barrens,
reaching around the bay shore to Dennisville, although its sepa-

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 8i

ration from the Cape May district is purely an arbitrary one. To
the north it stretches up to the head of the Hackensack marshes,
and includes Staten Island, part of Long Island, as well as a strip
of eastern Pennsylvania lying east of the fall line, comprising a
considerable section of Bucks County and Tinicum township, in
Delaware County. The lower part of Philadelphia also be-
longed to this district, though its native flora is now practically
exterminated.

This is the region referred to by Dr. Arthur Hollick in his
interesting paper on "The Relation Between Forestry and
Geology in New Jersey"* as the "Tension Zone," "because it is
there that the two floras [i. e., the deciduous forest of the north-
ern uplands and the coniferous forest of the Pine Barrens] meet
and overlap, producing a constant state of strain or tension in
the struggle for advantage."

Dr. Hollick was admittedly drawing his conclusions mainly
from a study of the northern edge of the Pine Barrens as seen
in the "tongues" which cross a line from Monmouth Junction to
Farmingdale, and was not in possession of detailed information
on the distribution of species in the southern part of the State.
He, therefore, missed the fact that the so-called "Tension Zone"
is not merely a mixture of elements from the northern counties
and the Pine Barrens, but is characterized by a large number of
peculiar species which are as foreign to one of the above regions
as they are to the other. Some of the trees which are peculiar
to the Middle District as contrasted with the Northern Uplands
and Pine Barrens are Dospyros virginiaym, Ilex opaca, Pinus
virginiana, Quercus phellos, Betiila nigra, Liqnidanibar sty-
racifliia. Dr. Hollick states that all of these occur in the Conif-
erous Zone, but, as a matter of fact, they are unknown in the
Pine Barrens, though they re-occur on the coast strip and in the
Cape May district. Therefore, while I heartily agree with Dr.
Hollick's contention that "the mechanical structure of the soil"
is the most potent factor in the distribution of plants, I fail to
appreciate the importance of "tension" in the vegetation of this
zone. To me it seems to be a division of the coastal plain of
equal rank with the Pine Barrens.

* Report on Forests, Ann. Rep. State Geol. N. J. for 1899, pp. 177-201.
6 MUS

/

82 REPORT OF NEW JERSEiY STATE MUSEUM.

This Middle district is eminently an agricultural one and
largely given over to truck farms, so that the original flora is
exterminated over large areas. Bogs and swamps have been
drained to a great extent and much forest land has disappeared.
There are still, however, along the banks of creeks and streams
and in other situations sufficient remnants to form a pretty
accurate idea of the constituents of the flora.

Fig. 4. — Range of Erythronium americanutn, a species which enters the
upper edge of the Middle District.

The region comprises all of the cretaceous formation, and part
of the tertiary, as already explained, but peculiarities in distribu-
tion conform not to the boundaries of these areas, but rather to
the areas of marl, sand or other varieties of surface soil.

Several elements or intrusions may be detected in this flora of
the Middle district:

PLAiNTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY.

83

(i) Plants that have spread over from the country north of
the fall line, most noticeable in the northwestern part of Burling-
ton County and northern Monmouth County (Fig. 4).

(2) The isolated Pine Barren colonies or islands already re-
ferred to.

(3) Species which seem to have their center of abundance in
the Cape May district or more properly in Delaware (Fig. 5).

Fig. 5. — Range of Lobelia puberula, a Cape May plant which pushes along
the coast and Lower Middle District.

In the bogs at Delanco and Repaupo, close to the Delaware, and
to a less extent in some of the others occur certain decidedly
boreal species, which probably owe their presence here to some
earlier phenomenon than the recent influx of upland species
across the fall line. These occurrences are parallel with the
presence of Rhododendron and Ilicioides in the swamps of the
Pine Barrens.

84 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Such species are Mnhlcnhcrgia foliosa, Carex liinosa, Brio-
phonun gracilc, Scirpus torreyi, Schenchzeria palustris, Meny-
anthes trifoliatus.

The district presents many varieties of vegetation. The tide-
water creeks along the Delaware support Zizania palustris, Typha
latifolia, Typha angustifolia, Peliandra virginica, Sagittaria
latifolia, Nymphcca advena, Polygonum sagittatum, P. arifolium,
Bidens Icevis, Cephalanthus occidentalis, Sambuciis canadensis,
etc., etc.

In the swampy meadows characteristic species are Bupatorium
maculatum, B. perfoliatum Soldiago rugosa, Buthamia gramini-
folia, Mimidus ringens, Chelone glabra, Lobelia cardinalis, Ver-
nonia noveboracensis, Aster novi-belgii, A. puniceus, Cuscuta
gronovii, Galium asprellum, Alnus rugosa, Asclepias pulchra,
etc., etc.

Woodlands vary a great deal in composition. Near the Dela-
ware in Camden County are some almost exclusively composed of
beech, Fagus grandifolia, with which are associated Quercus
rubra and Q. alba, with very little undergrowth and such herbs as
Leptamnium virginianum, Hypopitys hypopitys, Chijnaphila
m-aculata, Peramium pubescens and Mitchella repens.

Pure beech woods, however, are rare, and the typical West
Jersey woods, especially along the streams, consist of Quercus
phellos, Q. palustris, Q. triloba, Liquidambar styraciflua, Lirio-
dendron tulipifera, Fagus grandifolia, Corpinus caroliniana,
Comus ilorida, Betula nigra, Nyssa sylvatica, Hicoria alba, H.
glabra, Prunus serotina, Diospyros virginiana, with undergrowth
of Viburnum dentatiim. Ilex opaca. Azalea nudiflora, Bvonymus
americanus, etc.

In other spots more remote from water an almost pure growth
of Pinus virginiana occurs, with huckleberries here and there and
such herbs as Cypripedium acaule, Silene caroliniana, Chimaphila
macula fa, C. umbel lata, Pyrola rotundifolia, P. chlorantha, P.
secunda, Asclepias amplexicaulis, various species of Panicum,
etc., etc.

In the bogs some Pine Barren species often occur, with such
other species as Poly gala viridescens, Castilleja coccinea. Lobelia
cardinalis, Gentiana crinita, Gentiana saponaria, Sanguisorba

PI^AiNTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 85

canadensis, Caltha palustris, etc., none of which occur in the
Pines.

Numerically the flora of the Middle District comprises, exclusive of

weeds, o

Obvious intrusions or "relicts" from the Pine Barrens or froni"

other districts,

Plants common to the northern half of the State, but occurring' only

in the upper part of the Middle District, 655 ■

769

Characteristic Middle District Flora, ,60

Systematically these are grouped as follows :

Pterydophytes, g

Gymnosperms

Monocotyledons Gramineae,

Cyperaceae, ^^

Others, .n

40

112

Dicotyledons Polypetalse, ^28

Monopetalas, j jg

246

369

Considering- the entire Middle district flora, exclusive of the
114 intrusions, i. e. 1,023 species, we find the range of the species
is as follows :

WIDE RANGING.

Whole of North America, jg

Canadian Provinces to Virginia-Florida, 353

Maine to Virginia-Florida, ..'.....' 258

NORTHERN EI.EMENT.

Plants ranging south to N. J. Del. or Md.

From Labrador, - ^

Newfoundland, 12 8

Nova Scotia, g g

New Brunswick, 2 2

Maine, i- g

New Hampshire, i

Vermont, 2 i

46* 32

* For list of species, see pp. 49-56.

86 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

SOUTHERN ELEMENT.

Plants ranging north to N.J. So. N. Y. Ct. or R. I. Mass.

From Virginia, 3 3 2 ll

N. Carolina, 2 4 i 6

S. Carolina, 2 3 3 4

Georgia, Q 7 7 19

Florida, 53 39 35 85

69* 56 48 125

LOCAL ELEMENT.

New Jersey only, 3

New Jersey-Maryland, 2

Long Island-New Jersey, i

Long Island-Delaware, i

R. I.-Delaware, i

Massachusetts to N. J., i

" " Delaware, 4

" " Maryland, 5

LIST 01^ CHARACTERISTIC MIDDLE DISTRICT PLANTS.

To the following 167 species are to be added the 202 common
to tlie Pine Barrens (see p. 78) :

Lygodium palmatum. Cyperus retrofractus.

Dryopteris thelypteris. " hystricinus.

Equisetum arvense. Carex lupulina.

Sorghastrum nutans. " intumescens.

Juniperus virginiana. " vestita.

Pinus virginiana. " caroliniana.

Paspalum prostratum. " triceps.

Panicum stipitatum. " oblita.

" depauperatum. " interior.

" dichotomum. " varia emmonsii.

" microcarpon. " vulpinoidea.

" barbulatum. " scoparia.

" scribnerianum. Arissma triphyllum.

Stipa avenacea. " pusillum.

Deschampsia flexuosa. Peltandra virginica.

Gymnopogon ambiguus. Spathyema fcetida.

Eragrostis pectinacea. Juncus marginatus.

Panicularia nervata. " scirpoides.

" pallida. Uvularia sessilifolia.

* For list of species, see pp. 49-56.

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY.

87

Uvularia perfoliata.
Polygonatum commutatum.
Medeola virginiana.
Dioscorea villosa.
Saururus cernuus.
Hicoria glabra.
Carpinus caroliniana.
Betula nigra.
Fagus grandifolia.
Castanea dentata.
Quercus rudkini.

" palustris.
" phellos.
triloba.
Morus rubra.
Comandra umbellata.
Rumex verticillatus.
Polygonum tenue.

" punctatum.

" sagittatum.

" arifolium.

" scandens.

Silene caroliniana.
Liriodendron tulipifera.
Aquilegia canadensis.
Anemone quinquefolia.
Clematis virginiana.
Ranunculus hispidus.
Thalictrum polygamum.
Benzoin aestivale.
Spiraea latifolia.

" tomentosa.
Fragaria virginiana.
Potentilla canadensis.
Geum canadense.
Rosa Carolina.
Prunus serotina.
Cassia nictitans.
Meibomia nudiflora.

" paniculata.

Lespedeza nuttallii.

" virginica.

" capitata.

Falcata comosa.
Geranium maculatum.

" carolinianum.

Polygala viridesccns.
Rhus copallina.
" radicans.

Ilex opaca.

" verticillata.
Impatiens biflora.
Vitis labrusca.

" aestivalis.
Psedera quinquefolia.
Hypericum mutilum.
Viola pedata.

" cucullata.

" sagittata.

" primulaefolia.

" rafinesquii.
Opuntia opuntia.
Onagra biennis.
CEnothera laciniata.
Kneiffia pumila.
Sanicula canadensis.
Cicuta maculata.
Sium cicutaefolium.
Angelica villosa.
Oxypolis rigidior.
Cornus florida,

" amomum.
Pyrola rotundifolium.
Chimaphila maculata.
Monotropa uniflora.
Azalea nudiflora.
Lysimachia quadrifolia.
Diospyros virginiana.
Sabatia angularis.
Asclepias tuberosa.
" variegata.
Convolvulus sepium.
Cuscuta gronovii.
Phlox maculata.
Myosotis virginica.
Verbena hastata.
Scutellaria lateriflora.

" integrifolia.

Hedeoma pulegioides.
Koellia flexuosa.
Lycopus americanus.
Chelone glabra.
Mimulus ringens.
Dasystoma flava.
Gerardia tenuifolia.
Mitchella repens.
Galium aparine.
" claytoni.

88 RI'JVjRT Ol' XiiW IlikSJiV STATE MUSEUM.

(jalium pilosuin.
Sambucus canadensis.
Viburnum dcntatum.
Spccularia ptrfoliata.
Lobelia cardinalis.
Adopogon virRinicum.
Lactiica canadcn.'is.
V'.monia novcboraccnsis.
Eupntorium maculatum.

pcrfoliatum.

aromaticum.
Willugbjeya scandcns.
Solidajfo scrotina.
" altissima.

" canadensis.

Euthaniia graminifolia.

Aster puniceus.
" latcriflorus.
" cricoides.
Dcellingeria umbcllata.
Antcnnaria ncodiocia.
" ncglecta.

" plantaginifolia.

" parlinii.

Helianthus gigantcus.
Bidcns bevis.
" comosa.
" frondosa.
" bipinnata.
Senecio aureus.
Carduus discolor.
" muticus.

'nil', COAST A J, STRIP.

The exi.stence of a coa.stal flora distinct from that of the Pine
Barrens and independent of the maritime element was first recog-
nized by the writer and pointed out in 1908."

This is essentially a continuation of the flora of the Middle
district around the northern and southern extremities of the Pine
Barrens. North of Asbury Park it practically merges into the
Middle flistrict, while south of vSea Isle Junction it is not always
clearly defined from similar elements of the Cape May district.
On the coast islands from Bay Head to vSewell's Point, Cape May,
it is well developed and contains, in addition to the Middle dis-
trict species, a certain numher of Pine ]iarren plants. The strip
on the mainland is sometimes so narrow and so cut by projecting
arms of the Pine Barrens that it is obvifjusly impossible to tell
which species of the latter should be regarded as common also to
the coa.stal strip. The only plan .seems to he io include only such
as have lx;come established on the islands. While the coastal
flora has Ix-en snid to ht largely identical with thai of the Middle

* Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1907, p. 452 (issued Jan. 20, 1908). This
strip appears in Prof. John B. Smith's r(i)Ort on New Jersey Insects in last
year's Museum Report. ]'rof. Smith consulted with me upon the construc-
tion of this map and availed himself of the results of my studies u|)on (he
distribution of i)lants and vertebrate animals in New Jersey, but inadvertently
failed to mention the fact or to refer to the i)aper just quoted.

PLANTS OK SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY.

89

district, there is an additional element of a distinctly boreal nature
found neither in the Middle district nor in the Pine Barrens.*
Such species are starred in the following- list, the other species
being plants of similar boreal distribution, but which occur also
occasionally in the upper part of the Middle district, although
much more abundant on the coast.

Ophioglossum vulgatum.
Lycopodium flabcllifornie.
Potamogcton pcctinatus.*
Cinna aruiidinacca.
Bromiis piirgans.*
lllynuis striatus.
Cyperiis diandrus.
Carex lanuginosa.
Juncus articiilatus.*
Vagnera stellata.*
Unifolii:m canadensc.
Leptorcliis locsclii.
Gyrostachys plantaginca.
Populus trenuiloidcs.
Morus rubra.
Parictaria pcnnsylvanica.*
Silene stellata.
Sagina procumbens.*
Moc'hringia lateriflora.
Aquilegia canadensis.
Arabis lyrata.

Fragaria virginica.
Sanguisorba canadensis.
Rosa virginiana.*
Crataegus crus-galli.
Falcata coniosa.
Phaseolus polystachyus.
Oeranium robcrlianum.*
Polygala vcrticillata.
Cclastrus scandens.
Hypericum borealc.
Myriophyllum tcncllum.
Samolus llnribundus.
Sabatia angularis.
Gentiana crinila.
Gentiana andrewsii.
Lycopus uniflorus.
Scrophularia leporella.
Helianthus giganteus.
Carduus discolor,
ninticus.

The coast islaiicis form a most interesting held for botanical
study, but unfortunately the spread of seaside resorts has cleared
one beach after another of its native flora until there is practically
no untouched forest except the tract back of Ventnor and south
of Atlantic City. This contains numl^ers of Pitch Pine Pinits
rigida, as well as Red Cedar Jimipcrus virginiana. White Oak
Qucrcits alba, Post (Xik Q. stellata, Spanish Oak Q. triloba,
Shadlnish Amelancliicr intermedia, Wild Cherry Primus serotina,
Siunac Rhus copalina, Red Maple Acer rubum, Grape Vitis crsti-

* Dr. II. A. Pilsbry has found a precisely similar cloinont in tlio Land
Snail fauna of the coast strip in the woods below Allantic City. Cf. The
Nautilus, 191 1, pp. 34-35.

90 REPORT Ol^ NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

valis. Holly Ilex opaca. Staff Vine Cclastrus scandeiis. Sassafras
S. sassafras, and Persimmon Diospyriis virginiana. To the north
the island beaches support no trees except a few Red Cedars,
though the spit reaching* from Bay Head southward contains
Q wrens phellos. Ilex opaca, Qiiercus ilicifolia, Finns rigida.
To the south there was until two years ago, quite a wooded
thicket at the upper end of Ocean City, comprising the same
species as those found near Ventnor, except the Pine.

Sea Isle Beach supported only a few Cedars, as did Two-Mile
Beach, just above Cape May, but the two intervening islands,
Seven and Five-Mile Beaches, were thickly wooded. Pines were
very rare, two small ones only, on Seven-Mile and no record for
Five-Mile. The abundant species were the same as those found
back of Ventnor on the Atlantic City Island, with the addition
of Willow Oak Quercus phellos, Red Mulberry Morus rubra,
Hackl)err3'- Celtis occidentalis and Magnolia virginiana on Seven-
Mile Beach, and most of them on Five-Mile Beach as well.

On Seven-Mile Beach immense sand dunes (see pi. CXXIX),
towering higher than the forest, shut it off from the sea, but my
last visit there found a gang of men cutting down the forest,
while steam shovels were leveling the dunes, and dirt cars carried
off the sand to be used in the manufacture of concrete houses.
Five-Mile Beach has suffered similar "improvement."

Fortunately good series of the flora of these two islands, now
all but extinct, are preserved in the Academy of Natural Sciences
and University of Pennsylvania, while Dr. Thos. S. Githens,
Prof. Chas. H. LaWall* and the writer have made considerable
collections at Ventnor. An "Ecological Study of the New
Jersey Strand Flora," presented by Dr. J. W. Harshberger
in the Proceedings of the Philadelphia Academy, igoo, p. 623,
contains a good account of the forest of Five-Mile Beach.

A Hst of the plants peculiar to the coast strip follows. A few
of them occur occasionally in the Middle district, but they are far
more abundant on the coast. These are additional to those
starred in the preceding list on p. 89, and a number of them are of
austral affinities.

* Cf. Bartonia, 1910, pp. 12-21.

PLANTS O'F SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 91

Tripsacum dactyloides. Atriplex hastata.

Erianthus saccharoides. Cardamine arenicola. \

Panicum virgatum. Bradburya virginiana.

" oricola. Kosteletzkya virginica.

" linearifolium. Hudsonia tomentosa.

" scoparium. Lechea maritima.

" mattamusketense. Ludwigiantha arcuata.

" lanuginosum. Hydrocotyle verticillata.

Spenopholis obtusata. Convolvulus repens.

Cyperus grayi. Lippia lanceolata.

" microdontus. Koellia aristata.

Scleria vcrticillatta. Baccharis halimifolia.
Myrica carolinensis.

The following- list comprises some of the species characteristic
of the Coast strip as contrasted with the Pine Barrens, but which
are also common in West Jersey :

Juniperus virginiana. Oenothera biennis.

Panicum huachucae. Proserpinaca palustris.

Tridens flavus. Sium cicutifolium.

Elymus virginicus. Oxypolus rigidior.

Cyperus rivularis. Cornus florida.

Carex tenuis. Sabatia angularis.

Vagnera racemosa. Asclepias pulchra.

Quercus phellos. Verbena hastata.

Celtis occidentalis. Salvia lyrata.

Polygonum scandens. Lycopus americanus.

" punctatum. Gerardia purpurea.

Benzoin aestivale. Galium claytoni.

Liquidambar styraciflua. Sambucus canadensis.

Geum canadense. Viburnum dentatum.

Rosa Carolina. Lobelia cardinalis.

Strophostyles helvula. Vernonia noveboracensis.

Ilex opaca. Eupatorium maculatum.
Impatiens biflora. " perfoliatum.

Vitis labrusca. Solidago altissima.

Hibiscus moscheutos. Helenium autumnale.

Hypericum mutilum. Carduus spinosissimus.
Opuntia opuntia.

The coast strip flora, exclusive of the halophytes of the strand and

salt marshes, comprises 524 species

Of these there are local intrusions from other districts, 32

True coast strip flora, 492

These range as follows :

N.Y.

Ct. or R. I.

Mass.

o

I

5

I

I

5

o

3

I

2

8

27

20

52

92 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

WIDE RANGING.

Througliout North America, I2

Canadian Provinces to Virginia-Florida, 156

Maine-X. Hampshire to Virginia-Florida, 134

NORTHERN ELEMENT.

Plants ranging south to N. J. Del. or Md.

From Labrador I o

Newfoundland 10 i

New Brunswick, i 2

Nova Scotia, i 2

Maine, 2 6

15 II

SOUTHERN ELEMENT.

Plants ranging north to N. J.

From Virginia, i

N. Carolina, i

S. Carolina, I

Georgia i

Florida, 28

32 29 24 73

LOCAL ELEMENT.

New Jersey only, 2

Long Island to New Jersey, I

Mass. to New Jersey, I

Mass. to Delaware, I

Mass. to Maryland, i

6

THE CAPE MAY DISTRICT.*

The Cape May peninsula south of the Great Cedar Swamp,
stretching from Dennisville to Sea Isle Junction, is for conven-
ience regarded as a separate district. As a matter of fact, it
consists of a joining of the coast strip flora and that of the
Middle District, which comes around the bay shore from the
west. The Pine Barren element is also present, but in more or
less isolated patches and dilute in character.

Pine woods are comparatively scarce, and occur mainly on the

* Cf. "Scheyichbi and the Strand," Edw. S. Wheeler, 1876, for account of
the Cape May District.

PLANTS O'F SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY.

93

western side of the peninsula, while even there we find nothing
like the open pitch pine woods of the Pine Barrens.

The country is largely cultivated along the coast and in the
lower portion of the peninsula, but the native flora is nowhere
destroyed as in the marl belt of the Middle District.

An interesting feature of the flora of the peninsula is the
recurrence of many upland species, especially about Cold Spring
and Bennett, which are rare or absent between this point and
the northern portion of the Middle district in Burlington and
Monmouth Counties, also the presence of certain other northern
species not known elsewhere south of the fall line.

Such species are as follows:

Botrychium virginicum.
Calamagrostis canadensis.
Sphenopholis palustris.
Poa brevifolia.
Panicularia septentrionalis.
Carex buxbaumii.

" festucacea brevior.
Arisaema dracontium.
Veratrum viride.
Uvularia perfoliata.
Allium canadense.
Blephariglottis lacera.
Corallorhiza odontorhiza.
Peramium pubescens.
Carpinus caroliniana.
Betula nigra.
Fagus grandifolia.
Quercus rubra.
Aristolochia serpentaria.
Polygonum virginianum.
Liriodendron tulipifera.
Cimicifuga racemosa.
Anemone virginiana.
Clematis virginiana.
Ranunculus hispidus.
Thalictrum revolutum.
Menispermum canadense.
Sanguinaria canadensis.
Saxifraga pennsylvanica.
Saxifraga virginiana.

In contrast to this is a certain southern element especially
noticeable to the west of Bennett and Cold Spring, but spread

Heuchera americana.
Geum canadensis.
Agrimonia mollis.
Cassia marilandica.
Meibomia nudiflora.
Oxalis violacea.
Linum virginianum.
Sanicula marilandica.
Angelica villosa.
Cornus florida.
Fraxinus pennsylvanica.
Menyanthes trifoliata.
Phlox maculata.
Scutellaria pilosa.

" galericulata.

Koellia flexuosa.
Cunila origanoides.
Chelone glabra.
Pedicularis lanceolata.
Pedicularis canadensis.
Galium circaezans.
Viburnum prunifolium.
Triosteum perfoliatum.
Campanula aparinoides.
Adopogon virginicum.
Lactuca spicata.
Aster macrophyllus.
Erigeron pulchellus.
Senecio aureus.

94 REPORT OK NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

more or less over tlie whole lower third of the peninsula. Most
of these species are restricted to the Cape May District, but a
few have spread norlliward in the lower Middle District, and
constitute the "Cape May element" referred to under that head —
i. e., Piniis scrotina, Paspalum membranaceum, Aristida lanosa,
Gymnopogon brcvifolius, Bleocharis tortilis, Hypericum odpres-
siim, Gratiola sphaerocarpa, Lobelia puberiila. In the same
category should probably be placed Cyperus pseud ovcgetiis, Poly-
gala incarnata, and a few other species rare in the Middle Dis-
trict and not yet detected on the Cape May peninsula,

A few of the Cape May plants also spread northward along
the coast strip for a short distance.

All of the plants peculiar to Cape May, which are of southern
affinities, are found immediately across the bay in Delaware,
where the flora is practically the same.*

The Cape May flora numbers in all 658 species ; of these there
may be deducted as local intrusions 8, leaving 650 species.

None of the Pine Barren species have been deducted, since
they vary so in their abundance in the Cape May district that it
is impossible to say which should be regarded as true members
of the flora and which as intrusions or relicts.

Considering the general range of the si>ecies, they fall into the
following categories :

WIDE RANGING.

Throughout North America, 13

Canadian Provinces to Virginia-Florida, 182

Maine to Virginia-Florida, 164

NORTHERN ELEMENT.

Ranging south to N. J. Del. or Md.

From Newfoundland 5 3

New Brunswick, 2 o

Nova Scotia, o 2

Maine, i 2

New Hampshire, i

9 7

* Cf. Williamson Torreya, 1909, p. 160, and Harper Torreya, 1909, p. 217,
for notes on the Delaware flora and Shreve et al. Plant Life of Maryland
(vol. 3, publ. Md. Weather Service, 1910) for account of that of Maryland.

PLANTS O'F SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY.

95

SOUTHERN ELEMENT.

Plants ranging north to N.J. So. N. Y.

From Virginia, i 2

N. Carolina, 2 i

S. Carolina, 2

Georgia, 6 2

Florida, t^, 48

84 53

Ct. or R. I.

Mass.

I

6

I

7

3

2

5

8

26

67

36

90

LOCAL ELEMENT.

New Jersey only, I

New Jersey to Maryland, I

Long Island to New Jersey, 3

Mass. to Del. or Md., 6

II

Species Peculiar to the Cape May District, or Spreading Slightly Northward
in the Middle or Coast Districts.

Pinus tseda.

" serotina.
Taxodium distychum.
Coelorachis rugosa.
Paspalum membranaceum.

" plenipilum.

" glabratum.

Panicum hemitomon.

" condensum.

" commutatum.

" angustifolium.

" aciculare.

" caerulescens.

" wrightianum.
Sacciolepis striata.
Chaetochloa magna.
Aristida lanosa.
Sporobolus asper.
Gymnopogon brevifolius.
Poa brachyphylla.
Eleocharis quadrangulata.

" ocreata.

Eleocharis melanocarpa.

tortilis.
Psilocarya nitens.
Rynchospora macrostachya.

" rariflora.

(Carex buxbaumii).*
( " festucacea brevior).*
Xyris elata.
Juncus setaceus.
Gymnadeniopsis nivea.
Blephariglottis peramoena.
Tipularia discolor.
Myrica cerifera.
Polygonum eciliatum.

" setaceum.

Lespedeza stuvei neglecta.
Galactia volubilis.
Falcata pitcheri.
Malus angustifolia.
Hypericum adpressum,
Hottonia inflata.
(Menyanthes trifoliata).*

* Peculiar to the Cape May District so far as southern New Jersey is con-
cerned, but of distinctly boreal affinities. Poa brachyphylla and Panicum com-
mutatum occur farther north in Pennsylvania, etc., and are not quite in the
same class with the other species here listed, but their affinities are austral.

96 REPORT OK NEW Jl-IRSEY STATE AIUSEUM.

Lycopus rubcllus.
Gratiola pilosa.

" sphacrocarpa.
Utricularia radiata.
" juncca.

" resupinata.

Tccoma radicans.
Rucllia ciliosa.

Plantago clongata.
Diodia virginiana.
Galium hispidulum.
Eupatorium coclcstinum.
Solidago elliotii.
Boltonia asteroides.
Pluchea foetida.
Senecio tomentosus.

THE MARITIME ELORA.

It is by no means as easy as would appear at first thought to
separate the truly maritime plants, the halophytes of the strand
and the salt marsh from plants of the coastal strip which occur
along the edge of the salt marsh where it joins the upland or
interior flora. Furthermore, some plants of the latter group,
while strictly coastal in New Jersey, do not seem to be so else-
where.

The main divisions of the maritime district are easily recog-
nized : (i) the beach, (2) the sand dunes, and (3) the salt
marsh.*

On the beach we have :

Polygonum maritimum.
Atriplex arenaria.
Salsola kali.
Amaranthus pumilus.

Sesuvium maritimum.
Ammodenia peploides.
Cakile edentula.
Xanthium cchinatum.

Also often individuals of Cenchrus, Ammophila, Carex, Oeno-
thera and Bnphorhia from the dunes.
On the dunes occur:

Panicum amarum.
Andropogon littoralis.
Cenchrus tribuloides.
Ammophila arenaria.
Eragrostis pectinacca spcctabilis.
*Cyperus grayi.
Carex silicia.
Rumex hastatulus.

Chenopodium leptophyllum.

Lathyrus maritimus.
*Prunus maritima.

Euphorbia polygonifolia.

Hudsonia tomentosa.

Lechea maritima.
*Polygonella articulata.

Oenothera humifusa.

* For more minute divisions cf. Harshberger. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
1900, 623 et seq., 1902, 642-669.

A star before a name indicates that the species is not truly or exclusively
maritime and has already been discussed in another category.

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 97

Also Xanthium from the beach and Pscdera quinqitefolia and
other interior plants.

Both the Prumis and Polygonella occur commonly in the
Middle and Pine Barren districts, while the Hudsonia and Lechea
are occasional in the Pines.

The true salt marsh vegetation consists of the following
species :

Triglochin maritimum. Salicornia ambigua.

Spartina cynosuroides. Dondia americana.

" patens. " linearis.

" glabra. Bassia hirsuta.

Diplachne fascicularis. *Acnida cannabina.

Puccinellia fasciculata. Tissa oligosperma.

Distichlis spicata. Oxygraphis cymbalaria.

Cyperus nuttallii. *Kosteletzkya virginica.

Eleocharis rostellata. Glaux maritima.

Fimbristylis castanea. Lilaeopsis linearis.

Scirpus americanus. Sabatia stellaris.

" nanus. Gerardia maritima.

" robustus. Plantago decipiens.
Juncus gerardi. " halophila.

Polygonum proliferum. Solidago sempervirens.

atlanticum. Aster tenuifolius.
Chenopodium rubrum. " subulatus.

Atriplex hastata. Iva oraria.

Salicornia europaea. Baccharis halimifolia.

" bigelovii. Pluchea camphorata.

Of these Spartina patens, Distichlis spicata, Juncus gerardi,
Salicornia europcea, S. bigelovii and S. ambigua make up the bulk
of the vegetation on the open marsh, more sandy sjXDts sup-
port Cyperus nuttallii, Plantago maritima, Dondia linearis, D.
americana, Bassia hirsuta. Polygonum atlanticum, P. proliferum,
etc., while along the edges of the creeks and thoroughfares which
occur everywhere through the marshes grow Spartina cyno-
suroides, Iva oraria and Baccharis h.alimifolia.

Solidago sempervirens and Atriplex hastata occur in almost
any situation except out on the open flat marsh.

Some of these plants, notably Sabatia stellaris and Koste-
letzkya virginica, grow along the border of the "upland", and
belong better, perhaps, with the following, which are usually
associated with them :

7 MUS

98 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM,

Chactochloa magna. *Lythrum lincare.

♦Chaetocliloa versicolor. Eryngium aquaticum.

Echinochloa waltcri. *Sabatia dodccandra.

*Festuca rubra. *Asclepias lanceolata.

Elymus halophilus. *Teucrium canadense littorale.

Fuirena squarrosa. Ptilimnium capillaceum.
" hispida.

Some of both of the last Hsts also occur in the moist hollows
among the dunes, where we also find :

*Samolus floribundus. *Agrostis maritima.

*Limosella tcnuifolia. *Sphcnopholis obtusata.

*Zanichellia palustris. *S. obtusata pubescens.

While the species in the last three lists are typical coast plants,
some of them occur also in other districts, and some are, per-
haps, better referred to the coastal strip already described than
to the maritime.

In salt water along the coast we find Zostera maruia and
Ruppia maritima, the latter extending into brackish or even
fresh ponds, and where larger streams come down to the coast
or where extensive fresh marshes join the brackish ones we find
Scirpiis olneyi, Typha angnstifolia, T. latifolia and Phragmites
phragmites.

Of the eighty-nine species referred to in this discussion of the
maritime flora eighteen have been considered under other sections
in the preceding discussions and estimates, though, as already
said, the division is sometimes an arbitrary one. These species
have been starred to distinguish them from those regarded as
truly maritime.

When the 71 maritime species are grouped according to their
general range we find them divided as follows :

WIDE RANGING.

Canadian Provinces to Virginia-Florida, 21

Maine to Virginia-Florida, 10

Maine to Delaware, I

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 99

NORTHERN ELEMENT.

Ranging south to N. J.

From Labrador, 3

Newfoundland, 4

Nova Scotia, 4

Maine, 2

13

SOUTHERN ELEMENT.

Plants ranging north to N. J. So. N. Y. Ct. or R. I. Mass.

From N. Carolina, o o i o

Georgia, o o i o

Florida, 4 3 3 13

4 3 5 13

LOCAL ELEMENT.

Massachusetts to Maryland, i

New Jersey only, I

WEEDS AND ADVENTIVE VEGETATION.

Important as is the study of weeds from an economic or
ecologic standpoint, they have little or no significance in a geo-
graphic discussion of plant life, their principal function being to
aid in obliterating all trace of the original range of the native
vegetation.

In the Middle district the woodland, the beds of tide-water
creeks and an occasional undrained bog are all that remain of
the original vegetation. All the cultivated and waste ground is
given over to weeds or introduced plants.

In the Pine Barrens, however, the great bulk of the ground is
still occupied by the native flora, and weeds creep in only where
settlements have been established and even then not as abun-
dantly as in the Middle district.

It seems as if artificial interference with the native flora was
necessary to the establishment and maintenance of weeds. So
soon as the ground is cleared and the sod turned, weeds appear,
though previously they were unable to gain a foothold. Traffic
along the roads of the Pine Barrens must bring many weed

loo REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

seeds into the heart of the region, but they seldom estaWish
themselves except when cultivated tracts give them the oppor-
tunity. Even along the railroads they seldom spread beyond the
artificial road-bed, and when broad, close-cropped clearings are
maintained on each side of the track as a guard against fire, and
wccd> do l:)Ccome established there, they are soon exterminated
when the native vegetation is allowed to assume a normal growth.

Cultivation not only opens the way for the introduction of
foreign plants brought unintentionally by man to whatever
country he goes, just like the various animal pests, but it tends
to develop weeds out of a portion of the native vegetation.
Most native plants are exterminated immediately or in a short
time after cultivation, but others seem to find ideal conditions in
the altered environment and become quite as much weeds as the
foreign introductions. Such species as Polygonum pennsyl-
vanicuni, P. amcnlare, Erigcron annuus, B. raniosiis, Leptilon
canadcnse, Oenothera biennis, Lobelia iniiata, Ambrosia artc-
misice folia, Tridens iiavus, etc., etc., are known to be native, but
all trace of their original range has been lost.

In New Jersey certain species native of the ^Middle district have
become weeds, notably Linaria canadensis, Oenothera sinuata,
Monarda punctata, etc., and these plants seem to take hold in the
Pine Barren clearings more abundantly than the foreign weeds.

In the Pine Barren bogs the flooding incidental to cranberry
grow'ing is quite as detrimental to the native flora as the clear-
ing and plowing of the forest. Many of the orchids, Abanna,
ToUeldia, and other bog species are exterminated, but curiously
enough Gyrotheca tinctoria becomes a most troublesome weed,
increasing enormously in all cultivated bogs where it may be
present, and Aniphicarpon amphicarpon swarms over the recently
erected sand dykes like a veritable weed of long standing.

Dr. Arthur Hollick has spoken of the Middle district as the
"Tension Belt," but it seems to me the real tension belt is in
cleared areas in the Pine Barrens where native and introduced
weeds and certain Middle district plants have managed to get a
foothold and maintain themselves as long as cultivation con-
tinues. When this ceases then the native flora asserts itself and
seems generally able to re-establish its supremacy and extermi-

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. loi

nate the intruders. Native weeds seem to gain the ascendancy
over the foreign ones, and then the forest and underbrush
gradually returns.

In old fields grown up to Andropogon grass young pines de-
velop rapidly along with sassafras, followed by various smaller
shrubs and herbs. In more arid sections we often find traces of
a clearing with a depression marking the location of a house all
covered with a growth of sand blackberry, Rubus cimeifolius, or
sweet fern, Coniptonia asplenifolia.

Where cedar swamps have been cut or burned over there often
develops immediately an abundance of cattail, Typha latifolia;
wool grass, Scirpiis eriophoriim, some distinctly Middle dis-
trict species and often Phragmites, but soon the magnolia and
alder send up new shoots, quantities of chain ferns, Woodwardia
virginica appear, and later young cedars begin to grow, and
eventually the intruders are exterminated.

In West Jersey (Middle District) cultivation is seldom
allowed to make a retrograde movement, and settlements are
seldom abandoned as they have been among the pines. In cer-
tain cases, however, I have seen examples of reforestation here
just as in the Pine Barrens, only that the sweet gum is the invad-
ing pioneer instead of the pitch pine. There is no evidence of
invasion of the Middle District by the Pine Barren element as
suggested by Dr. Hollick, the tendency being all the other way,
though, as already explained, only made possible by the agency
of man. The Middle District flora long ago occupied all land
where surface soil conditions were favorable right up to the Pine
Barren boundary and advances to-day only where those condi-
tions are extended artificially into the pines.

In extensive Pine Barren settlements of long standing, as Vine-
land, Landisville, Hammonton, etc., a good many native plants
of the Middle district have followed the weeds and become estab-
lished where richer soil has been developed, and, while they are
listed in the following pages, the fact of their origin should be
borne in mind, and their presence at these stations should not be
regarded as evidence that these species were originally found in
the Pine Barrens.

I02 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

ORIGIN AND RELATIONSHIP OF THE COASTAL PLAIN FLORA OE

NEW JERSEY.

The aim of the present work is to present facts rather than to
advance theories, as it is the opinion of the writer that deductions
as to the origin and relationship of our flora can be more accu-
rately drawn when we have carefully prepared lists covering the
more southern sections of the coastal plain, for comparison.
Certain ideas, however, have suggested themselves as the collec-
tion of data has progressed, which it may not be out of place to
present.

In the first place, in regard to the distribution of plants in
general, the writer was under the impression that plants were
subject to so many irregularities that, except the trees and some
shrubs, they did not accord very satisfactorily with the life zones
as based upon the distribution of birds and mammals. This idea,
however, proves to be wrong, as, with the exception of weeds,
plants, down to the smaller herbs, seem to accord with remarkable
accuracy to natural zones and areas, where the influence of man
has not disturbed nature's equilibrium. We find certain species
following the austral zones in the east up to the northern ex-
tremity of the coastal plain and pushing up the Mississippi valley,
just as do the birds and mammals. This point is entirely lost in
the brief statements of range given in the manuals. A plant of
austral affinities may have a range similar to the above, reaching
Massachusetts and Minnesota at the northernmost points of its
range in the east and west respectively. The manuals will give
its distribution as Massachusetts to Minnesota south to Florida,
although it is absent from nearly half of that area, and in Penn-
sylvania, for instance, occurs only in the Delaware and Ohio
valleys at the eastern and western extremeties of the State. The
meagreness of accurate data of this sort is a serious hindrance
to the study of the geographic distribution of our plants.

The irregularities in the distribution of plants — that is to say,
the departure from the boundaries of the life zones, is apparently
largely due to the local nature of a plant as opposed to the free-
ranging animal. Seeds washed down a river may germinate far

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 103

south of the true habitat of their species, and the immediate spot
may be such as to enable the young plant to persist for a few
years or a few generations, though it eventually perishes. So,
too, when a species of plant is practically extenninated, local
colonies will persist in spots where the immediate environment
is suitable for their existence, while similar colonies of mammals
require a very much larger area of congenial environment to
prevent extermination.

Two lines of investigation are often confused in the study of
geographic distribution : i. e. ( i ) the study of present day distri-
bution and the mapping of existing life zones and life areas, and
(2) the source of the species that make up the fauna and flora
of a zone or area and the centers of dispersal from which they
have spread.

Dr. Spencer Trotter* has pointed out that a zoogeographic (or
phytogeographic) map shows only a transitory condition, and
that the boundaries of zones and the ranges of species are always
changing, the rate of change corresponding with the rate of
physical or climatic change which the earth's surface may be
undergoing.

Now, in studying plant distribution it seems to me we are con-
stantly coming upon facts that bear upon conditions previous to
those now existing; the local nature of the plant making such
cases much more numerous than those that we find among verte-
brate animals. And most of the apparent irregularities of plant
distribution — isolated colonies, etc. — may safely be regarded as
remnants of a former range of the species at a time when
different conditions prevailed.

I might say here, as will be further explained beyond, that I
do not consider that the mere presence of similar soil conditions
at two remote localities is in itself sufficient to account for a
certain resemblance in the floras of the two spots. There have
probably been physical or climatic changes which have brought
the plants to both these and other regions at some previous time,
and they have persisted where soil conditions remained con-
genial, and disappeared and been superseded by other plants
where conditions were not suited to their needs.

* Auk, 1909, pp. 231-233.

I04 REPORT OK NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

To argue that the same plants will appear wherever suitable
soil conditions are present implies that the seeds of all plants are
constantly being scattered broadcast, which is certainly not the
case, or we should have no trace of the very evident agreement
between plant distribution and climatic life zones.

The matter of seed distribution by birds has, I think, been
greatly exaggerated, and I doubt if birds exert any appreciable
influence upon plant distribution except in cultivated areas.

Robins, for instance, devour vast numbers of wild cherries in
western New Jersey and along the coast, and must scatter the
seeds far and wide. The birds are frequent over the Pine Bar-
rens, and must scatter cherry stones there as well as elsewhere,
and yet the wild cherry is unknown there except in a few isolated
cases in cultivated spots. On the untouched floor of the sandy
pine woods the cherry stones fail to germinate or to take root,
but once the ground is cleared and the soil is turned by the plow
conditions are changed.

Turning now to the consideration of the coastal plain flora of
New Jersey, we realize that many plants of the more elevated
country to the north and west have spread southward and east-
ward into the coastal plain, mainly along its western border,
wherever soil conditions were favorable for their support, and
have replaced or mingled with the more austral flora that prob-
ably originally covered the whole of southern New Jersey, so
that in certain sections this element furnishes a considerable
portion of the total plant life.

As has already been stated, there is also to be found in the
Piedmont region an element of the more southern flora of the
coastal plain, though not so great in extent as that which this
region contributes to the coastal plain. Whether these plants
have spread westward from below the fall line or whether they
are remnants of a similar flora to that which now covers the
coastal plain, and which 'has been all but superseded in the Pied-
mont region by the more advanced flora now found there, is a
question hard to solve.

Two main causes seem to be active in governing the distribu-
tion of plants — i. e., climate and soil conditions. Climate, we
may say, determines what species are able to exist in a certain

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 105

belt or region, while soil conditions determine their distribution
within that belt. Changes in condition of either climate or soil
cause changes in the distribution of plants, and, consequently,
extensions or contractions of their ranges in different directions.
As already explained, we have many southern plants which we
often refer to as pushing northward in the coastal plain, and
others of northern affinities which find their southern limit in the
New Jersey Pine Barrens, these we refer to as stragglers from
the north. Often both elements occur side by side in the same
spot, like Schiz(ra pusilla* and Lycopodium carolinianiim, which
are here such constant and noteworthy associates.

It is a nice point to determine whether ranges are being ex-
tended in the same area at the same time in opposite directions
or whether there has been a series of successive movements first
in one direction and then in another, which have resulted in the
present complex associations.

It seems most likely that changes of range due to climate have
been of the latter character, and that many isolated boreal plants,
such as Rhododendron, Schiscea, Arctostophylos, Corema of the
Pine Barrens, Geranium rohertianiim, Vagnera stellata, Carex
huxhanmii, Menyanthes and Scheuchzeria of other parts of south-
ern New Jersey, may be relics of glacial times, while plants of dis-
tinctly austral affinities found far north of their normal range
may be remnants of a southern flora that pushed northward
when a milder climate prevailed.

Changes due to soil conditions, however, might easily take
place in opposite directions simultaneously. The gradual enrich-
ment of the sandy soil in various parts of the New Jersey coastal
plain might readily coax southern species farther and farther
north and northern species southward so long as climatic con-
ditions were not prohibitive to their advance, while sand-loving
plants originally brought to the same general region from differ-
ent directions through successive climatic changes would be
drawn into closer association where arid conditions were most
intense.

* Prof. Fornald (Rhodora 191 1, p. 109) seems to regard Schisaea and
Corema as coastal plain plants which have pushed northward, while I have
always regarded them as boreal species driven south to New Jersey.

io6 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Some such action as the fomier of these two examples seems
dearly to be under way, for, as has been shown, the New Jersey
Pine Barrens are at present surrounded by a more advanced
flora which is pushing in from all sides wherever conditions are
favorable, and man is rendering no small assistance in the move-
ment. Both east and west of the Pine Barrens there can be
readily detected a northern and southern element apparently ad-
vancing in opposite directions in a common effort to conquer the
Pine Barrens. The more or less complex character of the Pine
Barren flora to-day as regards its origin is apparently due to a
combination of movements such as described above.

Of course, great physical changes in the earth's surface in
geologic time must have had tremendous effect upon the flora,
usually producing climatic changes which acted directly upon
plant life. Such changes, of course, were responsible for the
great fall in temperature coincident with the glacial epoch. Sub-
sidences, too, which are known to have occurred at different
periods, must have entirely exterminated the flora of large areas.

Just how far we can correlate existing conditions of plant dis-
tribution wdth geologic changes it is difficult to say. Most at-
tempts of this sort seem to suppose a definiteness of knowledge
of the time relationship of various geologic phenomena which we
do not possess, and there is a tendency to assume constancy in
the character of the flora of certain areas, while that of contig-
uous areas is undergoing tremendous changes. Such hypotheses,
so far as they attempt detailed explanations, are purely con-
jectural.

Some facts, however, are clear. We know that the coastal
plain was submerged at a time when the elevated Piedmont
region to the west must have been covered with vegetation, and
that plant life on the region north of the terminal moraine must
have been for the most part exterminated during the glacial
epoch. Therefore, the area between the coastal plain and the
terminal moraine must have been continuously covered with
plants for a much longer period than have these two regions
themselves. When the coastal plain was elevated above the sea
it must have received its flora from the contiguous country to
the west or southwest. Furthermore, the several partial sub-

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 107

mergences of the New Jersey coastal plain after its first upheaval
which are claimed by geologists* and other changing conditions
may not only have resulted in several invasions of plants, but
also in changes in the character of the plant life in the regions
from which they came.

In every investigation in the plant life of the eastern United
States we seem to find two elements — a boreal, more or less
identical with the flora of northern Europe, and an austral, pecu-
liarly American, and precisely the same thing is found in the
study of animal life. Under prevailing conditions, however, and
through adaptation certain species of animals of American aus-
tral origin have become typical boreal species to-day, and doubt-
less the same thing may be true of certain plants. This shows the
necessity of distinguishing carefully between present geographical
distribution and original source of center of dispersal of a species.

Now, supposing that the characteristic American austral flora
covered the Piedmont area or a portion of it at the time the
coastal plain was elevated, it is natural that it would have spread
over into the new territory, or at least such species as were
best adapted to its sandy stretches. Then, if from one cause or
another there was an invasion of the more boreal element over the
Piedmont plateau, we should probably have exactly the condi-
tions that we find to-day — i. e., the survival of the earlier flora in
bogs and sandy areas and its disappearance where better soil has
developed in favor of the more advanced flora now prevalent.!
Part of the latter is also of austral origin, but, being suited only
to richer soil, did not spread to any extent into the coastal plain.

In New Jersey the vegetation is at a much younger stage of
its development. In the Pine Barrens we have only sand and
bog plants, while in the Middle district we encounter the more
advanced type of the American austral element and the evident
influx of boreal plants already referred to from the north.

During the Pensauken period West Jersey was submerged,
while the Pine Barrens were apparently cut off as an island.

* Cf. The Physical Geography of New Jersey by RoUin D. Salisbury, Vol.
IV., Final Report State Geologist, 1898, especially pp. 92-170.

t Cf. Cowles. Physiographic Ecologj' of Chicago and vicinity, Bot. Gazette
XXXI., 73-108, 145-182, 1901.

io8 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

This submergence and the alluvial deposits along the Delaware
river valley may have hastened the destruction of the true Pine
Barren flora over this area and made soil conditions suitable for a
more rapid influx of the type of vegetation that at present pre-
vails there, though the isolated Pine Barren islands in the Middle
District would argue rather for the gradual encroachment of the
present flora coincident with a gradual change of soil.

Just what elements have been instrumental in changing condi-
tions along the coast to make possible the existence of the coast
strip already referred to I cannot say, nor does it seem worth
while to theorize at present upon the possible explanations of the
presence of boreal species in the Pine Barrens or the recurrence
of so many boreal forms in southern Cape May.

Lists of the coastal plain bog plants that occur in the Pied-
mont area in Pennsylvania have already been given on page 46.

As to sandy ground plants characteristic of the coastal plain
which occur in similar soil in the Piedmont region there are quite
a number.

The following I have found on the mica slate and sandy hills
of Chester or Delaware County, Pennsylvania :

Quercus stellata. Phlox subulata.

" marilandica. Galium pilosum.

Rubus cuneifolius. Diodea teres.

Cracca virginica. Eupatorium verbenasfolium.

Stylosanthes elation Willugbaeya scandens (swampy
Crotalaria sagittalis. spots).

Aocyrum hypericoides. Sericocarpus linifolius.

Lechea racemulosa. lonactis linariifolius.

Gaylussaccia frondosa. Chrysopsis mariana.
Asclepias amplexicaulis.

Others occur on the serpentine outcrops as follows :*

Pinus rigida. Meibomia obtusa.

" virginiana. Strophostyles umbellata.

Aristida oligantha. Pieris mariana.

" purpurascens. Angelica villosa.

Baptisia tinctoria. Eupatorium pubescens.

Meibomia rigida. Aster dumosus.

"■ marylandica. Phlox subulata.

* From F. W. Pennell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1910, 541-584.

PI^AiNTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 109

Dr. N. L. Britton* many years ago called attention to the
resemblance of the plants of the Kittatinny and Shawangunk
mountains of northern New Jersey to those of the Pine Barrens,
and listed the following species common to both :

Pinus rigida. Lechea racemulosa.

Juncus militaris. Polygala polygama.

Orontium aquaticum. Epigaea repens.

Quercus ilicifolia. Gaultheria procumbens.

Corema conradii. Azalea viscosa.

Prunus pumila. Gaylussacia frondosa.

Lespedeza hirta. Gerardia quercifolia.

Cracca virginica. Solidago puberula.

Lupinus perennis. Solidago bicolor.

All these isolated patches of an earlier type of vegetation in a
region floristically older seem to me best explained by the assump-
tion already made that they are relics of an earlier flora now
nearly exterminated over the Piedmont region, but of which the
present New Jersey coastal plain flora is a derivative. I claim no
originality for this theory', as Dr. John W. Harshberger has
explained it in detail,! basing his deductions mainly upon the
consideration of the plants of the Kittatinny and Pocono Moun-
tains, and Dr. Roland M. Harper has referred to it§ in con-
nection with a study of bog and swamp plants. I merely wish to
state that my investigations lead me to the same general conclu-
sions, although, as already stated, certain other influences and
elements are probably involved in the problem.

Dr. Harper brings up another interesting question in his paper,
namely, the resemblance of the coastal plain flora to that of the
glaciated areas on the other side of the Piedmont region. This
resemblance has long been familiar to me, as during my studies
of the coastal plain plants I have spent some time, nearly every
year, in the mountains of Sullivan and Wyoming counties, Penn-
sylvania, and have found there the following species, which also
occur in the New Jersey coastal plain:

* Bull. Torrey Bot. Club XI, p. 126, and XIV, p. 187.
t Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1904, p. 606-609.
§ Rhodora VII, p. 69 (or VIII, p. 27).

no REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Lygodium palmatum.
Dryopteris simnlata.
Woodwardia virginica.
Potamogcton oakesianus.

" confcrvoides.

Calaniagrostis cinnoides.
Sporobolus serotinus.
Pannicularia laxa.
Rynchospora fusca.

" alba.

Scirpus subterminalis.

" torreyi;
Eleocharis robbinsii.
Eriophorum virginicum.
Cladium mariscoides.
Carex limosa.

" trisperma.

" canescens disjitncta.

" leptalea.
Scheuchzeria pahistris.
Orontium aquaticum.
Eriocaulon septangulare.

Xyris carolincnsis.
Juncus pclocarpus.
Drosera longifolia.
Sarraccnia purpurea.
Brasenia purpurea.
Nymphaea variegata.
Triadenum virginicum.
Ilicioides mucronata.
Pyrola chlorantha.

'' secunda.
Rhododendron maximum.
Gaultheria procumbens.
Vaccinium pennsylvanicum.
Cham?edaphne calyculata.
Limnanthcmum lacunosum.
Menyanthes trifoliata.
Scutellaria galericulata.
Utricularia purpurea.

" cornuta.

" clandestina.

" intermedia.

Viburnum cassinoides.

To which may be added from the other parts of the glaciated
region of Pennsylvania :

Carex collinsii.

Juncus militaris.

Some few of these are of boreal origin and have been driven
south at some time and remained as isolated colonies in New Jer-
sey, but the bulk of them are identical or similar to those which
Dr. Harper mentions and which I agree with him and Dr. Harsh-
berger have spread from the Piedmont region into the mountains
upon the retreat of the ice just as they spread into the coastal
plain upon its elevation from the sea. I am able to cite more
isolated colonies of these plants existing in the Piedmont region
than were known to Dr. Harper, but this, it seems to me,
strengthens rather than weakens the theory, as do the lists
of dry ground plants common to the Piedmont and coastal
plain. Both classes of plants exist, as already explained, only
in isolated colonies in the Piedmont, but were bogs more
plentiful in this region, and had their draining been carried on
less assiduously, the evidences of this early flora would have been
more frequent. As it is, farming has been carried on so exten-

PI^ANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. in

sively and land so well cleared and cultivated that anything like
a natural swamp or bog is now almost unknown. The introduc-
tion of cattle and the influx of weeds soon work havoc with a bog
or swamp so far as the botanist is concerned.

The relation between the New Jersey Pine Barrens and the
coastal plain to the north and south is of interest.

With the lack of definite knowledge of the limits of the Pine
Barrens and of the plants which are really characteristic of the
region, it has been hitherto difficult to clearly consider the ques-
tion.

Dr. Roland Harper has suggested that the New Jersey Pine
Barrens form a well-defined center of distribution and are iso-
lated from the Pine Barrens of Wilmington, N. C, which he re-
regards as the next clearly marked Pine Barren center as we go
down the coast, although he admits that the apparent lack of Pine
Barren plants in the intervening country may be due merely to
lack of knowledge.

In the recent report on the flora of Maryland Mr. Forrest
Shreve* shows pretty conclusively that the lack of Pine Barren
plants, so far as that State is concerned, is real. He says (p. 87)
that the only Pine Barren species on the coastal plain of IMary-
land are Cyperiis grayi, Smilax walteri, Polygala liitea, Ilex
glabra and Sclerolepis uniflora.

All of these occur locally outside of the Pines in New Jersey,
though they are most abundant in that region. Of Mr. Shreves'
list of 94 characteristic plants of the coastal plain of Maryland ;
twenty do not occur as far north as New Jersey, but are not
Pine Barren species; of the remainder 40 are restricted to the
Middle, Coast or Cape May Districts of New Jersey (of which
4 have been found as stragglers in the Pines), while 28 are
quite as abundant, or more abundant, in the Middle District,
although they do occur in the Pine Barrens. To his five Pine
Barren plants I should add from Mr. Shreves' Coastal Plain
list Ascyrum stans, which in New Jersey is quite as typical of the
Pines as the five he mentions.

It is obvious from this data that the coastal plain flora of

♦Maryland Weather Service, Vol. Ill, 1910.

112 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Maryland is distinctly affiliated with the Middle District flora of
New Jersey and not with that of the Pine Barrens.

The investigations of the members of the Philadelphia Botani-
cal Club in the State of Delaware would indicate that conditions
there are very similar, that is to say, that the New Jersey Pine
Barren element in the flora is very slight.*

The so-called Pine Barrens of Eon"; Island are decidedly weak
in the characteristic Pine Barren plants and take their place with
the several Pine Barren islands which are scattered here and there
through the Middle District of New Jersey. Of sixty-two species
listed in several papers on the subjectf only twenty-six are in-
cluded in my list of typical New Jersey Pine Barren plants (p.
yy^, the rest being equally common throughout our region or re-
stricted to the Middle District. Of the twenty-six, six occur at
one outlying station, thirteen at two and four at three, while
only three, Dryopteris simulata, Chrysopsis falcata and Arenaria
carolimana are confined to the Pines in New Jersey, and the first
two of these are not found in the more Southern Pine Barrens,
the Dryopteris being possibly of boreal affinities.

It would seem, therefore, that we have in the New Jersey and
North Carolina Pine Barrens the sand and bog elements of a
wide-spread American austral flora, which has been largely super-
seded by a more advanced element of similar origin over the rest
of the coastal plain, both elements being richer the farther south
we go, while along the western edge of the coastal plain, more
especially to the northward, a boreal element has spread down
over the fall line to a greater or less degree.

* Cf. C. F. Williamson, Torreya, 1909, p. 160; R. Harper, Torreya, 1909, p.
217.

t N. L. Britton, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club VII, p. 81 (1880).
A. J. Grout, Torreya II, p. 49 (1902).
S. E. Jeliffe, Torreya IV, p. 97 (1904).
R. M. Harper, Torreya VIII, p. i (1908).

SYSTEMATIC CATALOGUE

OF THE

Flowering Plants and Ferns of South-
ern New Jersey

(South of the Northern Boundary of Burlington
and Monmouth Counties)

With a Detailed Account of their Distribution and Time of
Flowering and Fruiting.

(113)

6 MUS

EXPLANATIONS.

The Synonymy consists of a reference to the original place of publication,
with the type locality, and to the principal works on the region under con-
sideration.

The Statement on Range of each species covers the entire State, the portion
that refers to northern New Jersey being taken from Britton's Catalogue.

The List of Localities includes all herbarium specimens examined, and also
records published in Britton's Catalogue and Keller and Brown's List, which
I have no reason to doubt, even though specimens have not been seen. When
records given in these two works are not substantiated by specimens from
nearby stations or for any other reason seem open to question, they are dis-
cussed in foot notes. (Cf. Preface.)

When no letter is given after a locality it indicates that a specimen from
this locality is in the Herbarium of the Philadelphia Academy. Specimens in
other herbaria arc indicated as follows :

OHB=0. H. Brown. P=Princeton University.

H=Benjamin Heritage. S=Witmer Stone.

CDL=Chas. D. Lippincott. UP=:University of Penna.

L=Bayard Long. C=Record taken from Britton's

NB=N. J. Agricultural Exp. Sta., Catalogue.

New Brunswick. KB:=Records from Keller and

T=N. J. State Museum, Trenton. Brown's List.

NY=N. Y. Botanic Garden. Kn=Records from Knieskern's List.
CPr=Phila. College of Pharmacy.

The exact location of the stations cited and some details as to the character
of their flora will be found in the list of localities, p. 780.

The Keys for Identification are applicable only to the region here con-
sidered, and are intentionally artificial in character, being intended merely to
contrast the most obvious characters of our plants as an aid to identification.
They are not supposed to take the place of a Botanical Manual, a work
which all students must have.

These Keys also cover all the common weeds of our region. Their names
are enclosed in brackets with foot-note references, but they do not appear in
the main text.

The Flowering and Fruiting Season (By Mr. Bayard Long) — The feeling
that in a local flora the actual seasons of flowering and fruiting of the species
in the region under consideration are of considerable interest and value, and
the realization of the unsatisfactory nature, from a local standpoint, of this
sort of data as presented in the manuals have led to the present attempt to
designate the flowering and fruiting ■reasons of the indigenous plants of

(115)

ii6 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

southern New Jersey. An effort has been made to work out as accurately as
possible the average seasons of bloom and fruit, but it has not been the
intention to include extreme or unusual dates. The very early or very late
records, usually represent individual plants in peculiar habitats or purely
aberrant cases. Unfortunately, such specimens often turn up in herbaria in
rather large numbers, because the average collector has a predilection to col-
lect specimens in aberrant bloom, and he quite frequently neglects to note the
fact on his label. Considerable care must be taken to eliminate such cases.

In many plants there is considerable variability in the time of flowering as
the result of early or late springs; in others there is similar variability due
to climatic or temperature differences in adjacent localities, or through ele-
vation. While there is practically no variation of the last kind in southern
New Jersey, there is often quite an appreciable difference in the date of flower-
ing of the same species in West Jersey and on the coast, and one crossing the
State on the railroad can readily appreciate the difference in the general ad-
vancement of vegetation in these two sections. It has, therefore, sometimes
been necessary to average up in a rather crude way the results brought about
by such causes of variability.

Flowering data as given in the manuals, when given at all, very often shows
a distinct difference of opinion on the part of the authors. The novice find-
ing the flowering season of a plant given in one work as "May-July," and in
another "July-September," will be confused to say the least. This is an ex-
treme example, it must be admitted, but it is the rule rather than the excep-
tion that there is a difference of some degree.

The corollary to the above paragraph is the ideal that was set up of
endeavoring to avoid as much conjecture as possible and to work out the
seasons from carefully collected field data and from accurately dated her-
barium specimens. Furthermore, a lack of data has been frankly noted
instead of covering it up by work of the imagination in an attempt to attain
uniformity of treatment for each species. Data from territory not actually
covered by the report has also been used, but only in a secondary or auxil-
iary way. Where the data available has been too meagre to warrant a
statement a blank has been left as preferable to quoting dates from the
manuals. Several means have been resorted to, however, to give some idea
of the flowering season in such cases. Often when only one or two speci-
mens were available their actual flowering or fruiting condition has been
given with the date of collection. Occasionally an approximation is given
with the addition of the word "probably."

It is to be regretted that more data and time were not obtainable for this
work, as only one who attempts a task of this kind can realize what an
enormous amount of data is necessary in order to reach satisfactory conclu-
sions. My own field notes embrace observations extending over nearly seven
years, but they prove a constant source of surprise in the absence of the very
data that are most desired. To obtain full and accurate seasonal data for the
plants of a region such as this would probably require many years of the
most rigidly systematized field work.

In most works in which flowering dates are given no greater definitenes,?
is attempted than the use of the months or sometimes only the seasons during
which the plant may be found in bloom, with occasionally the qualifying

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 117

terms "early" and "late." In a local flora such as this it was felt that a
greater degree of definiteness could be attained than is possible in a work of
broad range. Whenever possible the month has been divided into three
parts, "early," "mid" and "late," each approximately of ten days. Where
such definiteness was not attainable or desirable the name of the month has
been used, or sometimes that of the season.

A few examples will illustrate the plan adopted. The fruit of the chestnut
may be said to be ripe very definitely when the burs open and the nuts fall
to the ground, but it takes acute observation and discrimination to say just
when the fruit of the hackberry is ripe. There is no definite change such as
the opening of the chestnut bur, and the period of the presence of mature
fruit on the tree is much longer and indefinite ; so the term "autumn" is more
accurate than a more definite word. In the case of the oaks the same term
is used because of a lack of definite and comparative data.

Again, many plants, while they begin to flower and fruit at a definite time,
continue indefinitely during the latter part of the growing season, the termi-
nation being a matter of individual vigor, advent of frost, change in moisture
conditions. The end of the flowering and fruiting season of such species is
indicated by the expression "into autumn" or "into October ;" "into" being
intended to denote an indefinite extension of time into that month or season,
not necessarily just into it.

Plants which have occurred but a few times within our limits, but which
are frequent in northern New Jersey, Pennsylvania or Delaware, have often
been given flowering and fruiting periods based upon data from these imme-
diately contiguous regions.

The seasons — spring, summer, autumn and winter — are used in their con-
ventional sense,* beginning respectively on the first of March, June, Sep-
tember and December.

The word "sporadically" is used in the case of scattered or occasional
bloom occurring after the ordinary season.

The fruiting season is that of fully mature — not merely well developed —
fruit, i. e., of dehiscing capsules, falling achenes, dropping nuts and "ripe"
coloring of drupes. Many fruits develop rapdily and are fully grown long
before they are "ripe," as the nuts of Corylus, the "bladder" of Staphylea
and the seeds of various Umbelli ferae.

Special treatments found necessary in certain groups are described under
the family or generic headings. In some, such as Cyperacea:, the only dates
given are those of fully developed achenes, since so much depends upon their
characters that this date is really the only one of taxonomic importance.

In the case of many trees or shrubs which bloom either before or simul-
taneously with the appearance of the leaves the relative condition of the
leaves at the flowering date is given.

* Century dictionary and Cyclopedia, vol. VII, p. 5548, under season.

ii8 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Key to the Plants of Southern New
Jersey.

o. No flowers; reproduction by spores (ferns and their allies).

b. Sporanges (spore cases) born under the scales of a terminal cone-
like spike. Stems conspicuously jointed, the modes covered by
toothed sheaths. Bquisetacecp, p. 137

bb. Sporanges born in the axils of the crowded lanceolate or subulate
leaves or of reduced scale-like leaves which form an erect spike.
Plants somewhat moss-like, often branched and trailing.

Lycopodiales, p. 139

bbb. Sporanges born at the base of slender, awl-shaped, rush-like leaves,

which grow in a tuft from a round fleshy base rooting in the mud.

Plants submerged. Isoctacecr, p. 144

bbbb. Sporanges born on the back of a leaf (frond) in round, elongated

or marginal patches (sori) ; or in a spike or cluster on the modified

terminal (or middle) portion of the frond, or on a separate stalk

(really a modified frond). Filicales, p. 119

aa. True flowers present ; containing stamens, pistils or both ; reproduction

by seeds.

b. Trees with linear or scale-like evergreen [except Taxodium] leaves;

a resinous odor, fruit, a cone or a woody or fleshy berry.

Pinacea, p. 146
bb. Not evergreen coniferous trees.

c. Parts of the flower usually in threes or sixes, leaves mostly
parallel-veined. Embryo with a single cotyledon ; early leaves
never opposite. Stem not divided into bark, wood and pith.

Monocotyledons, p. 153

cc. Parts of the flower mostly in fours and fives, leaves net-yeined.

Embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons. Stem divided into

bark, wood and pith, the wood in perennial species, growing by

annual layers just under the bark. Dicotyledons, p. 380

PI^ANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 119

PTERIDOPHYTA-Ferns and their Allies.
Order FILICALES

Southern New Jersey, with its large areas of flat, dry, sandy
ground, and its lack of rocky banks and ledges, is a poor region
for ferns. While thirty-two species and sub-species have been
found within the limits of this list, twenty of them are really
only stragglers from farther north, and occur locally in the
richer soil of the Middle District, only two or three extending
even sporadically to the Pine Barrens. Four species, Onoclea
sensibilis, Lygodium palmatiim, Dryopteris thelypteris and Asple-
fiium platyneuron, are characteristic plants of the Middle district
and, with the exception of Lygodium, are rather generally dis-
tributed. Osmunda cinnamomea, O. regalis, Woodivardia areo-
lata, W. virginica and Pteridium aquilinum extend also over the
Pine Barrens, where they are the only abundant ferns, while the
rare Schincea pusilla and Dryopteris simulata are for the most
part confined to this region.

Fruiting Data. — The time of year noted under each species
indicates the season of mature spores — that is, the season during
which dehiscing sporangia are present.

Key to the Species.

a. Plant climbing, "leaves" (frondlets) palmately divided, fruiting portion
terminal. Lygodium palmatum, p. 129

aa. Plant not climbing.

b. Sterile fronds linear and grass-like, curled and tangled about the base
of the slender fertile frond (.5-1 dm. long), which bears the sporanges
on minute pinnae at its tip. Schisaa pusilla, p. 125

bb. Fronds not linear and grass-like.

c. Sporanges in a spike or panicle at the summit of the stem, with a
leaf branching off horizontally from its side.

d. Leaf ovate, not cut or lobed; arising near the middle of the

stem, plant 1-1.5 dm. high. Ophioglossum vulgatum, p. 122

dd. Leaf ovate or oblong; pinnate, plant .5-1 dm. high, sessile

just below the spike. Botrychium neglectum, p. 122

ddd. Leaf more or less ternate, segments pinnately divided.

e. Leaf sessile about the middle of the stem, segments finely
doubly pinnate. B. virginianum, p. 123

J20 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

ee. Leaf petiolcd from near the base of the stem.
/. Segments pinnate, pinnae not much cut.

B. obliquum, p. 123
//. Pinnae finely cut. B. o. dissectutn, p. 123

cc. Sporanges in a mass at the summit or middle of an erect "fern-
like" frond or in small spots or lines (sori) on its back, or in
several species on separate, modified, slender fronds. Fronds all
pinnate (divided into lateral segments, which may be again di-
vided).
d. Fronds not ternate.

e. Pinnae finely serrate, but not lobed or cut.

/. Main stalk shining dark purplish, frond not over 25 mm.
wide. Asplenium platyneuron, p. 132

ff. Stalk not dark and polished.

g. Pinnae on distinct pedicels with an acute lobe at

the base. Polystichum, p. 133

gg. Pinnae widening at base and joining to form a

winged margin to the stalk.

h. Frond less than 75 mm. wide round sori on

back of fertile fronds.

Polypodium vulgare, p. 129

hh. Frond over i dm. wide, pinnae finely serrulate,

sometimes undulate, sori oblong in two rows

on a separate frond with narrow linear pinnae.

Woodwardia areolata, p. 131

ee. Pinnae more or less lobed, but not cut to the midrib.

f. Lobes often mere undulatious, pinnae entire and dis-
tinctly narrower at the base. Ferile frond separate, a
stalk with a panicle of round seed-like bodies at its
summit bearing the sporanges.

Onoclea sensihilis, p. 137

ff. Lobes rather deeply cut, at least the basal ones, pinnae

broadest at the base, often somewhat triangular. Sori

on back of frond. Dryopteris cristata, p. 134

eee. Pinnas cut nearly or quite to the midrib.

f. Pinnules not toothed or subdivided.

g. Pinnules distinctly pedicilled, minutely serrulate,
sporanges in a terminal panicle plant 6-g dm. high.
Osniunda regalis, p. 124
gg. Pinnules united at their bases, forming a margin
to the midrib.
h. Small ferns, leafy part of the frond rarely
over 3 dm. in length.
i. Lowest pinnae longest.

Dryopteris thelypteris, p. 133
ii. Two lower pairs of pinnae slightly shorter
than the longest. D. simulata, p. 134

Hi. Six lower pairs of pinnse rapidly decreas-
ing in size, last about 6 mm. long.

D. noveboracensis, p. 133

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 121

hh. Large ferns, leafy often g dm. in height, frond
seldom less than 4 dm. long.
i. Several pairs of lower pinnae rapidly de-
creasing in size, sori elongated.

Aspleniutn acrostichoides, p. 132
a. Lower pinnae about equal in length to the
longest,
y. Stem with more or less rusty tomen-
tum.
k. Pinnules usually more round at
the tip and often slightly overlap-
ping. Sporanges covering short
pinnae about the middle of the
frond.

Osmunda claytoniana, p. 125
kk. Pinnules more acute and clearly
separated. Sporanges on a sepa-
rate stalk appearing in early
spring.

Osmunda cinnamomea, p. 124
ij. Stem glabrous.

k. Six to nine lower pinnas becoming
rapidly smaller. Sporanges on
separate modified frond.

Matteuccm, p. 137
kk. Lower pinnae not shorter.

Woodwardia virginica, p. 131
jjj. Stem with brownish chaffy scales on
lower part, pinnae somewhat undulated
or even lobed, sori round.

Dryopteris marginalis, p. 134
ff. Pinnules lobed or cut into segments.

g. Lower pinnae with basal pinnules becoming much
shorter. Phegopteris hexagonoptera, p. 136

gg. Lower pinnae not narrowed at base.

h. Leafy part of frond not over 1.7 dm. long.

Pilix fra gilts, p. 135
hh. Leafy part of frond normally more than 3.7 dm.
long.
i. Stem chaffy with brown scales.

Dryopteris spinulosa, p. 135
ii. Stem glabrous or a few scales near the base.
y. Dark green, frond glabrous.

Aspleniutn Ulix-foemina, p. 132
jj. Light green frond pubescent below and
fragrant. Dennstaedtia punctilobula,^. 136
dd. Fronds ternate.

e. Not over i dm. in diameter, delicate.

Phegopteris dryopteris, p. 136
ee. Over 3 dm. in diameter, thick. Pteridium aquilinum, p. 130

122 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

<tT. Sporaiigos under revolute edge of tlie pinnse or pinnules. Frond
branching out more or less horizontally from the stem.
d. Frond ternatc, thick, singly or doubly pinnate, 3 dm. or more
across. Pteridiuvi aquilinum, p. 130

dd. Frond dichotomously branched, branches pinnate and ar-
ranged somewhat palmately; stem dark brown or black and
highly polished. Adiantum pedatum, p. 130

Family OPHIOGEOSSACE^. Adder's Tongues.

OPHIOGLOSSUM L.
Ophiogiossum vulgatum L. Adder's Tongue.

Ophioglossum vulgatum Linnaeus. Sp. PI. 1062. 1753 [Europe.] — Britton 304.

Keller and Brown 7.
Ophioglossum bulbosum Pursh II. 655.
Ophioglossum arenarium E. G. Britton, Bull. Torrey Club XXIV. 555. 1897

[Holly Beach, N. J.]. — Keller and Brown 7. — J. Crawford, Bartonia I.

18. 1909.

Damp woods in the North and sparingly in the Middle dis-
trict ; local. Along the coast islands occurs a more slender form,
often with two or three stalks from the same root, which was
originally discovered by Mrs. E. G. Britton in sandy, shaded
ground at Holly Beach and described as a new species 0. arena-
rium. The type colony has since been destroyed, but the form
has been rediscovered at Longport by Mr. Joseph Crawford and
on Long Beach Island by Mr. Bayard Long, growing in hollows
among the sand dunes. The drier exposed habitat is doubtless
responsible for the peculiar characters, which do not seem worthy
of recognition, as similar forms have been found in colonies of
true 0. vulgatum.

Spores Mature. — Early June to early July, apparently some-
what later in the coastal plants.

Middle District. — Monmouth Co. (C), Hanover (C), Browns Mills (C),
Medford, Six miles west of Woodstown, Riddleton.
Coast. — Surf City (L), Longport, Wildwood.

BOTRYCHIUM Swartz.

Botrychium neglectum A. Wood. Meriden Grape Fern.

Botrychium neglectum A. Wood, Classbook of Botany 1846. p. 635 [Meridan,

N. H.].— Keller and Brown 8.
Botrychium matricariaefolium Britton 305.

PLiAiNTS O'F SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 123

Casual north, but very rare in our district, known only from
Riddleton, Salem Co., where it was collected in low woodland.

Spores Mature. — Early June, during a very brief period. The
fronds arise in spring and perish during the summer.

Middle District. — Riddleton.

Botrychium obliquum Muhl. Ternate Grape Fern.

Botrychium ternatum ohliquum "Muhlenberg" Willdenow, Sp. PL V. 63.

1810 [Pennsylvania]. — A. Brown, Bull. Torrey Club VII. 114.— Britten

305.
Botrychium obliquum Barton II. 205.
Botrychium hinarioides Knieskern 41.

Woods and open ground throughout, but rare in the Pine Bar-
rens.

Spores Mature. — Early September to late September, rarely in
October or November. Fronds arise in midsummer, the fertile
portion evergreen, generally persisting into the following spring.

Middle District.— M.onmonih Co. (K), New Egypa, Birmingham, Taunton,
Delaire, Oaklyn (S), Haddonfield (UP), Lawnside (S), Orchard (S), Lin-
denwold, Clarksboro (UP), Tomlin, Swedesboro, Glassboro, Dividing Creek,

Coast Strip.— Ft. Pleasant (S), Manahawkin, Surf City (L), Ship Bottom
(L), Atlantic City, Ocean City (S), Anglesea (UP).

Pine Barrens. — Albion, Egg Harbor City.

Cape May.— Dennisville (S), Sea Isle Jnc, Anglesea Jnc. (S), Cold Spring
(OHB), Cape May (UP).

Botrychium obliquum dissectum Spreng. Feathery Grape Fern.

Botrychium dissectum Sprengel, Anleit III.: 172. 1804 [Virginia].
Botrychium ternatum dissectum Britton 305.

Frequently occurring with the preceding, into which it seems
to merge.

Spores Mature. — Early September to late September, rarely in
October, apparently beginning to mature slightly later than the
last. Life history of fronds the same.

Middle District.— Mediord (Poyser), Oaklyn (S), Clarksboro (UP), Tom-
lin, Salem (S).

Coast Strip.—Smi City (L), Ocean Beach (UP).

Pine Barrens. — Albion, Mays Landing (S), Egg Harbor City (UP).

Cape May.— Cold Spring (OHB).

Botrychium virginianum (L.). Rattlesnake Fern.

Osmunda virginiana Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 1064. 1753 [Virginia].
Botrychium virginianum Britton 305.

124 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

A well-known fern of rich woodland in the North and Middle
districts, becoming scarce southward.

Spores Mature. — Late May to late June, rarely in July, rather
variable. Fronds arise in April ; fertile portion withering shortly
after maturity, but persisting into summer, sterile remaining
green until early autumn.

Middle District. — Farmingdale, New Egypt, Bordentown, Kinkora, Med-
ford (S), Merchantville (C), Little Timber Creek (C), Clarksboro (UP),
Mickleton, Sewell (UP), Swedesboro, Quinton.

Cape A/ay— Cold Spring (OHB).

Family OSMUNDACE^. Cinnamon Ferns.

OSMUNDA L.

Osmunda regalis L. Royal Fern.

Osmunda regalis Linnseus, Sp. PI. 1065. 1753 [Europe and Virginia]. —
Knieskern 41. — Britton 312.

In wooded or open swamps throughout.

Spores Mature. — Mid-May to early June, immediately after
which the fertile portion withers and dies, but usually persists
for some time.

Middle District. — Farmingdale, New Egypt, Burlington, Delanco, Medford
(S), Gloucester (UP), Lindenwold (S), Sicklerville (S), Washington Park,
Mickleton, Swedesboro, Beaver Dam.

Coast Strip. — Spray Beach (L), Surf City (L), Beach Haven Cr. (L),
Wildwood.

Pine Barrens. — Forked River, Long Causway (S), Speedwell, Hammon-
ton (Bassett), Mays Landing (UP), Egg Harbor City (UP), Williamstown
Jnc, Cedar Brook.

Cape May.— Court House (S), Goshen (S) Cape May (OHB).

Osmunda cinnamomea L. Cinnamon Fern.

Osmunda cinnamomea Linnxus, Sp. PI. 1066. 1753 [Maryland]. — Knieskern

41. — Britton 312.
Osmunda c. frondosa Britton 312.

Moist situations, throughout. One of the most widely dis-
tributed ferns of our district.

Variety O. c. glandulosa Waters (Fern Bulletin X, 1902, p.
21 — Maryland), occurs with the typical form at several stations.

The Cinnamon Fern is very conspicuous in early spring, when
we see the tightly coiled frond tips pushing up all around the

PLANTS O'F SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 125

tussock-like root stalk of last year and gradually unfurl into the
erect slender cinnamon plumes, which give the plant its name,
and from which clouds of the fine dust-like spores are detached
when we brush against them. About the time they have reached
this stage the green sterile fronds of the ordinary fern-like
structure unfurl, after which the fruiting fronds wither and
perish. This is our largest fern, and the broad green fronds,
sometimes three feet in length, form a conspicuous feature of
both wooded and open swamps.

Spores Mature. — Early or mid-May, as the fronds uncoil,
very shortly after which the fertile fronds begin to wither and
soon perish.

Middle District. — Farmingdale, New Egypt, Delanco, Medford (S) De-
laire, Camden, Haddonfield (S), Lindenwold (S), Tomlin, Mickleton,
Swedesboro, Mantua, Glassboro, Beaver Dam.

Pine Barrens. — Allaire (S), Atco (UP) Andrews, Cedar Brook, Ham-
monton (Bassett), Mays Landing (UP), Manumuskin (UP).

Coast Strip. — Beach Haven Terrace (L), Spray Beach (L).

Cape May.— Qoshtn (S), Cape Mav (OHB:).

Osmunda claytoniana L. Clayton's Fern.

Osmunda claytoniana Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 1066. 1753 [Virginia]. — Britten 312.

North Jersey, but casual or rare in our region, occurring only
in the Middle district.

Spores Mature.' — Early or mid-May as the fronds uncoil. Fer-
tile portion is commonly dried up by late May, but persists
through the summer.

Middle District. — Freehold (C), New Eg>'pt, Kinkora, Delaire, near Cam-
den (UP), Swedesboro, Mullica Hill (H).

Family SCHIZ^ACE^.

SCHIZ/EA J. E. Smith.
Schizasa pusilla Pursh. Curly Grass.

PI. 66, Fig. I.

Schiscea pusilla Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 657. 1814 [Quaker Bridge, Burlington
Co., N. J.].— Rafinesque, Amer. Mo. Mag. IL, p. 174. 1818.— Nuttall IL
249. — Knieskern 41. — Willis 79. — Britton 312. — Keller and Brown 8. —
Cooper, Ann. Lye. N. Y. H. 266. 1828.— Redfield, Bull. Torrey Club VI.
82. 1876. — Saunders, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1900, pp. 548, S49.

126 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

This curious little fern, which bears so little resemblance to a
fern as popularly understood, has long been the most prized
among the many botanical rarities of the Jersey Pine Barrens.
It was first discovered in 1805 at Quaker Bridge, where an inn
well known to the botanists of old, offered shelter to those who
wished to stop over night on their way to the coast. Situated
as it was in the very heart of this interesting country, it furnished
one of the few available stopping places for those who desired
to study the flora or fauna of the Pines, and who in the absence
of railroads were unable to return to Philadelphia at night. It
thus became the only known station for many species of plants
which were later found to have a much wider distribution. With
the coming of the railroad and abandonment of the old wagon
roads to the sea, the old hostelry at Quaker Bridge disappeared,
as did other similar buildings, so that the spot is now more of a
wilderness and less accessible than it was a centuiy ago. The
party who had the good fortune to discover the Schizcua con-
sisted of Dr. C. W. Eddy, J. Le Conte, Fredk. Pursh and C.
Whitlow. Pursh described the curious little plant in his Flora
in 1814, leaving one to infer that he alone was the discoverer,
but Rafinesque, in his review of Pursh's work* states that he
did not find any of the specimens and that he described the plant
without the permission of the real discoverer. Dr. Torrey has
confirmed the first part of this statement, saying that Dr. Eddy
was the discoverer and that Le Conte was the only other member
of the party to find any specimen [Redfield Torrey Bull. VI,
82-83]. The plant was apparently not found again until July,
1818, when Dr. Torrey and Wm. Cooper drove from Philadel-
phia to South Amboy, by way of Quaker Bridge and Monmouth,
spending a week in the Pines, while Dr. Torrey made his first
acquaintance with the peculiar flora.

The order of its subsequent discovery at other stations has
not been recorded; we only know that Torrey and Gray had
obtained it at Toms River by 1837. Dr. Joseph Leidy collected it
at Batsto in 1861 and C. F. Parker at Atsion in 1870 and at
Egg Harbor City by 1884.

*Amer. Mo. Mag. II, p. 174.

PLANTS O'F SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 127

Schizaea is now known from some thirty stations, all within
the Pine Barrens, and it will doubtless be found in almost any
spot within this region where the conditions are favorable. A
moist, sandy spot on the edge of a White Cedar swamp is its
favorite habitat, where it grows in close association with young
Cedars, Lycopodium carolinianum, Drosera Uliformis, etc. Mr.
Clutes' statement in his List of N. A. Ferns — Fern. Bull. 1905,
p. 120 — that it is "found in Cranberry Bogs" is decidedly mis-
leading. It may sometimes grow where cranberries grow, but
not in what are known as Cra.nberry bogs, and I am' inclined to
think that the artificial cultivation, flooding, etc., would extermi-
nate it, as it does some of our other rarities.

At Speedwell I have found it in the heart of a Cedar Swamp
growing on the vertical sides of cuts in the sandy roads made
by heavy wagons.

Perhaps the most interesting station is that discovered by Mr.
E. B. Bartram, near Seaside Park, on a narrow point of land
lying between Barnegat Bay and the ocean. Here, just back of
the sand dunes, within one hundred yards of the beach, is a moist
hollow with a few little White Cedars, among which grows the
Schizcea in company with its usual associates, the Lycopodium
and Drosera.

The largest specimens that I have seen bore fruiting fronds
120-150 mm. in height.

The plant is easily overlooked, though readily found when
one is familiar with the fern and its haunts. The late Dr. J.
Bernard Brinton, who was one of those who discovered it at
Egg Harbor City, told me of his amazement when, while sitting
upon the ground eating his lunch, the little plant seemed to rise
up under his eyes as they for a moment became focused upon
a certain spot to which something had accidentally attracted
his gaze.

When the American Association for the Advancement of
Science met at Philadelphia, in 1884, the botanists in attendance,
including a number of prominent British naturalists who had
come on from the meeting of the British Association in Canada,
were taken on a special excursion to pay their respects to Schiscsa
and the Pine Barrens, probably the most notable trip ever made
to this region. It has been described as follows :

128 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

"The excursion of Saturday [Sept. 6, 1884] to the Pine
Barrens was, barring- the heat, thoroughly enjoyable * * *
When the coach which was devoted to the botanists was left on
the side track at Egg Harbor [City] the view that greeted their
eyes was a level, sandy plain, with low vegetation interspersed
with shrubs and trees here and there. It was determined to
make a sally eastward first. In spite of the fact that the ther-
mometer had passed above the nineties, the whole party of fifty,
including ladies and Britishers, wandered out for a mile or so
amid a vegetation remarkably rich in showy and interesting
flowers and botanical rarities. But the heat would not permit
much loitering, and they soon returned with red faces, but arms
full of treasures. After a short rest all but a few summoned
up fortitude to start out again, going westward for a full mile
along the railroad track. This gave a different flora. But the
zeal of the excursionists, which was emulating the temperature,
reached its highest point when the cry ran all along the line that
the Schizcca ^vas found. There was a succession of disappearing
forms down the railroad embankment intO' the thicket, where all,
great and small, went down on hands and knees to gather
the precious little ferns of such un fern-like aspect. But it is
impossible to tell all that happened. A bounteous lunch was
served upon the return, after which Mr. T. C. Martindale called
the botanists to order. Prof. W. J. Beal presided. Dt. Gray
gave some reminiscences of his early visits to this region.
He thought it was in 1832 that, in company with Dr. Torrey,
he first saw the Pine Barrens at Toms River and had found the
SchizcEa. The following year he spent a week at Quaker's
Bridge, and had not been in the Pine Barrens since till the
present occasion. Mr. William Carruthers, of the British
Museum, spoke pleasantly of the enjoyment which the day had
afforded him, and his surprise to see a region so apparently
barren supporting such a varied vegetation, particularly at this
season of the year. He was only able to recognize Pteris and
Osmunda regalis as plants he had previously seen in a living
state."*

* Bot. Gazette IX. 1884, p. 161.

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 129

Spores Mature. — Middle or late August through' a very short
period. Fertile fronds uncoil with the sterile in late May and
grow to full height by late July. They dry soon after maturity
and usually persisit into the next sumirrjer or occasionally even
for a full year. Sterile frond evergreen.

Pine Barrens. — Toms River, Ferago=Bamber, Whitings, Double Trouble,
Island Heights Jnc, Forked River, Waretown, Mayetta, Tuckerton, Speed-
well (S), Chatsworth, Inskip, Joes Bridge, 5 mi. N. E. Hammonton (UP),
Eighth St., Atsion, Quaker Bridge, Batsto, Pleasant Mills, 0pp. Crowleytown,
Egg Harbor City, Hospitality Bridge, Seven mi. S. of Hammonton (UP),
Pancoast, Absecon.

Coast Strip. — Seaside Park.

LYGODIUM Swartz.
Lygodium palmatum (Bernh.). Climbing Fern.

Gisopteris palmata Bernhardt, Schrad. Journ. Bot. II. 129. 1800 [Penna.,

Ky. and Va.].
Lygodium palmatum Nuttall 248. — Knieskern 41. — Willis 79. — Britton 311. —

Keller and Brown 8.

This, our only trailing fern, is found in north Jersey, but is
perhaps most frequent, though always local, along streams in the
Middle district, especially in Burlington county. It grows in
dense tliickets, climbing up on the bushes and herbs to a height
of two or three feet.

Spores Mature. — Late September into October or even later.
Fertile portion of the frond uncurling with the sterile during
spring; scarcely evergreen, becoming brown and dried during
winter. Sterile frondlets remaining green over winter, but
perishing the following spring along with the fertile.

Middle District.— Ma.ta^Nan (C), Keyport (NY), Shark River (C), Bur-
lington (UP), New Lisbon, Brown's Mills, Moorestown (C), Four miles east
of Haddonfield, Medford, East Magnolia, Clementon.

Pine Barrens. — White Horse (C), Atsion (KB)

Family POLYPODIACE^. True Ferns.

POLYPODIUM L.

Polypodium vuigare L. Polypody.

Polypodium vuigare Linnsus, Sp. PI. 1085. 1753 [Europe]. — Britton 305.—
Keller and Brown 9.
9 MUS

I30 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Common in the northern half of the State; rare and local in
the Middle district.

Spores Mature. — Mid-July, well into autumn. Fronds ever-
green, persisting with the large sori well into the next year, often
to midsummer.

Middle District. — Bordentown, Birmingham, Vincentown (C), Delaware
river below Gloucester (P), Swedesboro, Sharpstown.

ADIANTUM L.

Adiantum pedatum L. Maidenhair.

Adiantum pedatum Linnreus. Sp. PI. 1095. 1753 [Canada and Virginia]. —
BriUon 306. — Keller and Brown 9.

North Jersey, but rare in our region, occurring locally in the
Middle district.

Spores Mature. — Mid-July to late September.

Middle District. — Keyport (C), Farmingdale, New Egypt, Vincentown (C),
Auburn (C). Mr. C. D. Lippincott assures me that it formerly grew at
Swedesboro, but has been exterminated.

PTERIDIUM Scopoli.

Pteridium aquilinum (L.). BracJcen.

Pteris aquilina Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 1075. 1753 [Europe]. — Barton II. 211. —
Knieskern 40. — Willis 78. — Britton 306.

Occurs throughout, but especially abundant in the Pine Barrens,
where, with the several species of Huckleberries and the "Sweet
Fern," it forms the bulk of the undergrowth in open pine woods.
It is indeed the most abundant of the species mentioned, and
often large areas are covered by it alone, the flat tops of the
fronds making an even surface which stretches away among the
scattered trunks of the Pitch Pines as far as the eye can reach.

The form P. a pseudocaudatum Clute (Fern Bull. VIII., 39,
1900, Babylon L. I.) occurs at various stations and in all sorts
of combinations and gradations to true aquilinum.

Spores Mature. — July to September, showing great variation
in date.

Middle District. — Long Branch, New Egypt, Sicklerville, Swedesboro, Di-
viding Creek.

Pine Barrens. — Toms River (NY), E. Plains, Waretown, Barnegat, Tuck-
erton. Speedwell, Winslow, Taunton, Hammonton (Bassett), Egg Harbor,

Coast Strip.—Smi City (L), Atlantic City (L).

Cape May.— Bennett (S).

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 131

WOODWARDIA J. E. Smith.

Woodwardia virginica (Linn.). Virginia Chain Fern.

Blechuni virginicum Linnseus, Mantissa II. 307. 1771 [Virginia].
Woodwardia virginica Knieskern 41. — Britton 306. — Keller and Brown 10,

Casually in the North and Middle districts, but most plentiful
in the Pine Barrens, where it is the most abundant fern in damp
or wet localities.

Spores Mature. — Late June to late July, most abundantly, but
sporadically on through the summer or even into early autumn.

Middle District. — New Egypt, Allaire, Camden (UP), Paulsboro, Bridge-
port, Repaupo, Mickleton (UP), Clarksboro (UP), Sicklerville, Swedesboro,
Beaver Dam.

Pine Barrens. — Bamber, Pasadena, Long Causway, Clementon, Bear Swamp
(S), Atco (UP), Ancora (UP), Cedar Lake (T), Vineland (S), Winslow,
Hammonton, Pleasant Mills (UP), Batsto, Egg Harbor City, Weekstown,
Twelfth St., Folsom, Tuckahoe (S).

Coast Strip.— Bdmsiv, Asbury Park (S), Deal (C), Ocean Beach (C),
Forked River, Manahawkin, West Creek, Tuckahoe, Anglesea.

Cape ikf 03;.— Goshen, Cape May (OHB).

Woodwardia areolata (L.). Narrow-leaved Chain Fern.

Acrostichum areolatum Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 1069. 1753 [Virginia and Mary-
land].
Woodwardia onocleoides Pursh, II. 669. Nuttall II. 252. — Barton IL 212.
Woodwardia angustifolia Torrey Cat. N. Y. Plants 81. 1819. — ICnieskern 40.
Woodwardia areolata Britton 307. — Keller and Brown 10.

Casual in north Jersey, plentiful in the IVLiddle and Pine Bar-
ren districts.

Spores Mature. — Mid-August to mid-October, but the spores
retained within the indusia and not scattered apparently until the
frond perishes.

Middle District. — Farmingdale, Allaire (S), New Egypt, Camden, Haddon-
field, Moorestown (UP), Riverton (UP), Westmont (S), Medford, Taunton
(S), Washington Park, Lawnside (S), Lindenwold, Tomlin (S), Center
Square, Clementon, Sicklerville (S), Swedesboro, Dividing Creek, Millville,
Salem.

Pine Barrens. — Tom's River (UP), New Lisbon, Bamber, Pen Bryn (S),
Waterford, Cedar Brook, Hammonton, Pleasant Mills, Egg Harbor City
(UP).

Coast Strip. — Asbury Park, Forked River, Manahawkin, Coxes, Surf City
(E), Beach Haven Crest (L), Anglesea (UP).

Cape Moy.— Goshen (S), Dennisville (S), Court House, Cape May (OHB).

132 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

ASPLENIUM L.

Asplenium platyneuron (L.). Ebony Fern.

Achrostichum platyneuron Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 1069. 1753 [Virginia].
Asplenhim platyneuron Britton 307. — Saunders Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.,
1900, p. 548.

Throughout, but most abundant northward. In our region it
occurs usually on sandy shaded banks or in thickets.

Spores Mature. — Early June to late July. Sterile fronds semi-
evergreen, the fertile with heavy sori scarcely persisting through
the winter.

Middle District. — Shark River, Farmingdale, New Egypt, Hartford, Birm-
ingham, Arneys Mt, Medford (S), Tomlin, Westville (UP), Pitman, Glass-
boro, Swedesboro.

Pine Barrens. — Dover Forge, Bamber, Speedwell (S), Calico,

Coast Strip. — Asbury Park, Peermont, Anglesea (UP).

Cape May. — Bennett (S), Cold Spring.

Asplenium filix-foemina (L.). Lady Fern.

Polypodium F[ilix] famina Linnceus, Sp. PI. 1090. 1753 [Europe].
Asplenium ■Ulix-focmina Britton 308. — Saunders, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.,

1900, p. 548.
Asplenium iilix-fa:inina laciniatum Moore, Bull. Torrey Club VI. 183.

A common species in North Jersey, scarcer southward and
mainly restricted to the Middle district. There is a snigle Pine
Barren record at Calico, where Mr. Saunders found this and other
species growing on the inside of an old well.

Spores Mature. — Early July to early Septemiber; indusia very
soon wither.

Middle District.— Naves'mk Highlands (C), Shark River (UP), Freehold
(C), Farmingdale, Birmingham, Pemberton (C), Hartford, Camden (P),
Locust Grove (S), Medford (S), Gloucester, Kirkwood (C), Sewell (S),
Pitman, Mickleton (UP), Swedesboro, Yorktown (S).

Pine Barrens. — Calico.

Coast District. — Coxe's.

Cape May.— Cape May (OHB).

Asplenium acrostichoides Sw. Silvery Fern.

Asplenium acrostichoides Swartz Schrad. Jour. Bot. H. 54. 1800 [No
locality given]. — Britton 307.

A northern species reported by Willis from Freehold, within
our limits. A specimen in the University of Pennsylvania from

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 133

the herbarium of the late Isaac Burk is labeled "deep swamps in
Jersey." As Mr. Burk did most of his collecting in south Jersey,
it is probable that this specimen came from somewhere in our
region.

POLYSTICHUM Roth.

Polystichum acrostichoides (Michx.). Christmas Fern.

Nephrodium acrostichoides Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. II. 267. 1803 [Pennsyl-
vania, Carolina and Tennessee].
Aspidiutn acrostichoides Knieskern 41. — Britton 310.
Aspidimn acrostichoides scJiweitiitsii Britton 310.

Common northward, but only casual within our range and re-
stricted to the Middle district, except an isolated colony which I
discovered at Speedwell in the heart of the Pine Barrens and
one at Cape May.

Spores Mature. — Early June to late June; indusia soon
withering. Fronds evergreen, except the fertile portion which
withers during the winter.

Middle District. — Farmingdale, Shark River (UP), New Egypt, Borden-
town, Birmingham, Springdale (S), Woodbury, Sewell (S), Swedesboro,
Salem (S).

Pine Barrens. — Speedwell (S).

Cape May. — Cape May (O. H. Brown).

DRYOPTERIS Adanson.

Dryopteris noveboracensis (L.). New York Fern.

Polypodium moveboracense Linnseus, Sp. PI. 1091. 1753 [Canada].
Aspidium Noveboracense Knieskern 41. — Britton 309.

Common northward; southward restricted to the Middle,
Coast and Cape May districts, where it is less common.
Spores Mature. — Late June into August.

Middle District. — Farmingdale, Allaire (S), Birmingham, Haddonfield (S),
Westville (UP), Mickleton (H), Lawnside (S), Sewell (S), Andrews,
Swedesboro, Yorktown, Dividing Creek.

Coast Strip. — Coxes, Manahawkin, Ocean City (UP).

Cape May.— Cape May (OHB).

Dryopteris thelypteris (L.). Marsh Fern.

Acrostichum Thelypteris Linnseus, Sp. PI. 1071. 1753 [Europe].
Aspidium Thelypteris Britton 308.

Throughout, but not common in, the Pine Barrens.
Spores Mature. — Mid-August well into September.

134 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Middle District.— Sandy Hook (C), Farmingdale, Pt. Pleasant, New
Egypt, Hartford, Mcdford (S), Washington Park, Micklcton (H), Sewell
(S), Clemcnton, Atco (C), Sicklcrville (S), Glassboro, Swedesboro, York-
town, Beaver Dam.

Pine Barrens. — Hammonton (S).

Coast Strip. — Seaside Park (UP), Barnegat, Manahawkin, Beach Haven
Terrace (L), Surf City (L), Beach Haven Crest (L), Holgate's (L), Ocean
City (S), Petersburg (S), Wildwood.

Cape May. — Goshen (S), Three miles west Court House (S), Cape May.

Dryopteris simulata Davenp. Massachusetts Fern.
Aspidium simulatum Davenport, Bot. Gaz. XIX 495. 1894 [Seabrook Essex

Co. Mass.].
Dryopteris simulata Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1908, 457.

Originally discovered in our region at Clementon by Mr.
Stewardson Brown and apparently restricted to boggy spots or
cedar swamps on the edge of the Pine Barrens.

Spores Mature. — Early August to late September.

Middle District. — Glassboro, Shark River.

Pine Barrens. — Farmingdale, Shark River, Double Trouble, Forked River,
Cox's, Clementon, Andrews, west of Sicklcrville, Cedar Brook, Batsto Forks.

Dryopteris cristata (L.).* Crested Fern.

Polypodium cristatum Linnaeus, Sp. PI. logo. 1753 [N. Europe].
Aspidium cristatum Britton 309.

Northern New Jersey; occurring locally southward in the
Middle district.

Spores Mature. — Late June to late July; indusia commonly
withering by early July.

Middle District. — Red Bank (C), Farmingdale, Hanover, Moorestown
(UP), Camden (P), Medford (S), Lawnside (S), Mickleton (H). Tomlin,
Sewell (S), Atco (C), Swedesboro, Mullica Hill (C).

Coast Strip. — Cox's.

Cape May. — Cape May (O. H. Brown).

Dryopteris marginalis (L.). Evergreen Wood Fern.

Polypodium marginale Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 1091. 1753 [Canada].
Aspidium marginale Britton 309.

A common fern of the northern counties, rare and local within

our limits and occurring only in the Middle district.

* Dryopteris cristata clintoniana Eaton (Gray's Man. Ed. V. 665. 1867. —
New York), was reported within our limits only from Little Timber Creek,
Camden Co., by L C. Martindale in Britton's Catalogue. The specimen was
not examined until after this page was in type. It seems to be correctly iden-
tified.

PLiAiNTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 135

Spores Mature. — ^Early June to early July, indusia soon with-
ering. Fronds evergreen, persisting with large brown sori over
the winter.

Middle District. — Farmingdale, Bordentown, Riverton (UP), Birmingham,
Camden (P), Woodbury, Mickleton (C),* 5 mi. S. of Swedesboro (CDL).

Dryopteris spinulosa (Retz.). Spinulose Shield Fern.

Polypodium spinulosa Retzius, Fl. Scand. Ed. 2. 250. 1795 [Scandinavia].

Common northward, south locally in the Middle district.
Spores Mature. — Mid-May to early June ; indusia soon wither-
ing. Fronds barely persisting to the beginning of winter.
Middle District. — New Egypt, Glassboro, Mickleton.

Dryopteris spinulosa intermedia Muhl. Spinulose Shield Fern.

Aspidium intermedium "Muhlenberg" Willdenow, Sp. PI. V. 262. 1810

[Pennsylvania]. — Barton II. 208.
Aspidium spinulosum var. intermedium Britton 309.
Dryopteris spinulosa Saunders, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1900, p. 548.

Common northward, south locally in the Middle district and
rarely on the coast, to Cape May.

Spores Mature. — Mid-May to early June; indusia soon with-
ering. Sterile fronds evergreen, but fertile fronds mostly perish
during the winter.

Middle District. — Farmingdale (S), Pt. Pleasant, Bordentown, Hartford,
Birmingham, Berlin, Atco (C), Woodbury (UP), Swedesboro, Yorktown.
Coast Strip. — Cox's.
Cape May.— Cape May (OHB).

FILIX Adanson.
Filix fragilis (Linn.). Brittle Fern.

Polypodium F[ilix]-fragile Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 1091. 1753 [Europe].
Cysfopteris fragilis Britton 310.
Filix fragilis Keller and Brown 14.

Common northward, but known within our limits only from
Freehold (Willis), from Medford, where it was discovered
May 30, 1903, by Mr. Stewardson Brown growing on the vertical
bank of a small stream in deep woods, and from Pitman in a
similar situation discovered by Mr. Bayard Long.

* Dr. Harshberger's specimen reported from Seaside Park (Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci., Phila., 1900, 623) proves to be Osmunda cinnamomea.

136 REPORT OF NEW JERvSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Spores Mature. — Late May to early July; indusia soon with-
ering.

Middle Dtj/nV^— Freehold (C), Medford, Pitman, Mantua (H).

DENNSTytDTIA Bernhardl.

Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Michx.). Sweet-scented Fern.

Nephrodium punctilobuluni Michaux, Fl. Bor Am. II. 268. 1803 [Canada].
Dicksonia punctilobula Nuttall II. 253. — Britton 311.

North Jersey and locally southward in the Middle district
and on the coast. Also found by the writer at Cape May.
Spores Mature. — Mid-June to apparently early August.

Middle District. — Freehold (C), Shark River, Homerstown, Birmingham,
Arneys Mt. (S), Lenola (UP), Taunton (S), Mickleton (H), Blackwood,
Sewell (S), Andrews, Swedesboro, Yorktown.

Coast Strip. — Manahawkin, Cox's.

Cape May. — Cape May.

PHEGOPTERIS Fee.

Phegopteris hexagonoptera (Michx.). Broad Beech Fern.

Polypodinni hexagonopterum Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. II. 271. 1803 [Carolina
and Virginia].

Common in rocky woods of the northern counties and occa-
sionally in the Middle district.

Spores Mature. — ^Mid-June apparently into August.

Middle District. — Long Branch, New Egypt, Swedesboro.

Phegopteris dryopteris (L.). Oak Fern.

Polypodium dryopteris Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 1093. 1753 [Europe].
Phegopteris dryopteris Saunders, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1900, p. 548.

A typical mountain species of northern New Jersey discovered
growing in the shaft of an old well at Calico, in the heart of the
Pine Barrens, by Mr. C. F. Saunders, July 5, 1899. Not known
from elsewhere within our range.

Spores Mature. — Probably in June, quite dehisced in the above
specimen.

Pine Barrens. — Calico.

PI^'ANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 137

MATTEUCCIA Todaro.

Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.). Ostrich Fern.

Osmunda struthiopteris Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 1066. 1753 [Northern Europe].

Onoclea struthiopteris Britten 310.

Matteuccia struthiopteris Keller and Brown 14.

Along the Delaware River at several points in northern New
Jersey and at Crosswicks Creek on our northern boundary, where
it was found by Mr. E. D. Sturtevant.*

ONOCLEA L.

Onoclea sensibilis L. Sensitive Fern.

Onoclea sensibilis Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 1062. 1753 [Virginia]. — Knieskern 41. —
Britten 310. — Crawford, Bartonia L 19. 1909.

Found throughout, except in the Pine Barrens; occurring in
wet swamps, usually in shade.

Spores Mature. — Early October, apparently through autumn.
Fertile fronds arise in early July, the pinnae (which form berry-
like bodies inclosing tht- sporangia) split open by early October
and allow the sporangia to dehisce and the spores to escape.

Middle District.— AWaire. (S), Pt. Pleasant (S), New Egypt, Hartford,
Pemberten (NY), Birmingham, Arney's Mt. (S), Delaire, Medferd (S),
Sewell (S), Sicklerville (S), Swedesbere, Salem (S).

Coast Strip. — Manahawkin, Cox's, Surf City (L), Ship Bottom (L),
Tucker's (L), Palermo (S).

Cape May.— Cape May (OHB).

Order EQUISETALES.

Rush-like plants with simple or much-branched jointed stems,
leaves reduced to toothed sheaths covering the joints. Only three
species occur within our district, none of them entering the Pine
Barrens.

Family EQUISETACE^. Horsetails.
Fruiting Data. — The same character as for Filicales.

* According to Britten's Catalogue. No specimens seen.

138 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.
Key to the Species.

a. Stems smooth, annual.

b. Cone-like spike containing the sporanges, on a separate plant, pale
brown and witliout branches, appearing in spring and soon perishing.
Sterile green plant with numerous branches becoming at least 75 mm.
long. E. arvense, p. 138

bh. Cone-like spike at the tip of the stem of a green branched plant,
branches fewer and variable, mostly less than 50 mm. long.

B. ftuviatile, p. 138
aa. Stems harsh, stiff and evergreen, simple (very rarely branched).

B. hyemale afUne, p. 138

EQUISETUM L.

Equisetum arvense L. Field Horsetail.

Equisetum arvense Linnaeus, Sp. P. 1061. 1753 [Europe]. — Knieskern 40. —
Britton 312.

Frequent except in the Pine Barrens, but mostly as a weed
along railroads, etc.

Spores Mature. — Early April to late April, more rarely to
early May.

Middle District. — Farmingdale, New Egypt, Kirkwood, Delanco, Medford
(S), Albion, Swedesboro (CDL).

Coast Strip. — Forked River, Barnegat City (L).

Cape A/ai'.— Dennisville (OHB), Court House, Anglesea Jnc. (S), Cape
May (OHB).

Equisetum fluviatiie L. Swamp Horsetail.

Equisetum fluviatiie Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 1062. 1753 [Europe].
Equisetum limosum Britton, Cat. N. J. Plants 3^3-

Open wet swamps in north Jersey and occasional in the Mid-
dle district close to the Delaware River.
Spores Mature. — Mid-May to early June.
Middle District.— Delaire, Kaighns Pt., Gloucester.

Equisetum hyemale affine (Engelm.). Scouring Rush.

Equisetum robustum afUne Englemann, Amer. Jour. Sci. 46:88. 1844 [St.

Louis, Mo.].
Equisetum hyemale Knieskern 40. — Britton 313.

* E. scirpoides is given in Torre^s Catalogue 17, on the authority of Dr.
Eddy, as occurring in the New Jersey Pine Barrens, but there must have
been some mistake, as this species has never been found by anyone else.

PLiANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 139

North and Middle districts, usually appearing- as if introduced.

Spores Mature. — Late May to late July, occasionally later in
the summer. Undeveloped spikes persist throughout the year.
Evergreen,

Middle District. — Keyport (C), Farmingdale (S), New Egypt, Delanco,
Birmingham (C), Vincentown (C), Camden (P), Medford (S), Westville
(KB), Woodstown (H).

Order LYCOPODIALES.

Includes the Club Mosses, Selaginellas and Quillworts. The
last are mainly confined to the Delaware River and its im-
mediate tributaries. Of the Club Mosses two species are charac-
teristic of the Pine Barren bog's and found in practically all
such situations in the district, while one other species is almost
restricted to the Pines — L. carolinianiim.

The other seven are for the most part intrusions from the
north, only one O'f which occurs (sporadically) in the Pine
Barren district. Our only Sclaginella occurs in the Middle and
Coast districts only.

Fruiting Data'. — As in the ferns.

Key to the Species.

a. Erect submerged plants consisting of a cluster of awl-shaped leaves
arising from a fleshy bulb-like base. Sporangia concealed at the base of
the leaves. Isoetes, p. 144

aa. Small prostrate or assurgent moss-like plants, with sporanges at the
axils of minute flat spreading leaves. Selaginella apus, p. 143

aaa. Larger prostrate or erect plants with sporanges in the axils of the leaves
in erect cylindrical spikes.

b. Plants normally erect, leaves all alike. Lycopodium lucidulum, p. 140
bb. Stems trailing, sending up erect branches, leaves all alike but top of
spike, where the sporangia are born somewhat stouter.
c. Stems densely leafy, 15 mm. or terminal part 20 mm. in diameter.

L. alopecuroides, p. 141
cc. Stems more slender.

d. .2 — I dm. high, central stem slender throughout.

L. inundatum, p. 140

dd. 2.5-3 dm. high, decidedly more robust, central stem thicker

terminally. L. chapmanii, p. 141

aaaa. Larger prostrate or erect plants with sporangia in the axils, of modified,

yellowish, scale-like leaves which form a distinct slender cone-like spike.

b. Whole plant upright, branching. L. obscurum, p. 142

140 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

bb. Plant with a prostrate creeping stem from which rise erect branches.
c. Leaves linear subulate, not all strictly appressed.

d. Creeping stem, short, not more than .5 dm. in length,
from which rises a slender stalk with minute appressed
leaves and a single terminal spike. /,. carolinianum, p. 142
dd. Creeping stem, 3-12 dm. long, with many erect or recumbent
leafy branches, from some of which rise the slender fruit
stalks, bearing one to four spikes each. L. clavatum, p. 143
cc. Leaves minute, scale-like, imbricated and appressed on the flat-
tened palmate branches, which rise from a similar creeping
stem.

d. Trailing stem deep down below the surface, branches less
than two millimeters wide. L. tristachyum, p. 143

dd. Trailing stem on the surface, branches two to four milli-
meters wide, more loosely forked. L. Habelliforme, p. 143

Family LYCOPODIACE^. Club Mosses.

LYCOPODIUM L.

Lycopodium lucidulum Michx. Shining Club-Moss.

Lycopodium lucidulum Michaux, PI. Bor. Amer. IL 284. 1803 [Canada to
Mountains of Carolina]. — Britton 303.

Moist woods of North Jersey and locally in the Middle dis-
trict.

Spores Mature. — Late July to mid- August; period of maturity
brief. Evergreen.

Middle District. — New Egypt, Birmingham, Camden, Springdale (S), Med-
ford (S), Woodbury, Swedesboro, Yorktown.

Lycopodium inundatum L. Bog Club-Moss.

Lycopodium inundatum Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 1102. 1753 [Europe].

Bogs of the northern counties and very rarely in the Middle
district.

This species seem clearly distinct from the next, easily rec-
ognized by its slender stem and lower habit. Mr. W. A. Poyser
tells me that he has specimens from Fairmount, Bergen County.

Middle District. — Kaighns Ft.

PUAiNTS OP SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 141

Lycopodium chapmanii Underwood. Chapman's Club-Moss.

PI. I., Fig. 2.

Lycopodium chapmanii "Underwood" Maxon, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 23 : 646.

1901. n. n for L. ind. adpressum Chapman [Caloosa Riv., Florida].
Lycopodium inundatum Gray, Manual Ed. I. 637. 1848. — Britton 303.
Lycopodium mundatum var. Bigelovii Gray, Manual Ed. V. 673. 1867.

One of the most characteristic plants of the bogs of the Pine
Barren region, occurring casually in the Middle, Coast, and Cape
May districts.

Spores Mature. — Early August well into October.

Middle District. — Allaire (S), Farmingdale, Belmar (UP), Shark River,
Center Square, Lindenwold, Orchard (S), Franklinville (UP), Union Grove
(S), Dividing Creek.

Pine Barrens. — Lakehurst (UP), Chatsworth (UP), Clementon, Water-
ford, Cedar Brook, Ancora (UP), Atco (UP), Millville, Plammonton, Egg
Harbor City, Absecon, Opposite Crowleytown.

Coast Strip. — Seaside Park, Forked River, Cox's, Harvey Cedars (L),
Ship fottom (L), Surf City (L), Spray Beach (UP), Peahala (L).

Cape May. — Bennett, Cold Spring (S).

Lycopodium alopecuroides L. Fox-tail Club-Moss.

PI. I., Fig. I.

Lycopodium alopecuroides Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 1102. 1753 [Virginia, Canada].

— Willis 79. — Britton 303.
Lycopodium alopecoides Knieskern 41.

A characteristic Pine Barren bog species usually associated
with the preceding. It reaches its northern limit in New Jersey,
and occurs outside of the Pine Barrens only at Lawrence Station
and a few localities in the Middle and Cape May districts.

Spores Mature. — Early September through October, even until
killed by frost.

Middle District. — Hainesport, Kaighns Pt., Griffith's Swamp, Lindenwold,
Swedesboro, Bridgeton, Dividing Creek.

Pine Barrens. — Toms River, Brown's Mills, South of New Egypt, Ware-
town, Pasadena, Chatsworth, Tomlinson's, Landisville, Hammonton, Pleasant
Mills, Egg Harbor City.

Cape May.— Bennett (S), Cold Spring (S).

The characters usually cited for distinguishing the three pre-
ceding species are apparently not very constant and we certainly
have a chain of connecting links in our New Jersey bogs between
L. chapmanii and L. alopecuroides. As to L,. inundatum, the

142 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

slender stem seems to separate all nothern specimens that I have
seen from L. chapmanii and the Kaighn's Pt. specimen is appar-
ently the northern form. The old Kaig-htis Pt. Swamp harbored
a number of northern plants not found elsewhere so far south
in the State. The application of the name Bigelovii is differently-
construed by different authors. It has usually been associated
with inimdatum as a variety.

Lycopodium carolinianum L. Carolina Club-Moss.

PI. I., Fig. 3.

Lycopodimn carolinianum Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 1104. 1753 [Carolina]. — Gray's
Man. Ed. I. 638.— Knieskern 41.— Willis 80.— Britton 304.

This delicate little species, so frequently assocated with
SchiscEa, is almost entirely restricted icy the Pine Barrens, which
mark the northern limit of its range. It is found in moist,
sandy, open spots. It occurs with Schisaa at Mr. Bartram's
locality near Seaside Park and has been found also at one
station near Bennett by Mr. Long.

Spores Mature. — Late August well into November.

Pine Barrens. — Toms River (UP), Bamber, Waretown, West Creek (S),
Chatsworth, Bear Swamp (S), Ballinger's Mill (S), Hammonton, Atsion,
Quaker Bridge (Bassett), Batsto, opposite Crowleytown, Pleasant Mills,
Egg Harbor City, Forked River, Absecon, Mays Landing (N. Y.).

Coast Strip. — Seaside Park.

Cape May. — Bennett.

Lycopodium obscurum L. Ground Pine.

Lycopodium obscurum Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 1102. 1753 [Philadelphia, J. Bartram].

— Britton 304.
Lycopodium dendroidum Barton, Fl. Phila. IL 203. — Knieskern 41.

A common woodland species of North Jersey and found less
abundantly in the Middle, Coast, and Cape May districts, and at
one locality in the Pines, possibly an intruder from the coast.

Spores Mature. — Apparently from late July to mid- August;
fruits rather infrequently. Evergreen.

Middle District. — Farmingdale, New Egypt, New Lisbon (C), Birmingham,
Moorestown (C), Fish House, Medford (S), Mickleton (H), Atco (C),
Sicklerville, Glassboro, Swedesboro, Yorktown, Centerton (S).

Pine Barrens — Hammonton (Bassett).

Coast Strip. — Cox's, Tuckerton.

Cape May.— Court House (S), Cold Spring (OHB).

PLiANTS OP SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 143

Lycopodium flabellifortne (Fernald.). Trailing Christmas-green.

Lycopodium complanatum Hahelliforme Fernald, Rhodora Nov. 1901, p. 280

[Maine].
Lycopodium complanatum Barton 203. — Knieskern 41. — Britten 304.

The common trailing species of the North Jersey woods ex-
tending casually to the Middle district i.nd on the coast, even
to the Cape May peninsula, but not known from the Pine Barrens.

Spores Mature. — Early August to mid-August; a very short
period. Rather rarely fruiting in our range. Evergreen.

Middle £)u/nc^— Farmingdale, New Egypt, Arneys Mt. (S), Fish House,
Swedesboro.
Coast Strip. — Manahawkin.
Cape May. — Wildwood Jnc.

Lycopodium tristachyum Pursh. Glaucous Christmas-green.

Lycopodium tristachytim Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 653. 1814 [Sweet Springs,
Mountains of Virginia].

Very rare in the Middle district and probably farther north
in dry woods. Found at Shark River by Messrs. S. Brown and
Norman Taylor, July 4, 1910, growing along a railroad bank and
perhaps not native. Strobiles on the specimens somewhat
immature.

Middle District. — Shark River.

Lycopodium clavatum L. Trailing Club-Moss.

Lycopodium clavatum Linnaeus, Sp. PI. noi. 1753 [Europe].— Britton 304.—
Keller and Brown 16.

Found in the woodlands of the northern counties, but known
within our limits only from a very few stations in the Middle
district.

Spores mature. — Fruiting specimens very rare, apparently.
All seen from our range are sterile. Evergreen.

Middle District.— Eovdtniovtn, Ashland, Mickleton (C), near Millville
(KB).

Family SELAGINELLACE^. Selaginellas.

SELAGINELLA Beauvois.

Selaginella apus (L.). Selaginella.

Lycopodium apus Linnxus, Sp. PI. 1105. 1753 [Carolina, Virginia and Penn-
sylvania].
Selaginella apus Knieskern 41. — Britton 303.

144 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Swampy ground in the North and Middle districts and down
the coastal strip to Cape May, occurring among the roots of
grasses and sedges or with sphagnum ; especially abundant along
the inner edge of the salt marshes.

Spores Mature. — Late June to early September, Semi-ever-
green.

Middle District.— VzrmiY\g<ld\t, Delanco, Mickleton (C), Center Sq. (H),
Lindenwold, Sewell (S), Glassboro (S), Swedesboro.

Coast Strip. — Pt. Pleasant, Forked River, Cox's, Absecon (Bassett).
Cape May.— Court House (S),Cold Spring (S).

{

Family ISOETACE^. Quillworts.

ISOETES L.

The four species of Isoetes recorded from the Delaware River
are given on the basis of specimens in the collection of Mr. W. A.
Poyser, which were identified for him by Mr. A. A. Eaton ; other
specimens presumably identical are in the Academy collection.
Mr. Poyser tells me further that /. saccJiarata, riparia and echin.
braunii seemed to prefer the sand, but canadensis was in the coarse
gravel. All were exposed at low tide. At Fish House /.
saccharata intergraded with /. riparia, but at Delair was ap-
parently growing alone. He sent Mr. Eaton abundant material
from each locality, alive.

Outside of the Delaware River Isoetes seems rare in our dis-
trict. Specimens from Camden Co. and Toms River are cited
as identified in Britton's Catalogue. Besides these I have only
seen specimens from Mays Landing; these are in the Academy
herbarium and are supposed to be /. riparia. Specimens of /.
engehnanni identified by Eaton from Assinpink Creek, just north
of our limits, are in Mr. Poyser's collection.

Isoetes engelmanni A. Br. Engelmann's Quillwort.

Isoetes Engelmanni, A. Braun, Flora 29: 178. 1846 [St. Louis, Mo.]. — Britton
302. — Keller and Brown 17.

Ponds and lakes of the northern counties and sparingly in
Camden Co.

Middle District. — Camden (C)

PUAiNTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 145

Isoetes echinospora braunii (Durien). Braun's Quillwort.

Isoetes Braunii Durien, Bull. Soc. Bot. France XI: loi. 1864 [Lake Winne-
pesaukee, N. H.]. — Britton 302. — Keller and Brown 17.

Sparingly on the Delaware above Camden and at Toms River,
also in ponds and lakes of the northern counties.
Middle District.— Toms River (P).

Isoetes canadensis (Engelm.). Podge's Quillwort.

Isoetes riparia var. Canadensis Engelmann, Trans. Acad. Sci., St. Louis,

IV: 383. 1882 [Maine].
Isoetes Dodgei Keller and Brown 17. — Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. igo8, 457.

Sparingly on the Delaware above Camden.

Middle District. — Fish House.

isoetes saccharata Engelm. Canby's Quillwort.

Isoetes saccharata Engelmann, Grai''s ]\Ian. Ed. V : 676. 1867 [Wicomico
River, Md.].

Sparingly on the Delaware above Camden. Originally dis-
covered in Maryland by Wm. M. Canby.

Isoetes riparia Engelm. Shore Quillwort.

Isoetes riparia Engelmann, A. Br. Flora 29:178. 1846 [Shore of the Dela-
ware, near Philadelphia]. — Britton 302. — Keller and Brown 17.

Plentiful along the shores of the Delaware above Camden.

Middle District.— Ca^m&tn (P).

SPERMATOPHYTA. Seed-bearing Plants.
Class GYMNOSPERM/C.

Order PINALES.

A group of trees sharply separated from all others by their
needle or scale-like (usually evergreen) leaves, resinous odor and
cone-like fruit, modified in some species into a berry-like struc-
ture.

The Pitch Pine, Yellow Pine and White Cedar are the trees
that give character to the Pine Barren district, while the Jersey
Pine and Red Cedar are equally characteristic of the Middle

10 MUS

146 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

district, and the Old Field Pine of Cape May. Tlie White Pine
and Hemlock are rare intrusions from the north, and the Pond
Pine and Cypress from the south.

Key to the Species.

a. Seeds broadly winged, born in a typical cone, leaves evergreen.
b. Leaves needle-like, two to five together in a sheath.

c. Leaves in fives. Pinus strohus, p. 146

cc. Leaves in twos, short and somewhat twisted.

P. virginiana, p. 147
ccc. Leaves in twos or threes, cone small, 25-50 mm. long, prickles
weak. P. echinata, p. 147

cccc. Leaves in threes.

d. .7-1.2 dm. long, cone large and heavy, 16 mm. long, prickles

strong.
dd. 1.5-2.5 dm. long. P. rigida, p. 148

e. Cone short and ovoid, less than .7 dm. long.

P. serotina, p. 149
ee. Cone long, .7-1.2 dm. long. P. tceda, p. 150

bh. Leaves short and flat, not united in sheath.

Tsuga canadensis, p. 150
aa. Seeds in a spherical nut-like cone, leaves deciduous.

Taxodium distichum, p. 151
aaa. Seeds in a bluish, smooth or angled berry-like fruit.

b. Berry angular, persisting after opening as a brownish and woody

nutlet. Chamaecyparis thyoides, p. 151

bb. Berry smooth and deciduous. Juniperus virginianus, p. 153

Family PINACE^. Conifers.

PINUS L.

Pinus strobus L. White Pine.

PI. IV., Fig. 5.

Pinus strobus Linnaeus, Sp. PI. looi. 1753 [Virginia and Canada]. — Knies-
kern 29. — Willis 57. — Britton 301.

Originally, at least, a common forest tree of the northern
counties, but occurring only sporadically in the Middle district
and in no sense a characteristic species of our region.

Fl. — ^June (apparently). Cones mature in early autumn of the
second season, commonly falling during the winter.

Middle District.— Tine Brook Station (C), Bordentown, Woodbury (C),
Berlin (C), Swedesboro.

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 147

Pinus virginiana Mill. Jersey Pine.

PI. III., Fig. 3. PL IV., Fig. 6.

Pinus virginiana Miller, Gard. Diet. Ed. 8. No. 9. 1768 [Virginia]. — Britton

300.
Pinus inops Pursh 641. — Michaux Fl. Bor. Am. 11. 204. — Knieskern 29. —

Willis 57 — Gray Manual, Ed. I. 439.

This is the characteristic pine of the Middle district, especially
in West Jersey, where it often forms dense patches of woodland.*
It enters the Pine Barrens below Mays Landing and at Ham-
monton, apparently following the Batsto River and Egg Harbor
River from the coast, where it is now very rare or absent.
Mr. William T. Davis has also sent me a specimen from S.
Lakehurst, but states that this locality is not typical Pine Barrens.
To the northward it occurs at several stations just beyond our
limits. As both P. echinata and P. rigida occur occasionally in
the Middle district, it is possible to find all three growing side by
side, as I have done at Medford, when their differences are
rendered particularly striking.

Fl. — Late April to midrMay. Cones mature in autumn of the
second season, and persist for several years.

Middle District. — Kinkora, Beverly, Areola, Arney's Mt. (S), Pemberton
(C), Springdale (S), Washington Park, Westville (UP), Mickleton, Swedes-
boro, Albion, Bridgeton.

Pine Barrens. — Hammonton (Bassett), Mays Landing (S), S. Lakehurst
(P), (from Wm. T. Davis).

Cape May. — Cold Spring (S).

Pinus echinata Mill. Short-leaved Pine, Yellow Pine.

PI. Ill, Figs. I and 2. PI. IV, Figs. 7 and 8.
Pinus echinata Miller, Gard. Diet. Ed. 8. No. 12. 1768. [Virginia]. — Britton

301.
Pinus mitis Knieskern 29. — Willis 57. — Gray Man. Ed. I. 440.

This species, while perhaps more plentiful in the Pine Barrens,
occurs frequently in the Middle district as well as at South Am-
boy and in the Cape May peninsula. In some places, as at
Brown's Mills, West Creek, Chatsworth, etc., it forms consider-
able sfroves.

*In the "Tree Book" Miss Julia E. Rogers states that this is the pine of
the New Jersey Pine Barrens. Where she received this quite erroneous im-
pression, unless from the popular name of the species, I cannot imagine.

148 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Fl. — Early May to late May. Cones mature in late summer of
the second season and persist for several years.

Middle District. — Farmingdale, Allaire, New Egypt (C), Arncy's Mt. (S),
Brown's Mills, Medford (S), Lindenwold, Mickleton (KB), Clcmenton (S),
Albion, Swedesboro, Centerton (S), Bridgeton (NB), Fairton (NB), Buck-
shutcm.

pine Barrens. — Forked River, Barnegat, Manahawkin, Inskip, Winslow
Jnc, Hammonton (C), Quaker Bridge (S), Pleasant Mills, Mays Landing
(S).

Cape May. — W. of Court House.

Pinus rigida Mill. Pitch Pine.

PI. II., Figs. I and 2 . PI. IV., Figs. 3 and 4.

Pinus rigida Miller, Gard. Diet. Ed. 8, No. 10. 1768 [Virginia]. — Knieskern
29. — Britton 300.

This is the common pine of the Pine Barrens. It occurs here
and there in the North and Middle districts and there is a con-
siderable grove on Absecon Beach, below Atlantic City. On the
other island beaches, however, it is absent or very rare.

The Pitch Pine is the Pine of the Ncav Jersey Barrens, and
is largely restricted to them. Where a slight elevation of the
sandy plain makes it possible for one to look out over the sur-
rounding country, the pines extend in an unbroken sea of green
clear to the horizon, and where it is only possible to- see straight
ahead they line the white, sandy trail with a green barrier on
either side, stretching away until they seem to join together
and swallow it up. In somie places the pines reach a height of
sixty feet and grow comparatively close together with bare
trurLl<:s ; again they are shorter, and scattered here and there over
the white, shining sand, with branches all the way to the base;
and on the so-called plains they are dwarfed and stunted with
round boles half buried in the coarse sand and gravel, and
prostrate branches seldomi rising higher than ai man's knee.

The pines lend a charm to this desolate country. In winter,
when the wind is sighing through their branches and patches
of snow here and there add to the whiteness of the sand, their
evergreen foliage seems to warmi the landscape, and their thick
wall of branches offer shelter from the storm; and in summer
the air of the pine land, rich with its resinous odor, seems dry.

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 149

clear and refreshing as compared with the humidity of the Dela-
ware River country.

At all seasons there is a peculiar restfulness in these quiet
stretches, over which the pines stand as silent sentinels.

And as day closes, and we pitch our camp among them, we
see the light fading from their topmost branches, and the shadows
deepening beneath them, while the dark limbs seem to stretch
out and take the whole earth in their sheltering embrace.

Portions of the pine lands have been cut over again and again
for charcoal, while fire rages through them, year after year, and
probably little absolutely virgin timber remains, but they seem
to hold their own, and it is a frequent sight to see young pines
coming up all over some deserted clearing. In some places,
where the soil is perhaps richer, nearly solid oak woods have
grown up where the pines have been cut, making a dense, almost
imi>enetrable thicket, but it is a question whether even here the
pines do not eventually prevail again. The opinions of natives
on these points are often curiously at variance, and there is not
as much reliable data on the subject as might be desired. The
State reports, however, contain a great deal of information,
especially the Forestry Reports appended to the Annual Report
of the State Geologist for 1898 and 1899.

Fl. — Early May to late May. Cones mature in autumn of the
second season and persist for quite a number of years.

Middle District.— Atlantic Heights (UP), Farmingdale (S), New Egypt,
Arneys Mt. (S), Medford (S), Glassboro, Swedesboro.

Pine Barrens. — Landisville, West of Batsto, Cedar Bridge (UP), Egg Har-
bor City (UP).

Coast Strip. — Seaside Park (Ha), Sherburn's (L), Tuckerton, Barnegat
City (L), Atlantic City (S), Piermont (S).

Cape May.— Cape May Pt.

Pinus serotina Michx. Pond Pine.
PI. HI, Fig. 4. PI. IV, Fig. 2.

pinus serotina Michaux, F. Bor. Am. H. 205. 1803 [Cypress swamps of
Carolina and Pennsylvania]. — Long, Bartonia H., 17, 1910.

This southern species w^as first detected in New Jersey by
Mr. Charles D. Lippincott, who many years ago recognized
several trees growing near his home at Swedesboro as differing

ISO REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

materially from the familiar Pitch Pine, though Mr. Bayard
Long, who visited the locality in 1909, was the first to identify
them.

Almost simultaneously, Mr. O. H. Brown sent to the VvTiter
specimens from a tree at Town Bank, Cape May County, which
seemed to him tO' differ from Pinus rigida, and they also proved
to belong to the present species. Prior to this the Pond Pine
was not known to occur north of Virginia. It will doubtless be
found at other points in southwestern New Jersey.

Dr. John K. Small, of the New York Botanic Garden, kindly
verified the identification of the Swedesboro trees.

Middle District. — Swedesboro.
Cape May. — Town Bank.

Pinus taeda L. Old-field Pine.

PI. II., Figs. 3 and 4. PI. IV., Fig. i.

Pinus Tceda Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 1000. 1753 [Virginia]. — Keller and Brown 19. —
Taylor, Torreya 1909, 205. — Pinchot, Garden and Forest, May 19, 1897. —
Hollick, Plant World I., No. 2, Nov., 1897.— Hollick, The Forester III.,
12. 1897. — Gifford, The Forester III., 6, June i, 1897. — Long, Bartonia II.,
17, 1910.

The Old Field Pine was first discovered in New Jersey by
Mr. Gifford Pinchot, early in 1897, at Town Bank, Cape May
County. Later in the same year Dr. Arthur Hollick made an
unsuccessful effort to locaite Mr. Pinchot's tree, but discovered
another near Cold Spring School-house. Mr. O. H. Brown has
subsequently discovered several others in the sanie neighbor-
hood fromi which I have collected specimens.

Fl. — M'id-May to early June. Cones mature in autumn or
winter of the second season and persist for a single season only.

Cape May. — Cold Spring, Dias Creek.

TSUGA Carriere.

Tsuga canadensis (L.). Hemlock.

Pinus canadensis Linnasus, Sp. PI. Ed. 2. 1421. 1763 [Virginia].
Abies canadensis Knieskern 29.
Tsuga canadensis Britton 301.

Tlie HJemlock, a characteristic tree of the mountains of north-
ern New Jersey, is only a straggler within our limits, occuring
at some half-dozen stations in the Middle District.

PUANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 151

Fl. — Mid-May to late May. Cones mature in early autumn
of the first season and persist, in part at least, until the following
spring.

Middle District. — Crosswicks Creek above New Egypt (NB), Bordentown,
Burlington (C), Vincentown (NB), Swedesboro (KB), Sharpstown, Little
Timber Creek near Gloucester (P).

TAXODIUM L. C. Rich.

Taxodium distichum (L.) Bald Cypress.

Cupressus disticha Linnaaus, Sp. PI. 1003. 1753 [Virginia and Carolina]. —
Beck, Bot. 338, 1833. — Gray, Manual Ed. i, 443, 1848. — Hollick, Rep, on
Forests, 181, 1900.

Upon what evidence the Cypress was credited to New Jersey
by Beck and Gray I am imable to say, but more recent works
have pretty generally excluded our State from its range, or
added it with doubt. Search for it in the swamps of South
Jersey failed until Mr. H. Walker Hand pointed out a single tree
on the edge of Sluice Creek, not far from Dennisville, and in-
formed me of another that formerly grew further down the
stream toward the bay. The suggestion has been made that these
trees were brought from farther south and planted here, but we
can find no positive evidence of this, while very old residents
remember them as being large trees in their youth. The locality
is peculiarly suitable for Cypress, and, judging by the number
of southern plants that have been discovered on the bay side of
Cape May County, the occurrence of the Cypress is by no means
remarkable. Dr. Arthur Hollick mentions several trees on the
salt marsh near Newark, north of our limits, which were also
alleged to have been introduced, but proof of the fact was not
obtainable, while conditions were just such as prevail in the
natural habitat of the species. This is the only other occurrence
of the tree in an apparently natural condition in the State.

Cones. — Immature August 6.

Cape May. — S. Dennis.

CHAM/ECYPARIS Spach.

Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.). White Cedar.

Cupressus thyoides Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 1003. 1753 [Canada]. — Muhlenberg Cat.
89. — Knieskern 29. — Willis 58. — Britton 299.

152 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Next to the Pitch Pine, this is the most characteristic tree
of the Pine Barrens, following the courses of all the streams
and spreading out in many places to form immense cedar swamps.
Outside of the Pine Barrens, it occurs casually in the Middle dis-
trict, the Cape May peninsula and in the counties just north of
our limits, while a colony is also reported from the shore of
Greenwood Lake.

In the primaeval Cedar Swamps the straight trunks rise on
every side like telegraph poles, which many of them resemble
both in height and diameter. Their roots are covered with
masses of wet Sphagnum moss, and numerous shrubs and herbs
more or less peculiar to these dark retreats abound. The tops are
closely interlaced in a dense canopy which nearly excludes the
sunlight, and where one has an opportunity of surveying the
landscape the courses of the streams can always be traced by the
dark blue-green lines of pointed cedar tops which stand out
against the lighter green background of the pines. The bluish
berry-like cones, when still covered with the whitish bloom that
marks their early stages of growth, are sometimes very conspic-
uous as the light strikes them, and I recall one occasion in partic-
ular on the eve of a heavy thunder storm, when the edge of a ecdar
swamp stood out in relief against an almost black sky and the
masses of fruit on the topmost branches shown in the peculiar
clear light with the gleam of silver against the deep-green foli-
age. Unfortunately the portable saw-mill is sounding the doom
of the Cedar Swamps, and piles of yellow sawdust now mark
many a site where a few years ago stretched one of these dark
retreats. If fire can be kept out and draining discouraged, the
cedars will probably grow again; indeed in some swamps that
have been completely burned over the young cedars, after a lapse
of a few years, may be seen rising everywhere among the bare
poles left by the flames. Draining or damming for cranberry
bogs proves fatal to them, however, and many of the old swamps
are probably gone forever.

Fl. — ^Early April to mid-April. Cones mature in late summer
of the first season and persist for a year at least.

Middle District. — Camden, Sicklerville (S), Glassboro, Swedesboro, Cen-
terton (S), Beaver Dam (S), Dividing Creek.

PUANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 153

Pine Barrens. — Pt. Pleasant, Manchester (NB), Albion, Clementon, Ware-
town, Forked River.

Coast Strip. — Seaside Park (S).

JUNIPERUS L.

Juniperus virginiana L."* Red Cedar.

Juniperus virginiatia Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 1039. 1753 [Virginia]. — Kalm, Travels
360. — Knieskern 29. — Britton 300.

A common tree in dry sandy localities in northern New Jersey
and in the Middle district, the Red Cedar is particularly char-
acteristic of the coastal strip and the coast islands, and nowhere
have I seen it fruit more abundantly. In the Pine Barrens it is
found only in cultivated areas, where it has been obviously intro-
duced.

Fl. — Mid-March to early April with the first warm spring
days, from buds formed the previous summer. Fruit matures in
early autumn, persisting more or less through the winter.

Middle District. — Navesink Highlands (UP), Birmingham, Albion, Had-
donfield (UP), Sharpstown, Beaver Dam (S).

Coast Strip. — Seaside Park (Ha), Forked River, Surf City (L), Ship Bot-
tom (L), St. Albans (L), Barnegat City (L), Atlantic City (S), Palermo,
Mays Landing (S), Anglesea (UP).

Cape May. — South Dennis (S), Goshen (S), Court House, Cape May.

Class ANGIOSPERM^.

Sub-class MONOCOTYLEDONES.

Key to the Genera.
(Except GraminecE and Cyperacecc q. v.)

a. Flowers inclosed or spikes of flovirers surrounded by inbricated husk-like
scales (glumes) ; plants grass-like.

h. Stems hollov^r, round or flattened, anthers attached by the middle.

Graminece, p. 174
hh. Stems solid, more or less triangular, anthers attached at the base.

Cyperacea, p. 246

* While the Juniper (/. communis Linn, Sp. PI. 1040. 17S3. — N. Europe)
is found at several localities in the northern counties, its claim to a place in.
this list is based solely upon Torrey's statement to Willis, that it is found
rarely in Monmouth Co. I have seen no specimen.

154 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

aa. Flowers not inclosed, in husk-like glumes.

b. Aquatic plants, entirely submerged or with some of the leaves float-
ing on the surface.

c. Plant a minute floating disc with several roots below or a
minute floating globule. Levmacea, p. 318

cc. Stems branched and leafy, leaves long and grass-like or ovate.
d. Flowers inconspicuous, axillary or in short spikes.

Najadacecc, p. 160
dd. Flowers star-like, yellow, raised above the surface on
slender pedicels. Heteranthera dubia, p. 327

ccc. Stems mostly simple, leaves short, linear, whorled.

Philotria, p. 173
cccc. All leaves from the root, long and ribbon-like, flowers on sepa-
rate thread-like scapes. Vallisneria, p. 173
ccccc. Leaves basal in an erect tuft, lanceolate, flat or awl-shaped,
flowers projecting above the surface.
d. Flowers showy, white, in a spike remotely whorled.

Sagittaria, p. 169
dd. Flowers minute, forming a compact button-like head.

Eriocaulon, p. 323
bb. Erect plants, growing in water, swamps or dry ground.
c. Flowers regular.

d. Leaves whorled or palmately divided.

e. Leaves in one whorl of three, flowers solitary.

Trillium, p. 350

ee. Leaves in two whorls of more than three, flowers

several. Medeola, p. 350

eee. Leaves in many whorls, flowers large, red or orange.

Lilium, p. 345
eeee. Leaves one or two, palmately divided.

Ariscema, p. 314
dd. Leaves not whorled or palmately divided.
e. Leaves all radical.

/. Leaves sagittate.

g. Flowers white, in a remotely whorled
spike. Sagittaria, p. 169

gg. Flowers blue, in a compact spike.

Pontederia, p. 327
ggg. Flowers minute, on a fleshy spadix, in-
cased in a convolute spathe.

Peltandra, p. 315
ff. Leaves oval, ovate, etc. (at least 25 mm. wide).
g. Leaves numerous.

h. Flowers minute, on a fleshy spadix,
no parianth.

i. Spadix covered by a hood-like
spathe, appearing before the
large cabbage-like leaves.

Spathyema, p. 316

IM.yXNTvS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 155

a. Spadix naked, bright yellow,
raised above the water on a
thick scape, leaves usually float-
ing. Orontium, p. 317
hh. Flowers with a perianth, mostly
showy.

«. Flowers in a large whorled pan-
icle, small, white.

Alistna, p. 168
a. Flowers in a remotely whorled
spike, large, white.

Sagittaria, p. 169
in. Flowers in a dense spike, lilac
with blue anthers.

Helonias, p. 340
gg. Leaves only two.

It. Flowers single, lily-like, yellow,

leaves spotted. Brythronium, p. 346

hh. Flowers white, in an umbel, plant

garlic scented, leaves absent at

flowering time.

Allium tricoccum, p. 344
fif. Leaves grass-like or long linear (never as
much as 25 mm. wide).

g. Flowers in a remotely whorled spike or

an umbel. Alismacece, p. 168

gg. Flowers in a slender continuous spike.

h. Leaves slender, grass-like, erect,

flowers minute (spike resembling

that of a plantain).

Triglochin, p. 166
hh. Leaves lanceolate spatulate, form-
ing a rosette, flowers white, bell-
shaped, mealy. Aletris, p. 347
ggg. Flowers in a globular compact head.

h. Head white, button-like, flowers

minute. Eriocaulon, p. 323

hh. Head of imbricated brown scales,

flowers protruding, conspicuous,

yellow. Xyris, p. 3i9

gggg. Flowers conspicuous, star-shaped, in an

open panicle.

h. Flowers white, leaves glabrous.

[Orniihogalum umbellatum]*
hh. Flowers yellow, leaves hairy.

Hypoxis, p. 355

* Star-of-Bethlehem, introducer in meadows.

156 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

SSSSS- Flowers inconspicuous, in an open pani-
cle, scattered singly or clustered in
heads (panicle sometimes congested),
green or brownish. Leaves grass-like
or awl-shapcd and whole plant resem-
bling a sedge. Juncacea, p. 328
ee. Leaves cauline.

/. Leaves oval, ovate, etc. (at least 25 mm. wide).
g. Flowers green, in a large open panicle.

Veratrum, p. 342
gg. Flowers white, small, star-shaped.
h. In a dense slender spike.

Chanuelirium, p. 341
hh. In a compact terminal panicle.

i. Parts in six. Vagnera, p. 348

ii. Parts in four Unifolium, p. 349

ggg. Flowers white or yellow, bell-shaped.

h. Single yellow. Uvularia, p. 343

hh. In umbels, white Polygonatum, p. 349
ff. Leaves sagittate, flowers blue.

Pontederia, p. 327
fff. Leaves uniform, flowers small, from a leafy
spathe. Heterantliera renifortnis, p. 327

ffff. Leaves grass-like or long linear, sword-like
(never as much as 25 mm. wide).
g. Flowers without a perianth, very minute.
h. Flowers in dense terminal spikes
(cattails). Typha, p. 158

hh. Flowers globular umbels of stamens
or pistils. Sparganium, p. 159

hhh. Flowers in a slender dense spike
(a spadix) on the side of a flat leafy
scape. Acorus, p. 317

gg. Flowers with conspicuous perianth.
h. Flowers in a spike.

i. Yellow with chaffy bracts.

Abama, p. 338
ii. White or greenish-white.
;'. Stem glutinous.

ToUeldia, p. ZZ7
jj. Stem not glutinous.

k. Leaves grass-like, harsh,
in a dense tuft.

Xerophyllum, p. 339
kk. Leaves linear, 18 mm.
broad, smooth.

Chrosperma, p. 341
hh. Flowers in an umbel or solitary.
»". Sepals green, petals blue.

Tradescontia, p. 325

PLIANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 157

a. Sepals blue, like the petals.

Iridacece, p. 358
m. Flowers whitish or purple, odor
of garlic. Allium, p. 344

hhh. Flowers in large open panicle or
branched spike. MelantJiiunt, p. 342
or Zygadenus, p. 342
hhhh. Flowers in a moderate panicle;
flowers white, woolly.
Lophiola and Gyrotheca, pp. 355, 354
ggg. Flowers with inconspicuous perianth,
green or brownish, in an open (or con-
gested) panicle; scattered singly or clus-
tered in heads. Leaves grass-like or awl-
shaped, and whole plant resembling a
sedge.

Juncus and Scheuchseria, pp. 328, 167
cc. Flowers irregular.

d. Flowers slightly irregular, lateral petals larger than lower
one. Included in a folded leaf-like bract. Stamens three.

Commelina, p. 326

dd. Flowers markedly irregular, lower petal modified into a

more or less elaborate lip, lateral petals much smaller,

sepals slender and alike. Orchidacea;, p. 361

hbh. Vines (or upright herbs with tenrils), flowers greenish.

c. Flowers in umbels, stems often woody and armed with spines,

fruit a berry. Sinilax, p. 351

cc. Flowers in panicles or recemes, fruit winged. Dioscorea, p. 357

Order PANDANALES.

Comprises the Cat-tails and Bur-reeds. The former mainly-
restricted to the coast and river marshes, the latter to inland or
coast swamps and streams.

Family TYPHACE^. Cat-tails.
Key to the Species.

a. Leaves often nearly or quite an inch in width, staminate and pistillate

portions of the spike contiguous, the former soon withering, but its stalk

remaining at the end of the pistillate spike. Typha latifolia, p. 158

aa. Leaves not over half an inch in width, staminate spike separated by a

short intervals from the pistillate. T. angustifolia, p. 158

158 REPORT OK NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

TYPHA L.

Typha latifolia L. Broad-leaved Cat-tail.

Typha latifolia Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 971. 1753 [Europe]. — Muhlenberg Gramineae
213. — Knieskerh 30. — Britton 251.

Swamps along the coast or borders of rivers and less fre-
quently in isolated swamps in the interior ; rare in the Pine
Barrens, where it always seems to spring up in burned swamps,
or excavations, usually disappearing later.

Fl. — Mid-June to late June. Fr. — Mid-July to late August.

Middle District. — Farmingdale, Swcdesboro, Mickleton (H).
Coast Strip. — Forked River, Beach Haven Terrace (L).
Pine Barrens. — Wildwood, Egg Harbor City.
Cape May.— S. Dennis (S), Goshen (S).

Typha angustifolia L. Narrow-leaved or Coast Cat-tail.

Typha angustifolia Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 971. 1753 [Europe]. — Muhlenberg
Gramineae 213. — Knieskern 30. — Barton H. 149. — Britton 252.

Distribution similar to the last, but much more plentiful along
salt or brackish water and rare in the northern counties.

The Coast Cat-tail cover large areas of coastal and river marsh,
forming safe retreat and shelter for many swamp-loving birds.
Sometim.es the growth is almost pure, in other places it is mixed
with the Broad-leaved Cat-tail, or skirted by Rose Mallow, Wild
Rice, etc., while here and there patches of Reed (Phragmites) are
interspersed.

In summer the slender, erect, green leaves swaying in unison,
rank upon rank, seem to be constantly changing their tone as
they reflect the light and shadows from the sun and the passing
clouds, while the effect produced by a stray breeze is like great
billows traversing a broad green sea. In winter the yellow stalks
and dry leaves rattling in the bleak wind still furnish shelter for
the birds and present a warm spot in the otherwise dreary land-
scape. And with every attempt to push one's way through them
clouds of the downy seeds are dislodged and go whirling away
on the wind or cover the intruder until he appears literally
"tarred and feathered."

Fl. — Early June to mid-June. Fr. — ^Mid-July to late August.

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 159

Middle District. — Farmingdale, New Egypt, Pemberton (C), Gloucester
(UP), Beaver Dam.

Coast 5?n>.— Sandy Hook, Sea Girt (UP), Como (UP), Pt. Pleasant,
Seaside Park (UP), N. Beach Haven (L), Holgate's (L), Sherburn's (L),
Anglesea, Wildwood, Pleasant Mills.

Cape May.—S. Dennis (S), Sluice Creek (S), Cape May (S).

Family SPARjGANIACE^. Bur-reeds.

Flowering and Fruiting Data. — The time of fruiting indicates
the season of fully developed intact fruiting heads. The Flowers
appear in June and July.

SPARGANIUM L.

Key tO' the Species.

a. Individual seeds sessile in the head. 5*. eurycarpum, p. 159
aa. Individual seeds stalked in the head.

b. Inflorescence, simple. S. amertcanum, p. 159

bb. Inflorescence, branched, S. a. androcladum, p. 160

Sparganium eurycarpum Engelm. Large Bur-reed.

Sparganium eurycarpum Engelmann, in Gray's Manual Ed. 2. 430. 1856

[U. S. northward and westward]. — Britton 252.
Sparganium ramosum Barton, Fl. Phila. II. 149. 1818.

Northern counties, extending casually to the Middle district in
swamps along the Delaware and coast.

Fl. — June and July. Fr. — ^Mid-July to mid-September.
Middle District. — Delair, Camden.
Coast Strip. — Lake Como.

Sparganium americanum Nutt. Slender Bur-reed.

Sparganium americanum Nuttall, Gen. II. 203. 1818 [Vicinity of Phila-
delphia].

Swamps in the Pine Barrens, possibly more widely distributed.

Fl. — Jime-July. Fr. — Late July to late September.

While often erect, as is usual with the succeeding, this form
is often found floating in the more rapid Pine Barren streams,
the leaves being considerably elongated, but not as markedly so
as in S. fluctuans of the north.

Pine Barrens. — Forked River, Bamber, Tuckerton, Parkdale (S), Bear
Swamp (S), Clementon.

i6o REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Sparganium americanum androcladum (Engelm.). Branching Bur-reed.

Sparganium simplex var androcladum Engelmann, in Gray's Manual Ed. 5-

481. 1867 [N. England southward especially westward].
Sparganium simplex Knieskern 30. — Barton II. 149.
Sparganium androcladum Britton 252.

In swamps common throughout, except in the Pine Barrens,
where it is hirgely replaced by the preceding'.

Fl. — June, July. Fr. — Mid-July to late September.

Middle District. — Toms River (P), Farmingdale, New Egypt, Kinkora
(NY), Tomlin (S), Swedesboro.

Pine Barretts. — Parkdale, Bear Swamp (S), Cedar Brook, Clementon (S),
Winslow (S), Landisville, Twelfth St., Egg Harbor City, Manumuskin (S).

Cape May. — Cold Spring.

Order NAJADALES.

Floating or erect aquatic or swamp plants, including the Pond
weeds. Arrow-heads, etc., generally distributed throughout our
region.

Family NAJADACE^. Pondweeds, Etc.

The Pondweeds occur in most of the ponds and streams of
our region often mingled in great masses with Utricularias,
Ceratophyllum and other water plants. Most of the species can
be recogiiized by the oval floating leaves, so different from the
thin, usually grass-like submerged foliage, but others are entirely
submerged and only to be identified by their fruit or minute
flowers. The eel grass of the coast is a rather distinct and
familiar species.

Flozuering and Fruiting Data. — Dates indicate period of ma-
ture fruit. Flowers appear in late spring through the summer.

Key to the Species.

a. Stem and leaves very slender, capillary or linear.

h. Fruit, 2-6 in a cluster, sessile or slightly pedicelled, 2-4 mm. long,
slender, curved and beaked. Leaves 25-75 mm- long.

Zanichellia palustris, p. 165
bb. Fruit, 5-7 in an umbel on a pedicel, often spirally twisted ; 2 mm.
long, ovoid, beaked. Leaves 25-75 rnm. long.

Ruppia maritima, p. 165
bbb. Fruit, solitary, sessile, ellipsoid.

PliANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. i6i

c. Leaves crowded on the branches 12-25 n^ni- long. 1-2 mm. wide.

Najas ftexilis^ p. 165
cc. Leaves capillary opposite or in whorls 12-50 mm. long.

Najas gracillima, p. 166
bbbb. Fruit sessile in a cluster or short spike borne on a common peduncle
or rarely sessile.

c. Stem much branched above, the branches continually forking;
fruits smooth and plump, in an elongated spike.
d. Fruit 2-3 mm. long in a compact spike.

Ptamogeton confervoides, p. 163
dd. Fruit 3-4 mm. long in an interrupted spike, in whorls.

P. pectinatus, p. 164
cc. Stem densely dichotomously branched above.

d. Fruit smooth and plump, in a cluster of 3-10, about 2 mm.

long. P. pusillus, p. 164

dd. Fruit flattened with a prominent spiral ridge on the side

(sometimes with oval floating leaves and pedicelled spikes

projecting from the surface).

e. Submerged spikes sessile, i-io fruited, fruit less than

2 mm. in diameter. P. dimorphus, p. 164

ee. Submerged spikes, short pedicelled, i mm. in diameter.

P. diversifolius, p. 164
aa. Leaves ovate, elliptical or oblong lanceolate. Fruits in a dense spike,
supported on a peduncle.
b. All submerged.

c. Cordate clasping or perfoliate. P. perfoliatus, p. 163

cc. Sessile, with margins finely serrulate and crisped.

[P. crispusi*
bb. Some leaves floating petioled thicker and more curiaceous than the
thin submerged leaves.
c. Floating leaves ovate or round ovate, 50-100X30-50 mm.

d. Submerged leaves large elliptic. P. amplif alius, p. 162

dd. Submerged leaves lanceolate, acimiinate. P. pulcher, p. 162
cc. Floating leaves 12-30 mm. wide. Elliptic or obovate.

d. 25-50 mm. ; submerged leaves capillary, root like.

P. oakesianus, p. 162
dd. 35-85 mm. long, somewhat obovate, obtuse ; submerged
leaves linear, closely ranked, 5-15 cm. long.

P. epihydrus, p. 162
ddd. 50-150 mm. long, pointed at each end; submerged leaves lan-
ceolate acuminate 10-30 cm. long. P. americanus, p. 163
ccc. Floating leaves elliptic obtuse, not over 25X12 mm., usually one-
third less. Submerged leaves narrowly linear grass-like.

d. Submerged fruit clusters sessile. P. dimorphus, p. 164

dd. Submerged fruit spikes short pedicelled.

P. diversifolius, p. 164

* Introduced in ponds and ditches.
II MUS

i62 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

aaa. Leaves ribbon-]ike, obtuse at the apex. 3-18 dm. long, 2-8 mm. wide,
all submerged, branching marine plants from bays, etc., along the coast.

Zostera marina, p. 166

POTAMOGETON L.

Potamogeton oakeslanus Robbins.* Oakes' Pondweed.

Potamogeton oakesianus Robbins, in Gray's Manual, Ed. 5. 485. 1867 [Eastern
Massachusetts].— Gross, Bull. Torrcy Bot. Club XI. 32. 1884.— Britton
257. — Keller and Brown 22.

Ponds in the Pine Barrens and Cape May peninsula and at
Tenafly, Bergen Co. (Britton) ; apparently rare.
Fr. — Apparently mid-July to mid-September.

Pine Barrens.— Browns Mills (NB), Hospitality Br. 12th St., Estelville
(NB), Folsom, Mays Landing (T).
Cape Maj'.— Dennisville (OHB), Town Bank (OHB).

Potamogeton amplifolius Tuckerm. Leafy Pondweed.

Potamogeton amplifolius Tuckerman, Am. Jour. Sci. (IL) 6. 225. 1848
[Cambridge, Mass.]. — Britton 257.— Keller and Brown 22.

Ponds and rivers of northern New Jersey extending into the
Middle district along the Delaware.
Middle District. — Cooper's Creek, Burlington.

Potamogeton pulcher Tuckerm. Spotted Pondweed.

Potamogeton pulcher Tuckerman, Am. Jour. Sci. XLV. 38- 1843 [Medford
and Stoneham, Mass.].— Willis 60.— Britton 257.— Keller and Brown 22.

Ponds and streams of the Middle and Coast districts to Cape
May.

Fr. — Late June to late July (apparently).

Middle District.— Repaupo, Center Square, Elmer (P).
Coast Strip.— Toms River (C), Atlantic City, Anglesea.
Cape May.— Cape May, Cold Spring.

Potamogeton epihydrus Raf. Nuttall's Pondweed.

Potamogeton epihydrus Rafinesque, Med. Repos. H. 5. 354. 1808. [Can-
ada].
Potamogeton Pennsylvanicns Britton 257.
Potamogeton nuttallii Keller and Brown 22.

* P. natans, reported as common throughout by Britton and by Keller &
Brown, I have been imable to find in sonthern New Jersey, nor have I seen
specimens from within our limits.

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 163

Ponds and streams throughout the State, the commonest large-
leaved Pondweed of our region.
Fr. — Late June to early September.

Middle District. — Farmingdale, Vincentown (NB), Kirkwood (Bassett),
Paulsboro, Buckshutem, Swedesboro.
Pine Barrens. — Bamber, Quaker Bridge, Clementon.

Coast Strip. — Long Branch, Manasquan (NB), Forked River, Manahawkin.
Cape Mo3».— Cape May (OHB), Cold Spring.

Potamogeton americanus Cham, and Schlecht.* Long-leaved Pondweed.

Potamogeton americanus Chamisso and Schlechtendahl, Linnasa II. 226. 1827

[Carolina].
Potamogeton fluitans Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. I. 120. 1814. — Britton 257.
Potamogeton lonchitis Keller and Brown 22.

Northern counties and Middle district, not very common.

Middle District. — New Egypt (NY), Repaupo, Swedesboro, Salem (C).

Potamogeton perfoliatus L. Clasping-leaved Pondweed.
Potamogeton perfoliatus Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 126. 1753 [Europe]. — Britton 258.

Reported as occurring in ponds throughout the State, but we
have no evidence of its presence in the Pine Barrens.

Fr. — Well matured September 17.

Middle District. — Westville.

Coast Strip. — Bayhead (McKenzie), Island Heights Jnc, Silver Lake near
Belmar, Takanassee Lake (Elbcron?) (UP).

Potamogeton confervoides Reichb. Alga-like Pondweed.

Potamogeton confervoides Reichenbach, Ic. Fl. Germ, and Helv. VII. 13.

184s [Allegheny Mts.]. — Keller and Brown 23.
Potamogeton tuckermani Willis 60. — Britton 258.

Restricted to ponds and streams in the Pine Barrens and does
not occur in New Jersey north of our limits.
Fr. — Late June into September.

Pine Barrens. — Toms River, Browns Mills, Bamber, Island Heights Jnc,
Forked River, Ten miles W. of Atlantic City, Absecon (P), Tuckerton, Atco,
Landisville (T), Malaga (P), Hammonton, Atsion (C), Pleasant Mills,
Spring Garden (UP).

* P. heterophyUus Schreb. seems to be restricted to the northern part of the
State. One non-fruiting specimen from the Batsto river collected Sept. 14,
1861, by Wm. Wynne Wister, and now in the Philadelphia Academy her-
barium, has been referred to this species, but it cannot be identified with
certainty.

i64 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Potamogeton pusillus Iv.* Small Pondweed.

Potamogeton pusillum Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 127. 1753 [Europe]. — Britlon 258.

Similar situations to the next, but apparently less common.

Middle District. — Kaighns Pt. (NB), Swedesboro, Woodstown.
Cape Afajj.—Cape May Pt. (OHB).

Potamogeton diversifolius Raf. Rafmesque's Pondweed.

Potamogeton diversifolius Rafinesque, Med. Rcpos. (II.) V. 354. 1808
[Carolina].— Barton, Flor. Phil. 96, 1818.— Torrey, Flor. U. S. I. 197.
1824. — Brown and Keller 23.

Potamogeton setaceum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. I. 120, 1814.

Potamogeton hybridus Britton 257.

Ponds and streams throughout the State except in the Pine
Barrens.

Fr. — Early July into September.

Middle District.— Ocezn Grove (UP), Delanco, Brown's Mills (UP). Cen-
ter Square. Landisville.
Coast Strip. — Manahawkin.
Cape A/a3?.— Dennisville (OHB), Bennett, Cape May (OHB).

Potamogeton dimorphus Raf. Spiral Pondweed.

Potamogeton dimorphus Rafinesque, Am. Mo. Mag. I. 358. 1817 [Pennsyl-
vania].
Potamogeton spirillus Britton 257. — Keller and Brown 23.

Northern New Jersey, extending into the Middle district along

the Delaware river.

Fr. — Late June into August.

Middle District.— Fish House, Westville (KB).

Potamogeton pectinatus L. Fennel-leaved Pondweed.

Potamogeton pectinatus Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 127. 1753 [Europe]. — Torrey, Fl.
U. S. I. 198, 1824.— Britton 258.

* The Woodstown specimen referred to by Keller and Brown as P. foliosus
proves to be P. pusillus.

t We find no evidence of the occurrence of P. rohbinsii within the limits of
our list, although it occurs in the northern counties. P. pectinatus is given
as occurring in Monmouth Co. in Willis' Catalogue on Torrey's authority,
but there is no specimen from this locality extant. The records given for the
two species by Keller and Brown at Island Heights and Pleasant Mills, respec-
tively, are based upon specimens in the Academy herbarium, which prove to
be P. confervoides.

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 165

Northern counties, and rare southward along the coast.
Coast Strip.— Island Heights (NY), Sherburn's (L), Long Beach.

RUPPIA L.
Ruppia maritima L. Ruppia.

Ruppia maritima Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 127. 1753 [Coast of Europe]. — Knieskem
30. — Willis 59.— Beck's Bot. 385, 1833. — Britton 259. — Keller and Brown
23-

Frequent in bays and pools along the coast. Its occurrence on
the Delaware Bay shore is probable, but not substantiated by
specimens.

Pr. — Mid-July to mid-October.

Maritime. — Deal Beach, Seaside Park (Ha), Island Heights, Half Way
House south of Bond's (L), St. Albans (L), Anchoring Island (L), Atlantic
City, Somer's Point, Stone Harbor, Cold Spring, Cape May Pt, Cape May
(P).

ZANNICHELLIA L.

Zannichellia palustris L. Zannichelia.

Zannichellia palustris Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 969. 1753 [Europe and Virginia]. —
Britton 259. — Keller and Brown 24.

In 1889 this plant was known only from a locality in Bergen
County. In 1896 it was discovered at Forked River by Mr,
Albrec'ht Jahn and other members of the Philadelphia Botanical
Club, and later Mr. Bayard Long extended its range southward
to Long Beach. Mr. Stewardson Brown tells me that he is sure
that he found it in the Manasquan River at Point Pleasant, about
1885, but no specimens are preserved.

Ft. — Early June to mid-October.

Coast Strip.— Povk&d River, Beach Haven (L), Holgate's (L), Sherburn's
(L).

NAJAS L.

Najas flexilis (Willd.). Water Nymph.

Caulinia flexilis Willdenow, Mem. Acad. Berl. 1798:89 (1801) [Pennsyl-
vania].
Naias flexilis Britton 259.

Lakes and ponds frequent in the northern counties and extend-
ing as a rare species into the Middle and upper coast districts,
but apparently absent from the Pine Barrens.

Pr. — August and September (at least).

i66 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Middle District. — Camden, mouth of Cooper's Creek (UP). Westville,
Repaupo (H), Mickleton (H), Salem.
Coast Strip. — Takanassee Lake (Elberon?) (UP), Silver Lake, Belmar.

Najas gracillima (A. Br.). Slender Water Nymph.

Nais Indica var. gracillima "A. Br." Engelm. in A. Gray Man., Ed. 5. 681.
1867 [Albany, N. Y., Wobiirn. Mass., and Missouri]. — Britton 259.

Apparently restricted to ponds and creeks of western New
Jersey.

Fr. — Mid-July into September.

Middle District. — Delanco, Mouth of Cooper's Creek, Palatine, Woodstown
(NB).

ZOSTERA L.

Zostera marina L. Eel Grass.

Zostera marina Linnxus, Sp. PI. 968. 1753 [Baltic Sea and Atlantic Ocean]. —
Nuttall Genera IL 201, 1818. — Knieskern 30. — Willis 59. — Britton 259. —
Keller an ' Brown 24.

Common in bays all along- the coast. Information is lacking
as to its occurrence on the Delaware Bay shore. The long ribbon-
like leaves are washed up on the shores of the bays and on the
salt marshes in large masses, termed "Grass-wrack" by the
fishermen. Of late years this is carefully dried and shipped to
manufacturers of glassware, etc., to be used as packing.

Fl. and Fr. — Seen only during June.

Maritime. — Seaside Park (S), Spray Beach (L), N. Beach Haven (L),
Beach Haven Terrace (L), Tucker's (L), Atlantic City (H), Ocean City
(S), Cape May (P).

Family SCHEUCHZERIACE^. Arrow-grass, Etc.
Key to the Species.

a. Leaves all basal, flow^ers in a terminal spike. Triglochin, p. 166

aa. Leaves scattered on the stem, flowers in a loose raceme.

Scheuchzeria, p. 167

TRIGLOCHIN L.

Triglochin maritima L. Seaside Arrowgrass.

Triglochin maritima Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 339. 1753 [Coast of Europe]. — Willis
60. — Britton 256. — Keller and Brown 24.

Edge of salt marshes in Monmouth and Ocean Counties. I
am not aware of the exact locality in Monmouth County from

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 167

which the specimens recorded in Willis' list came, nor do I know
the name of their discoverer.

In July, 1902, however, on an excursion of the Philadelphia
Botanical Club, Messrs. Van Pelt, Brown and Jahn rediscovered
this interesting plant at Point Pleasant, on the south side of the
Manasquan, and this colony is still flourishing.

Fl. — Probably late spring to autumn. Fr. — Early July into
autumn, often persisting for a full season.
Maritime. — Pt. Pleasant.

SCHEUCHZERIA L.
Scheuchzeria palustris L. Scheuchzeria.

Scheuchzeria palustris Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 338. 1753 [Lapland, Switzerland,
Borussia and Sweden]. — Nuttall Genera L 236, 1818. — Barton, Fl. Phila.
L 174. 1818. — Britton 256. — Keller and Brown 24.

This curious little northern bog plant is one of those species
that, probably forced southward during glacial times, has man-
aged to persist locally in cold bogs far south of its normal range.
It occurs in various parts of the Pennsylvania Alleghanies and
in the New Jersey mountains at Budd's Lake. In the southern
part of the State it was known as early as 18 18 to Barton and
Nuttall, the former of whom recorded it as rare in Cranberry
Swamps of Jersey not far from Philadelphia. Whether the two
definite localities of which we have record were those known to
the older botanists or not I cannot say. It is certainly of very
rare occurrence in our region to-day, if not actually extinct. I
have personally never collected it in Nev/ Jersey.

Fl. — Mid-May. Fr. — Mid-June to late June.

Middle District.— Longd^zommg, C. E. Smith, 1867 (UP, NB' and P), Re-
paupo, Benj. Heritage, July 15, 1892 (H), also (UP).

Family ALISMACE^. Arrow-heads, Etc.

Arrow-heads of one species or another are found along the
shores of nearly all the streams or ponds in southern New
Jersey. The Long-beaked Arrow-head is the species of the Pine
Barrens and Cape May, while the Common Arrow-head takes
its place in the Middle district ; the others are less frequent and

168 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

occur mainly along- the Delaware River or Bay. The variability
in the leaves of these plants, both in size, shape and proportions,
makes their identification often very puzzling, and those with
lanceolate or submerged leaves (phyllodia) can only be cer-
tainly determined by their fruits, the relative size and shape of
the achenes being the best character. The Water Plantain occurs
in swamps except in the Pine Barrens.

Key to the Species.

a. Flowers small (s mm. broad), in a large erect panicle. Alisima, p. i68
aa. Flowers large (12-35 nim. in diameter), in whorls of three on an erect
scape.

b. Leaves arrow-shaped, basal lobes prominent.

c. Beak of achene erect, bracts longer than fruit pedicels.

Sagittaria longirostra, p. 171
cc. Beak of achcnc horizontal, bracts shorter than fruit pedicel.

S. latifolia, p. 169
hh. Leaves elliptic, sometimes with very short curved basal lobes (often
on one side only), achene beak erect, fruit sessile. S. rigida, p. 171
bbb. Leaves ovate lanceolate or linear on slender petioles, often only
submerged phyllopodia. Achene very small (i mm.), nearly beak-
less; fruit long-pedicelled.* 5. graminea, p. 172
bbbb. Leaves lanceolate or linear, strap-shaped or with a narrow blade,
not more than 75-100 mm. in height. Whorls of flowers i to 3.

S. subulata, p. 172
aaa,. Flowers not over 16 mm. in diameter, pedicelled in a terminal umbel.
b. Umbel 3 flowered, leaves taller than scape, petioles widened at base.

S. subulata, p. 172

bb. Umbel 2-8 flowered, leaves shorter than scape, petioles not widened

at base. Helianthium parvulum, p. 169

ALISMA L.
Alisma subcordatum Raf. Water Plantain.

Alisma subcordatum Refinesque, Md. Reposit. IL 5. 362. 1808 [United

States].
Alisma planitago Britton 255.
Alisma parvifiora Pursh, FI. Am. Sept. L 253 [Salt Marshes coast of N. J.

and Penna.].

Common in swamps except int he Pine Barrens, where it is
absent.

* Occasional forms of S. longirostra and latifolia with lanceolate leaves
can be recognized by their large beaked achenes.

PUANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 169

Fl. — Early July to late August. Fr. — Early August to early
October.

Middle District. — New Egypt, Delanco, Delair, Swedesboro.

Coast Strip. — Anglesea (UP).

Cape May. — E. of Court House, Wildwood Jnc, Bennett, Cape May.

HELIANTHIUM Engelmann.
Helianthium parvulum (Engelm.). Dwarf Water Plantain.

Echinodorus parvulus Engelmann in A. Gray Manual Ed. 2. 438. 1856

[Michigan].
Alisma tenellum Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 1908, 457.

This delicate little plant was apparently unknown from New
Jersey until August 10, 1907, when it was discovered, by the
writer in company with Messrs. Stewardson Brown and Samuel
S. Van Pelt on the edge of Nelly's Pond, north of Delanco.

Fl. — Late July to late August. Fr. — Mid-August to mid-
September.
Middle District. — Delanco.

SAGITTARIA L.

Saglttaria latifolia Willd. Common Arrow-head.*

Sagittaria latifolia Willdenow, Sp. Pi. IV. 409. 1806 [Canada to Carolina].

Sagittaria variabilis Knieskem 30.

Sagittaria sagittcefolia formae obtusa latifolia et hnstata. — Britton, p. 255.

This is the common Arrowhead of the Middle district, especi-
ally along the Delaware and other larger streams and their tribu-
taries and also in the northern counties. While it has not been
found on the coast it does occur on the lower Egg Harbor River
along with species that have evidently worked their way inland.

* Lophotocarpus spongiosus Engelmann (in Gray Man. Ed. 5. 493. 1867)
is included in Britton's Catalogue from tidal mud in the Delaware, Camden
Co., N. J., authority of Mr. Chas. F. Parker. Mr. Parker's specimens,
preserved with the rest of his herbarium at Princeton University, represent
a plant that has been frequently collected at the above locality, and is well
represented in the Academy herbarium. It has been generally, and I think
rightly, regarded as a submerged form of Sagittaria graminea. The flower-
ing scapes are 5-6 in. long, with very small flowers on pedicels %-^ in. long.
The leaves are 2-3 in. long, tapering to a point and about ^ in, wide near
the base. I have never seen any fruiting specimens. The plant is certainly
not Lophotocarpus.

I70 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

It grows abundantly along- the shores of rivers and lakes or
fills entirely smaller ditches and ponds, sometimes on mud or in
swamps, entirely exposed above the roots, and at other times
submerged half-way to the blades and flowers.

Well distinguished from the following si>ecies by its hori-
zontal achene beaks and its short bracts, it is extremely variable
in size and in the character of its foliage. So far as I am aware
the form with pubescent leaves, perhaps a distinct species, does
not occur within our limits, but our glabrous plants show ap-
parently all possible variation in hastate leaf forms.

What is apparently the most widely prevalent form has a
broad blunt blade no mm. long from the petiole and about the
same width at the middle, while the lobes are lOO mm. long and
50 mm. wide at their middle, and more or less incurved or
parallel to the petiole. Petioles about 7.5 cm. (30 in.) long.

Another style has the blade longer and acute, 180 x 85 mm.,
lobes acute incurved 175 x 50 mm.

A much smaller type of plant has petioles only 2 dm. (8 in.)
long, blade blunt and narrow with sides nearly parallel for most
of the length, 65 x 12 mm.; lobes still narrower, 60 x 6 mm.
This resembles the narrovz-leafed form of the next species so
abundant in the Pine Barrens, and like it, occasionally presents
leaves without basal lobes. In one instance I have seen such
leaves on the larger plant described above, the blades measuring
150 x 30 mm. Mr. Stewardson Brown tells me that a similar
plant which he placed in a garden pond later developed regular
sagittate leaves.

Another form of the common Arrowhead with narrow leaves
has basal lobes strongly divaricate branching from the line of
the blade at an angle of 45°. Some of these are large, blade 275
X 25 rnm., and lobes 225 x 18 mm., while others measure only
225 X 12 mm., lobes 200 x 9 mm. The majority of the slender-
leaved plants are probably of this type. While each plant ap-
pears to produce leaves of but one type, except for the occasional
ones which lack basal lobes, I cannot see sufficient constancy of
form to warrant the use of varietal names.

Fl. — Late July to late September. Fr. — Fully mature rarely
before September.

PLIAiNTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 171

Middle District. — Navesink Hills, Belmar (NY), Farmingdale, New Egypt,
Hartford, Delair, Camden, Westville, Washington Park, Albion, Jumbo.
Coast Strip. — Weymouth (T), Mays Landing.

Sagittaria longirostra (Micheli). Long-beaked Arrowhead.

Sagittaria sagittifolia (?) longirostra Micheli, in D. C. Monog. Phan. 3. 69.

18S1. [Alabama].
Sagittaria Engehnanniana J. G. Smith, Ext. fr. 6th Ann. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard.

15. 1894 (in part). — Keller and Brown 25. — Mackenzie, Torreya IX.

30. 1909.
Sagittaria sagitt<sfolia formae angustifolia et gracilis Britton 255.
Sagittaria longirostra Mackenzie, Torreya IX. 30. 1909.

Abundant on the edges of streams, bogs, etc., in the Pine
Barrens and Cape May districts.

Fl. — Late June to late September. Pr. — Very rarely fully
mature before late September.

Pine Barrens. — Lakehurst, Toms River, Brown's Mills (NB), Hanover,
Forked River, Dover Forge, New Egypt, Pasadena, Hammonton, Parkdale,
Quaker Bridge (NB), Mullica River (NB), Pleasant Mills (NB), Pancoast.
Weymouth (T).*

Cape May. — Cape May.

The common Arrowhead of the Pine Barrens shows quite as
much variation in leaf form as does the Sagittaria latifolia of
the Delaware River and its tributaries, both varying from nar-
rowly linear to broadly hastate, though the present species seems
to exhibit the slender type of leaf more frequently. In fruit the
two species are readily distinguished by the beak of the achene,
which is erect in this form and horizontal in S. latifolia.

The narrow-leaved form of the Pine Barren plant was long
confused with S. engehnanniana, a more northern species distinct
from either of those here considered.

Sagittaria rigida Pursh. Sessile-fruited Arrowhead.

Sagittaria rigida Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 397. 1814 [Oswego river, near Great

Falls, N. Y.].— Keller and Brown 25.
Sagittaria heterophylla Wills 60. — Britton 256.

Locally in northern New Jersey and southward along the
Delaware.

* Britton records it from Sandy Hook on the authority of I. C. Martindale,
but I have been unable to verify the record.

172 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Fl. — Late June to late July.
Middle District.— WestviWe (KB), Gloucester (KB), Camden.

Sagittaria graminea Michx. Grass-leaved Sagittaria.

Sagittaria graminea Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. II. 190. 1803 [Canada]. — Smith
Ext. fr. 6tli Ann. Rcpt. Mo. Bot. Card. 25. 1894.— Britton 256.— Keller
and Brown 25.

Locally distributed in ponds and boggy spots in northern New
Jersey, southward along the Delaware and in Cape May Co,
and the Pine Barrens.

Most specimens of this arrowhead have well defined lanceolate
leaf blades, but in wholly submerged plants, or notably those
from tidal mud and gravel on the borders of the Delaware River,
the leaf blades are partly or entirely absent, being represented by
nearly linear '(or the basal ones lanceolate) phyllodia. The
specimens from the tidal mud I have never seen fruiting, but the
flowers are much reduced and on very short pedicels, sometimes
nearly sessile.

Mr. J. G. Smith records a specimen of Sagittaria teres, "N.
J. Pine Barrens, Torrey, 1833,"* but in view of the fact that we
have no other evidence of the occurrence of this species in
southern New Jersey, it seems at least possible that the specimen
referred to may have belonged to S. graminea.

Fl. — Late May to early Septemiber. Fr. — Late July into
September.

Middle District. — Delanco, Delair, Fish House, Camden.
Pine Barrens.— P\tz.s3.ni Mills, Main Road Sta. (T).
Cape May. — Bennett.

Sagittaria subulata (L). Subulate Sagittaria.

Alisma subulata Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 343- I753 [Virginia].

Sagittaria pusilla Willis 60.

Sagittaria natans Britton 256.

Sagittaria subulata Keller and Brown 25.

Muddy or gravelly river shores, northern New^ Jersey and
south along the Delaware.

A low plant with club-shaped phyllodia, growing on the
muddy flats along the Delaware, associated with Isoetes, Brio-

* Ext. Sixth Ann. Rep. Mo. Bot. Card. 28. 1894.

PliA^NTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 173

caulcni parkeri, etc;, exposed at low tide and completely sub-
merged when the tide is high.

Fl. — Late July to late August. Fr. — tFully mature very rarely
before September.

Middle District. — Camden, Fish House, Bridgeport.

Family VALUSNERIACE^.

Several submerged aquatic plants with flowers that reach the
surface of the water on slender scapes.

Key to the Species.

a. Leaves short (5-10 mm.), whorled or opposite. Philotria, p. 173

aa. Leaves long and narrow and grass-like, pistillate flowers on filiform

scapes (6-12 dm. long), later coiling spirally, staminate flowers detached,

floating. Vallisneria, p. 173

aaa. Leaves heart-shaped, broad and spongy, petioled. Limnobium, p. 173

PHILOTRIA Rafinesque.
Philotria nuttallii (Planch.). Water Weed.

Anacharis Nuttallii Planchon, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. H. i. 86. 1848 [North
America].

Ponds and streams North and Middle districts,
Fl. — ^June to August (probably).

Middle District. — New Egypt, Delair, Camden, Cooper's Creek, Paulsboro,
Repaupo, Swedesboro.

VALLISNERIA L.

Vallisneria spiralis L. Wild Celery. Tape Grass.*

Vallisneria spiralis Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 1015. 1753 [Pisa, Italy]. — Knieskern
30. — Britton 229.

Larger streams of the North and Middle districts.

Fl. — July to September (apparently).

Middle District. — Bordentown, Delaire, Cooper's Creek, Timber Creek,
Westville.
Coast Strip.— Tt. Pleasant (NY), Island Hts. (NY).

LIMNOBIUM L. C. Richard.
Limnobium spongia (Bosc). Frog's Bit.

Hydrocharis Spongia Bosc, Ann. Mus. Paris IX. 396. PI. 30. 1807 [South

Carolina].
Limnobium spongia Knieskern 30. — Willis 60. — Britton 329. — Keller and

Brown 26.

* The plant referred to by Harshberger under this name as abundant on
the shore of Barnegat Bay (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1900, p. 657) is
obviously Zostera marina.

174 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Reported by Knieskern from Swimming River, Monmouth
Co., the only known locality in the State and not recently found
there so far as I know. No specimen seen.
Coast Strip. — Swimming River [Knieskern].

Order GRAMINALES.

A larg-e group comprising the Grasses and Sedges.

Family GRAMINE^. Grasses.

Grasses may be distinguished from sedges by having hollow
culms, round or flattened in cross section, and fruit in the form
of grains.

Flozvering and Fruiting Data. — Dates given indicate the
season of full fresh panicles, racemes or spikelets, from the be-
ginning of the flowering season to the latest date, when fresh
intact inflorescence is still commonly present.

a. Sweet scented, odor persisting after drying.

b. Inflorescence in a compact spike. [Anthoxanthum odoratum]*

hb. Inflorescence in an open panicle. Savastana, p. 216

aa. Not sweet scented.

b. Fruit a prickly bur. Cenchrus, p. 213

bb. Fruit imbedded in the stalk (rachis), making a cylindrical, swollen,
smooth or corrugated spike.

c. Spike uniform throughout. Ccelorachis, p. 181

cc. Spike with distinct staminate flowers above on a much more
slender extension of the rachis. Tripsacum, p. 180

bbb. Fruit not a bur nor imbedded in the rachis.

c. Inflorescence obviously silky with soft hairs, appressed or in tufts.
d. Two large glumes embracing a spikelet of several flowers be-
tween them, plants green. Danthonia sericea, p. 231
dd. Inflorescence not in small spikelets, subtended by large
glumes, plants more or less rusty purplish or glaucous.
e. Pubescence largely rusty, inflorescence forming a dense
plume-like head 1-1.2 dm. long, 25-50 mm. broad or more,
maroon or chestnut, flowers long awned. Brianthus, p. 181
ee. Pubescence white or whitish.

/. Hairs not reaching beyond the flower scales. Inflores-
cence in a long plume-like chestnut panicle.

Sorghastrum, p. 184

* Sweet Vernal Grass. Extensively introduced in fields, etc.

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 175

//. Hairs longer than the flower scales.

Andropogon, p. 182
cc. Inflorescence not obviously silky.

d. Plants low, creeping, flowers in flattened two-ranked spikelets.

Eragrostris hypnoides, p. 238
dd. Plants not creeping.

e. Flowers provided with one or more awns bent nearly at

right angles and often twisted spirally.

f. Awn trifid, usually with the middle branch much

longer than the others (which are erect), sometimes

all three the same length. Aristida, p. 217

//. Awn single, one on each flower.

g. Flowers arranged in 3-7 scattered spikelets, each
spikelet subtended by two large glumes.

Danthonia, p. 231
gg. Flowers (or spikelets) numerous, in an open or
contracted panicle.
h. Awn 50 mm. long, seed black, soon dropping.

Stipa, p. 219
hh. Awn less than 25 mm. long,
i. Spikelets 9 mm. long.

[Arrenathertttn elatius]*
a. Spikelets less than 6 mm. long,
y. Leaves flat.

SphenophoUs palustris, p. 230
ij. Leaves involute, bristle form.

Deschampsia Hexuosa, p. 229
ee. Flowers with essentially straight awns or more frequently
none at all.

/. Inflorescence in a dense cylindrical spike (hke timo-
thy, barley or wheat).

g. With very delicate inconspicuous awns or none.
h. Spikes perfectly uniformly cylindrical, .5-1
dm. long, 6 mm. in diameter.
i. No awns. [Phleum pratense]'f

a. Thread-like projecting awns.

Alopecurus, p. 222
hh. Spikes less regular, more "chaffy."
i. Spikes buff or whitish.

y. 20-35 cm. long (coast sand).

Ammophila, p. 228
jj. 2-7 dm. long, tips of leaves prolonged
into slender, involute bristle-like tips.
Sporobolus, p. 222

* Oat grass, an occasional weed.

t Timothy, extensively cultivated for hay.

176 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

a. Spikes greenish, not over one inch long,
plant less than i dm. high.

[Aira praecox]X
gg. With very conspicuous awns, making the whole
spike bristly.

h. Spike millet-like, flowers like round seeds at

the base of the (often tawny) projecting

bristles. Chcstochloa, p. 212

hh. Spikes rye-like, flowers long, spindle-shaped,

foliage often bluish green or glaucous.

i. Spikes compact.

;. Awns 50 mm. long.

[Hordeuni iubatutn]*
}'}'. Awns 12-75 nim. long. Elymus, p. 245
a. Spikes with flowers scattered in pairs.

Hystrix, p. 246
//. Inflorescence in a dense plume-like contracted or
glomerate panicle.
g. Panicle 15 X 5 cm. or larger, purplish, leaves
20-75 i^ni- wide.
h. Long awns, spikelets one-flowered.

Echinochloa, p. 212
hh. Not awned spikelets, several flowered.

Phragmites, p. 235
gg. Panicle 10-15 X 2-3 cm. green or slightly pur-
plish, leaves 12 mm. wide.
h. Spikelets one-flowered.

i. A small tuft of hairs inside the glumes at
the base of the flowers.

Calamagrostis cinnoides, p. 227
a. No tuft at the base of the flowers.

Phalaris, p. 216

hh. Spikelets two-flowere ', foliage soft and

downy. [Holcus lanatus]f

iff. Inflorescence in an open panicle, branches not at all

appressed to the main culm.

g. Pistillate flowers above, staminate below, tall
marsh grass. Zisania, p. 214

gg. Flowers not separated.

h. Spikelets largely sessile and massed on the
branches.

i. Spikelets one-flowered.
;. Much flattened.

Homalocenchrus, p. 215

t Hair grass, an occasional weed.
* Squirrel-tail grass, an occasional weed.

t Meadow soft grass, commonly established in damp meadows. PI. X.,
Fig. 4.

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 177

jj. Ovate not flattened. Panicum, p. 189
a. Spikelets many flowered. Poa, p. 239

hh. Spikelets mainly pedicelled on filiform
branches.

J. Spikelets one-flowered.
j. Much flattened.

Homalocenchrus, p. 215
jj. Not conspicuously flattened.

k. Panicle very open and diffuse with
long filiform branches ; usually
equal to J4 or >2 the entire height
of the plant, flowers more or less
"chaffy," often very small.
/. Spikelets with long fluxuous
hair-like terminal appendage.
Muhlenbergia capiUaris, p. 221
//. Spikelets without hair-Kke tips,
m. Plants glabrous.

n. Panicle bluish or gray-
ish, erect, spikelets very
minute 1.5-2 mm. bog
plants.

Sporobolus, p. 222
nn. Panicle redish or sil-
very white.
0. Spikelets 5 mm.
long, a tuft of
hairs at the base
of the flower.
Calamovilfa, p. 228
00. Spikelets 1.5-3 rnxn.,
no tuft of hair,
, branches exceed-

ingly long and ca-
pillary.

Agrostis, p. 224
mm. Plants hairy.

Panicle green or slightly
red, coarse weeds.
Panicum capillare, p. 195
kk. Panicle with much shorter, stiffer
branches, strictly erect, flowers glo-
bose or ovate, "seed-like." One
glume very short and rudimentary
at the base of the spikelet.
/. Subterranean straw colored
fruits on root-like stems.

Amiphicarpon, p. 188
//. No subterranean flowers.
12 MUS Panicum, p. 189

178 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

it. Spikelets several or many-flowered, ob-
viously two-ranked and more or less flat-
tened.

y. Spikelets 12 mm. or more in length.
k. Awned. Bromus, p. 244

kk. Not awned. Festuca, p. 243

/;". Spikelets less than 12 mm. in length.
k. Panicles more than half the height
of the plant or secondary panicles,
developing all the way to the base.
Bragrostis, p. 237
kk. Panicles, if more than one, equal
in height and less (usually much
less) than half the height of the
plant.
/. Spikelets not over 3 mm. long.

Panicularia nervata, p. 241
//. Spikelets over 3 mm. long.

m< Panicle distinctly ma-
roon.

Tridens flava, p. 236
mm. Panicle whitish or straw-
color. Panicularia, p. 241
mmmi. Panicle green.

n. Flowers at the end
of capillary drooping
branches 50-100 mm.
long.

Festuca nutans, p. 244
nn. Flowers much more
crowded on short
branches, not over
25 mm. long.

Foa, p. 239
ffff. Spikelets (i) in a row or rows on slender branches
attached to a main scape to which they are more or
less appressed, or from which they branch out pal-
mately or fan-like; or (2) arranged in a slender
appressed raceme. Spikelets sessile or nearly so.
g. Spikelets one flowered.

h. Arranged in closely imbricated, one-sided
spikes, which stand out at an angle or are
appressed ••to the main scape. Flowers
awned and much flattened. Spartina, p. 232
hh. Arranged on digitate or fan-like spikes.
i. Rachis flat or winged, flowers not awned
nor scattered.

/. Spikelets flattened, disc-like, ar-
ranged in two rows.

Paspalum, p. 184

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 179

;■/. Spikelets ovate, not flattened.

Syntherisma, p. i88
a. Flowers awned, scattered, or occupying
only the end of the rachis; rachis not
flattened. Gymnopogon, p. 234

lihh. Arranged on short spikes, all closely ap-
pressed to the main stem and scarcely over-
lapping.

i. Awned. Muhlenbergia, p. 211

«. Not awned.

y. Spikelets conspicuously flattened.

Homaloccnchriis, p. 215
;■;. Spikelets ovate, not flattened.

Panicum, p. 189
hhhh. Arranged in a slender appressed panicle.
i. Panicle very slender, but few short
branches, all closely appressed, flowers
long awned; awns 18-24 mm. long.

Brachyelytrutn, p. 221
tt. Panicle of appressed branches, flowers
not long awned; awns, if present, less
than 10 mm.
;. Culms simple.

k. Leaves involute.

Panicuin amarutn, p. 196
kk. Leaves not involute, panicle
dense and feathery.
/. A tuft of hairs at the base
of the flowers within the
glumes.
Calamagrostis canadensis, p. 227
//. No tuft of hairs.

m. Inflorescence whitish or
reddish, erect.

Agrostis, p. 224
mm. Inflorescence green
drooping. Cinna, p. 224
jj. Culms much branched with nu-
merous lateral panicles.

Muhlenbergia, p. 211
gg. Spikelets two to many flowered.

h. Spikes digitate or branching off in a fan-like
arrangement from the common stalk. Spike-
lets sessile or nearly so.
i. Spikelets in two definite rows, contigu-
ous. [Bleusine indica]*
a. Spikelets not in two definite rows, scat-
tered. Diplachne, p. 237

♦ Crab grass. A common weed in lawns and about gardens.

i8o REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

hh. Spikelets sessile or nearly so in an erect (or
sometimes slightly drooping) raceme,
t. Spikelets sessile, remote and alternately
arranged on the somewhat zig-zag rachis.
[Loliutn perrenne]i
it. Spikelets numerous, slightly pediceled,
some in slender appressed branches, scat-
tered along the main culm.
/. Leaves bristle-like, inflorescence 7-
10 cm. in length. Festuca, p. 243

jj. Leaves flat, inflorescence 7-12 cm. in
length. Sphenopholis, p. 229

/;'/. Leaves flat, inflorescence, 20-25 cm.
in length. Uniola laxa, p. 239

in. Spikelets in a dense, erect, appressed
spike,
y. Spikelets 5-15 mm. long.

k. Spike 120 X 25 mm. wide.

Panicularia ohtusa. p. 241
kk. Spike 35 X 12 mm.

Distichlis, p. 239
kkk. Spike 75 X 12 mm. "wheat-
like." [Agropyron repens]t
jj. Spikelets 2-3 mm. long. Spike 75-
X 12 mm.

Sphenopholis obtusata, p. 230
an. Spikelets in a somewhat looser but still
appressed, often drooping raceme,
y. Spikelets 3 mm. long or less.

Poa or Puccinellia, pp. 239, 243
jj. Spikelets 25 mm. long.

Panicularia septentrionalis, p. 242

TRIPSACUM L.
Tripsacum dactyloides L. Gama Grass.

Plate VL, Fig. i.

Coix dactyloides Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 972. 1753 [America].

Tripsacum dactyloides Nuttall Gen. L 85. 1818. — A. Brown, Bull. Torrey
Bot. Club VIL 114. 1880.— Britton 283.— Keller and Brown 30.

This large and striking- grass with its peculiar thick and
jointed inflorescence is restricted to the coastal strip, extending
like other coastal species some distance up the larger rivers.

Pi. — Late July to late September.

t Ray-grass. A weed in waste and cultivated ground.
t Quitch-grass. An occasional weed.

PLiANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. i8i

Coast Strip. — Monmouth Beach Center (NB), Manahawkin, Ocean City,
Clermont, Cape May Court House, Cape May, Fairton.

Also four miles north of Egg Harbor City (P), probably an intrusion from
the river.

CCELORACHIS Brongn.
Coelorachis rugosa (Nutt.)- Wrinkled Gama Grass.
PI. VI., Fig. 2.
Rottbcellia rugosa Nuttall, Gen. I. 84. 1818 [Florida].
Manisurus rugosa Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1908, p. 458.

• This southern species is restricted to the southern part of the
Cape May peninsula, w'here it was first detected by Mr. O. H.
Brown in August, 1908.

Fl. — Mid-August to late September.
Cape May. — Bennett.

ERIANTHUS Michaux.

Key to the Species.

a. Awns spirally twisted. B. divaricatus, p. 182

aa. Awns straight. E. saccharoides, p. i8l

Erianthus saccharoides Michx. Plume Grass.

PI. XV., fig. 2.

Erianthus saccharoides Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. I. 55. 1803 [Carolina].
Erianthus alopecuroides Gray Man. Ed. I. 616. 1848. — Willis 77. — Britton

284. — Keller and Brown 31.
Erianthus compactus Nash, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club XXH. 419. 1895.

West Jersey, Cape May County, and rarely in, the Pine Barrens
and Coast Strip, local.

This fine grass, with its ample purplish brown plumes on stalks
five feet in height, is one of the handsomest species of the family.
It is especially frequent in moist ground along the coast of Cape
May County.

Fl. — Late August to late September.

Middle District.— Be\. Burlington (C), Mickleton, Tomlinsons, Griffith's
Swp. (P), Swedesboro (NB).

Pine Barrens. — Cedar Lake, Hammonton, Elwood (P), Egg Harbor City
(in part coast intrusions).

Coast Strip. — Pt. Pleasant (Mck), Palermo.

Cape May. — Court House, Cold Spring.

i82 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Erianthus divaricatus (L.). Spiral-awned Plume Grass.

Andropogon divaricatum Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 1045. 1753 [North America].

A specimen of this species collected by the late Frank L.
Bassett, at Hammonton, is in the U. S. National Herbarium.
I have examined the spot where it is supposed to have been
obtained, but found only B. saccharoides. The species is certainly
very rare in the State.

ANDROPOGON L.

Key to the Species.

a. Spikes solitary, scattered along the stem.

b. Sheaths often greenish, spikelets 5-7 mm. A. scoparius, p. 182

bb. Sheaths always glaucous, spikelets 8-10 mm. A. littoralis, p. 182

aa. Spikes in clusters of two to six.

b. Two to six on a long exserted common peduncle, purplish.

A. furcatus, p. 183
hh. Two to three, included in spathe-like sheaths, scattered along the
stem.

c. Spikes at length exserted, sheaths much inflated. A. elliotii, p. 184
cc. Spikes not exserted. A. virginicus, p. 183

aaa. Inflorescence much branched and congested in a dense cluster.

A. corymbosus abbreviatus, p. 183

Andropogon scoparius Mlchx. Broom Beard Grass.

PI. VIII, fig. 6.
Andropogon scoparium Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. I. 57. 1803 [Carolina]. —

Knieskern 40. — Britton 284.
Andropogon purpurascens Barton, Flor. Phil. I. 55. 1818.

Common throughout the State, except on the coast dunes,
where it is replaced by the next.

This species and A. virginicus are the Beard Grasses which
cover so many sandy fields with a tufted growth of buff or
purplish stalks, some two feet in height, that persists through
the winter.

Fl. — Late July to early October.

Middle District. — New Egypt, Brindletown, Hartford, Medford, Swedcsboro.
Pine Barrens. — Atco, Pasadena.

Andropogon littoralis Nash. Seaside Beard Grass.

Andropogon littoralis Nash, Britton's Manual 69. 1901 [Seashore of New

York and New Jersey]. — Keller and Brown 31.
Andropogon maritimus Vasey, Grasses of U. S. 19. 1883. — Watson, Gray's

Manual, Ed. 6. 637. 1890.

PUANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 183

Common on the sand dunes of the coast and all over the lower
extremity of the Cape May peninstila.
Fl. — Late Aug-nst to early October.

Maritime. — Sandy Hook (NB), Barnegat City (L), Harvey Cedars (L),
Beach Haven (L), Holgate's (L), Wildwood, Stone Harbor (S), Cape May
(S), Cape May Pt.

Andropogon corymbosus abbreviatus Hackel. Bushy Beard Grass.

PI. VI., fig. 4-
Andropogon macrourus abbreviatus Hackel in DeCandolle Monogr. Phan.

VI. .-408. 1889 [New Jersey].
Andropogon macrourus Barton, Fl. Phila. 56. 1818. — Keller and Brown 31. —

Knieskern 40. — Willis 77. — Torrey Fl. U. S. I. 157. 1824.
Andropogon glomeratus Britton 284.

Common in sandy swamps in the Pine Barrens and locally in
the other districts. To the northward it occurs only at South
Amboy.

The dry, yellowish head-clusters of this grass, supported on
their slender stems, are a characteristic feature of the winter
swamps.

Fl. — 'Late August to late September.

Middle District. — Asbury Park (NY), Woodbury, Mickleton, Kaighns Pt.
Pine Barrens. — Brindletown, Forked River, Clementon, Atco, Bear Swamp,
Quaker Bridge, Egg Harbor City.

Coast Strip.— Suri City (L), Ship Bottom (L), Spray Beach (L).
Cape Afoy.— Bennett (S), Cold Spring (S).

Andropogon virginicus L. Virginia Beard Grass.
PI. VIII, fig. 8.
Andropogon virginicus Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 1046. 1753 [America — prob. Vir-
ginia]. — Knieskern 40. — Britton 284.

Dry ground, common throughout our region and rather less
frequent in the northern counties.
Fl. — Mid-August to late September.

Middle District. — Lindenwold (S), Taunton (S), Mickleton, Albion,
Swedesboro.

Pine Barrens. — Egg Harbor City.

Coast Strip.— BarnegSit City (L), N. Beach Haven (L), Surf City (L),
Spray Beach (L), Wildwood (HA).

Cape l/ay.— Bennett (S), Cold Spring (S), Cape May (S), Cape May Pt.
(S), Town Bank (S).

i84 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Andropogon furcatus Muhl. Forked Beard Grass.

Andropogon furcatus "Muhlenberg," Willdenow Sp. PI. IV. 919. 1806 [North

America — prob. Penna.]. — Knieskern 40.
Andropogon provincialis Britton 284.

Northern New Jersey, extending locally into the Middle dis-
trict and recurring in the lower Cape May peninsula.
PL — Late July to late September.

Middle District— Tracy's (C), Manchester (C), Bordentown (H), Grif-
fith's Swamp, Mickleton (H), Swedesboro.
Cape May.— Cold Spring (OHB).

Andropogon elliottii Chapman. Elliott's Beard Grass.

Andropogon Elliottii Chapman, Fl. S. States. 581. i860 [Florida to N
Carolina]. — Long, Bartonia II. 18. 1910.

Confined to the southern part of the Middle district; originally
discovered in the State by Charles D. Lippincott at Swedesboro
September 2, 1894.

PL — Early September into October or even November.

Middle District. — Woodburj', Swedesboro, Sharptown.
Cape May. — Town Bank.

SORGHASTRUM Nash.

Sorghastrum nutans (L.), (Michx.). Indian Grass.

PI. XL, fig. I.
Andropogon nutans Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 1045. 1753 [Virginia].
Andropogon avenaceus Barton, Fl. Phila. I. 54. 1818.
Sorghum nutans Knieskern 40.
Chrysopogon nutans Britton 284.

Dry soil frequent throughout, except in the Pine Barrens,

where it is rare or casual.

PL — Mid-August to mid-September.

Middle District. — New Egypt, Griffith's Swamp, Orchard (S), Mickleton,
Swedesboro.
Pine Barrens. — Pasadena, Landisville, Hammonton, Ab. Tuckahoe (S).
Coast Strip. — Manahawkin, Anglesea (UP).
Cape May.— Cold Spring (S), Cape May (OHB).

PASPALUM L.

Key to the Species.

a. Rachis membranaceous, broader than the spikelets. Plant decumbent or
floating in water. P. dissectum, p. 185

aa. Rachis narrower than the spikelets.
h. Culm simple, racemes stout.

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 185

c. Spikelets 4 mm. in longest diameter. P. glabratum, p. 185

cc. Spikelets 3 mm. long or less.

d. Plant with dense long pubescence on sheats and blades.

P. plenipilum, p. 186
dd. Plant glabrous.

e. Racemes 3-5 cm. long, leaf-blades 1-2 cm. P. lave,

ee. Racemes 8-10 cm. long, leaf-blades, 2-4 cm.

P. I. longifolium, p. 186
ddd. Plant slightly pubescent below.

e. Racemes as in P. laeve, P. I. australe, p. 186

ce. Racemes long. P. I. circulare, p. 187

bb. Culm branched above, with several lateral racemes, leaves pubescent.
c. Plants erect, with longer leaves.

d. Spikelets 1.5. mm. long, pubescent. P. setaceum, p. 187

dd. Spikelets 2 mm. long, glabrous.

e. Culm glabrous. P. muhlenbergii, p. 187

ee. Culm densely pubescent, just below the raceme.

P. pubescens, p. 187
cc. Plants prostrate, with shorter leaves, spikelets 2 mm. long, pubes-
cent. P. psammophilum, p. 186

Paspalum dissectum L. Walter's Paspalum.

Paspalum dissectum Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 57- I753 [America].

Paspalum membranaceum Keller and Brown 32.

Paspalum. Walterianum Gray Manual, Ed. V. 645. 1867.— Britton 279.

This southern species was first discovered in New Jersey by
Thomas Nuttall, who found it at Cape May. Ahhough it has not,
so far as I am aware, been found there since, it has been col-
lected at several points in the southwestern part of the State.
It occurs in low wet grounds, often on the bottoms of dried-up
woodland pools.

Fl. — Mid-September into October.

Middle District.— Cls-rkshoro, Mickleton (NB), Pennsgrove (NB), Woods-
town, Riddleton.

Cape May. — Cape May (C).*

Paspalum glabratum (Engelm.). Engelmann's Paspalum.f

PI. XII., Fig. 6.
Paspalum floridanum glabratum "Engelm." Vasey, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb.
3:20. 1892 [N. Carolina, Texas and Arkansas].

* Reported from Landisville in Britton's Catalogue on authority of C. A.
Gross, but no specimen was found in his herbarium.

As the work is going through the press Mr. O. H. Brown reports its re-
discovery at Cape May.

t Paspalum difforme is recorded from New Jersey by Hitchcock and Chase
in the new Gray's Manual, but Mrs. Chase informs me that the specimen came
from the ballast ground at Camden, so that it is obviously not native.

i86 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Paspalum glabraium Keller and Brown 32. — Stone Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.,
Phila., 1907. 458.— Stone Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1908. 458.

This is another southern species discovered at Cape May in
1891, by several members of the Philadelphia Botanical Club.
It is the largest of our Paspalums and does not range north of
lower Cape May County.

Fl. — Early August to late September.

Coast Strip. — Anglesea (NB).

Cape May. — Cold Spring, Cape May.*

Paspalum plenipilum Nash. Long-haired Paspalum.
Paspalum plenipilum Nash, Britton's Manual y^. 1901 [New Jersey].
Rather frequent in the Cape May and lower Coast districts.
Fl. — Late July to late September or into October.

Coast Strip. — Absecon.

Cape May. — Court House, Green Creek.

Paspalum psammophilum Nash. Prostrate Paspalum.
Paspalum psammophilum Nash, Britton's Manual 72. 1901 [New Jersey].
Dry ground in the Middle and Pine Barren districts.
This species, like several others of recent date, was clearly
differentiated by the late Charles E. Smith some fifty years ago
as shown by notes accompanying specimens in his herbarium.
Unfortunately he never put his views into print.
Fl. — Late July into October.

Middle District. — Delanco, Lindenwold, Medford (S), Swedesboro, Mill-
ville.
Pine Barrens. — Lakehurst, Speedwell (S), Twelfth St. Folsom.
Coast Strip. — Seaside Park.

Paspalum laeve australe (Nash.). Southern Paspalum.
Paspalum australe Nash, Britton's Manual 1039. 1901 [Stone Mt., Georgia].
Frequent in the Cape May and lower Coast districts.
FL — Late July to late September or into October.

Coast Strip. — Palmero.
Cape May. — Cold Spring.

Paspalum laeve angustifolium (LeConte.). Narrow-leaved Paspalum.

PI. XII., fig. 5.
Paspalum angustifolimn Le Conte, Jour, de Phys. XCI : 285. 1820 [Caro-
lina].

* Collected Sept. 16, 1882, by C. F. Parker, and labeled P. Iceve in his her-
barium at Princeton.

PUANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 187

Frequent except in the Pine Barren district. All of our
glabrous Paspalums seem to be referable to this form. The
short-spiked P. Iceve has not yet been collected within our limits.

FL — Late July to late September or into October.

Middle District. — Braddock's Mill, Mickleton.

Coast Strip. — Palermo.

Cape May. — Cold Spring, Dias Creek.

Paspalum lasve circulare (Nash.).

Paspalum circulare Nash, Britton's Manual yz- iQoi [R- I- to Ky. and Mo. ;
south to Fla. and Tex.].

Occasional in the Coast strip.

Fl. — Late July to late September or into October.

Coast Strip. — Manahawkin, Palermo.

Paspalum pubescens Miihl. Pubescent Paspalum.

Paspalum pubescens Muhlenberg, Gram. 92. 1817 [Pennsylvania].
Paspalum ciliatifoliuin Muhlenberg, Gram. 93. 1817 [N. J. references]. —
Torrey Flora U. S. I., 75. 1824.

Frequent or occasional throughout our region in dr}? sandy
ground.

Fl. — Mid-August into October.

Middle District. — Tomlin, Dividing Creek.

Pine Barrens. — Ballinger's Mill (S), Pancoast (S), Ocean City Jnc.

Coast Strip. — Manahawkin, Sherburn's (L).

Paspalum muhlenbergii Nash. Muhlenberg's Paspalum.
Paspalum Muhlenbergii Nash, Britton's Manual 75. 1901 [Massachusetts].

Frequent on the coast and very rare in the Pine Barrens.
Fl. — Early August into October.

Pine Barrens. — Albion.

Coast Strip. — Bay Head. Manahawkin, Palermo, Tuckahoe, Cold Spring.

Paspalum setaceum Michx. Slender Paspalum.

Paspalum setaceum Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. I. 43. 1803 [So. Carolina]. — Bar-
ton Fl. Phila. I. 52. 1818. — Knieskern 39. — Britton 279.

This is the most plentiful of the small fruited Paspalums
occurring in dry ground throughout the State.
Fl. — Early July into October.

Middle District. — New Egypt, Hornerstown, Washington Park (S), Lin-
denwold (S), Swedesboro.

1 88 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Pine Barrens. — Toms River (McK), Whitings, Forked River, Pasadena,
Speedwell, Landisville (T), Batsto (S), Egg Harbor City, Twelfth St., Fol-
som, Pancoast, Palermo, Middletown.

Coast Strip. — Manahawkin, Barnegat City (L), Surf City (L), St. Albans
(L), Sherburn's (L).

Cape May. — South Dennis, Court House, Cold Spring, Cape May.

AMPHICARPON Rafinesque.
Amphicarpon amphicarpon (Pursh.) Pursh's Millet Grass.

PI. vni., f^g. I.

Milium amphicarpon Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. I. 62, pi. 2. 1814 [New Jersey, near
Egg Harbor].— Torrey Flora N. Y. 15. 1819.— Torrey Flora U. S. I. 77.
1824.

Milium ciliatum Muhlenberg Gram. 77. 181 7.

Amphicarpon Purshii Knieskern 39. — Britton 279. — Keller and Brown 32.

This curious grass, originally discovered by Frederick Pursh
"near Egg Harbor" (probably = Beesley's Point), does not
range north of the New Jersey Pine Barrens, nor has it been
found in the western part of the State beyond the limits of this
region. It is plentiful in damp sandy soil among the Pines, and
grows profusely in the damp sand thrown up into dykes around
the cranberry bogs.

The peculiarity of this grass lies in the production of sub-
terranean fruits scattered among the slender roots, in addition to
the Panicum-like spike of normal seeds, which is conspicuous
above ground.

Fl. — Early August to mid-September.

Pine Barrens. — ^Toms River (McK), Manchester (NB), Lakehurst, Brown's
Mills, Waretown, Five miles so. New Egypt, West Creek (S), Speedwell
(S), Winslow, Crowleytown, Egg Harbor City, Twelfth St. Folsom.

Cape May.— Bennett, Cape May Pt. (OHB).

SYNTHERISMA Walter.

Key to the Species.

a. Rachis broadly winged.

b. Plant glabrous. [S. linearis]*

bb. Plant hirsute. [S. sanguinalts]'\

aa. Rachis not winged. S. Uliformis, p. 189

* Small crab-grass, a weed about gardens, etc.

t Large crab-grass, an abundant weed everywhere in cultivated and waste
ground. Grov/s luxuriantly on the sandy ground back of the coast dunes,
creeping culms reaching a length of six or eight feet; seems like a native
in such locations.

PLIANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 189

Syntherisma filiformis (L.). Slender Finger-grass.

PI. VII, Fig. 6.

Panicum Uliformae Linnasus, Sp. PI. 57. 1753 [North America].
Panicumi Uliforme Kneiskern 39. — Britton 279.
Digitaria pilosa Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. I. 70. 1814.

Frequent in dlry sandy soil tihroughout our region and re-
ported from only two stations in the northern counties.

This native finger-grass may be distinguished from the intro-
duced species so common on roadsides, fields and grass plots, by
its slender erect habit. The Large and Small Crab grass S.
sanguinalis and 5. linearis are coarse and more or less pros-
trate ; the former is a very abundant weed along the coast, trail-
ing over the sand hills and appearing like a native plant.

Fl. — Late July to mid-September.

Middle District.— 'New Egypt, Haddonfield (S), Griffith's Swamp, Medford
(S), Swedesboro.

Pine Barrens. — Clementon, Swedesboro (S).

Coast Strip.— St. Albans (L), Beach Haven (L), Peahala (L), Sherburn>
(L), Ocean City.

Cape May.— Cold Spring (OH,B), Cape May (S), Cape May Pt.

PANICUM L.

Flozvering and Fruiting Data. — Dates given cover the period
of both primary and secondary panicles. In most species they
follow one another so closely as to leave no appreciable time when
the plant is not in flower or fruit.

Key to the Species.*
a. Annual.

b. Inflorescence, a more or less diffuse panicle.

c. Spikelets tuberculate. Panicum verrucosum, p. I94

cc. Spikelets not tuberculate.

d. First glume not more than one-quarter the length of the spike-
let. P. dichotomiflorum, p. I95
dd. First glume one-half the length of the spikelet.

e. Panicle more than half the total height of the plant.

P. capillare, p. 195
ee. Panicle not more than half the height of the plant.

P. philadelphicutn, p. I95

* Adapted from Hitchcock and Chase. Practically all the specimens listed
beyond were identified by these authors when engaged upon their mono-
graph. Additional South Jersey localitiese given in this work are quoted in
lists of localities and credited to "H. & C."

I90 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

aa. Perennial.

b. Spikclcts short pcdicelled along one side of the rachis, forming spike-
like racemes. P. hcmitomon, p. 194
bb. Spikelets in open, rarely contracted panicles.

c. Basal leaves different from culm leaves, usually forming winter
rosettes.
d. Spikelets glabrous.

e. Spikelets 3mm. or more long, strongly nerved.
f. Spikelets pointed, blades elongated.

P. depauperatum, p. 198
//. Spikelets blunt, blades not elongated, 3.2-3.3 mm. ;
long sheaths or some of them hispid.

P. scribnerianum, p. 209
ee. Spikelets less than 3mm. long.

/. Second glume and sterile lemma exceeding the fruit
and pointed beyond it, spikelets 2.2-2.9 mm. long.
g. Spikelets elliptic, fruit 2 mm. long.

P. aculeatum, p. 210
gg. Spikelets ovate, broadest below the middle, 2 mm.
or less.
h. Sheaths (at least the secondary) hispid.

P. scabriusculutn, p. 210
hh. Sheaths glabrous. P. cryptanthum, p. 210

ff. Second glume and sterile lemma, not pointed beyond
the fruit.

g. Ligule 2-3 mm. long. P. spretum, p. 202

gg. Ligule obsolete.

/;. Spikelets 1.5 mm. long or less.

i. Nodes bearded. P. microcarpon, p. 200

it. Nodes not bearded.

j. Spikelets 1.5-1.6 mm. blades 50-80 mm.
long, 4-7 mm. wide.

P. caerulescens, p. 200
//. Spikelets 1.2-1.4 mm., blades not over.
30 mm. long, 1.5-3 mm- wide.

P. ensifolium, p. 207
j'jj. Spikelets 2mm. long or more.

k. Culms soon prostrate, vine-like,
branches divaricate.

P. lucidum, p. 200
kk. Culms not vine-like, branches not
divaricate.

/. Nodes glabrous ; autumnal form

upright. P. dichotomiim, p. 199

//. Nodes, at least the lowest,

usually bearded, autumnal form,

top-heavy and reclining.

P. barbulatuni, p. 200

PHANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 191

dd. Spikelets pubescent.

e. Spikelets 3 mm. or more long.

/. Blades elongated leaves 2-5 mm. wide.

P. depauperatum, p. 198
ff. Blades not elongated.

g. Nodes bearded, leaves 15-30 mm. wide.

P. boscii, p. 211
gg. Nodes not bearded.
h. Sheaths glabrous.

i. Spikelets 3.5-3-8 mm. long.

P. latifolium, p. 211
it. Spikelets 3 mm. long.

P. commutatum, p. 208
hh. Sheaths pubescent.

t. Pubescence appressed, spikelets 3.5-4-

P. oligosanthes, p. 209
a. Pubescence spreading,
y. Blades 20 mm. wide.

P. eland estinum, p. 211
jj. Blades 6-12 mm. wide.

P. scrinerianum, p. 20g
ee. Spikelets less than 3 mm. long.

/. Blades elongated. P. line arifo Hum, p. 198

ff. Blades not elongated.

g. Spikelets attenuated at the base.

h. Autumnal blades flat, blades 80-120 X 4-8 mm.
P. angustifolium, p. 199
hh. Autumnal blades involute, blades 40-60 X 2-5
mm. -P. aciculare, p. 199

gg. Spikelets not attenuated at base.
h. Ligule manifest 1-5 mm. long.
i. Sheaths glabrous.

y. Panicle narrow ^i-Vs as wide as long.

P. s prelum, p. 202

yy. Panicle open nearly as wide as long.

P. lindheimeri, p. 20a

it. Sheaths pubescent.

y. Ligule 1-1.5 mm. long, culms and
sheaths appressed pubescent.
k. Spikelets 1.8-1.9 mm. long, plant
bluish green. P. tsugetorum, p. 206
kk. Spikelets 1.5 mm. long, nearly gla-
brous, plant olivaceous.

P. oricola, p. 204
yy. Ligule 2-5 mm. long.

k. Spikelets 1-1.3 mm. long, culm and
sheath soft appressed pubescent.
/. Spikelets 1.2-1.3 mm. long.

P. leucothrix, p. 202

192 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

//. Spikelets not over i mm. long.
P. zs/rigliticunum, p. 201
kk. Spikelets more than 1.5 mm. long.
/. Spikelets not over 2 mm. long.
tn. Plant grayish, velvety pubes-
cent. P. lanuginostim, p. 204
mm. Plant pubescent, but not vel-
vety.
n. Upper surface of blade
glabrous.

P. tennesseense, p. 203
nn. Upper surface of blade
pubescent.
0. Spikelets 1.3-1.5 mm.
long, blade long, pi-
lose above.

P. meridionale, p. 203

00. Spikelets 1.6-2 mm.

long, blade appressed,

pubescent above.

P. huachuccE, p. 203

//. Spikelets 2.2 mm. or more.

m. Pubescence on culm horizon-
tal, spreading.

P. villosissimum, p. 204
mm,. Pubescence on culms ap-
pressed.

P. pseudopubescens, p. 205
hh. Ligule obsolete or less than i mm. long.
i. Nodes bearded.

/. Spikelets 1.5-1.6 mm. long.

P. microcarpon, p. 200
;';. Spikelets 2.2 or more. P. clutei, p. 201
a. Nodes not bearded.

P. mattamuskeetense , p. 201
/. Plants densely gray velvety throughout,
a viscid ring below the nodes.

P. scoparium, p. 209
;;. Plants not gray velvety.

k. Some sheaths pilose or hispid.
/. Pubescence papillose hispid.
m. Spikelets 2.3-2.6, pointed.

P. scabriusculum, p. 210
mm. Spikelets obovate, obtuse, 3
mm. long.

P. clandestinum, p. 211
//. Pubescence ascending pilose,
w. Spikelets 2-2.5 mm. long.
n. Spikelets 2.4 mm. long.
P. commonsianum, p. 205

PIjANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 193

nn. Spikelets 2-2.1 mm. long.

P. c. addisoni, p. 205

mm. Spikelets not over 1.3-1.4

mm. long, nearly globular.

P. columbianum thinium, p. 207

kk. Sheaths glabrous or pubescent only.

/. Spikelets globular. 1.8 mm. long,

blades cordate, ciliate at the base.

m. Panicle as broad as long.

P. sphccrocarpon, p. 207
mm. Panicle narrow, more than ^
as broad as long.

P. polyanthes, p. 208
//. Spikelets not globular.

m. Culms prostrate and vine-
like, branches divaricate,
spikelets not over 2.1 mm.
long. P. lucidum, p. 200

mm. Not vine-like nor divaricate.
n. Spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long.
0. Blades rarely more
than ID mm. broad,
culms crisp puberu-
lent. P. ashei, p. 208
00. Blades usually 1.5 or
more in width, culms
glabrous.
P. commtitatum, p. 208
nn. Spikelets not over 2.3
mm. long.

P. clutei, p. 201
nnn. Spikelets not over 1.7
« mm. long.

0. Culms conspicuously
puberulent, spikelets
turgid.
P. columbianum, p. 206
00. Culms glabrous.
P. ensifolium, p. 207
cc. Basal leaves not different from those of the culm.

d. With creeping scaly root stocks, spikelets long pedicelled, not
secund, in open or contracted panicle.
e. Panicle diffuse.

/. Panicle open, spikelets 3.5-5 mm. long, beaked.

P. virgatum, p. 196

ff. Panicle more or less contracted, 3.2 mm. long, not

beaked. P. v. cubense, p. 196

ee. Panicle contracted, seashore species. P. amarum, p. 196

dd. Not forming a creeping scaly rootstock.

13 MUS

194 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

e. Rootstocks present, culms but little compressed, spikelets
set obliquely on their appressed pedicels. P. anceps, p. 198
ce. Root stocks none, culm strongly compressed, spikelets not
obliquely arranged.

f. Ligules ciliate, basal leaves half the length of the
culm, panicle longer than the upper leaves.

P. longifolium, p. 197
//. Ligules not ciliate, basal leaves in short tufts, upper
leaves about equaling the panicle.
g. Fruit stipitate, spikelets 2.5-2.8 mm. long, secund.

P. stipitatum, p. 197
gg. Fruit not stipitate, spikelets not secund.

h. Spikelets 1.8-2 mm. long, branches ascending or

spreading. P. agrostoides, p. 196

hh. Spikelets 2.5 mm. long, branches ascending,

dense. P. condensum, p. 197

Panicum hemitomon Schultes. Narrow Panic-Grass.*

Panicum hemitomon Schultes, Mant. II. 227. 1824 [n. n. for P. ivalteri

Muhl.=:Ell. from near Savannah].
Brachiaria digitnrioides Stone, Bartonia II., p. 26, 1910.

This is another southern species restricted to wet swamps in
the southwestern portion of the Cape May peninsula. It was
discovered in August, 1909, by Mr. O. H. Brown.

In Torreya 1907, p. 39, the writer erroneously recorded this
grass from Cape May county, the specimens proving to be Pani-
cum condensum Nash, (see Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1908, p. 458).

The same error was made by Keller and Brown, Flora of
Philadelphia, 1905, p. 33.

Fl. — Late June to late July (apparently). *

Cape May. — Bennett, Cape Alay.

Panicum verrucosum Muhl. Warty Panic Grass.

Panicum verrucosum Muhlenberg, Gram. 113. 1817 [New Jersey.]. — Brit-
ton 281. — Keller and Brown 36.

Sandy swamps ; common throughout the Pine Barrens and
frequent in the lower part of the Middle district. This is a
characteristic south Jersey grass distinguished from all the other
members of the genus by the minute tubercles on the spikelets.

Fl. — Early August to late September.

* In the genus Panicum a number of New Jersey records published in
"The North American Species of Panicum" by Hitchcock and Chase (Contr.
from the U. S. Nat. Herb. vol. 15, 1910), are cited and marked H. & C.

PUANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 195

Middle District. — Fish House, Woodbury (C), Washington Park (S),
Wcstville, Tomlin, Mickleton, Svvedesboro, Salem (S), Dividing Creek.

Pine Barrens. — Sea Bright (NB), Manchester (NB), Lakehurst, Forked
River, Bamber, Speedwell, Bear Swamp, Clementon, Atsion, Egg Harbor
City, Landisville, Tuckahoe (S), Pancoastville (T).

Cape May. — Court House, Clermont.

Panicum capillare L. Witch Grass.

PI. IX., fig. 3-

Panicum capillare Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 58. 1753 [Virginia and Jamaica]. —
Britton 281.

Common throughout, except in the Pine Barrens. Whatever
the original habitat of this grass may have been, it is now essen-
tially a weed abounding in cultivated and waste ground, with
little to remind one of its native origin.

Fl. — Late August to late September.

Panicum phiiadelphicum Bernh. Wood Witch Grass.

Panicum phiiadelphicum Bernhardi, in Nees Fl. Bras. 198. 1829 [Phila-
delphia].

Dry ground, edges of woods, etc., in the Middle and Cape
May districts.

A more delicate ally of the preceding.
Fl. — Mid-August to mid-September.

Middle District. — Medford, Swedesboro, Riddleton.
Pine Barrens. — Lakehurst (H&C), Sea Isle Jnc.
Cape May.— Wildwood Jnc. (OHB), Cold Spring.

Panicum dichotomiflorum Michx. Spreading Panic Grass.

Panicum dichotomiflorum Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. I. 48. 1803 [Alleghany

Mts.].
Panicum proliferum Britton, 281.

Wet places ; common along the larger streams of the Middle
district and the salt marshes of the coast; only casually reported
from the northern counties.

Fl. — Mid-July to early October.

Middle District.— Frethold (H&C), Fish House (S), Camden, Westville,
W. Deptford, Swedesboro.

Coast Strip. — Deal (P), Cox's, Spray Beach (L), Barnegat City (L).
Cape May.— Cold Spring (S), Cape May (OHB).

196 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Panicum virgatum L. Broom-like Panic Grass.
PI. IX., Fig. 2.
Panicum virgatum Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 59. 1753 [Virginia]. — Britton 282.

Abundant along the salt mars'hes and the Delaware and other
large rivers ; only casual elsewhere and probably introduced.
Fl. — Mid-July to mid-September.

Middle District. — New Egypt, Fish House, Camden (H&C), Kaighns R.,
Swedesboro, Salem, Beaver Dam.

Pine Barrefis. — Speedwell (S), Landisville, Winslow (S), Hammonton.

Coast Strip. — Sandy Hook, Pt. Pleasant, Seaside Park, Forked River,
Ship Bottom (L), Beach Haven (L), Barnegat City (L), Spray Beach (L),
Longport (S), Ocean City (S), Stone Harbor (S), Five-Mile Beach, Cape
May.

Panicum virgatum cubense Griseb. Cuban Panic Grass.

Panicum virgatum cubense Grisebach, Cat. PI. Cub. 233. 1866 [Hanabana
Cuba].

Similar situations to the preceding. The majority of the
specimens examined, however, are from farther inland, either in
the Pine Barrens or Middle district.

Fl. — Early July to early September.

Middle District. — Lindenwold. Burlington.

Pine Barrens. — Hanover, Pasadena, Atsion (H&C), Egg Harbor City,
Island Heights.

Panicum amarum Ell. Beach Panic Grass.

Panicum amarum Elliot, Bot. S. C. and Ga., I. 121. 1817 [South Caro-
lina]. — Keller and Brown 36.
Panicum amarum var minor Britton 282.

Sea beaches frequent ; extending up the bay shore at least
as far as Town Bank.

Fl. — Early September to late October.

Maritime. — Sandy Hook, Long Branch, Seaside Park, Barnegat City
(L), St. Albans (L), Holgate's (L), Ocean City, Holly Beach (UP), Cape
May, Cape May Point.

Panicum agrostoides Spreng. Agrostis-like Panic Grass.

Panicum agrostoides Sprengel, PI. Pugill II.: 4. 1815 [Pennsylvania].—
Britton 281.

Moist open ground; common in the northern counties and
casual southward in the Middle district.
FL — Mid-July to early September.

PUANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 197

Middle District. — Clementon, Swedesboro, Dividing Creek.
Pine Barrens. — Atsion (H&C), Landisville.

Panicum stipitatum Nash. Long Panic Grass.

Panicum stipitatum Nash., Britton's Manual 83. New name for P. elongatum
Pursh nee Salisb. [New Jersey to N. Carohna].

Moist, sandy, open ground in the lower part of the Middle
district; not very common.

PL — Mid- July to early September.

Middle District. — Delair, Camden (H&C), Washington Park, Moorestown,
Medford (S), Mickleton, Tomlin, Swedesboro (CDL).

Panicum condensum Nash. Clustered Panic Grass.
PI. XIL, Fig. I.

Panicum condensum Nash, in Small's Southern Flora. 93. [South Carolina

and Florida].
Brachiaria digitarioides Keller and Brown 33. — Stone Torreya 1907, 39

[See Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1908, 458].

Usually in shallow water, swamps and ditches, southern part
of the Cape May peninsula.

First found September i, 1902, at Peermont, by the writer,
and erroneously recorded as Brachiaria digitariodes (see synon-
omy).

Fl. — Early August to late September.

Coast Strip. — Holly Beach, Piermont (S).
Cape May. — ^Cold Spring.

Panicum iongifoiium Torr. Long-leaved Panic Grass.

PI. vn.. Fig. 5.

Panicum longifoHum Torrey, Fl. V. S. 149. 1824 [Pine Barrens of New

Jersey].
Panicum anceps Brittons 281 (in part).

Sandy swamps throughout our region, except the upper part
of the Middle district; probably most common in the Pine Bar-
rens and along the western border of the coast marshes. Dis-
covered in New Jersey in 181 9 by Jarnes Goldie, a Scottish
botanist, who travelled and collected here at that time.

Fl. — Early August to mid-September.

198 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Middle District.— Wsishington Park (S), Lindenwold (S).

Pine Barrens. — Pt. Pleasant (S), New Lisbon, Manchester (P), Forked
River, Waretown, Manahawkin, Bear Swamp (S), Speedwell (S), Clemen-
ton, Williamstown Jnc., Jackson (P), Ancora (P), Cedar Brook, Parkdale
(S), Atsion (H&C), Egg Harbor City, Mays Landing (S), Absecon (S),
Folsom I2th St., Woodbine, Palermo (S).

Cape May. — Dias Creek, Bennett, Cold Spring (S).

Panicum anceps Michx. Beaked Panic Grass.

Panicum anceps Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. L 48. 1803 [Carolina]. — Britton
281 (in part).

Moist open ground, Middle and Cape May districts ; not very
common.

Apparently neither this or the preceding occur in the northern
counties.

Fl. — Late July to early September.

Middle District. — New Egypt, Bordentown, Locust Grove, Medford, Mickle-
ton (H), Woodstown (P).

Cape May. — Court House, Cape May (OHB).

Panicum depauperatum Muhl. Starved Panic Grass.

Panicum depauperatum Muhlenberg, Gram. 112. 1817 [Pennsylvania]. —
Britton 279.

Dry sandy or rocky ground throughout the State, except in the
Pine Barrens, where it is rare and perhaps introduced.
Fl. — ^Late May to late July.

Middle District. — Farmingdale, Allaire, New Egypt (C), Delanco, River-
side, Hainesport, Pensauken, Browns Mills, Lawnside (S), Mickleton, Gren-
loch, Tomlin, Franklinville (P), Almonessen, Swedesboro, Bridgeton,
Millville.

Pine Barrens. — Toms River (S), Whitings, Waretown, Pen Bryn (S),
Atco, Williamstown Jnc, Newfield, Landisville (T), Inskip.

Cape May.— Cape May (OHB).

Panicum linearifolium Scribner. Linear-leaved Panic Grass.

Panicum linearifolium Scribner, Britton and Brown's 111. Flora HL : 500
f. 268a. June, 1898 ["Washington, D. C," prob— Md.].

Very rare ; only reported from one station within our limits,
where it was collected by Mr. C. L. Pollard, 1897.

Coast Strip.— WMwood (H&C).

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 199

Panicum aciculare Desv. Bristling Panic Grass.

Panicum aciculare "Desv" Poir, in Lamark Encycl. Suppl. 4 : 274. 1816
[S. E. United States].

Dry sandy ground in the southern part of the Cape May
peninsula, where it reaches the northern limit of its range.
First found in the State by the writer on June 30, 1909, near
Cold Spring.

Fl. — Late June to late September.

Cape May.— Co\d Spring (S), Bennett, Fishing Creek (OHB).

Panicum angustifolium Ell. Narrow-leaved Panic Grass.
Pamicum angustifolium Elliot, Hot. S. C. and Ga. I. : 129. 1816 [Florida].

Dry sandy ground in the southern part of the Cape May
peninsula, where it was discovered by Mr. O. H. Brown, Septem-
ber, 1909, extending the range north from Frankford, Delaware.
The specimen labelled from "the Schuylkill River below Reading,
Pa.," in the Philadelphia Academy Herbarium, while undoubt-
edly this species must have been mislabeled or introduced at that
station, as the locality is so completely out of its proper habitat.
Its chance introduction by canal boats is easily possible.

Fl. — Late June to late September (probably).

Cape May. — Green Creek.

Panicum dichotomum L. Forked Panic Grass.

PI. IX., Fig. I.
Panicum dichotomum Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 58. 1753 [Virginia]. — Britton 280.

A Species of dry woodland not particularly abundant in our
region, but probably more characteristic of the Middle district
than of the Pine Barrens. In the latter it is found mostly along
the cleared strip of ground bordering the railroads from which
the undergrowth is constantly cut away as a precaution against
the spread of forest fires, and where various dry ground Pani-
cums flourish luxuriantly. That some of them owe their presence
to the railroads I have little doubt.

Fl. — Early June to mid-July.

Middle District.— Mick\e\on, Sicklerville (S), Yorktown (S).
Pine Barrens. — Lakehurst, Pancoast (S).
Cape May. — Court House.

20O REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Panicum cserulescens Hack. Bluish Panic Grass.

Panicum ccerulcscens "Hack" Hitchcock Contr. Nat. Herb. XH. 219. 1909
[Miami, Fla.].

Vicinity of Cold Spring, Cape May Co., the northern limit of
the species; collected June 30, 1909, by the writer.

FL — Late June to

Cape May. — Cold Spring (S).

Panicum barbulatum Michx. Large-fruited Barbed Panic Grass.
Panicum barbulatum Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. I. 49. 1803 [Carolina].

This has the same distribution as P. dichotoinum, occurring in
the Pine Barrens under the same conditions.
Fl. — Early June to mid-July.

Middle District.— 'Woodbury, Medford (S), Clementon (S), Bridgeton (S).
Pine Barrens. — Pancoast, Dennisville (S).
Cape May. — Court House, Bennett.

Panicum lucidum Aslie. Spliagnum Panic Grass.

Panicum lucidum Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitch., Sci. Soc. XV. 47. 1898 [Lake

Mattamuskeet, N. C.]. — Keller and Brown 36.
Panicum sphagnicola Nash, Brit. Man. Ed. I. 85.

Plentiful in bogs in the Pine Barrens and Cape May region,
and less abundant in the Middle district.
Fl. — Mid-June to mid-August.

Middle District. — Farmingdale, Grenloch, Tomlin, Lawnside (S), Beaver
Dam (S).

Pine Barrens. — Allaire, Lakehurst, Davenport, Forked River, Coxe's,
Bamber, Speedwell, Chatsworth, High Bridge (S), Atsion (H&C), Vine-
land (S), Folsom i2th St., Pancoast, Tuckahoe (S), Palermo.

Coast Strip. — Anglesea, Wildwood.

Cape May. — Court House, Dias Creek, Cold Spring.

Panicum microcarpon Muhl. Barbed Panic Grass.

Panicum microcarpon "Muhlenberg," Elliot Bot. S. C. and Ga. 1816

[Georgia].
Panicum barbulatutn, Keller and Brown 36.

fPanicum nitidum var. ramitlosum Torrey, Flora Nor. U. S. 146. 1824. —
[Quaker Bridge, N. J.].

Damp shaded spots; apparently common except in the Pine
Barrens.

Fl. — iMid-June to mid-August.

PLIANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 201

Middle District.— Shark River, Farmingdale, Allaire (S), Pt. Pleasant (S).
New Egypt, Birmingham, Fish House, Medford (S), Ballinger's Mill, Lawn-
side, Albion, Clementon, Sickkrville, Swedesboro, Yorktown, Riddleton, West
of Vineland (S).

Coast Strip. — Palermo, Peermont (S), Avalon, Wildwood.

Cape May. — South Dennis (S), Court House.

Panicum mattamuskeetense Ashe. Mattamuskeet Panic Grass.

Panicum mattamuskeetense Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitch. Sci. Soc. XV. 45.
1898 [Lake Mjattamuskeet, N. C.].

Differs from the next only in its greater pubescence; possibly
not distinct, in which case all the specimens will be known by
the present name, which is the older. The only specimen that
seems to belong here is one collected by Mr. Stewardson Brown
at Anglesea, Cape May Co., in 1897.

Fl. — Mid- June to early August.

Coast Strip. — Anglesea.

Panicum clutei Nash. Clute's Panic Grass.

Panicum clutei Nash, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, p. 569. 1899 [Tuckerton to
Atsion, N. J.].

An abundant and easily recognized grass of damp spots in the
Pine Barrens and Cape May region, and occurring here and
there in the Middle district also.

Fl. — Mid-June to early August.

Middle District. — Como, Farmingdale, New Egypt, 3 miles west of Cam-
den, Griffith's Swamp, Lawnside, Kirkwood, Yorktown, Centerton, Dividing
Creek.

Pine Barrens. — Allaire, Pt. Pleasant, Toms River, Lakehurst, two miles
south New Egypt, Bamber, Pasadena, Manahawkin, Tuckerton, Speedwell
(S), Chatsworth, White Horse, Bear Swamp (S), Ballinger's Mills, Clem-
enton, Albion, Sicklerville, Ancora, Landisville, Winslow Jnc, Pancoast,
Millville.

Cape May. — Bennett, Court House (S).

Panicum wrigPitianum Scribn. Wright's Panic Grass-

Panicum Wrightianum Scribner, Bull. XL Div. Agrost. U. S. Dept. Agr. 44.
1898 [Biloxi, Miss.].— Stone, Bartonia H., p. 29, 1910.

Bogs of southern Cape May County.

This beautiful little Panicum, distinguished from all our other
species by the extremely minute spikelets, was discovered near
Bennett, June 30, 1909, by the writer in company with several

202 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

members of the Philadelphia Botanical Club. It had not been,
recorded previously from north of North Carolina.
Fl. — Late June to late September,

Cape May. — Bennett.

Panicum spretum Scliultes. Eaton's Panic Grass.

Panicum spretum Schultes, Mant. II. 248. 1824 [New England].
Panicum paucipiluni Nash, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, p. 573. 1899 [Wildwood,
N. J.].

Plentiful in bogs and wet swamps in the Pine Barren and
Cape May districts. The types oi P. paucipiluni were collected
by Mr. E. P. Bicknell, May 30, 1897, ^^ Wildwood, N. J.
Specimens from Lakehurst differ in having the spikelets more
elongated, but are regarded as inseparable by Hitchcock and
Chase.

Fl. — Late June to early August.

Pine Barrens. — Lakehurst, Bamber, Chatsworth, Bear Swamp, Winslow,
Atsion (H&C), Belleplaine.

Cape Maj'.— South Dennis (S), Court House, Dias Creek, Goshen, Whites-
boro, Bennett.

Coast Strip.— WMwood (H&C).

Panicum lindheimeri Nash. Lindheimer's Panic Grass.

Panicum Lindheimeri Nash, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. XXIV. 196 [Texas].
Di-y ground throughout our region.
Fl. — Mid-June to early August.

Middle District.— ^armingdale, Pemberton Jnc, Haddonfield (S), Med-
ford, Washington Park, Lindenwold, Sicklerville (S), Glassboro (S) York-
town, Bridgeton (S).

Pine Barrens.— ^ew Lisbon, W. Plains (S), Speedwell (S), Ballinger's
Mill, Winslow Jnc. (S), Folsom Twelfth St., Manahawkin, Woodbine,
Palermo.

Coast Strip. — Wildwood.

Cape May.— Dias Creek (S), Fishing Creek (OHB).

Panicum leucothrix Nash. Glaucous Panic Grass.

Panicum leucothrix Nash, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, XXIV. 41. 1897 [Eustis,
Lake Co., Fla.]

Sandy ground in the Pine Barrens ; apparently not very
common.

Fl. — Late June to late August, probably.

Pine Barrens.— 'Forked River (H&C), Chatsworth, Atsion (H&C), Mouth
of Batsto, Absecon (S).

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 203

Panicum huachucae Ashe. Huachuca Panic Grass.

Panicum huachucs Ashe, Jour. EHsha Mitch. Sci. Soc. XV. 51. 1898
[Huachuca Mts., Arizona].

So far as our material g-oes this species seems to be restricted
to the Middle district and Coastal strip, and the typical form is
apparently not common in our region.

The majority of our specimens have been identified by Hitch-
cock and Chase as P. h. silvicola,'^ but many others are marked
as intermediate and the characters are so slight that in practice
it seems impossible to recognize them as distinct.

Fl. — Mid-June to late July.

Middle District. — Farmingdale, Sicklerville, Yorktown.
Coast Strip. — Beach Haven (L), Picrmont, Cold Spring.

Panicum tennesseense Ashe. Tennessee Panic Grass.

Panictim tennesseense Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitch. Sci. Soc. XV. 52. 1898
[La Vergne Co., Tenn.].

Distribution as in the last.
Fl'. — Mid-June to mid-July.

Middle District.— Riddleton, Tabernacle (S).

Coast Strip. — St. Albans (L), Palermo, Piermont, Wildwood.

Panicum meridionale Ashe. Gray Panic Grass.

Panicum meridionale Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitch. Sci. Soc. XV. 59. 1898
[Chapel Hill, N. C.].

Dry ground ; abundant in the Pine Barrens, also in the Coast
strip and Cape May district.

Starred specimens in the list of localities have been identified
by Hitchcock and Chase as P. albemarlense, a species which so
far as this New Jersey material goes I find it impossible to sepa-
rate from P. meridionale.

Fl. — Mid-June to mid-August.

*Panicum huachucce silvicola Hitchcock and Chase, Rhodora X. 64. 1908
[District of Columbia].

Middle District. — Ballinger's Mill (S), Medford (S), edge of Bear Swamp,
Swedesboro.

Coast Strip. — Sea Bright, Forked River, Spray Beach (L), St. Albans (L),
Surf City (L), Beach Haven (L), Barnegat City Jnc. (L), Barrel Island (L),
Avalon.

204 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Middle District. — Horneistown, Grenloch,* Medford* (S).

Pine Barrens. — Allaire, Farmingdale, Lakehurst, Brown's Mills Jnc, East
Plains, Chatsworth, Ballinger's Mill,* Bear Swamp* (S), Berlin (S), Sickler-
ville, Landisville, Atsion (H&C), Winslow Jnc, Pancoast, Palermo.

Coast Strip.— Anglesea, Piermont (S), Surf City* (L), N. Beach Haven*
(L), Holgates (L), Ship Bottom (L).

Panicum oricola Hitch. & Chase. Coast Panic Grass.

Panicum oricola Hitchcock and Chase, Rhodora VHI. 208. 1906 [Lewes,
Del.].

Apparently restricted to the Coast strip and Pine Barrens.
Fl. — Early June to mid-August.

Pine Barrens. — Toms River (H&C), Hornerstown, Forked River (H&C),
Pasadena, Tuckerton (H&C), Chatsworth, E. Plains (H&C), Millville, Win-
slow Jnc, Hammonton (H&C), Atsion (H&C), Absecon (H&C).

Coast Strip.— Ship Bottom (L), Spray Beach (L), Surf City (L), Beach
Haven (L), Peahala (L), Beach Haven Terrace (L), Atlantic City (H&C).

Panicum ianuginosum Ell.f Downy Panic Grass.

Panicum Ianuginosum Elliott, Bot. S. C. and Ga. I. 123. [Georgia].

Restricted to the coastal strip, where it is common along the
edge of the salt marshes.
Fl. — Late June to late July.

Coast 5"/n>— Peahala (L), Beach Haven (L), St. Albans (L), Surf City
(L), N. Beach Haven (L), Beach Haven Terrace (L), Palermo, Piermont
(S), Anglesea. Wildwood (H&C), Bennett (S).

Panicum villosissimum Nash. Wooly Panic Grass.

Panicum villosissimum^ Nash, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club XXHI. 149. 1896
[Ocmulgee Swamp, Ga.].

Throughout our region in sandy localities, usually in woods.
Fl. — Early June to early July.

Middle District.— Arneys Mt. (S), Grenloch, Mickleton, Glassboro (S),
Sicklerville, Centerton (S), Husted (S), Millville.

*Panicum albemarlense Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitch. Sci. Soc XVI. 84. 1900
[Beaufort and Hyde Cos., N. C.].

t Hitchcock and Chase record P. auburne from New Jersey in Gray's
Manual, Ed. VH., 1908, p. iii, but apparently repudiate the statement in their
subsequent monograph of the genus where they do not know it north of
Virginia.

PLIANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 205

Pine Barrens. — Bear Swamp, Ballinger's Mill, Cedar Brook, Landisville,
Inskip, Winslow Jnc, Folsom, Petersburg.

Coast Strip. — Avalon.

Cape May.— Court House (S), Wildwood Jnc. (H&C), Dias Creek, Ben-
nett, Cold Spring (S), Fishing Creek (OHB).

Panicum pseudopubescens Nash. Smoothish Panic Grass.

Panicum pseudopubescens Nash, Bull. Torr. Club XXVI. 577. 1899 [Auburn,
Lee Co., Ala.].

One specimen collected by Mr. Benjamin Heritage near
Mickleton has been identified as this species by Hitchcock and
Chase, and several other records appear in their monograph of
the genus. Evidently not common.

Middle Du^nVf.— Camden (H&C), Mickleton.
Pine Barrens. — Atsion (H&C).
Cape May.— Wildwood Jnc. (H&C).

Panicum commonsianum Ashe. Commons' Panic Grass.

Panicum commonsianum Ashe, Jour. Elisha Mitch. Sci. Soc. XV. 55- 1898
[Cape May Pt.. N. J.].

Plentiful in dry ground throughout the Pine Barren and Cape
May districts. The type was collected by Mr. Albert Commons,
the well known authority on the Delaware flora, at Cape May
Point, N. J.

Fl. — Early June to late July.

Pine Barrens. — Farmingdale (S), Lakehurst, Davenport, Toms River
(H&C), Whitings, Brown's Mills, New Lisbon, Bamber, Forked River, Pasa-
dena, E. Plains (S), Speedwell, Chatsworth (S), White Horse (S), Taber-
nacle, head of Batsto River, Clementon, Sumner, Albion, Sicklerville, east of
Centerton (S), Vineland (S), Landisville (T), Atsion (H&C), Millville,
Twelfth St., Pancoast.

Coast Strip.— WM^ood (H&C).

Cape May.— Cape May Pt. (S).

Panicum commonsianum addisonii Nash. Addison Brown's Panic Grass.

Panicum addisonii Nash, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club XXV. 83. 1898 [Wildwood,
N. J.].

Common in dry sandy ground, especially in the Pine Barrens,
but locally at least throughout our region.

The type specimen of this species, which is essentially a
diminutive of the preceding, was collected by Mr. E. P. Bicknell
at Wildwood, May 30, 1897. It is named after Hon. Addison
Brown, joint author of the "Illustrated Flora."

2o6 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

So many New Jersey specimens are regarded as intermediate
between commonsiammi and addisonii by Hitchcock and Chase,
to whom they were submitted, that it seems more reasonable
to regard them as sub-species rather than as full species.

Fl. — Early June to late July.

Middle District. — Farmingdale (S), Woodbury, Tomlinson's Medford (S),
Lawnside (S), Union Grove (S), Bridgeton (S).

Pine Barretts. — Lakchurst, Toms River (H&C), Whitings, Brown's Mills,
E. Plains (S), Tuckerton (H&C), Chatsworth, Albion, Ballinger's Mills, Lan-
disville, Inskip, Atsion (H&C), Mays Landing,, Somers Pt. (H&C).

Coast ^<r!>.— Wildwood (H&C), Piermont (S).

Cape May.— Wildwood Jnc. (H&C), Dias Creek (S), Cape May (S).

Panicum tsugetorum Nash. Hemlock Panic Grass.

Panictim tsugetorum Nash, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club XXV. 86. 1898 [N. Y.
Botanic Garden].

Casually throughout our region, but most plentiful in the pine
woods of the Pine Barrens in company with the two preceding
and the following.

Fl. — Early June to late July.

Middle District. — Riverside, Lawnside (S), Medford (S), Glassboro (S),
Centerton (S), Bridgeton (S).

Pine Barrens.— VovktA River (H&C), Tuckerton (H&C), E. Plains (S),
Chatsworth (S), White Horse (S), Atsion (H&C), Pancoast (S), Palermo.

Cape ilf ay.— Wildwood Jnc. (H&C), Bennett (S), Court House.

Panicum columbianum Scribn. Columbia Panic Grass.

Panicum columbianum Scribner, Bull. VH. Div. Agrost. U. S. Dept. Agr. 78.

1897 [N. Eng. to Carolinas, Tenn. and Ala.]. — Keller and Brown 37.
Panicum psammophilum Nash, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club XXVL 576. 1899

[Toms River, N. J.].

Dry sandy woods of the Pine Barrens and casually in the
Middle, Cape May and Coast districts.
Fl. — Early June to late July.

Middle District. — Shark River, Grenloch, Lawnside.

Pine Barrens. — Allaire (S), Farmingdale (S), Lakehurst (H&C), Toms
River (H&C), Brown's Mills, New Lisbon, Tuckerton (H&C), E. Plains,
Chatsworth, Atco, Sicklerville, Atsion (H&C), Folsom, Pancoast, Palermo.

Coast Strip.— Anglesea, Wildwood (H&C).

Cape May. — Court House.

PLiANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 207

Panicum columbianum thinium Hitch & Chaso.

Panicum unciphyllutn thinium Hitchcock and Chase, Rhodora VIII. 209.
[Toms River, N. J.]

Distribution similar to the last, from which it is perhaps hardly
separable.

Fl. — Early June to late July.

Middle District. — Lawnside (S), Mantoloking (H&C).

Pine Barrens.— Toms River (H&C), Forked River (H&C), Chatsworth
(S), Bear Swamp (S), Atsion (H&C), Tuckerton (H&C), Palermo, Egg
Harbor City.

Coast Strip — Ocean City (S).

Cape May. — Court House (S).

Panicum ensifolium Baldwin. Britton's Panic Grass.

Panicum ensifolium Baldwin, in Elliott Flor. S. Car. & Ga. I. 126. 1817

[Georgia].
Panicum Brittoni Nash, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club XXIV. 194. 1897 [Forked

River, N. J.].

Boggy or wet sandy ground in the Pine Barren and Cape
May districts, and locally in west Jersey.

This is the most delicate species after P. zvrightianum. It
was first collected in New Jersey by Dr. N. L. Britton at Forked
River, in 1896, and as it was at that time thought to be a new
species, Mr. Nash named it in honor of the collector.

FL — Early June to mid-July.

Middle District. — Lawnside (S).

Pine Barrens.— Allaire, Pt. Pleasant, Toms River (H&C), Forked River,
Manahawkin, Penn Place (H&C), Atsion (H&C), Chatsworth, Speedwell,
Pancoast.

Cape May. — Cold Spring.

Panicum sphaerocarpon Ell. Round-fruited Panic Grass.

Panicum sphcerocarpon Elliot, Flor. of S. Car. & Ga. I. 125. 1817 [Georgia].
Britton 281. — Keller and Brown 27.

Sandy ground; locally in northern New Jersey and common
throughout our region. One of the most uniformally distributed
and easily recognized species, the small round spikelets, broad,
short and stiff leaves being particularly characteristic.

Fl. — Mid-June to mid-August.

Middle District. — Medford, Lawnside (S).

Pine Sarr^M.?.— Farmingdale (S), Forked River, Tuckerton, New Lisbon,
White Horse, Chatsworth, Speedwell (S), Atco, Pancoast (S), Palermo,
Dennisville (S).

2o8 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Coast Strip.— Spray Beach (L), Peahala (L), Barnegat City Jnc. (L),
Beach Haven (L). St. Albans (L), Surf City (L), Barrel Isl. (L), Long-
port (S), Avalon. Piermont, Wildwood.

Cape 3/aj'.— Wildwood Jnc, Bennett, Cold Spring (S), Green Creek (S),
Cape May (H&C).

Panicum polyanthes Schultes. Small-fruited Panic Grass.

Panicum polyanthes Schultes, Mant. II. 257. 1824. New name for P. multi-

florum Ell. [nee. Poir] [S. Carolina].
Panicum microcarpon Britton 281.

Damp shady ground, apparently not very common in our
region, and found only in the Middle and Cape May districts.
Fl. — Late June to mid-July. Secondary panicles very rare.

Middle District.—Sea Bright, Camden Co. (C), Pemberton Jnc. (S), Med-
ford (S), Ballinger's Mill (S), Yorktown, Maple Shade.
Cape May. — Bennett.

Panicum commutatumi Schultes. Variable Panic Grass.

Panicum comviniatum Schultes, Mant. III. 24. 1824 [Carolina and Georgia].

Our only record is at Bennett, Cape May Co., where I col-
lected it June 30, 1909.

Fl. — Early June to late July.
Cape May. — Bennett (S).

Panicum ashei Pearson. Ashe's Panic Grass.

Panicum Ashei T. G. Pearson, in Ashe Jour. Elisha Mitch. Sci. Soc. XV.
35. 1898 [Wilmington, N. C.].

Plentiful in dry sandy woodland of the Pine Barrens and Cape
May districts, and less abundant in the Middle district and Coast
itrip.

The early forked branching and general smooth rigid ap-
pearance are characteristic of this species, as is the frequent
purplish coloration.

Fl. — Late May to mid-July, rarely later.

Middle District. — Shark River, Woodbury, Glassboro (S), Sewell (S),
Bridgeton (S), Yorktown.

Pine Barrens. — Bamber, Waretown, Tuckerton (H&C), Albion (S), Sick-
lerville, Landisville, Millville, Atsion (H&C), Winslow Jnc, Folsom, Egg
Harbor City (H&C), Pancoast, Petersburg, Dennisville (S).

Coast Strip.— \NMvjooA (H&C).

Cape May.—Qonrt House, Wildwood Jnc (H&C), Bennett (S), Whites-
boro (S).

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 209

Panicum scribnerianum Nash. Scribner's Panic Grass.

Panicum scribnerianum Nash, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club XXII. 421. 1895.

New name for P. scopariiim minor Scrib. [nee P. capillare minor Muhl.]

[Wysox, Pa.]. — Keller and Brown ^y.
Panicum scoparium Button, 280.

Restricted to the Middle district and certain localities in the
northern counties. Locally common in dry, sandy ground.
Named for Prof. P. Lamson Scribner, the well known agros-
tologist, who was for some years an active student of the flora
of Philadelphia and vicinity and who first mounted and arranged
the North American grasses in the herbarium of the Philadelphia
Academy.

Fl. — Late May to early July.

Middle District. — Crosswicks Creek, Delanco, Riverside, Woodbury, Gren-
loch, Lawnside (S), Collingswood (S), Medford (S), Mt. Holly, Swedes-
boro.

Panicum oligosanthes Schultes. Few-fruited Panic Grass.

Panicum oligosanthes Schultes, Mant. II. 256. 1824. [New name for P.
pauciHorum EU. — .Georgia].

Known only from the Middle, Pine Barren and Cape May dis-
tricts, where I have collected it in sandy soil at several localities.
Previously it was not known north of Delaware.

Fl. — Early June to mid-July.

Middle District. — Medford, Lawnside (S).
Pine Barrens. — Atsion (H&C).
Cape May. — Bennett.

Panicum scoparium Lam. Velvety Panic Grass.

Panicum scoparium Lamark, Encycl. VII. 744. 1797 [S. Carolina]. — Keller

and Brown 2>7-
Panicum, viscidum Britton 281.

Common in moist ground along the entire coast marshes and
up the Delaware River at least to Camden, following the larger
streams into the limits of the Middle and Pine Barren districts at
several points.

Its large size and dense velvety pubescence serve to dis-
tinguish it.

Fl. — Early July to late August.

14 MUS

2IO REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Middle District. — Kaighns Pt., National Park, So. Wcstville, 8 miles west
Mickleton, Centcrton (S), Bridgeton (S), Dividing Creek.

Pine Barretus. — Williamstown Jnc, Winslow Jnc, Folsom, Woodbine (S),
Dennisville.

Coast Stril^. — Avon (H&C), Pt. Pleasant. Manahawkin, Spray Beach (L)
Tuckerton (II&C), Palermo, Ocean City, Estelville, Mays Landing (S),
Angiosca, Wildwood (H&C), Pecrmont (S), Manumuskin (S).

Cape May. — Cold Spring, Court House, Cape May.

Panicum cryptanthum Ashe. Sheathed Panic Grass.

Panicum cryt^ianthum Ashe, N. C. Agr. Sta. Bull. 175, 115. igoo [Wilson's
Mill, N. C.].

Known only from Twelfth St. (Folsom), Atlantic Co., near
where it crosses Hospitality Branch in the Pine Barrens. It was
collected here July 27, 1909, by Mr. Bayard Long, and thereby
its range was extended far northward.

Hitchcock and Chase* have recorded this specimen as from
Atlantic City, a locality thirty miles to the east in a totally differ-
ent floral district.
Pine Barrens. — Twelfth St. Folsom.

Panicum aculeatum Hitchcock & Chase. Chase's Panic Grass.

Panicum aculeatum Hitchcock and Chase, Rhodora VUI. 209. 1906 [Tacoma
Park, D. C.].

Just as the work is passing through the press Mr. O. H.
Brown sends a Panicum from Cape May, w'hich agrees in all
respects with this species, except that the spikelets are a little
smaller and the leaves shorter than a specimen from the District
of Columbia collected by Mr. House. If not identical it repre-
sents a form exceedingly close to P. aculeatum. Mr. Long has
apparently the same thing from Albion, September 7, 19 10.

Panicum scabriusculum Ell. Elliot's Panic Grass.

Panicum scrabriusculum Elliot, Bot. S. C. and Ga. I. 121 fSavannah].

Confined to moist ground in the Pine Barrens. First dis-
covered in the State by Mr. Bayard Long on Hospitality Branch,
where it crosses Twelfth St. (Folsom), July 27, 1909.

Not previously know-n from north of Virginia.

Fl. — Early July to mid-August.

*N. A. Panicum. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 15, p. 299.

PLiANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 211

Pine Barrens. — Twelfth St. Hospitality Branch, Pleasant Mills,N. of Atsion.

Panicum clandestinum L. Hispid Panic Grass.

Panicum clandestinum Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 58. 1753 [Pennsylvania]. — Britton
280.

Swampy thickets ; common in the northern counties and also
in the Middle district and Coast strip all the way to Cape May,
but not recorded from the Pine Barrens.

PL — Mid- June to early September.

Middle District. — Farmingdale, New Egj^pt, Delanco. Hartford, Fish House,
Haddonfield (S), Medford, Ballinger's Mill (S), Lawnside (S), Woodbury,
Tomlin, Albion, Swedesboro, Yorktown, Centerton (S).

Coast Strip. — Sandy Hook (NB), Toms River, Manahawkin, Ocean City
(S), Piermont, Wildwood (H&C), Holly Beach (UP).

Cape May. — Court House. Cold Spring.

Panicum boscii Poir. Porter's Panic Grass.

Panicum Boscii Poiret, in Lam. Encycl. Suppl. IV : 278. 1816 [Carolina].

Casual in the Middle district and probably common in the
northern counties. While some specimens present more pubes-
cence than others, none seem worthy of separation under P. h.
molle.

PL — Early June to early August.

Middle District. — Westville, Medford, Swedesboro, Fairton.
Cape May. — Bennett, Cape May.

Panicum latifoiium L. Broad-leaved Panic Grass.

Panicum latifoiium Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 58. 1753 [America]. — Britton 280.
Panicum macrocarpon Le Conte, Torrey Cat. 91. 1819. — Keller and Brown 38.

Edges of woods, dry ground ; common in the northern part of
the State, but rare within our region and confined to the Middle
district.

PL — Early June to mid-July.
Middle District. — Mickleton.

SACCIOLEPIS Nash.

Sacciolepis striata (L.). Gibbous Panic Grass.

Holcus striatus Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 1048. 1753 [Virginia].
Sacciolepis gibba Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1908, p. 456.

212 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Confined to the lower part of the Cape May peninsula, growing
in moist soil. This species was discovered on the border of Lily
Lal'ce, Cape May Point, in September, 1905, by Mr. C. S.
Williamson. It was not previously known from north of Vir-
ginia.

Fl. — Early August into October.

Cape May. — Cape May Pt.

ECHINOCHLOA Beauvois.

Echinocloa walteri (Pursh). Salt-Marsh Cockspur Grass.

PI. XL, fig. 3.
Panicum Walteri Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. I. 66. 1814 [Canada and New York

near salt water].
Panicum Crus-galli hispidum Knieskern 40. — Britton 282.

Common along the edge of salt marshes on the entire coast
and introduced at a few spots in west Jersey. Distinguished
from the common weed "Barnyard Grass" B. Crus-galli (L)
by its much larger head and longer bristles.

Fl. — Late August to early October.

Middle District. — Clementon.

Maritime. — Seaside Park (Ha), Forked River, Barnegat City (L),
Harvey Cedars (L), Beach Haven (L), Ocean City (S), Tuckahoe (S),
Sea Isle City (S), Avalon, Cape May, Dennisville (S).

CH/ETOCHLOA Scribner.

Key to the Species

a. Bristles downwardly barbed, spikes adhering to one's clothing.

[C. verticillata]*
aa. Bristles upwardly barbed..

b. Spike 20-50 cm. long, green. C. magna, p. 213

bb. Spike 10-20 cm. long, purplish. [C. italica]'\

bbb. Spike less than 15 cm. long.

c. Annual, with merely a tuft of slender rootlets.

d. Bristles green, spikelets 2 mm. long. [C. viridis]t

dd. Bristles tawny yellow, spikelets 2.5-3 rnm- [C. glauca]%

cc. Perennial, with a creeping root stalk.

d. Culms tufted, green or purplish. C. imherbis, p. 213

"*■' Barbed Foxtail Grass. A weed about dwellings,
t Millet. Cultivated and escaped in waste ground.
± Green Foxtail Grass. A common weed.
§ Yellow Foxtail Grass. A common weed.

PIvANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 213

dd. Culms not tufted, bristles and tips of spikelets purplish.
Coast plant. C. i. versicolor, p. 213

Chaetochloa imberbis R. & S. Native Fox-tail Grass.

PI. XL, Fig. 5.
Setaria imberbis Roemer and Schultes, Syst. II. 891 [N. A. and Brazil].

Moist ground in the Middle district ; probably more common
than our collections would indicate, as it has been confused with
the introduced species C glanca and C. viridis, so common about
cultivated ground. It can be told at once by the creeping root-
stalk, being a perennial, while the others are annuals.
PL — Mid-July to late September.
Middle District. — Pemberton Jnc. (S), Delanco, Camden.

Chaetochloa imberbis versicolor (Bicknell). Coast Fox-tail Grass.

Chcetochloa versicolor Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club. 25. Feb., 1898. p. 105
[Van Courtland Park, N. Y.].

Common along the edges of the salt marshes on the coast as
well as on the bay shore of Cape May at least as far as Dias
Creek.

Fl. — Mid-July to late September.

Maritime. — Seaside Park, Forked River, Manahawkin, Surf City (L),
Barnegat City (L), St. Albans (L)„ Peahala (L), Beach Haven Terrace (L),
Sherburn's (L), Beach Haven (L), Cedar Bonnet (L), Absecon (S), Atlan-
tic City, Ocean City, Palermo, Cape May Court House, Cape May, Dias Creek.

Chaetochloa magna (Griseb.). Giant Fox-tail Grass.

Setaria magna Grisebeck, Fl. Brit. W. Indies. 1861. 554 [Jamaica].

Found on the edge of the salt marshes near the Cape May
Point lighthouse, in September, 1891, by the writer, but not seen
there in recent years. Re-discovered September, 191 1. on the
ocean side of the peninsula, below Cold Spring, by Mr. O. H.
Brown. There is also a specimen in the Academy from the W.
Wynne Wister herbarium labeled "N. J. 1863."

Fl. — Late July to late September or into October.

Maritime.— WMwood (UP), Cape May Pt. (S), Near Cold Spring.

CENCHRUS L.

Key to the Species.
a. Bur-like involucres, 8 mm. thick, short, pubescent. C. carolinianus, p. 214
aa. Bur-like involucres, 12-14 mm- thick, densely long, pubescent.

C. tribuloides, p. 214

214 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Flowering Data. — Time of year indicates the season during
\vhich well developed involucres and intact racemes are present.

Cenchrus carolinianus Walt. Hedgehog Grass. Sand Bur.

PI. XV., Fig. 6.
Cenchrus carolinianus Walter, Flor. Carolina, 79. 1788 [Carolina, probably].
Cenchrus iribuloides Knieskern 40. — Britton 282 (in part). — Keller and Brown

39-
Cenchrus echinatus Muhlenberg, Cat. 7. 1813. — Barton Flora Phila. I. 38.
1818.— Muhlenberg Gram. 51. 1817.— Torrey Fl. U. S. I. 68. 1824.

Common in sandy soil throughout our region, extending into
the Northern district along the Delaware and in Bergen Co.,
according to Britton.

The character of the occurrence of this grass would seem to
indicate that it was not originally found in the Pine Barrens or
Coast region, but has entered from the surrounding areas.

Fl. — Mid-July to late September.

Middle District. — New Egypt, Delanco, Camden, Blackwood, Washington
Park (S). Swedesboro.
Pine Barrens. — Landisville, Twelfth St., Absecon (S).
Coast Strip. — Beach Haven (L).
Cape May. — Court House (S), Goshen (S), Dias Creek.

Cenchrus tribuloides L. Coast Sand Bur.

Cenchrus tribuloides Linna?us, Sp. PI. 1050. 1753 [Coast of Virginia]. —
Muhlenberg, Cat. 7. 1813. — Pursh Fl. Am. Sept. I. 60. 1814. — Muhlenberg
Gram. 52. 181 7.— Torrey Fl. U. S. I. 69. 1824.

Cenchrus macrocephalus Keller and Brown 39.

Common on sand dunes along the lower half of the coast.
Fl. — Mid-July to mid-September.

Maritime.—Smi City (L), Tucker's (L), Beach Haven (L), Holgate's
(L), St. Albans (L), Spray Beach (L), Atlantic City, Longport (S), Ocean
City, Stone Harbor (S), Anglesea, Wildwood, Cape May (OHB).

ZIZANIA L.

Zizania palustris L. Wild Rice.

Zizania palustris Linnaeus, Mantissa II. 295. 1771 [North America].
Zizania aqiiatica Knieskern 2,7- — Barton Fl. Phila. H. 168. 1818. — Britton 283.

Plentiful in water along the larger rivers and swamps of the
Middle and Cape May districts and the Coastal strip, running
well up into the Pine Barrens along the principal water courses,
but not strictly speaking, a member of the Pine Barren flora.

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 215

This is the Wild Rice which covers the broad marshes of the
Delaware as well as those of Newark and Hackensack, associated
with Cat-tails, Spartina and Phragmites. By the latter part of
July it is in full flower, and the drooping sprays of staminate
flowers and broad green leaves remind one of a field of narrow
leaved corn. In September it has become the shelter of thousands
of reed birds and rail, and the gunners soon begin to beat
and trample it down in pursuit of their game. The storms of
autumn complete the work and by winter the acres of swaying
and fluttering foliage are reduced to a dense brown mat which
covers the marsh, and through which, in the following spring, the
tender green sprouts of the next year's crop push their way and
once again give color to the meadows.

The Rice sometimes follows the course of small streams for
many miles back from the rivers or coast. I have found it on
Cooper's Creek, twelve miles from its mouth, while it follows the
larger streams as far as the head of tidewater. Very often a dam
makes a sharp line of demarkation between the tidewater and
Pine Barren floras, as at Toms River, Batsto, Mays Landing,
Millville, etc., and checks abruptly the range of the Wild Rice.

Fl. — Mid-July through August, spikelets soon dropping.

Middle District. — New Eg>'pt, Pemberton (NB), Fish House, Oaklyn (S),
Mickleton, Swedesboro, Salem (S).

Coast Strip. — Metedeconk River (NY), Toms River (S), Forked River,
Weekstown, Forks of Batsto, Mays Landing.

Cape May.— Cold Spring (OHB), New England Creek (OHB).

HOMALOCENCHRUS Mieg.

a. Spikelets 2.5-3 nam. long, greenish, panicle branches rigid.

H. virginicus, p. 215
aa. Spikelets 4-5 mm. long, whitish, panicle branches drooping.

H. oryzoides, p. 216

Homalocenchrus virginicus (Willd.). White Grass.

Leersia virginica Willdenow, Sp. PI. i. 325. 1797 [North America]. — Barton,

Fl. Phil. I. 41. 1818. — Knieskern 37.
Homalocenchrus virginica Britton 283. — Keller and Brown 39.

Common in damp shady spots in the Middle and Cape May
districts.

Fl. — Late July to early September, spikelets of exserted
panicles soon dropping.

2i6 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Middle District.— Sea Bright (NY), New Egypt, Hartford, Merchantville
(KB), Delairc, Oaklyn (S), Springdale (S), Mickleton (NY), Washington
Park (S), Swedesboro, Woodstown (KB), Salem (S).

Cape May. — Whitesboro, Green Creek (S), Sluice Creek (S).

Homalocejichrus oryzoides (L.). Rice Cut-Grass.
PI. VII., Fig. 4.
Phalaris oryzoides Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 55. 1753 [Virginia].
Homalocenchrus orysoides Britton 284.
Leersia oryzoides Barton, Fl. Phil. I. 41. 1818. — Knieskern ^y.

Common in wet swamps throughout, except in the Pine Bar-
rens, where it occurs only as an intrusion from the coast.

Fl. — Early August to mid-September, spikelets of exserted
panicles soon dropping.

Middle District.— l^ew Egypt, Delanco (S), Hartford, Camden (P), Oak-
lyn (S), Lawnside (S), Springdale (S) Lindenwold (S), Clementon, Albion,
Tomlin, Salem (S), Dividing Creek.

Coast Strip. — Bay Head (NY), Barnegat City (L), Manahawkin, 4 mi. E.
of Hammonton (S), Forks of Batsto, Mays Landing (S), Piermont (S),
Wildwood (UP).

Cape May.— Seaville (S), 3 mi. W. of Court House (S), Cape May (OHB).

PHALARIS L.
Phalaris arundinacea L. Reed Canary Grass.

PI. X., Fig. 3.
Phalaris arundinacea Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 55. 1753 [Europe]. — Britton 285.

Frequent in open swamps in the northern counties, extending
into the upper part of the Middle district.
PL — Early June to early July.

Middle District. — Pt. Pleasant, New Egj-pt, Delair, Pemberton Jnc. (S),
Mickleton, Swedesboro.

SAVASTANA Schrank.

Savastana odorata (L.). Holy Grass.

Holcus odoratus Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 1048. 1753 [Europe].

Hierochloa borealis Willis 76. — Torrey Flor. U. S. 150. 1824. — Knieskern 39.

Hierochloa odorata Britton 285.

Savastana odorata Keller and Brown 39.

Rather common along the edge of the salt marshes of the
coast, especially where they join the first low thickets of the up-
land. Reported from Salem, but we have no other records for
the bay shore.

PLIANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 217

The coastal strip seems to have a much later awakening in
spring time than the western part of the State, and when the
gray-green is beginning to tinge the landscape of the lower Dela-
ware valley the shore marshes are still wrapped in the dull brown
of winter. Even then, however, careful search will disclose the
little brownish spikes of the Holy Grass pushing through the
sod and unfurling their sprays of yellow anthers to the cold
winds that still sweep in from the ocean. The long narrow
glossy leaves come later and do not attain their full growth until
the flower stalk has dried up.

The Lake Como specimen has been identified as S. fiashii, but
the form does not appear separable.

Fl. — Late April to late May. Panicles appear in early April
and after flowering become dry and persist until midsummer.

Maritime.—Sea Bright (C), Lake Como, Squan (C), Pt. Pleasant (KB),
Bay Head, Surf City (L), Barnegat City (L), Beach Haven Terrace (L),
Anglesea (H), Cape May Ct. House, Cape May, Salem.

Also a specimen collected by J. H. Grove in a roadside near Lakehurst, July
23, 1808, perhaps introduced.

ARISTIDA L.

Key to the Species.

a. Awns twisted together spirally below the middle. A. tuberculosa, p. 3l8
aa. Awns separate to the base.

b. Middle awn coiled at the base, lateral awns very short.

A. dichotoma, p. 217
bb. Middle awn not coiled at the base.

c. Middle awn 35-70 mm. long, lateral awns not much shorter.

A. oligantha, p. 218
cc. Middle awn less than 25 mm. long.

d. Lower sheaths densely wooly. A. lanosa, p. 219

dd. Sheaths glabrous.

e. 3-8 dm. tall, panicle dense. A. purpurascens, p. 218

ee. 1.5-5 dm. tall, panicle slender. A. gracilis, p. 218

Aristida dichotoma Michx. Poverty Grass.

PI. VHL, Fig. 9.

Aristida dichotoma Michaux, Fl. Ber. Am. L 41. 1803 [Lincoln, N. Car.]. —
Knieskern 38. — Britton 286.

Dry ground throughout the State.
Fl. — Late August to early October.

2i8 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Middle District.— Kcyport (NB), New Egypt, Fish House (S), Orchard
(S), Westmont (S), Medford (S), Mickleton, Swedesboro.

Pine Barrens. — Waretown, Absecon, Atsion, Landisville, Mays Landing,
Palermo (S).

Aristida gracilis Ell. Slender Poverty Grass.

PI. VIII., Fig. 4.

Arist'-da gracilis Elliott, Bot. S. C. and Ga. I. 142. 1817 [Charleston, S. C.].—
Knieskern 38.— Gray Man. Ed. I. 584. 1848.— Britton 286.

Dry ground throughout the State, often growing with the last.
Fl. — Earh^ August to early October.

Middle District. — New Egypt, Crosswicks, Medford, Clementon, Taunton.

Pine Barrens. — Atsion, Mays Landing.

Coast Strip. — Forked River, Spray Beach (L), Sherburn's (L).

Cape May.— Green Creek (S).

Aristida tuberculosa Nutt. Beach Poverty Grass.

Aristida tuberculosa Nuttall, Genera I. 57. 1818 [Augusta, Ga.]. — Knieskern
38.— Willis 73.— Gray Man. Ed. I. 585. 1848.— Britton 286.— Keller and
Brown 40.

Sandy ground along the upper coast or inland therefrom,
where it has possibly followed the railroads. It occurs at South
Amboy to the north of our limits.

Fl. — Late August to late September.

Middle District.— Middlctown Pt., Keyport (NB).
Pine Barrens. — Pasadena (introduced along railroad).
Coast Strip. — Sandy Hook (NB), Waretown, Toms River.

Aristida oligantha Michx. Few-flowered Poverty Grass.

Aristida oligantha Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. I. 41. 1803 [Prairies of Illinois].

Dry sand}^ ground in the lower part of the Middle district;
first obtained at Swedesboro by Mr. C. D. Lippincott. I am
inclined to believe that this species has been introduced from the
Mississippi Valley.

Fl. — Late August to early October.

Middle District. — Fenwick, Clementon, Mickleton, Swedesboro.

Aristida purpurascens Poir. Purplish Poverty Grass.

PI. XII., Fig. 2.

Aristida purpurascens Poiret in Lamark Encycl. Suppl. I. 452. 1810 [Caro-
lina].— Knieskern 38.— Torrey Flora U. S. I. 81. 1824.— Britton 286.

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 219

Locally in the northern counties and locally common in dry
sandy ground throughout our region.
Fl. — Late August to early October.

Middle District.— 'Nevf Egypt, Freeman's, Med ford (S), Haddonfield (S),
Clementon, Lawnside (S), Washington Park (S), Woodbury, Tomlin, Pauls-
boro (H).

Pine Barrens. — Pasadena, Batsto, Albion, Atco, Atsion, Cedar Lake, Landis-
ville, Malaga (S), Mays Landing (C).

Coast Strip. — Cox's, Seaville, Piermont, Anglesea.

Cape May. — Court House (S), Anglesea Jnc, Bennett.

Aristida lanosa Muhl. Wooly Poverty Grass.

Aristida lanosa Muhlenberg, Gram. 174. 181 7 [Carolina].

Dry sandy ground, locally in the Middle and Cape May di.s-
tricts. First detected at Medford by Mr. Stewardson Brown
and the writer. Previously apparently confused with the pre-
ceding.

PL — Early August to mid-September.

Middle District. — Locust Grove (S), Medford (S), Lindenwold (S).
Cape May. — Town Bank (S).

STIPA L.
Stipa avenacea L. Black Oat Grass.

PI. VL, Fig. 3.

Stipa avenacea Linnseus, Sp. PI. 78. 1753 [Virginia].— Muhlenberg Gram.

181. 1817.— Torrey Fl. U. S. L 80. 1824.— Knieskern 38.— Britton 286.—

Keller and Brown 40.
Stipa bicolor Barton, Fl. Phil. L 54- 1818.

Locally in Bergen and Passaic counties and common in dry
sandy ground in the Middle district ; less common in other parts
of our region.

A striking grass with its long twisted awns.

Fl. — Late May to early June. Fruit matures very rapidly and
immediately drops.

Middle Dw^nVf.— Phalanx (NY), Farmingdale, Brindletown, Browns Mills,
Kaighns Pt., Westville (P), Sewell, Glassboro, Medford (S), Albion, Sickler-
vile, Berlin, Lindenwold, Mickleton, Swedesboro, Millville (S).

Pine Barrens. — Lakehurst, Landisville, Newtonville, Winslow Jnc, White
Horse (P), Mays Landing, Palermo. (Probably none of these typical Pine
Barrens.)

Cape May.— Dennisville (OHB), Cape May, Cold Spring.

220 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

MUHLENBERGIA Schreber.

Key to the Species.

a. Panicle purplish, open and diffuse, each spikelet on a filiform pedicel and
with a hair-like awn. M. capillaris, p. 221

aa. Panicle contracted, spike-like or exceedingly slender and appresscd, culms
branched.

b. Flowering scales not awned. M. mexicana, p. 220

bb. Flowering scales awned.

c. Panicles not dense and cylindrical.

d. Outer scales equal in length to the flowering scale.

M. sylvatica, p. 220
dd. Outer scales about two-thirds as long as the flowering scale.

M. tenuMora, p. 221
ddd. Outer scales minute, less than one-third as long as the flower-
ing scale. M. diffusa, p. 221
cc. Panicles dense and cylindrical, spike-like. M. foliosa, p. 220

Muhlenbergia foliosa Trin. Leafy Muhlenbergia.
Muhlenbergia foliosa Trinius, Gram. Unifl. 190. 1824 [Pennsylvania].

Bogs of the Middle district; rare (probably also northward),
only known from Lindenwold, where it was discovered by the
writer September 20, 1910, and was fairly plentiful in good con-
dition.

Fl. — Late August to early October.
Middle District. — Lindenwold.

Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.). Meadow Muhlenbergia.

PI. VII., Fig. 3.

Agrostis mexicana Linnaeus, Mant. I. 31. 1767 [America]. — Barton, Fl.

Phila. I. 42. 1818.
Muhlenbergia mexicana Knieskern 27- — Britton 287.

Throughout the northern counties; south locally in the Mid-
dle district and on the coast.

Fl. — Mid-August to late September.

Middle District. — New Egypt, Birmingham, Delair, Swedesboro.
Coast Strip. — Barnegat.

Muhlenbergia sylvatica (Torr.). Wood Muhlenbergia.

Agrostis sylvatica Torrey, Fl. U. S. I. 87. 1824 [Mountains of N. J.].
Muhlenbergia sylvatica Knieskern 27- — Britton 287.

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 221

Northern counties in shady moist ground, and reported from
Monmouth and Ocean counties by Knieskern.
Pine Barrens. — Landisville (T), probably introduced.

Muhlenbergia tenuiflora (Willd.). Slender Muhlenbergia.

Agrostis tenuiflora Willdenow, Sp. PI. I. 364. 1798 [North America].
Muhlenbergia tenuiflora Knieskern 37. — Britton 287. — Keller and Brown — 41.

Shady ground ; frequent in the northern counties and rare in
the Middle district. Reported by Knieskern from Ocean and
Monmouth Counties.

Fl. — Late July to mid-September.

Middle District. — Swedesboro.

Muhlenbergia diffusa Willd. Nimble Will.

Muhlenbergia diffusa Willdenow, Sp. PI. 1:320. 1797 [Pennsylvania]. —
Knieskern 37. — Torrey, Fl. N. Y. 15. 1819. — Britton 287.

Frequent in dry shady ground in the northern counties and
occasionally southward in the Middle district and Coastal Strip.
FL — Late August to late September.

Middle District. — New Egypt, Birmingham, Swedesboro, Mickleton (H).
Coast Strip. — Forked River, Anglesea, Cape May (OHB).

Muhlenbergia capillaris (Lam.) Long-awned Hair-Grass.

Stipa capillaris Lamark, Tabl. Encycl. I. 158. 1791 [Carolina.].

Stipa sericea Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. I. 73. 1814.

Agrostis sericea Muhlenberg Cat. 10. 1813. — Muhlenberg Gram. 64. 1817.

Willis 72.
Trichochloa capillaris Torrey, Fl. U. S. I. 93. 1824.
Muhlenbergia capillaris Britton 287.

Rare and local ; occurs also in Hudson Co., at Snake Hill and
Little Snake Hill.

Fl. — Probably during September.

Middle District. — 'Woodbury.

Pine Barrens. — Eighth St., Hammonton.

BRACHYELYTRUM Beauvois.

Brachyelytrum erectum Schreb. Brachyelytrum.

PI. X., Fig. 5-

Muhlenbergia erecta Schreber, Bescher. Gras. II. 139 pi. 50. 1810 [Mts. of

Penna.].— Barton, Fl. Phila. I. 40. 1818.
Brachyelytrum aristatum Knieskern 37. — Willis 72. — Britton 287.

222 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Frequent in rocky woods in the northern counties and occa-
sionally in the Middle district.
Fl. — Early July to late July.

Middle District.— Shd^rk River (C), Pt. Pleasant (S), Haddonfield (P),
Mickleton (NB), Swedesboro.

ALOPECURUS.

Alopecurus geniculatus aristulatus (Michx.). Marsh Fox-tail.

PI. VIII., Fig. 7.

Alopecurus aristulatus Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. I.: 43. 1803 [Canada].
Alopecurus subaristatus Barton, Fl. Phila. I. 47. 1818. — Nuttall, Gen. 11.
52. 1818.

Locally ill swampy ground in the Northern and Middle dis-
tricts.

Fl. — Late May to early July.
Middle District.— Red Bank, Swedesboro (CDL).

SPOROBOLUS R. Brown.

Key to the Species.

a. Panicles contracted and spike-like, leaves with an attenuated involute tip.
b. Panicle terminal, upper sheaths 75 mm. long or more.

c. Two middle scales of the spikelet very unequal, attenuate.

S. clandestinus, p. 223
cc. Two middle scales of the spikelet nearly equal, blunt.

S. asper, p. 223
bb. Panicles terminal and lateral, upper sheaths not over 35 mm. long.

S. vaginccflorus, p. 222
aa. Panicles diffuse, grayish, branches capillary, spikelets very minute.
b. Base of plant flattened, leaves folded longitudinally.

S. torreyanus, p. 223
bb. Base of plant not flattened, leaves flat. S. serotinus, p. 223

Sporobolus vagin^florus (Terr.). Sheathed Rush Grass.

PI. XIV., Fig. 3.
Vilfa vaginaAora Torrey, A. Gray, Gram. & Cyp. No. 3. 1834 [Pennsylvania].
Sporobolus vagincB-Rorus Britton 288.

Dry ground, northern counties, and rarely south to the Middle
District.

Fl. — ^Early September to early October.

Middle District.— Red Bank Mon. Co. (NB), Pt. Pleasant (McK), Bir-
mingham, Mickleton (NB), Swedesboro.
Pine Barrens. — Landisville (T), incursion from Middle District.
Cape May. — Bennett.

PLiA-NTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 223

Sporobolus asper (Michx.). Long-leaved Rush Grass.

Agrostis aspera Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. I. 52. 1803 [Illinois].

Cape May district, rare.

This grass was unknown from, the State until discovered by
Mr. O. H. Brown, near Cape May City. It is rather remarkable
that it has not been found in the Middle or Northern districts.

Fl. — Late August tO' late September.

Cape May. — Cape May.

Sporobolus clandestinus (Spreng.). Rough Rush Grass.

PI. XIV., Fig. 4.

Agrostis clandestina Sprengel, Mant. Fl. Hal. 32. 1807 [Pennsylvania].
Sporobolus asper Britton 288.
Vilfa aspera Knieskern 27-

Sandy ground, casual in the Northern and more plentiful in
the Middle and Cape May districts.
Fl. — Early August to late September.

Middle District. — New Egypt, Birmingham, Medford (S), Mickleton
(NB), Swedesboro.
Coast Strip. — Waretown.
Cape May. — Bennett, Cold Spring (S), Town Bank.

Sporobolus torreyanus (R. & S.). Torrey's Dropseed.

Agrostis torreyana Roemer and Schultes, Mantissa II. 203 [Swamps of N.
J.]. — new name for Agrostis compressa Torrey nee Willd. — [Pine Bar-
rens N. J.].

Agrostis compressa Torrey Fl. N. Y. 15. 1819 — Torrey Fl. U. S. I. 88. 1824.

Sporobolus compressus Willis Cat. N. J. Plants 72. 1878 — Britton 288.

Sporobolus torreyanus Keller and Brown 43.

Bogs of the Pine Barrens and the Cape May peninsula; fre-
quent.

Fl. — Mid-August to late September.

Pine Barrens. — Ancora (P), Atsion, Main Road Sta. (T), Parkdale (S),
Speedwell (S), Hammonton, Egg Harbor City.
Cape May. — Court House (S), Bennett.

Sporobolus serotinus (Torr.). Late-flowering Dropseed.

PI. XIIL, Fig. 4.
Agrostis serotina Torrey, Fl. U. S. I. 88. 1824 [Pine Barrens of New-
Jersey].
Poa uniflora var. capillaris Muhlenberg, Cat. II. 1813.

224 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Sporobolus serotinus Knicskcrn 37. — Willis 72. — Gray Man. Ed. I. 577.
1848.— Britton 288.— Keller and Brown 43.

Pine Barren bogs common, also locally in swamps in the
Middle district.

This and the preceding- are exceedingly delicate little grasses
characteristic of the Pine Barren bogs, and occurring outside
this district only in those so-called Pine Barren islands which
are found in the adjacent territory.

Fl. — Mid-August to early September.

Middle District. — Griffith's Swamp, Lindenwold (S).

Pine Barrens. — Toms River, Forked River, Waretown, Manahawkin,
Coxe's, West Creek (S), Pasadena, Speedwell (S), Batsto (S) opp. Crow-
leytown, Taunton (S), Atco, Cedar Brook, Ancora (P), Hammonton, Eighth
St., Landisville, Egg Harbor City (S).

CINNA L.

Cinna arundinacea L. Wood Reed Grass.

PI. XII., Fig. 4.

Cinna arundinacea Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 5. 1753 [Canada]. — Barton Fl. Phila.

I. 44. 1818. — Knieskern 37. — Britton 289.

Shady ground ; comimon in the northern counties and less
frequent throughout the Middle district. Common also along
the coastal strip and on both sides of the Cape May peninsula.

The coast plant always develops a very heavy inflorescence.
Plants of the other extreme probably accounted for the "C.
pendida" credited to South Jersey in Willis' Catalogue, but which
has very properly, I think, been omitted from subsequent cata-
logues, as there are no specimens extant and the plant is a
typical mountain species.

Fl. — Late July to^ early September.

Middle District. — New Egypt, Delair, Fish House, Hartford, Lawnside
(S), Gloucester (P), Mickleton (H), Swedesboro.

Coast Strip.— Pt. Pleasant (P), Ocean City (S), Palermo (S), Mays
Landing (S), Five-Mile Beach, Piermont (S).

Cape May.— Goshen (S), Cape May (ORB).

AGROSTIS L.

Key to the Species.

a. Spikelets consisting of two glumes and two flower-scales, the shorter
one at least one-third as long as the other.
b. Panicle large and open.

PLIANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 225

c. Larger flower scale with a short awn. A. alba aristata, p. 225

cc. Larger flower-scale not awned. [A. alba]*

bb. Panicle contracted, dense and spike-like, usually about 2 in. long.

A. ma7-itima, p. 225
aa. One flower-scale wanting, or exceedingly minute.
b, Spikelets 1.5-2 mm. long.

c. Culms weak and often prostrate, panicle green, branches dividing

at or below the middle, spikelets scattered. A. perennans, p. 226

cc. Culms erect, panicle silvery or purplish, exceedingly capillary and

diffuse, branches dividing above the middle, spikelets crowded

toward the tips. A. hyenialis, p. 226

bb. Spikelets 2-3 mm. long, culms erect.

c. Branches of the panicle dividing above the middle, spikelets
crowded at the ends, panicle purpHsh. A. elata, p. 225

cc. Branches of the panicle dividing below the middle, panicle green-
ish or slightly purple. A. psetidointermedia, p. 226

Agrostis alba aristata Gray. Awned Herd Grass.

Agrostis alba aristata Gray, Man. Ed. L 578. 1848 [E. North America]. —
Hitchcock, Bureau PI. Indst. U. S. Dept. Agr. 68: 27. 1905.

This awned form' of A. alba was collected by Mr. Charles S.
Pollard at Wildwood, N. J., July 4, 1897, ^md reported by Hitch-
cock in 1905. It doubtless occurs elsewhere, and is probably
native along- the coast.

Agrostis maritima Lam. Coast Bent Grass,

Agrostis maritima Lamarck, Encycl. L 61. 1783 [Narbonne, France].
Agrostis alba maritima Hitchcock, Bull. Bur. PI. Ind., U. S. Dept. Agr.
68 :27. 1905.

D.-UTip spots along the coast, especially among the sand dunes.
Also' at one station in the Pines along the Egg Harbor river
(coast intrusion?).

Fl. — Early June into July.

Coast Strip.— Spray Beach (L), Surf City (L), Peahala (L), Palermo,
Wildwood, Anglesea, Bennett, Cape May.
Pine Barretts. — Folsom.

Agrostis elata Pursh. Tall Bent Grass.

Agrostis elatum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. L 61. 1814 [Sandy deep swamps,

N. J.].— Willis 72.
Trichodium elatum Torrey, Fl. U. S. I. 83. 1824.
Agrostis altissima Britton 288. — Keller and Brown 44.
Agrostis perennans elata Hitchcock, Bull. PI. Indust., U. S. Dept. Agr.

68 :27. 1905.

Red-top, or Herd-grass, abundantly introduced. PI. XH., Fig. 3.
15 MUS

226 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Swamps of the Pine Barrens frequent. Rare and local in the
Cape May peninsula.

Fl. — Mid-August into October.

Pine Barrens. — Forked River, Pasadena, West Creek (S), Speedwell (S),
Atsion, Batsto, Hammonton (C), Atco (C), Landisville, Kenilworth (S),
Clementon (S), Egg Harbor City (P).

Cape May.— Co\A Spring (OHB).

Agrostis pseudointermedia Farwell. Upland Bent Grass.

Agrostis pseudointermedia Farwell, Ann. Rep. Com. Parks and Boul'vds,
Detroit, ]\Iich. II. 46. 1900 [N.n for A. intermedia, Sm. nee. Balb. 1802,
Pine Mt., Tenn.]

This is apparently the commoner form throughout the Middle
and Cape May districts, the more delicate A. perennans being
more northern.

Fl. — Early August into October.

Middle District. — Swedesboro, Millville.
Coast Strip. — Pasadena.
Cape May. — Greenfield.

Agrostis perennans (Walt.). Thin Grass.

Cornticopics perennans Walter, Fl. Car. 74. 1788 [South Carolina]. — Brit-
ton 288.

Throughout the northern counties in moist ground. Rare in
the upper part of the Middle district.
Fl. — Early August into October.

Middle District. — Prospertown, Medford (S), Tomlin.

Agrostis hyemalis (Walt.). Rough Hair Grass.

Cornucopia: hyemalis Walter, Fl. Car. 73. 1788 [South Carolina].
Agrostis scabra Knieskern 27-
Agrostis hyemalis Eritton 288.

Common in dry ground throughout the State.
Fl. — Early June into August.

Middle District. — Camden, Washington Park, Tomlinson's, Sicklerville,
Swedesboro.

Pine Barrens. — Toms River (S), Speedwell (S), Bear Swamp (S), Bal-
linger's Mill (S), Berlin (S), Williamstown Jnc., Belleplain (S), Mill-
ville (S).

Coast Strip. — Surf City (L).

Cape May. — Whitesboro (S), Cold Spring (S).

PUANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 227

CALAMAGROSTIS Adanson.

Key to the Species.

a. Panicle contracted and spike-like, green tinged with purple.

C. cmnoides, p. 227

aa. Panicle open spreading purplish

C. canadensis, p. 227

Calamagrostis canadensis (Michx.). Blue Joint Grass.

Arundo canadensis Michaux. Fl. Bor. Am. I. 73. 1803 [Canada]. —

Knieskern Z7> 1857.
Arundo agrostoides Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. I. 86. 1814 [Bogs of New Jersey

and Penna.].
Calamagrostis canadensis Willis, js. — Keller and Brown 44.
Deyeuxia canadensis Britton 289.

Frequent in swamps of the northern counties, extending south
locally through the Middle district to Cape May.
Fl. — Early June to early July.

Middle District. — Squan (S), Shark River (C), Farmingdale, Hartford,
Mickleton (NB), Gibbstown (H), Repaupo (NY), Egg Harbor City (KB).
Cape Moy.— Bennett (S), Cape May (OHB).
Coast Strip. — Beach Haven (L) (introduced?)

Calamagrostis cinnoides (Muhl.). NuttalTs Reed Grass.

PI. X., Fig. I.

Arundo cinnoides Muhlenberg Gram. 187. 1817 [Pennsylvania and Mass-
achusetts]. — Barton Fl. Phila. I. 70.
Calamagrostis Nuttalliana Willis 13.
Arundo coarctata Torrey, Fl. U. S. I. 94. 1824.
Deyeuxia Nuttalliana Britton, 289.
Calamagrostis cinnoides Keller and Brown 44.
Calamagrostis coarctata Knieskern 37.

Occasional in the northern counties, and frequent in swamps
of the Middle district and plentiful in the Pine Barrens and
Cape May peninsula. Rare on the coast.

Fl. — Late July to mid-September.

Middle District. — Shark River (NB), New Egypt, Griffith's Swamp, Cam-
den (P), Mickleton, Dividing Creek.

Pine Barrens. — Forked River, Waretown, West Creek (S), Manahawkin,
Coxe's, Speedwell (S), Taunton (S), Landisville, Hammonton, Atsion (S),
Quaker Bridge (P), Egg Harbor City, Woodbine, Petersburg (S), Ocean
City Jnc.

Coast Strip.— Suri City (L).

Cape May.— Court House (S), Bennett, Cape May (OHB).

228 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

AMMOPHILA Host.

Ammophila arenaria (L.). Sea Sand Reed.

PI. v.. Fig. 2.
Arundo areiMria Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 82. 1753 [Europe]. — Muhlenberg Gram.

181. 1817.
Phalaris maritima Nuttall, Gen. I. 48. 1818.
Calamngrostis arenaria Knieskern, 38. — Willis yz-
Ammophila arenaria Britton, 289. — Keller and Brown 43.

Abundant on the sand dunes of the entire coast. The Beach
Grass is one of the most characteristic plants of the coastal
islands. Its pale glaucous green leaves and whitish spike give
to these bare mounds their first verdure, while the long roots,
which ramify in all directions, play an important part in bind-
ing the sand together and holding it against the wind which is
always drifting it this way and that. The stiff stalks and leaves
adapted as they are for this constant battle with the elements,
persist through the winter, dried and bleached to a pale buff, and
bend and flutter in the fierce storms as gaily as in the milder
blasts of summer, ever holding the beach line against the en-
croachment of wind and wave.

Fl. — Mid-August to mid-September, the dried panicles per-
sisting into winter.

Maritime. — Sandy Hook, Deal, Pt. Pleasant, Waretown, Seaside Park
(Ha), Barnegat Pier, Spray Beach (L), Atlantic City, Longport (S), Ocean
City (S), Sea Isle City (S), Stone Harbor (S), Wildwood, Cape May.

CALAMOVILFA Hackel.

Calamovilfa brevipilis (Torr.). Pine Barren Reed Grass.

PL XHL, Fig. I.

Arundo brevipilis Torrey, Fl. U. S. I. 95 [Quaker Bridge, N. J.].
Calofnagrostis brevipilis Knieskern, 38. — Willis 73.
Ammophila brevipilis Britton, 290.
Calamovilfa brevipilis Keller and Brown 45.

Common in Pine Barren bogs ; does not range north of this
district.

This is one of the characteristic grasses of the Pine Barrens.
In general appearance it strikingly recalls Tridens Uavus.

Fl. — Early July to late August, or rarely a little later.

PIjANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 229

Pine Barrens. — Toms River, Prospertown, Forked River (S), Atco (P),
Speedwell (S), Chatsworth, Buena Vista, Parkdale (S), Hammonton, Quaker
Bridge, Egg Harbor City.

One specimen in the Academy herbarium is marked "Atlantic City, C. A.
Boice." It seems probable, however, that it came from the mainland west of
Atlantic City, and not from the island beach, as we have no definite evidence
of its occurrence on the coast, and it would seem very unlikely.

DESCHAMPSIA Beauvois.

Deschampsia flexuosa (L.). Wavy Hair Grass.*

PI. VII., Fig. I.

Aira Hexuosa Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 65. 1753 [Europe]. — Barton Fl. Phil. I. 57.
1818. — Knieskern 39. — Britton 290.

Frequent in dry ground in the northern, Middle and Cape
May districts, but apparently rare and recently introduced in the
Pine Barrens.

Fl. — Late May to late June.

Middle District. — Red Bank. Farmingdale, New Egypt, Crosswicks, Kin-
kora, Mt. Holly, Arneys Mt. (S), Fish House (S), Medford (S), Westville,
National Park, Washington Park, Woodbury, Mickleton (NB), Swedesboro,
Centerton (S), Millville.

Pine Barrens. — Forked River, New Germany, Folsom.

Cape May.— Anglesea Jnc. (OHB), Bennett (S), Cape May, Cape May Pt.
(S).

SPHENOPHOLIS.

Key to the Species.

a. Spikelets with a conspicuous bent awn. 6". palustris, p. 230

aa. Spikelets not awned.

b. Culm erect, densely flowered and spike-like.

c. Sheaths and leaves glabrous. S. obtusata, p. 230

cc. Sheaths and sometimes leaves pubescent. S. 0. pubesce}is, p. 230
bb. Culm slender, inflorescence lax, loosely flowered.

c. Glumes nearly the same length, one narrow, one broad.

S. nitida, p. 230
cc. Narrow glume much shorter than the obovate one. S. pollens, p. 230

* Deschampsia ccespitosa Linnaeus.

{Aira ccespitosa Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 64. 1753 [Europe]).

The only evidence of the occurrence of this grass within our limits is Dr.
Knieskern's statement that it occurs in "damp places" in Ocean and Mon-
mouth Counties "rare." I have seen no specimens. To the north it has been
found along the Delaware above the '^ater Gap.

230 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Sphenopholis obtusata (Michx.). Blunt-scaled Eatonia.

Aira obtusata Michaux, FI. Bor. Am. I. 62. 1803 [Carolina and Florida].
Eatonia obtusata Britton 293. — Keller and Brown 50.

Sev^eral stations in the northern counties and southward along
the Coastal strip to Cape May.
Fl. — Early June into July.

Middle District. — Farmingdale.

Coast Strip. — Beach Haven (L), Spray Beach (L), Stone Harbor, Cape
May (OHB).

Sphenopholis obtusata pubescens Scribner and Merrill.

Sphenopholis obtusata pubescens Scribner and Merrill, Circ. U. S. Dept. Agr.
27, p. 6. 1900 [Stackville, Miss.].

Along the Coast strip apparently as frequent as the last.
Fl. — Early June into July.
Coast Strip. — Surf City (L), Spray Beach (L), Sherburn's (L).

Sphenopholis nitida Spreng. Slender Eatonia.

Aira nitida Sprengel, Fl. Hal. Mant. I. 32. 1807 [Pennsylvania].
Eatonia Dudlcyi Britton 293.
Eatonia nitida Keller and Brown 50.

One record for Hunterdon County, locally in the Middle
district. Sandy ground.

Fl. — Early May to mid-June.
Middle District. — Mickleton, Swedesboro, Tomlin, Riddleton, Auburn.

Sphenopholis pallens (Spreng.). Pale Eatonia.

PI. XIV., Fig. 5.

Aira pallens Sprengel, Fl. Hal. Mant. I., p. 2i2>- 1807 [Pennsylvania].
Eatonia Pennsylvanica Britton 293.

Shady ground; common in the northern counties, ranging
southward in the Middle district.
Fl. — Late May to early July.

Middle District. — Farmingdale, New Egypt, Delair, Camden (Bassett),
Medford (S), Washington Park, Sewell (S), Mickleton (NY) Swedesboro,
Millville (S), Buckshutem.

Sphenopholis palustris (Michx.). Marsh Eatonia.

Avena palustris Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. I. 72. 1803 [Georgia and Carolina].

—Barton Fl. Phila. I. 69. 1818.
Trisetunt pennsylvanicum Britton 290. — Keller and Brown 45.

PIjANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 231

Moist open ground in the northern counties, southwiard
locally in the Middle and Cape May districts.

Mr. Long refers the Farmingdale specimen to var. Hexuosa
Scribn.

Pi. — Late May to late June.

Middle District. — Farmingdale, Clementon, Medford (S), Lindenwold (S),
Mickleton, Pitman, Swedesboro.
Cape May. — Cold Spring.

DANTHONIA De Candolle.

Key to the Species.

a. Awned flower scale, notched at the end with triangular pointed tips.

D. s pic at a, p. 231
aa. Awned flower scale with tips prolonged into slender bristles.

b. Awned scale, silky hairy. D. sericea, p. 231

bb. Awned scale, glabrous. D. epilis, p. 232

Danthonia spicata (L.).* Wild Oat Grass.

PI. VIII., Fig. 5.

Avena spicata Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 80. 1753 [Pennsylvania].
Danthonia spicata Knieskern 39. — Britton 291.

Dry sandy ground ; common except in the Pine Barrens,
Fl. — Late May to late June.

Middle District. — Farmingdale (S), New Egypt, Asbury. Medford (S),
Albion, Glassboro (S), Swedesboro, Riddleton, Husted (S), Centerton (S).
Pine Barrens. — Winslow, Speedwell (S).
Coasi Strip. — West Creek (S), Peermont (S).
Cape May.— Cape May (OHB).

Danthonia sericea Nutt. Silky Wild Oat Grass.

Danthonia sericea Nuttall, Gen. I. 71. 1818 [Carolina to Florida]. — Barton,
Fl. Phila. I. 65. 1818.— Willis 75.— Gray Manual Ed. V. 640. 1867.—
Britton 291.

Danthonia gluntosa Knieskern 39.

Frequent in the Pine Barrens in dry sandy soil, and locally in
the lower part of the Middle district.
FL — Late May to late June.

Middle District. — Spring Garden (NB), Lindenwold, Gibbsboro, Tomlin-
sons, Williamstown (KB), Sicklerville (S).

* Specimens from within our limits referred to D. compressa and all refer-
able to D. spicata, so far as I have been able to examine them.

2^2 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Pine Barrens. — Manchester (C), Browns Mills, Speedwell (S), Albion,
Cedar Brook, Waterford (P), White Horse (P), Landisville, Winslow Jnc,
Hammonton, Atsion (P), Quaker Bridge, Batsto, Folsom, Egg Harbor City
(P), Mays Landing, Dennisville (P).

Coast Strip. — Ocean Beach (C).

Danthonia epilis Scribn. Smooth Wild Oat Grass.

Dantlwnia epilis Scribner, U. S. Div. Agrost. Circ. 30, p. 7 [n. n. for D. glabra
Nash nee Philippi— Little Stone Mt., Ga.].

Restricted to the Pine Barren region, which marks the north-
ern limit of the species.

Abundant on natural bogs, growing in the wet sphagnum en-
tirely different in habitat from the preceding, and very distinct.

Fl. — Probably late May to late June.

Pine Barrens. — Forked River, Three mi. S. E. of Chatsworth, Three mi. N.
of Atsion.

SPARTINA Schreber.

Key to the Species.

a. Glumes unequal, shorter one equal to flower scales.

S. michauxiana, p. 232
aa. Glumes unequal, shorter one-half as long as flower scales.
h. Both glumes scabrous on the keel.

c. Leaves 12 mm. wide or more. S. cynosuroides, p. 233

cc. Leaves not over 6 mm. wide. S. patens, p. 233

bh. Shorter glume glabrous.

c. Spikelets overlapping. S. glabra pilosa, p. 234

cc. Spikelets more remote, barely overlapping. S- g. alter\nifolia, p. 234

Spartina michauxiana Hitchc. Tall Marsh Grass.

Spartina michauxiana Hitchcock, Contr. Nat. Herb. XH. 3. 153 [new name
for Trachynotia cynosuroides Michx. nee Dactylis cynosuroides L. [Illi-
nois].

Spartina cynosuroides Britton 283. — Keller and Brown 47.

Larger rivers along the coast, extending inland to Haim-
monton. Casual also in Bergen and Hunterdon Counties.

pl^ — Mid-July into September. Panicles persist through

autumn.

Coast Strip.— Ft. Pleasant (S), Seaside Park (S), Toms River (S), Bar-
negat Pier, Forked River, Manahawkin, Barnegat, Tucker's (L), West Creek,
Absecon, Longport (Ha), Ocean City (S), N. of Weekstown, Hammonton,
Town Bank (OHB).

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 233

Spartina cynosuroides (L.). Salt Reed Grass.

PL XV., Fig. I.

Dactylus cynosuroides Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 71. 1753 [Virginia, Canada and Lousi-

tania].
Spartina polystachya Knieskern 38. — Willis 73. — Britton 283. — Keller and

Brown 47.

Common on the edges of salt marshes and along brackish
creeks ; not extending inland, as does the preceding.

PL — Early August into September. Panicles persist through
autumn.

Maritime. — Forked River, Seaside Park, Manahawkin, Surf City (L),
Barnegat City (L), Barnegat City Jnc. (L), Absecon, Atlantic City, Palermo,
Cedar Bonnet (L), Dennisville, Cape May (OHB), Sluice Creek, Upper
English Creek (T), Salem.

Spartina patens Ait. Salt Meadow Grass.
Plate XV., Fig. 5.

Dactylis patens Aiton, Hort. Kew. I. 104. 1789 [North America].
Spartina juncea Muhlenberg Cat. 8. 1813. — Muhlenberg Gram. 54. 1817. —
Knieskern 38. — Willis 72>- — Britton 283.
Spartina patens Keller and Brown 47.

Abundant all over the salt meadows.

This grass, along with Distichlis spicata and Juficus gerardi
forms the bulk of the low even vegetation that covers the firmer
parts of the salt meadows, the mass of tangled roots of the three
species being mainly responsible for holding together the black
mud and sand which form the meadows.

Dondia, Salicornia, and other salt marsh plants occur in more
sandy spots, and along the creeks is a taller growth of Spartina
glabra, but the green carpet which covers miles upon miles of
our coastal marshes consists mainly of the three species above
mentioned, and the "salt hay" that the farmers along the shore
are in the habit of gathering is composed of the same plants.

Hay-making in the autumn is a common sight on the "mead-
ows," and once or twice I have seen the crop being hauled in in
mid-winter.

The more robust form regarded as a species, S. juncea by
Merrill (Bull. PI. Indust. U. S. Dept. Agr. IX 12, 1902),
originally described as Trachynotia jimcea by Michaux (Fl,

234 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Bor. Am. I 64, 1803 — Carolina and Georgia) apparently occurs
in sandy localities near the marshes, but I cannot satisfactorily
separate it from the typical form.
Pi. — Early July to late September.

Maritime. — Sandy Hook, Deal, Pt. Pleasant, Barnegat Pier, Surf City
(L), Barnegat City (L), Beach Haven (L), St. Albans (L) Harvey Cedars
(L), Spray Beach (L), Atlantic City, Ocean City, Palermo (S), Estelville,
Stone Harbor, Anglesea, Cape May, Salem, Beaver Dam, Dias Creek (S),
Cold Spring (S).

Spartina glabra pilosa Merrill. Smooth Marsh Grass.

Spartina glabra pilosa Merrill, Bull. PI. Indust. U. S. Dept. Agr. IX., p. 9.

1902 [Atlantic City, N. J.]
Spartina glabra Knieskern 38.
Spartina striata var. glabra Britton 283.
Spartina striata Keller and Brown 47.

Common along creeks and ditches on the salt marshes of the
coast and Delaware Bay.

Fl. — Late July to mid-September.

Maritime. — Deal Beach, Pt. Pleasant, Forked River, Beach Haven (L),
St. Albans (L), Half Way House south of Bond's (L), Marsh Elder Isl. (L),
Anchoring Isl. (L), Ocean City (S), Palermo, Stone Harbor (S), Wildwood,
Holly Beach (T), Cold Spring (S), Dennis (S), Salem (P).

Spartina glabra aiterniflora (Lois.).

Spartina aiterniflora Lois, Fl. Gall. II. 719. [Circa Baionam at Ripas Aturi].
Spartina striata var. maritima Britton 283.
Spartina striata alterniHora Keller and Brown 47.

Spartina glabra aiterniflora Merrill, Bull. PI. Indust. U. S. Dept. Agri. IX., p.
12, 1902.

Similar situations to those occupied by the last, but less
abundant.
Maritime. — Seaside Park, Atlantic City, Cape May (S), Salem (S).

GYMNOPOGON Beauvois.

Key to the Species.

a. Spikes bearing spikelets for their whole length. G. atnbiguus, p. 234

aa. Spikes bearing spikelets only beyond the middle. G. brevifolius, p. 235

Gymnopogon ambiguus (Michx.). Broad-leaved Gymnopogon.

PI. IX., Fig. 6.
Andropogon ambiguus Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. I. 58. 1803 [Carolina]. — Muh-
lenberg, Cat. 94. 1813.— Muhlenberg Gram. 285. 181 7.

PLiAiNTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 235

Anthropogon Lepturoides Barton, Fl. Phila. I. 71. 1818.
Gymnopogon racemosus Willis 73. — Torrey Flora U. S. I. 99. 1824.
Gymnopogon ambiguus Britton 292. — Keller and Brown 47.

Locally through the lower part of the Middle district and in
the Cape May peninsula, in dry ground. Also at one or two
points in the Pine Barrens, where it has probably entered along
the rail-roads. New Egypt seems to be the northern limit of its
range, as it is not known north of our region.

Fl. — Early August to mid-September.

Middle District.— l<ltw Egypt, Griffith's (P), Springdale (S), Lindenwold
(S), Clarksboro (NB), Mickleton, Tomlin (S), Clementon, Berlin (S), Al-
bion, Swedesboro.

Pine Barrens. — Hammonton.

Cape May. — Court House (S), Anglesea Jnc, Whitesboro (S).

Gymnopogon brevifolius Trin. Short-leaved Gymnopogon.

Gymnopogon brevifolius Trinius, Unifl. 238. 1824 [Delaware]. — Britton Man-
ual 122. 1901. — Stone Torreya 1907, 39. — Keller and Brown 47.

Dry ground in the Middle and Cape May districts. Rare.
Known from only two localities. Originally discovered in the
State by Mr. Chas. D. Lippincott, near Swedesboro.

Trinius quotes this species as "Anthopogon brevifolius Nutt-
all," and probably the name should be so credited. So far as I
am aware, Nuttall never published it, but very likely sent out
specimens with this name in manuscript.

Fl. — Late August to mid-Ofctober.

Middle District. — Two and a half miles north of Swedesboro.
Cape May. — Cold Spring, Bennett.

PHRAGMITES Trinius,

Phragmites phragmites (L.). Reed.

PI. XI., Fig. 2.

Arundo phragmites Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 81. 1753 [Europe].
Phragmites com,inunis Knieskern 39. — Willis 75.
Phragmites vulgaris Britton 293.
Phragmites phragmites Keller and Brown 48.

Open swamps usually growing in water, locally throughout
the State except in the Pine Barrens.

2^6 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

The Reed is most plentiful in our region along- the coast in
swamps lying back of the salt marshes. It often covers large
areas, looking at a distance like growing corn.

PI. — Mid-August into Septemiber.

Middle District. — Kaighns Pt., Beaver Dam, Pen Bryn (S) [Introduced?].

Coast Strip.— Sandy Hook, Avon, Pt. Pleasant, Bay Head (N. Y.), Sea-
side Park, Barnegat City (L), N. Beach Haven (L), Peahala (L), Sea Isle
City (H), Plolly Beach (UP), Court House, Cold Spring (OHB), Cape May
(S), South Dennis *(S), Sluice Creek (S).

TRIDENS Roemer and Schultz.
Tridens flavus (L.). Tall Red-top.

PI. XIII., Fig. 3.

Poa -fiava Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 68. 1753 [Virginia].

Tricuspis seslerioides Knieskern 38. — Torrey, Fl. U. S. I. 118. 1824.

Triodia seslerioides Britton 292.

Plentiful in dry soil in the Northern, Middle and Cape May
districts and all along the coastal strip, but not found in the Pine
Barrens, except where it follows up the tide water creeks.

Fl. — Early August to early September.

Middle District.— New Eg>-pt, Medford (S), Oaklyn (S), Albion, W. Dept-
£ord, Swedesboro, Beaver Dam.

Coast Strip. — Forked River, Beach Haven (L), Pleasant Mills, Atlantic
City, Sea Isle City (S), Five-Mile Beach.

Cape May. — Three miles vi'est of Court House (S), S. Dennis (S), Cape
May (OHB).

TRIPLASIS Beauvois.

Triplasis purpurea (Walt.). Sand Grass.

PI. VIII., Fig. 3-

Aira purpurea Walter, Fl. Car. 78. 1788 [South Carolina].
Tricuspis purpurea Knieskern 38. — Willis 73.
TViplasis purpurea Britton 292. — Keller and Brown 48.

Sandy ground or pure sand common along the coast strip and
in the lower part of the Middle district, and less abundant in the
Pine Barrens.

PL — Early August to late September.

Middle District.— Griffith's Svi^amp, Kaighns Pt., Washington Park (S),
Lindenv/old (S), Lawnside (S), Westville, Woodbury, Mantua.

Pine Barrens. — Browns Mills, Clementon, Albion, Atsion (S), Pleasant
Mills (S).

Coast Strip. — Manahawkin, Barnegat City (L), St. Albans (L), Sherburn's
(L), Atlantic City, Ocean City (S), Piermont, Cape May (OHB).

PUANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 237

DIPLACHNE Beauvois.

Diplachne fascicularis (Lam.). Salt Meadow Diplachne.

Poa fasiculata Torrey, Fl. U. S. I. 107 [N. Y. City] 1824.

Septochloa fascicularis Willis 73.

Diplachne fascicularis Britton 292. — Kellar and Brown 48.

Edges of the salt mieadows along the coast. Not abundant.
Fl. — Mid-August to mid-October.

Maritime. — Barnegat City (L), Beach Haven Terrace (L), Atlantic City
(P), Sea Isle City, Wildwood, Cape May.

ERAGROSTIS Beauvois.

Key to the Species.

a. Culms creeping. B. hypnoides, p. 238

aa. Culms not creeping.

b. Much branched and decumbent at base, spikelets dull purplish or
lead colored.

c. Spikelets 2-5 flowered, not over 3 mm. long. B. capillaris, p. 237
cc. Spikelets 5 to many flowered, 3-15 mm. long.

d. Spikelets 1.5 mm. wide. B. pilosa, p. 237

dd. Spikelets 2 mm. [B. major]*

bb. Simple and erect, rigid spikelets, bright redish purple.

c. Sheaths sparingly pilose. B. pectinacea, p. 238

cc. Sheaths glabrous. B. p. spectahilis, p. 238

Eragrostis capillaris (L.). Hair-like Eragrostis.

Poa capillaris Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 68. 1753 [Virginia and Canada].

Poa hirsuta Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. I. 80. 1814.

Bragrostis capillaris Knieskern 38. — ^Britton 294. — Keller and Brown 49.

Dry ground, local; known fromi four localities in the northern.

counties and three in the Middle district.

PI. — Mid- August to early October.

Middle District. — Camden, Birmingham, Swedesboro.

Eragrostis pilosa (L.). Tufted Eragrostis.
PI. XIII., Fig. 2.

Poa pilosa Linnasus, Sp. PI. 68. 1753 [Italy].

Poa tenella Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. I. 80. 1814.

Bragrostis pilosa Knieskern, 38. — Britton 293. — Keller and Brown, 49.

Bragrostis Purshii Britton 294. — Keller and Brown 49.

* Strong-scented Eragrostis, a weed in waste ground.

238 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Common throughout the Middle and coast districts, and occa-
sional in the northern counties and Pine Barrens. In part, at
least, introduced.

Fl. — Late June to late September.

Middle District.— New Egypt, Delaire (S), Kaighns Pt., MuUica Hill
(NB), Swedesboro.

Pine Barretts. — Lakehurst.

Coast Strip.— Ft Pleasant, Surf City (L), Barnegat City (L), Beach
Haven (L), Wildwood (KB), Dias Creek (S).

Eragrostis pectinacea (Michx.). Purple Eragrostis.

PI. IX., Fig. 5.

Poa pectinacea Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. I. 69. 1803 [Illinois]. — Pursh. Fl.

Am. Sept. I. 81. 1814.
Brargostis pectinacea Britton 294.

Dry ground throughout the State, except the Pine Barrens,
where it occurs only along railroads. This is one of those
grasses that seems to thrive in cultivated ground and tends to
become a weed.

Fl. — Late July to mid-September.

Middle District.— 'New Egypt, Birmingham, Kaighns Pt., Albion, Mickle-
ton, Swedesboro, Dividing Creek.

Pine Barrens. — Bamber, Landisville.

Coast Strip. — Seaside Park, Manahawkin, Atlantic City (S), Ocean City
(S), Sea Isle City (S), Cape May (OHB).

Eragrostis pectinacea spectabilis Gray. Coast Eragrostis.

Eragrostis spectabilis Gray Man. Ed. I. 598. 1848 [Mass. to Penna. near
the coast].

Along the sand dunes of the coast, frequent.
Fl. — Early August to late September.

Maritime. — Waretown, Surf City (L), N. Beach Haven (L), Sher-
burn's (L), Atlantic City (S), Ocean City (S), Sea Isle City (S).

Eragrostis hypnoides (Lam.). Creeping Eragrostis.

Poa hypnoides Lamarck, Tabl. Encycl. I. 185. 1791 [South America]. —

Eragrostis hypnoides Britton 293. — Keller and Brown 49.

Found only along the shores of the Delaware or its vicinity
from Warren to Salem Counties; local,
Fl. — Late July into October.

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 239

Middle District.— Kaighns Pt. (KB), Petty's Isl. (P), Swedesboro, Rid-
dleton.

UNIOLA L.

Uniola laxa (L.)- Slender Spike Grass.

PI. XIV., Fig. 6.

Holcus laxus Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 1048. 1753 [Virginia and Canada].

Uniola gracilis Muhlenberg, Gram. 157. 1817. — Barton Fl. Phila. II. 220.

1818.— Torrey Fl. N. Y. 19. i8ic^— Knieskern 39.— Willis 75.
Uniola laxa Britton 294. — Keller and Brown 50.

Common throughout the Middle and Cape May districts and
on the Coastal strip, also at South Amboy to the northward.
Absent from the Pine Barrens.

Fl. — Early August to early September.

Middle District.— Keyport (NB), New Egypt, Westmont (S), Griffith's
Swamp, Medford (S), Washington Park (S), Lawnside (S), Lindenwold,
Mickleton (NB), Tomlin, Clementon (S), Swedesboro, Salem (S), Divid-
ing Creek.

Coast Strip.— hong Branch, Pt. Pleasant (S), Bay Head (NY), Man-
ahawkin, Coxe's, Beesley's Pt. (S), Five-Mile Beach, Sea Isle Jnc. (S).

Cape May. — Court House, Bennett (S).

DISTICHLIS Rafinesque.
Distichlis spicata (L.). Marsh Spike Grass.

PI. VIII., Fig. 2.

Uhiola spicata Linnseus, Sp. PL 71. 1753 [North America].
Brizopyrum spicatum Knieskern 38. — Willis 74.
Distichlis spicata Britton 284. — Keller and Brown 50.

Salt meadows along the coast; common.
Fl. — Midi-August into September.

Maritime. — Sandy Hook (NB), Deal Beach, Pt. Pleasant, Waretown,
Barnegat City (L), Beach Haven Terrace (L), Barnegat City Jnc. (L),
Beach Haven (L), Cedar Bonnet (L), Atlantic City, Ocean City (S), Sea
Isle City, Wildwood, Piermont, Cape May (S), Dennisville (S).

POA L.

Key to the Species,
a. Culms tufted.

b. Low, not more than 2 dm. high. [P. annua]*

bb. Taller, 3-9 dm. high.

*Low Spear Grass. Common in lawns and waste ground.

240 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

c. Basal leaves nearly equalling panicle, upper stem leaves very short,
spikelcts 5-7 mm. long. P. brachyphylla, p. 240

cc. Basal leaves much shorter than panicle.

d. Spikelets 3 mm. long, culm scabrous below panicle.

[P. trivia lis] f

dd. Spikelets 4-5 mm. long, culm smooth. [P. pratensis]t

aa. Culms not tufted, bluish green, panicle contracted. [P. conipressa]%

Poa brachyphylla Schultes. Short-leaved Spear Grass.

Poa brachyphylla Schultes, Mant. II : 304. 1824. n. n. for P. brevifolia
Muhl. nee Gaud. [Pennsylvania].

This species was only known from Warren and Hunterdon
Counties until discovered by Mr. O. H. Brown at Cape May,
though I ami inclined to think that the P. alsodes of Dr. Knies-
kern's catalogue, which he says occurs on the "borders of woods,
not common," belongs here. It was later found in west Jersey
by Mr. Long.

Fl. — Mid-April to early May.

Middle District. — Bordentown.
Cape May. — Cape May.

PANICULARIA Fabricius.

Key to the Species.

a. Spikelets not over 7 nun. long.

b. Panicle dense, club-shaped, spike-Hke, 75-100 mm. long.

P. obtusa, p. 241
bb. Panicle open, spreading.

c. Spikelets 3-4 mm. wide, becoming whitish or straw color.

d. Spikelets larger, 5-10 flowered. P. canadensis, p. 241

dd. Spikelets smaller, 3-5 flowered. P. laxa, p. 241

cc. Spikelets less than 2.5 mm. wide.

d. 3-4 mm. long, purplish, branches of panicle drooping.

P. nervata, p. 241
dd. 4-6 mm. long, green, branches of panicle erect.

P. grandis, p. 243
ddd. 6-7 mm. long, pale green or whitish. P. pallida, p. 242

aa. Spikelets 12 mm. long or more.

b. Flowers obtuse. P. septentrionalis, p. 242

bb. Flowers acute. P. acutiAora, p. 242

t Rough Meadow Grass. Introduced in meadows and waste ground.
t Blue Grass. Cultivated for hay and abundantly naturalized. PI. VII.,
Fig. 2.

§ Wire Grass. Common in waste ground, fields, etc.

PUANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 241

Panicularia canadensis (Michx.).* Rattlesnake Grass.

PI. XV., Fig. 3.

Brisa Canadensis Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. I. yi. 1803 [Canada]. — Barton,

Fl. Phila., I. 63. 1818.
Glyceria canadensis Knieskern 38. — Britton 295.

Swamps of the Northern and Middle districts, common ; rarely
in the Pine Barrens.

Fl. — Mid-June to mid-July.

Middle District. — Farmingdale, New Egypt, Riverside, Pemberton (C),
Birmingham, Fish House, Haddonfield (S), Griffith's Swamp, Gibbstown
(NB), Elm (C), Kirkwood (C), Mickleton, Clementon (S), Albion, Sickler-
ville (S), Gloucester, Salem (C), Beaver Dam.

Pine Barrens. — Bamber, Landisville, Vineland.

Panicularia obtusa (Mubl.). Blunt Manna Grass.

PI. XV., Fig. 4.

Poa obtusa Muhlenberg, Gram. 147. 1817 [Pennsylvania, New Jersey and
New England].— Barton, Fl. Phila., I. 62. 1818.— Torrey, Fl. U. S. I.
112. 1824.

Glyceria obtusa Knieskern 38. — Britton 295.

Panicularia obtusa Keller and Brown 52.

Swamps and bogs throughout our region and locally in Hud-
son and Middlesex Counties to the north.

Fl. — Early July to late August and sporadically into October.

Middle District. — Farmingdale (S), Hartford, Birmingham, Delaire, Fish
House, Griffith's Swp., Westmont (S), Lindenwold (S), Repaupo, Tomlin
(S), Mickleton (NY), Paulsboro, Sicklerville (S), Swedesboro.

Pine Barretts. — Allaire, Lakehurst, Toms River (S), Bear Swamp (S),
Hammonton, Parkdale (S), Egg Harbor City, Eighth St. (T).

Cape May.— Green Creek, Cold Spring (OHB).

Panicularia nervata (Wllld.) Nerved IVIanna Grass.

Poa nervata Willdenow, Sp. PI. I. 3S9. 1798 [North America]. — Barton, Fl.

Phila., I. 61. 1818.
Glyceria nervata Knieskern 38. — Britton 296.

* Panicularia laxa Scribner (Bull. Torr. Club XXI., ^7. 1894.— Mt. Desert,
Me.), is reported from Mickleton and Swedesboro. Specimens in the Acad-
emy herbarium show smaller spikelets, but I cannot find in this character or in
those advanced by Prof. Fernald (Rhodora 1910, p. 135) sufficient constancy
to make the recognition of this form desirable so far as local material is
concerned. At most it can only be regarded as a sub-species. It was col-
lected by Mr. Heritage at Mickleton before it was described by Scribner.
16 MUS

242 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Swamps ; common in the Northern and Middle districts ; very-
rare in the Pine Barrens and occcisional in the Cape May penin-
sula.

Fl. — Mid-May to mid-June.

Middle District. — Farmingdale, New Egypt, Delanco, Browns Mills, Med-
ford (S), Washington Park, Micklcton, Sewell (S), Albion, Pitman, Glass-
boro (S), Swedesboro, Yorktown.

Pine Barrens. — Speedwell.

Cape May. — Cold Spring.

Panicularia pallida (Toir.). Pale Manna Grass.

Windsoria pallida Torrey, Cat. N. Y. Plants 91. 1819 [swamp behind Elgin

Garden, N. Y., and Pine Barrens of N. J.].
Glyceria pallida Knieskern 38. — Britton 296.
Poa dentata Torrey, Fl. U. S. I. 107. 1824.

Frequent in shady swamps or streams of the northern Middle
and Cape May districts, often growing in the water. Rare in
the Pine Barrens.

Fl. — Mid-May to mid-June, and sporadically during July and
August.

Middle District. — Delanco, Kaighns Pt., Repaupo, Mickleton, Sicklerville,
Glassboro (S), Riddleton, Centerton (S).

Pine Barrens. — Winslow Jnc, Landisville, Richland, Woodbine (S')-
Cape May. — Bennett, Niimmeytown (S), Cold Spring (OHB).

Panicularia septentrionalis (Hitchc). Floating Manna Grass.

PI. IX., Fig. 4.
Glyceria septentrionalis Hitchcock, Rhodora 1906. 211 [Guttenburg, N. J.].
Festuca Hiiitans Barton, Fl. Phila. I. 66. 1818.
Glyceria Huitans Knieskern 38. — Britton 296.

Swamps, usually growing in water. Frequent, except in the
Pine Barrens.

Fl. — Late May to early July, and sporadically through the
summer.

Middle District. — Riddleton.

Coast Strip. — Stone Harbor, Anglesea.

Cape May.— Cape May (OHB).

Panicularia acutiflora (Torr.). Sharp-scaled Manna Grass.

Glyceria acutiflora Torrey. Fl. U. S. I. 104 [New York, New Jersey and

Massachusetts]. — Willis 74. —
Glyceria brevifolia Britton 296.
Panicularia acutiflora Keller and Brown 53.

PLiANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 243

Locally in swamps of the Northern and Middle districts and
coast strip.

Fl. — Early June to mid- July, sporadically into August.

Middle District.— Cooper's Pt, Merchantville (P), Gloucester (P),
Mickleton (NB).
Pine Barrens. — Waterford (P).
Coast Strip. — Manahawkin.

Panicularia grandis (Wats.). Reed Meadow Grass.

Glyceria grandis Watson, Gray's Man. Ed. 6. 667. 1890 [New England to

Minnesota, etc.].
Glyceria arundinacea Britton 296.

A northern species probably now extinct within our limits,

but represented in the State herbarium at New Brunswick by

one specimen collected many years ago at Cooper's Bridge, by

Mr. E. Diffenbaugh.

Middle District.— Cooptr's Bridge (NB). Coll. by E. Diffenbaugh, 1863.

PUCCINELLIA Parlatore.

Puccinellia fasciculata (Torr.). Spreading Meadow Grass.

Poa fasciculata Torrey, Fl. U. S. I. 107. 1824 [Salt marshes about N. y.

City].
Glyceria distans Britton 296.
Puccinellia distans Keller and Brown 53.

Borders of salt marshes on the coast.

PL — Late May into September.

Maritime. — Surf City (L), Barnegat City (L), Spray Beach (L), Absecon
(NB), Cape May, Fortesque Beach (NB).

FESTUCA L.

Key to the Species.
a. Short, erect grasses, 1-6 dm. high, with involute wiry leaves, and green-
ish or reddish, usually contracted panicles.
b. Flower scales with an awn of equal length. F. octoAora, p. 244

hb. Flower scales, awnless or awn much shorter than the scale.

c. Plant over 3 dm. in height, panicle reddish. F. rubra, p. 244

cc. Plant less than 3 dm. in height, panicle green. [F. ovinaY

aa. Taller plants 6-15 dm. high, with flat, green leaves.

b. Branches of panicle short and erect, spikelets 5-10 flowered.

[F. elatior]*

bb. Branches of panicle long and drooping, spikelets mostly near the

ends, s-6 flowered. F. nutans, p. 244

^ Sheep Fescue Grass, occasionally established in w^aste ground.
'Tall Fescue Grass, frequent in fields, etc. PI. XIV., Fig. i.

244 l>:i'.l'ni>:T Ol' NEW TKRvSKY STATE MUSEUM.

Festuca octoflora Wiilt. Slender Fescue Grass.

PI. XIV., Fig. I.
J'cstuca octoflora WalltT. 1""1. C:ir. Si, 1788 [vSotith Carolina].— Britlon 296.—

Ki-llcr and Brown 53.
festuca tcnclla Knicslvcrn 30.

]^rv sandy soil, casn.il in (ho nortliciii roiintics. frcf|iicnt
tlinni^hout our rcgfion.

I'l. — Mid-May to niid-jnno.

MhUllc District.— Dchmco (S), Mcdford (S). Micklcton.
Pine Barrens. — E. Plains (vS), Tabernacle (S), Cedar Brook, Landisvillc,
Pleasant Mills, Tuckahoe.

Coast .V/ri/'.— Beach Haven (T.), N. Beach TIaven (L), Barnepat City (L).

Festuca rubra T>. Red Fescue Grass.

;

I'cstuca rubra Iviiinxus, Sp. PI. 74. J 753 |]£uropc].

Sandy .q'ronnd alonq;- the coast marshes.

'I'his is one of several plants of wide distrihntion wliirh occur
along the coast, and are often regarded as introductions from
Europe. Some of them grow under such conditions as to make
them appear certainly native, while in the case of others the
evidence is less convincing. It has heen thought hesl to include
them all.

I'l. — T.ate May to mid-jnnc.

Maritime. — Shcrhurn's (1<), vSurf Cily (T^), Spray Beacli (L), Peahala
(L), B(\u-h llaviti (T,), Banie}jjal City (I,), llolRatc's (L), Beach Haven
Terrace (L).

Festuca nutans Si)rciig. Nodding Fescue Grass.

f-estura ntilans Sprenpel, Fl. Hal. Mantissa 34. 1807 [Pennsylvania]. — Knies-
kcrn 39. — Willis 74. — BriUon 297.

Ivocky woods of the northern counties and southward in the
Middle district.

Fl. — Late May to early June.

Middle District.— VvmWvinu (C), Mcdford (S), Micklolon, vSwedcsboro.

BROMUS L.

Key io iJw Spccirs.

a. Plant tall, 2-5 feet hi,i;li (in woodlands), flowers pubescent, panicle
weak and droopinp. B. puritans, p. 245

aa. Plants lower, rarely over two feet hi^h (waste ground plants).

PDANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 245

Bromus purgans 1j. Wood Chess.

Bromus purgans Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 76. 1753 [Canada].
Bromus ciliatus Knieskcrn 39. — Britton 297.

Woods of the northern counties, casually entering the upper
pait of Monmouth Co., according- to Knieskern, and discovered
by Mr. Benjamin Heritage at Wildwood in the lower coast dis-
trict.

Coast Strip.— Wildwood (II).

ELYMUS L.

Key to the Species.

a. Glumes avvl-shapcd, spike noddiiij^. B. striatus, p. 245
aa. Glumes lanceolate.

b. Glumes indurated below, spikes erect.

c. Plant seldom over 6 dm. high, leaves narrow. Li. halophilus, p. 245

cc. Plant 9-12 dm. high, leaves broad. ii. virginicus, p. 245

hb. Glumes not indurated below, spike nodding. E. canadensis, p. 246

Elymus striatus Willd. Slender Wild Rye.

PI. XI., Fig. 4.
lilymus striatus Willdenow, Sp. PI. I. 470. 1797 [North America]. — Knies-
kern 39. — Britton 299. — Keller and Brown 56.

Northern counties, south locally in the Middle district and
along the coastal strip; banks of streams.
Fl. — Late June to late July.

Middle District. — Swedesboro, Westville.

Coast Strip. — Atlantic City, Anglcsea, Cape May.

Elymus virginicus \j. Virginia Wild Rye.

PI. XL, Fig. 6.

Elymus virginicus Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 84. 1753 [Virginia]. — Knieskern 39. —
Beck's Botany 415. 1833. — Britton 298.

Northern and ATiddle districts, casual along the coast and in
the Cape May peninsula; banks of streams.
Fl. — Late July to early September.

Middle District. — New Egypt, Pemberton Jnc. (S), Medford (S), Wash-
ington Park, Jumbo, Swedesboro.
Coast Strip. — Avon, Anglcsea, Court House, Cold Spring.

Elymus halophilus Blcknell. Coast Wild Rye.
Elymus halophilus Bicknell, Torr. Bull. 35. Apr., 1908, p. 201 [Nantucket].

246 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Edge of salt marshes along the coast and on the lower bay
shore.

Fl. — Late July to early September.

Maritime. — Sandy Hook (NB), Pt. Pleasant, Manahawkin, Surf City
(L), Barnegat City Jnc. (L), Beach Haven (L), Harvey Cedars (L), Pea-
hala (L), Ship Bottom (L), Atlantic City (NB), Cape May Ct. House, Dias
Creek.

Elymus canadensis L. Nodding Wild Rye.

Elymus canadensis Linnxus, Sp. PI. 83. 1753 [Canada]. — Knieskern 39. —
Willis 75- — Britton 298.

River banks, Northern and Middle districts.

Fl. — Early July to early September, or occasionally later.

Middle District. — Shark River (C), Delair, Swedesboro.

HYSTRIX Moench. ^

Hystrix hystrix (L.). Bottle-brush Grass.

Elymus Hystrix Linnjeus, Sp. PI. Ed. 2. 124. 1762 [original habitat un-
known]. — Britton 299. — Keller and Brown 57.

Rocky woods of the northern counties; reported by Dr. Britton

from one station in the Middle district.

Middle District. — Arneytown (C).

Family CYPERACE^. Sedges.

Distinguished from Grasses by their usually solid, more or
less triangular stems and closed sheaths to the leaves. Fruit an
achene.

Flowering and Fruiting Data. — iln all the genera of this
family, except Cyperus and Care.v (q. v.) and certain special
cases noted under individual species, the time of year indicates
the season during which well developed (and generally mature)
achenes are commonly to be found and intact spikelets occur.

Key to Genera.

a. Flowers all of one kind, perfect.
b. Spikelets two-ranked.

c. Flattened or linear, arranged in terminal umbles, in loose spikes or

spherical clusters. Cyperus, p. 248

cc. Flattened, arranged in two ranks on peduncles from the axils of

the short leaves, inflorescens extending for same distance along

the culm. Dulichium, p. 256

PUANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 247

bb. Spikelets cylindrical or ovate with flowers on all sides, not two-ranked.
c. No apparent leaves (reduced to mere sheaths). Eleocharis, p. 257
d. Leaves present.

e. Inflorescence in compact heads, provided with soft silky or
cotton-like white or whitish hairs, which become long and
plume-like in autumn. Eriophorum, p. 273

ee. Inflorescence not provided with white or whitish hairs.
f. Flowers I to 2 (rarely 3-4) in a spike.

g. Achene, with a conspicuous beak or cap distinctly dif-
ferent from the main portion. Rynchospora, p. 275
gg. Achene uniform throughout, no beak.

Cladiutn, p. 282
ff. Flowers numerous, always more than four in a spikelet.
g. Lowest leaves at least (often whole plant), hispid.

Fuirena, p. 274
gg. Leaves never hispid.

h. Spikelets i or 2-12 sessile in a terminal cluster.

Scirpus, p. 266
hh. Spikelets pedicelled, or at least some of them,
sometimes several on each pedicel,
i. Plant less than 3.7 dm. high.

y. Leaves filiform, shorter than the inflo-
rescence. Stenophyllis, p. 265
jj. Leaves linear, flat.

k. Spikes half a line wide, leaves much
shorter than the inflorescence.

FimbrystiUs autumnalis, p. 265
kk. Spikes one line wide, leaves equalling
inflorescence. Psilocaria, p. 265

a. Plants more than 6 dm. high.
/. Leaves rigid, involute.

Fiinbrystilis castanea, p. 265
jj. Leaves not involute. Scirpus, p. 266

aa. Flowers of two kinds, some staminate, some pistillate.

b. Achene inclosed in a sack or perigynia, open at the tip and often pro-
longed into a slender toothed beak.

c. Staminate and pistillate flowers in distinct spikes or in different
parts of the same spike. Carex, section "a," p. 285

cc. Staminate and pistillate flowers, mingled together in (or stami-
nate at the base of) a terminal branching, "prickly" cluster (green
or straw color) or in several scattered star-like clusters ( green).

Carex, section "aa," p. 288
ccc. Staminate and pistillate flowers, mingled (staminate usually at the
base) in uniform ovoid heads, clustered or usually separate, at
the end of the scape; each composed of numerous closely imbri-
cated, flat achenes and scales (chestnut or green).

Carex, section "aaa," p. 290
bb. Achene naked, resembling a hard, round, bony seed, supported on a
hard disc, generally white and shining sometimes blackish.

Scleria, p. 282

J48 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

CYPERUS L.

Flowering and fruiting Data. — The time of year denotes the
season during which intact inflorescences, heads, and spikelets
of characteristic shape, are present.

Mature achenes are present some times after the season here
designated, but the spikelets are then losing their characteristic
shape through the dropping of the scales.

Key to the Species.

a. Spikelets flat, two-ranked and closely imbricated, more than 1.5 mm.
wide, sessile in radiating umbels or occasionally one or two secondary
umbels on pedicels.
b. Edges of the spikelet sharply and finely notched owing to the pro-
jecting points of the scales.
c. Scales brown with a green keel, tips very sharp, slightly mucro-
nate. Head often proliferous. C. dentatus, p. 251

cc. Scales yellowish brown, tips not mucronate, not proliferous.

d. Spikelets 2 mm. wide or over ; maritime. C. nuttallii, p. 250

dd. Spikelets less than 2 mm. wide, usually several short-pedi-

celled umbels. C. microdontus, p. 251

bb. Edges of the spikelet nearly entire, the tips of the scales blunt and

not projecting.

c. Spikelets yellow or yellowish, 1.5-2.5 mm. broad.

C. Aavescens, p. 249
cc. Spikelets brown or green, spotted or bordered with brown.

d. Spikelets 5-10 mm. long, branches of the styles projecting
from the scales, secondary umbels always present.

C. diandrus, p. 250
dd. Spikelets 10-20 mm. long, smooth and shining, style branches
rarely visible, secondary spikelets occasional.

C. rivularis, p. 250

an. Spikelets less than 1.5 mm. wide, often terete in cylindrical spikes at

least one inch long, mostly on peduncles which are usually branched and

sometimes very compound, forming masses of inflorescence 1-2 dm. or

more in diameter.

b. Peduncles branched.

c. Spikes very dense, scales falling away from the rachis of the
spikelet at maturity. C. erythrorhizos, p. 252

cc. Spikes often loose, scales persistent on the rachis until the spike-
let itself falls off.

d. Spikelets tertete, C. speciosus, p. 252

dd. Spikelets distinctly flattened. C. strigosus, p. 253

bb. Peduncles not branched.

c. Lower spikelets not reflexed, heads rather loose, roots with small
root tubers. C. esculentus, p. 252

I

PLIANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 249

cc. Lower spikelets always reflexed, forming a dense ovoid head, no
root tubers. C. lancastriensis, p. 253

aaa. Spikelets in several peduncled dense umbels or short spikes (cylindrical,
ovoid or top-shaped), not over 15 mm. long (exclusive of reflexed spike-
lets). Spikelets less than 1.5 mm. in width, or else scales spreading and
not closely imbricate and main umbel sessile, with or without secondary
pedicelled umbels.
h. Spikelets linear, appressed, more or less terete, prevailing color
brownish.
c. Umbels globular ovoid or cylindrical, spikelets not bristly
pointed, only the basal ones reflexed.
d. Head globular or ovoid. C. ovidaris, p. 254

dd. Head cylindrical. C. cylindricus, p. 255

cc. Umbels ovoid or top-shaped, spikelets bristly pointed, mostly
reflexed.

d. Umbels ovoid, long. C. lancastriensis, p. 253

dd. Umbels top-shaped, 10-25 mm- long, all spikelets reflexed.
e. Culms glabrous. C. hystricinus, p. 253

ec. Culms scabrous above.

f. Heads obovoid, contracted at base.

C. retrofractus, p. 254
ff. Heads cylindric or subcylindric.

C. dipsaciformis, p. 254
bb. Spikelets broader, scales loosely arranged, prevailing color green.
c. Rachis of spikelet winged, secondary pedicelled umbels always
present. C. grayi, p. 255

cc. Rachis of spikelet not winged.

d. Secondary umbels often lacking.

e. Spikelets 10-16 mm. long, 8-12 flowered.

C. aiicuhnis, p. 256
ee. Spikelets 3-8 mm. long, 4-8 flowered.

C. f. macilentus, p. 256

aaaa. Spikelets as broad as long (3-6 mm.)., sessile in compact heads in large

compound umbels, forming a mass of inflorescence .5-7 dm. in diameter.

C. pseudovegetiis, p. 251

Cyperus flavescens L. Yellow Sedge.
PI. XVI., Fig. 9.
Cyperus Havescens Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 46. 1753 [Germany, Switzerland and
France.] — Knieskern 2>2>- — Willis 67. — Britton 260. — Keller and Brown 58.

Damp ground, common in our region, except in the Pine
Barrens, casual in North Jersey.

Ft. — Early August to early October.

Middle District. — Good Luck Pt. (C), New Egypt, Burlington, Kaighns Pt.,
Westville, Washington Park (S), Mickleton (NB), Swedesboro (KB),
Jericho.

Pine Barrens. — Lakehurst, Chatsworth, Clementon, Hammonton, Atsion,
Mays Landing (C), Pleasant Mills.

250 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Coast Strip.— Forked River, Toms River (NB), Palermo, Sea Isle Jnc. (S),
Wildwood.
Cape May. — Dias Creek.

Cyperus diandrua Torrey. Low Sedge.

PI. XVI., Fig. 14.

Cyperus diandrus Torrey Cat. PI. N. Y. 90. 1819 [Salt Meadows at Hoboken,
N. J.]. — Knieskern 33. — Willis 67. — Britton 260. — Keller and Brown 59.

Damp ground; rare in the Middle district along the Delaware
River and more frequent along- the coast.
Fr. — Mid-Augxist to early October.

Middle District. — Gloucester Pt., Swedesboro.

Coast 5"/n>.— Barnegat City (L), Harvey Cedars (L), Brant Beach (L),
Spray Beach (L), Beach Haven Terrace (L), Holgate's (L), Beach Haven
(L), St. Albans (L), Waretown.

Cyperus rivularis Kunth. Shining Sedge.

PI. XVI., Fig. 13.

Cyperus rivularis Knnth Enum. 2: 6. 1837 [Georgia.]— Keller and Brown 59.
Cyperus diandrus var. castaneus Knieskern 33. — Willis 67. — Britton 260.

Damp ground ; common in the Northern and Middle districts
and on the Coastal strip.

Fr. — Mid-August to early October.

Middle District. — New Egypt, Birmingham, Swedesboro, Fish House (S),
W. Deptford.

Coast Strip.—Sandy Hook (NB), Spring Lake (NY), Barnegat City (L),
Brant Beach (L), Ship Bottom (L), Beach Haven (L), Spray Beach (L),
West Creek (S), E. of Egg Harbor City, Palermo (S).

Cyperus nuttallii Eddy. Nuttall's Sedge.
PI. XVI., Fig. 15.

Cyperus Nuttallii Eddy, Spreng. Neue. Entd. I. 240. 1820 [Submaritime
Swamps of N. J.].— Knieskern 33.— Torrey Ann. Lye. N. Y. III. 252.
1836 — Willis 67. — Britton 260. — Keller and Brown 59.

Cyperus mittimus Barton, Flor. Phila. I. 26. 1818.— Nuttall, Gen. i. 35. 1818.

Cyperus Clcaverii Torrey, Ann. Lye. N. Y. III. 258 [Monmouth Co., N. J.]. —
Gray, Man. Ed. 2. 491. 1858.

Edges of salt marshes all along the coast and on the bay shore.

Fr. — Early August to early October.

Maritime.— Dt?i\ Beach, Sea Bright (NB), Bay Head, Island Heights,
Toms River (NB), Seaside Park (S), Waretown, Barnegat City (L), Surf
City (L) Ship Bottom (L), Peahala (L), Spray Beach (L), West Creek
(S), Atlantic City, Longport, Ocean City (S), Sea Isle City (S), Piermont,
Wildwood, Cape May, Dennisville, Beaver Dam.

PU^NTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 251

Cyperus microdontus Torr. Small-toothed Sedge.

Cypertis microdontus Torrey, Am. Lye. N. Y. III.: 255. 1836 [Salem, N. C.].
—Robinson and Fernald, Gray's Man. Ed. 7. I74-— Emile F. Williams,
Rhodera III. 1901, 36.

Only known in the State from a specimen in the Gray herba-'
riiim, collected by Dr. J. B. Brinton, August i, 1880. at Cape May,
but labelled C. nuttallii; from Pleasant Mills, where it was
discovered September 27, 1887, by Mr. C. A. Gross, possibly
from the shores of Mullica River, within the limits of tidewater;
and from Claypot Creek, Navesink Highlands, where it was
obtained by Mr. E. F. Williams, September 2, 1900, and identi-
fied by Prof. Fernald. Previously not known from north of
Virginia.

Pr. — Early August to early October.

Coast 5/n>.— Navesink (E. F. Williams), Pleasant Mills, Cape May (Gray
Herb.).

Cyperus pseudovegetus Steud. Marsh Sedge.

PI. XVI., Fig. 7-

Cyperus pseudovegetus Steud., Syn. PI. Cyp. 24. 1855 [So. Carolina].—
Stone Tcrreya, 1907, 40.

Lower portion of the Middle district. Discovered near
Riddleton, September 16, 1894, by Charles D. Lippincott.
Rare.

Pr. — Early July to early October.

Middle Disfrict. — Riddleton.

Cyperus dentatus Torr. Toothed Sedge.
PI. XVI., Fig. 8.

Cyperus dentatus Torrey, Fl. U. S. I. 61. 1824 [Pine Barrens of New Jer-
sey].— Knieskern 34. — Torrey Ann. Lye. N. Y. III., 271. 1836.— Willis 67.
— Britton 260. — Keller and Brown 59.

Cyperus parviiiorus Barton, Fl. Phila. I. : 28. 1818.

Wet sandy spots in the Pine Barrens and locally in the
Northern and Middle districts.

We have both the typical form, which has the spikelets fre-
quently abortive, and the var. ctenostachys of Fernald, which
seems to me to be merely a fully developed normal extreme of
the same thing.

Pr. — Late July to late September,

252 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATlv MUSEUM.

Middle District.— BurVmgton, Delanco, Medford (S), Riddlelon (KB),
Elwood (KB).

Pine Barrens. — Asbury Park (NB), Bay Head, Lakehurst, Toms River,
Browns Mills Jnc. (KB), Forked River (H), Warotown, Pasadena, Speed-
well, Chatsworth, Taunton, Berlin, Bear Swamp, Hammonton, Atsion, Park-
dale, Quaker Bridge, Batsto, Pleasant Mills, Weekstown, Egg Harbor City,
Mays Landing (KB).

Cyperus esculentus L. Nut Grass.

PI. XVI., Fig. i6..

Cyperus esculctntiis Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 45. 1753 [Monspelii]. — Britton 260.
Cyperus phymatodes Barton, Flor. Phila. L : 27. 1818. — Willis 67.
Cyperus repens Torrey, Ann. Lye. N. Y. HL : 264. 1836.

Common in open swampy ground, except in the Pine Barrens ;
most plentiful on the coastal strip, often increasing enormously
where swamp land is cultivated.

Fr. — ^^Early August to late September or early October.

Middle Dstrict. — Phalanx (NB), New Egypt, Lawnside (S), Swedesboro,
Salem (S).

Pine Barrens. — Landisville (T).

Coast Strip. — Spring Lake (NB), Seaside Park, Beach Haven Terrace (L),
Surf City (L), Tucker's (L), Atlantic City (S), Palermo (S), Ocean City
(S), Mays Landing, Sea Isle Jnc. (S), Piermont, Anglesea, Cold Spring,
Cape May (S), Cape May Pt. (S).

Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhl. Red-rooted Sedge.
PI. XVI., Fig. 12.

Cyperus erythrorhizos Muhlenberg, Gram. 20. 1817 [Pennsylvania]. — 'Willis
67. — Britton 261.

Locally in swampy ground of the Middle and Coast districts.
Found abundantly along Big Timber Creek, near Westville,
September, 191 1, by Mr. Bayard Long.
Fr. — Mid-August into October.

Middle District.— Camden (NB), Petty's Isl. (NB), Westville, Swedes-
boro, Millville.

Coast Strip. — Anglesea (UP).

Cyperus speciosus Vahl. Michaux's Sedge.

PI. XVI., Fig. II.

Cyperus speciosus Vahl., Emun. 2: 364. 1806 [Virginia]. — Britton 261. —

Keller and Brown 60.
Cyperus Michauxianus Willis 67.

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 253

Swamps along the coast, also at Camden (probably on ballast).
Fr. — Early August to late September.

Middle District. — Camden.

Coast Strip. — Seaside Park, Waretown, Barnegat City (L), Surf City (L),
Spray Beach (L), Atlantic City (S), Ocean City (S), Piermont, Stone
Harbor, Wildwood, Cape May (KB).

Cape May. — Dennisville (S).*

Cyperus strigosus L. Straw-colored Sedge.

PI. XVI., Fig. 10.

Cyperus strigosus Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 47. 1753 [Jamaica and Virginia]. — Barton

Fl. Phila. I.; 27. 1818.— Knieskern 34.— Willis 67.— Britton 261.
Cyperus strigosus var. capitatus Britton 261 (dwarfed).

Plentiful in swamps and moist open groimd throughout the
State except in the Pine Barrens. Very variable, but not satis-
factorily divisible into definite varieties.

Fr. — Early August to late September.

Middle District. — New Egypt (S), Camden, Morris, Medford, Taunton (S),
W. Deptford, Lawnside (S), Mickleton, Tomlin, Wcnonah, Clementon,
Swedesboro, Salem (S), Millville, Beaver Dam.

Pine Barrens. — Landisville.

Coast Strip. — Barnegat City (L), Surf City (L), Harvey Cedars (L),
Ship Bottom (L), Barnegat City Jnc. (L), Spray Beach (L), Barrel Isl. (L),
West Creek (S), Ocean City (S), Seaville (S), Sea Isle City (S), Wild-
wood, Cold Spring (S), Cape May (S).

Cyperus lancastriensis Porter. Lancaster Sedge.

PI. XVI., Fig. I.

Cyperus lancastriensis Porter, Gray's Manual, Ed. V. 555. 1867 [Banks of

the Susquehanna, Lane. Co., Pa.]. — Watson, Gray's Man., Ed. VI. 572. 1890.

— Britton 261. — Keller and Brown 60.

Locally in sandy soil, Middle district and on the Delaware
below Trenton.

Fr. — Late July to early October.
Middle District. — Centerville (C), Near Woodbury, Swedesboro.

Cyperus hystricinus FernaJd. Bristling Sedge.

PI. XVI., Fig. 2.
Cyperus hystricinus Fernald, Rhodora, July, 1906:127 [near Haddonfield,

N. J.]
Cyperus retrofractus Britton 261 (in part). — Keller and Brown 60 (in part).

* The records for Mays Landing (C) and Hammonton (KB) on authority
of Benj. Heritage prove to be C. dentatus.

254 RKPORT OF NEW JERvSIvY STATE MUSEUM.

Locally in the Middle district.
Fr. — Late July to late September.

Middle District.— Red Bank, Wcstville, Washington Park (S), National
Park, Malaga (S), Locust Grove, Swedesboro (CDL).
Pine Barrens. — Hammonton.

Cyperus retrofractus (L.). Rough Sedge.

Scirpus retrofractus Linnaeus, Sp. PL SO. 1753 [Virginia].

Mariscus retrofractus Barton, Fl. Phila. L 30. 1818. — Torrey Ann. Lye. N. Y.

IIL 283. 1836.— Willis 67.
Cyperus retrofractus Britton 261. — Keller and Brown 60.

Locally in the Middle and Pine Barren districts and near
Hoboken to the northward.

Fr. — Late July to late September.

Middle District.— Mcdiord (S), Locust Grove, Malaga.
Pine Barrens. — Weymouth.

Cyperus dipsaciformis Femald. Teasel-like Sedge.

Cyperus dipsaciformis Fernald, Rhodora 106, p. 127 [near Washington, D. C.].

I am informed by Prof. M. L. Fernald that there is a specimen
in the Gray Herbarium from the herbarium of Thomas Morong,
labelled in Morong's handwriting "Sandy Pine Barrens, New
Jersey, Coll. Morong, September, 1873." This is our only evi-
dence of its occurrence in our region.*

Cyperus ovularis (Michx.). Globose Sedge.

PL XVL, Fig. 4.

Kyllingia ovularis Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. L 29. 1803 [Georgia and Caro-
lina].

Mariscus glomeratus Barton, FL Phila. L 30. 1818.

Cyperus ovularis Knieskern 34. — WilHs 67. — Britton 261. — Keller and Brown
60.

Common in open sandy ground throughout our region, except
in the Pine Barrens, and casual in the northern counties.
F)'. — Early July to early September.

* A specimen collected many years ago by S. W. Conrad at Fish House on
the Delaware, and now in the Philadelphia Academy Herbarium, has been
identified by Dr. Britton as Cyperus refractus. The plant, however, is abor-
tive and not well developed, and I do not think it can be certainly identified
with this species. There is no other record for the state.

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 255

Middle District— New Egypt, Burlington, Arney's Mt. (S), Delaire, Med-
ford (S), Swedesboro (CDL).

Coast Strip. — Manahawkin, Surf City (L), Ship Bottom (L), Barrel Isl.
(L), Atlantic City (KB), Palermo (S), Holly Beach (UP).

Cape May. — Three mi. W. Court House (S), Dias Creek, Rio Grande, Ben-
nett, Cold Spring, Cape May.*

Cyperus cylindricus (Ell.). Pine Barren Sedge.

PI. XVI., Fig 3-
Mariscus cylindricus Elliott, Bot. S. C. and Ga. I. 74. 1816 [probably South

Carolina].
fMariscus echinatus Barton, Fl. Phila. I. 1818.
Cyperus kyllingccoides Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. I. 50.
Cyperus Torreyi Britton 261.
Cyperus cylindricus Keller and Brown 60.

Open sandy ground, common throughout the Pine Barrens,
Cape May and Coast districts, rare and local in the Middle
district.

Fr. — Late Jtily to mid-September.

Middle District. — Lindenwold, Dividing Creek.

Pine Barrens. — Hornerstown, Lakehurst, Toms River (NB), Woodmansie
(KB), Forked River, Bear Swamp (S), Taunton, Lucaston, Albion, Landis-
ville, Winslow (S), Parkdale, Forks of Batsto, Egg Harbor City, Tucka-
hoe (S).

Coast 5"^n>.— Manahawkin, St. Albans (L), Beach Haven (L), Surf City
(L), Sherburn's (L), Atlantic City, Palermo (S), Ocean City (S), Piermont,
Wildwood, Anglesea, Holly Beach.

Cape May. — Bennett, Cold Spring (S).

Cyperus grayi Torr. Gray's Sedge.

PI. XVI., Fig. 6.

Cyperus Grayii Torrey, Ann. Lye. N. Y. III. 268. 1836 [Pine region of New
Jersey]. — Knieskern 34. — Willis 67. — Britton 261. — Keller and Brown 61.

Common on the sandhills of the coast and in the Pine Barrens.
Rare and local in the Middle district.
Fr. — Early August to late September.

Middle District. — New Egypt, Camden.

Pine 5arrenj.— Manchester (NB), Weymouth Island Hts. Jnc, Forked
River, Speedwell, Chatsworth, Taunton (S), Clementon, Penbryn (S),
Waterford, Franklinville, Landisville, Atsion (S), Pleasant Mills, Weymouth.

*The records for Hammonton and Forked River (KB) reported by Benj.
Heritage and J. Crawford prove to be the next.

256 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Coast 5/n>.— Sandy Hook (C), Pt. Pleasant, Seaside Park (S), Ware-
town. Forked River (NY), Barnegat City (L), Spray Beach (L), Sherburn's
(L), West Creek (S), Atlantic City, Ocean City (S), Sea Isle City (S).
Piermont, Stone Harbor, Wildwood, Cape May Pt. (S).

Cyperus filiculmis Vahl. Slender Sedge.

Cyperus filiculmis Vahl Enum., H. 3?8. 1806 [Carolina]. — Knieskern 34. —

Willis 67. — Keller and Brown 60.
Cyperus autumnalis Barton Fl. Phila. I. 28. 1818.

Common, perhaps, in the northern counties, but rare in our
limits, spreading along railroads, etc.
Fr. — 'Late June into October.

Middle District. — Woodbury, Kaighns Pt., Wenonah.
Cape May. — Court House, Cape May.

Cyperus filiculmis macilentus Femald.
PI. XVI., Fig. 5-
Cyperus fiHculmis var. macilentus Fernald Rhodera, July, 1906: 128 [Orono,
Me.].

Dry sandy soil ; most plentiful along the sand-dunes of the
coast, also in the Pine Barrens and Middle districts.
Fl. — Late June into October.

Middle District. — New Egypt, Fish House, Morris, Woodbury, Washington
Park, Wenonah, Lawnside (S), Lindenwold (S), Mickleton, Swedesboro,
Beaver Dam.

Pine Barrens. — Vineland, Landisville, Bamber, Twelfth St., Albion, Forks
of Batsto, Egg Harbor City.

Coast Strip.— Ashmy Park (NB), Pt. Pleasant, West Creek (S), Surf
City (L), Barnegat City (L), Ship Bottom (L), Peahala (L), Tucker's (L),
St. Albans (L), Sherburn's (L), Barrel Isl. (L), Longport (S), Atlantic City
(S).

Cape May.— "Pishmg Creek (OHB), Cape May (OBH), Cape May Pt.

DULICHiUM. L. C. Richard.

Dulichium arundinaceum (L.). Dulichium.

PI. XVII., Fig. 4.

Cyperus arundinacea Linnseus, Sp. PI. 44. 1753 [Virginia].
Dulichium spathaccus Barton, Fl. Phila. I. : 30. 1818. — Knieskern 34. — Wil-
lis 67. — Britton 262.

Common in wet swamps and along the edge of streams in the
Northern, Middle and Coastal districts. The few Pine Barren
records seem to have followed up the tidewater streams.

Fr. — Mid-July into October.

PUANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 257

Middle District. — New Egypt, Florence, Birmingham, Delanco (S), Med-
ford (S), Lindenwold, Paulsboro, Swedesboro, Sharpstown, Dividing Creek.

Pine Barrens. — Toms River (NY), Lakehurst, Forked River, Waretown,
Bear Swamp (S), Hammonton (NY), Landisville, Petersburg (S), Egg
Harbor (NB).

Cape May. — Cape May, Town Bank.

ELEOCHARIS R. Brown.

Key to the Species.

a. Spikes 2-6 cm. long of nearly or quite the same diameter as the culms.
h. Scales blunt and rounded, spike blunt, cylindrical.

c. Culm, four-angled. E. quadrangulata, p. 258

cc. Culm terete. U. interstincta, p. 258

hb. Scales sharp pointed, spike linear, awl-shaped. E. robbinsii, p. 258
aa. Spike much thicker than the culm.
b. Spike 6-15 mm. long.

c. Mature spikes at least 3 mm. thick.
d. Scales pointed, tips spreading.

e. Culms 3-15 dm. tall, stout. E. palustris, p. 260

ee. Culms 2-4.5 dm. tall, slender. E. glancescens, p. 260

dd. Scales blunt, spikes more or less globose.

e. Scales short and rounded, closely imbricated.

f. Spikes globose. E. obtusa, p. 259

//. Spikes oblong, cylindric. E. engelmanni, p. 260

ee. Scales longer and more loosely arranged.
f. Scales brown with a lighter mid-vein.

E. melanocarpa, p. 262
ff. Scales greenish with a dark mid-vein.

g. Spike ovoid, culms not rooting at tip.

E. tuberculosa, p. 261
gg. Spike spindle shaped, sterile culms often rooting at
tip. E. rostellata, p. 264

cc. Mature spikes less than 3 mm. thick.

d. Scales minute, rounded, closely imbricated, spike cylindrical,
6-15 mm. long. E. tricostata, p. 262

dd. Scales larger, more loosely arranged, spikes 4-6 mm. long.

E. tenuis, p. 263
bb. Spikes 2-6 mm. long.

c. Culms spirally twisted. E. tortilis, p. 263

cc. Culms not twisted.

d. Culms 2-4 dm. high. E. tenuis, p. 263

dd. Culms not over 2 dm. high (seldom over 1-5 dm.).
e. Culms capillary.

/. Spikes two to six-flowered, i mm. broad.

E. acicularis, p. 260
ff. Spikes six to many-flowered, culms often proliferous.

E. torreyana, p. 261
ee. Culms thicker.
17 MUS

258 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

f. Spikes 2 mm. broad, scales reddish brown, with a green
mid-vein. E. oUvacea. p. 259

ff. Spikes 2-3 mm. broad, scales very pale.

B. ocreata, p. 259

Eleocharis interstincta (Vahl.). Knotted Spike-rush.

PI. XVII., Fig. 5.
Scirpus intcrstinctus Vahl, Emun. II. : 251. 1806 [Caribaeis]. — Keller and
Brown 61. — Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1908. 458.

Known only from a swamp at Repanpo in the Middle district,
where it was first discovered by Benjamin Heritage, July 15,
1892.

Fr. — Mid-July to late August.
Middle District. — Repaupo.

Eleocharis quadrangulata Michx. Quadrangular Spike-rush.

PI. XVII., Fig. 6.
Scirpus quadrangulatus IMichaux, Fl. Bor. Am. I. 30. 1803 [Carolina].
Eleocharis quadrangulata Torrcy, Ann. Lye. N. Y. III. 297. 1836. — Willis

68.
Eleocharis mutata Britton, Jour. N. Y. Micros. Soc. V. 98. 1889. — Britton

262. — Keller and Brown 62.

Found in our region only in wet swamps in the Cape May
district, but occurs also at Swartswood Lake, Sussex Co.
Fr. — Mid-July to mid- August.
Cape May. — Dennisville, Dias Creek, Bennett, Cape May.

Eleocharis robbinsii Oakes. Robbin's Spike-rush.

PI. XVIL, Fig. 7.
Eleocharis Robbinsii Oakes, Hovey's Magazine VII. 178. 1848 [Pondi-
cherry pond, Jefferson, N. H.]. — Willis 67. — Britton, Jour. N. Y. Micros.
Soc. V. 99. 1889.— Gray Manual Ed. V. 557. 1867.— Britton 262.—
Keller and Brown 62.

Growing in the water in Pine Barren streams and ponds,
frequent; rare and local in similar situations in the Middle
district.

Fr. — Mid-July to mid-September, good fruit somewhat infre-
quent.

Middle District. — Delanco, Union Grove (S), Fairton.

Pine Barrens. — Toms River, Forked River, Dover Forge, Pasadena, Pleas-
ant Mills, Mullica River, Quaker Bridge, Chatsworth, Hammonton, Berlin,
Browns Mills (H), Dennisville.

Cape May. — Town Bank.

PLlANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 259

Eleocharis ocreata (Nees.)- Pale Spike-rush.

PI. XVII., Fig. 14.

Eleogenus ocreatus Nees., in Mart. Fl. Bras. II. Part i. 102. 1842 [Bahia,
Rio Janiero, etc.]. — Stone Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1908. 458.

Restricted to the southern part of the Cape May peninsula,
where it was first found by Mr. S. S. Van Pelt on the shores of
Lily Lake, July 17 and September 16, 1905.

Cape May.— Cape May Pt.

Eleocharis ollvacea Torr. Green Spike-rush.

Eleocharis olivacea Torrey, Ann. Lye. N. Y. III. 300. 1836 [Pine Barrens
of New Jersey]. — Kjiieskern 34. — Willis 68. — Britton 262. — Keller and
Brown 62.

Frequent in moist open ground throughout the State, but most
plentiful in the Pine Barrens and along the coast.
Fr. — Late July into October.

Middle District. — New Egypt, Hainesport, Birmingham, Delaire, Mickleton
(H), Swedesboro, Millville, Beaver Dam.

Pine Barrens. — Lakehurst, Browns Mills, Bamber, Chatsworth, Jackson,
Clementon, Atco, Landisville, Hammonton, Parkdale, Atsion, Batsto, Forks
of Batsto, Pleasant Mills, Quaker Bridge, Absecon (Bassett).

Coast Strip. — Seaside Park, Forked River, Waretown, Manahawkin, Surf
City (L), Absecon (S), Palermo.

Cape May.— Bennett, Cape May, Cape May Pt. (S).

Eleocharis obtusa (Willd.) Obtuse Spike-rush.
PI. XVII., Fig. 17.

Scirpus obtusiis Willdenow, Enum. Hort. Berol. 76. 1809 [North America].
Eleocharis obtusa Knieskern, 34. — Willis 68.
Eleocharis ovata Britton 262.

Common throughout the State except in the Pine Barrens,
where it is found only along tidewater streams or introduced in
cultivated ground.

Fr. — Mid- June to early October.

Middle District. — Keyport (NY), New Egj-pt, Delanco, Birmingham, Del-
aire, Camden, Lindenwold, Woodbury, Swedesboro, Clementon, Millville.

Pine Barrens.— Fleasznt Mills (T), Landisville, Four mi. E. Hammonton
(S), Mays Landing.

Coast Strip. — Deal, Manahawkin, Anglesea.

Cape Moy.— Court House (S), Bennett (S), Cape May.

26o REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Eleocharis engelmanni Steud. Engelmann's Spike-rush.

Elcccharis engelmanni Steud, Syn. PI. Cyp. 79. 1855 [St. Louis, Mo.].
Eleocharis ovaha var. engelmanni Britton Jour. N. Y. Micros. Soc. V. 103.
1889.— Britton 262.

Reported in our region only from Kaighns Point. Occasion-
ally in the northern counties.
Fr. — Mid-June to late August.

Middle District. — Blackwoodstown Turnpike (from Chas. E. Smith's Her-
barium and doubtless the specimens reported on his authority in Britton's
Catalogue from "Kaighns Pt.").

Eleocharis paiustris (L.). Creeping Spike-rush.

Scirpiis paiustris Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 47. 1753 [Europe].
Eleocharis paiustris Keller and Brown 62.

Wet swamps; rather frequent in the northern counties, rare
and local in the Middle and Coast districts. The record in Brit-
ton's Catalogue for Gloucester Co. belongs to the next.

Middle District. — New Egypt.
Coast Strip. — N. Wildwood.

Eleocharis glaucescens Willd. Glaucous Spike-rush.
PI. XVIL, Fig. II.
Scirpus glaucescens Willdenow, Enum. ■/6. 1809 [North America].
Eleocharis paiustris var. glaucescens Britton 262.

Common in swamps in the Northern, Middle and Coast dis-
tricts to Cape May.

There seem to be two forms of this species as pointed out to
me by Mr. Bayard Long. Those marked with an asterisk have
a yellow achene with a nearly sessile truncate beak, while in the
others the achene is brown with an acute pedicilled beak.

Fl. — Mid-June to late August.

Middle District. — Delanco, Lindenwold, Medford, Tomlinson's.

Coast Strip.— Dea\* Pt. Pleasant, Manahawkin,* Spray Beach (L), Bar-
negat City (L),* Surf City (L),* Ship Bottom (L),* St. Albans (L), Mays
Landing (T), Piermont,* Wildwood (S), Cold Spring.

Cape May. — Dias Creek,* Cape May.*

Eleocharis acicularis (L.). Needle Spike-rush.

PI. XVIL, Fig. 15.

Scirpus acicularis Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 48. I753 [Europe].
Eleocharis acicularis Knieskern 34. — Willis 68.
Scirpus trichodes Barton Fl. Phila. L 32. 1818.

PLtANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 261

Wet muddy places, shores of streams, etc. Common in the
Northern and Middle districts, occurs also in the Cape May
peninsula.

Fr. — Mid-July into October ; g-ood fruit cjuite uncommon.

Middle District. — New Egj-'pt, Delanco (S), Swedesboro, Millville, Mantua
(H).
Pine Barrens. — Landisville.
Cape May. — Nummeytown (S), Cold Spring (OHB).

Eleocharis tuberculosa (Michx.). Tubercled Spike-rush.

PI. XVII, Fig. 8.

Scirpiis tuberculosus Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. I. 30. 1803 [Lower Carolina].
Bleocharis tuberculosa Knieskern 34. — Beck Botany 424. 1833. — Torrey, Ann.

Lye. N. Y. III. 307. 1836.— Willis 68.— Britton Jour. N. Y. Micros. Soc.

V. 106. 1889. — Britton 262. — Keller and Brown 62.

Wet sandy ground throughout the Pine Barrens and Cape
May districts, rare and local in the lower part of the Middle
district. This is the characteristic Eleocharis of the Pine Bar-
rens, taking the place of B. obttisa of the Middle district. Its
occurrence outside the Pines is limited to the so-called Pine Bar-
ren Islands of west Jersey.

Fr. — ^Mid-July to mid-September.

Middle District. — Shark River, Griffith's Swamp, Centerton (S), Dividing
Creek.

Pine Barrens. — Allaire, Lakehurst, Toms River (S), Island Heights, Forked
River, Brindletown, Manahawkin, Mayetta, West Creek, Speedwell (S),
White House (S), Bear Swamp, Berhn, Atco, Jackson, Landisville, Ham-
monton (S), Parkdale (S), Atsion, Quaker Bridge, Pleasant Mills, Forks of
Batsto (S), Egg Harbor City, Cologne, Pancoast (S), Eighth St. (T), Mays
Landing (S), Manumuskin (S), Sea Isle Jnc.

Coast Strip. — Sherburn's (L).

Cape May. — Cold Spring (S), Bennett, Cape May.

Eleocharis torreyana Boeckl. Torrey's Spike-rush.

PL XVII., Fig. 16.

Heleocharis Torreyanus Boeckl, Linnasa 2>(>^ 440- 1870 [new name for "E.

microcarpa b ? £liculniis Torrey," Pine Barrens of N. J.].
Eleocharis microcarpa Willis 68. — Britton Jour. N. Y. Micros. Soc. V. 107.

1889. — Britton 263. — Keller and Brown 62.
Eleocharis microcarpa h ? filiculmis Torrey, Gray's Manual, Ed. I. 525. 1848.

Restricted to damp sandy spots in the Pine Barrens and upper
part of the Cape May district.

262 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Originally described by Torrey from specimens collected in
the New Jersey Pine Barrens, apparently in Ocean County.
Pr. — Early July to early October.

Pine Barrens. — Forked River (H), Double Trouble, Bamber, Manahawkin,
Speedwell (S), Pleasant Mills, Quaker Bridge (C), Ballinger's Mill (S),
Twelfth St. Folsom, Williamstown Jnc, Egg Harbor City.

Cape May. — Anglesea Jnc, Bennett Court House (S), Cold Spring.

Eleocharis melanocarpa Torrey. Black-fruited Spike-rush.
PI. XVH., Fig. 9.

Eleocharis melanocarpa Torrey, Ann. Lye. N. Y. HI. 311. 1836 [Pine Bar-
rens near Savannah, Go.]. — Willis 68. — Britton 263. — Stone, Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila. 1908. 458. — Long, Bartonia H. 18. 1910.

Apparently restricted to the lower part of the Middle district.
The first specimens I have seen from the State were collected at
Delanco, August, 1907, by Messrs. S. S. Van Pelt, Stewardsori
Brown and the writer. The plant was quite plentiful then, and
the tips of the leaves were rooting after the manner of B.
rostellata.

The earlier published records "Pine Barrens," Parker, and
"Sandy Swamps, Monmouth Co.," Willis, unsupported by speci-
mens may be regarded with suspicion, at least until we obtain
other records from the Pines.

Fr. — Early July to mid-August, probably.

Middle District. — Delanco, Below Millville.
Cape May. — Bennett.

Eleocharis tricostata Torr. Three-ribbed Spike-rush.

PI. XVH., Fig. 10.

Eleocharis tricostata Torrey, Ann. Lye. N. Y. HL 310. 1836 [Georgia and
Florida].— Knieskern 34.— -Willis 68.— Gray Manual Ed. I. 524. 1848.—
Britton Jour. N. Y. Micros. Soc. V. 108. 1889. — Britton 263. — Keller and
Brown 62.

Swamps in the Cape May and Pine Barren districts; rare and
local in the Middle district.

Dr. Knieskern first detected this species in the State at Quaker
Bridge, but it has since proved to be not uncomimon, especially in
the Cape May peninsula.

Fr. — Early July to late August.

PUANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 263

Middle District. — Delanco.

Pine Barrens. — Double Trouble, Quaker Bridge (C), Williamstown Jnc,
Inskip, Newtonville, Grassy Pond, Twelfth St. and Jackson Road, Egg Har-
bor City.

Cape May. — Bennett, Whitesboro, Nummeytown (S), Rio Grande.

Eleocharis tenuis (Willd.). Slender Spike-rush.*

PI. XVII., Fig. 18.

Scirpus tenuis Willdenow, Enum. Hort. Berol. I. y6. 1809 [North

America].
Scirpus filiformis Pursh Fl. Am. Sept. I. 54.
Eleocharis tennis Knieskern 34. — Torrey Ann. Lye. N. Y. III. 309. 1836. —

Willis 68.— Brittdn 263.

Damp places ; common throughout the State.
Fr.. — Early June to early July; scales then drop during July,
but achenes persist on the rachis often until October.

Middle District. — New Egypt, Burlington, Delanco (S), Camden, Lawn-
side (S), Tomlinson's Glassboro (S), Swedesboro, Riddleton, Millville.

Pine Barrens. — Allaire, Toms River, Forked River, Manahawkin, West
Creek, E. and W. Plains, Landisville, New Germany, Weymouth.

Coast Strip. — Spray Beach (L).

Cape ikfoy.— Cape May (OHB).

Eleocharis tortilis (Link.). Twisted Spike-rush.
PI. XVII. Fig. 13.
Scirpus tortilis Link, Jahrb. III. 78. 1820 [North America].

Moist Open ground; rare and local in the southern Middle
district, but more common in the Cape May peninsula. Reaches
its northern limit in southern New Jersey.

This interesting species easily recognized by its spirally twisted
stem, was first collected in the State by Mr. Chas. D. Lippincott,
September 6, 1896, near Swedesboro.

Fr. — Early July to early September.

Middle District. — Two miles north of Swedesboro.

Cape May.— Dias Creek, West Cape May, Cold Spring (OHB).

* Eleocharis intermedia Muhlenberg [Gram. 31. 1817— Pennsylvania] is
given in Britton's Catalogue as rare and local in Northern New Jersey. It
was recorded by Willis from Ocean and Monmouth Counties, but this record
has been rejected by Dr. Britton, and as Mr. Heritage's record in Keller
and Brown's Catalogue proves to be E. oUvacea, the species seems to have no
place in our list.

264 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Eleocharis rostellata Torr. Beaked Spike-rush.
PI. XVII, Fig. 12.

Scirf^us rostcUatus Torrey, Ann. Lye. N. Y. III. 318. 1836 [Penn Yan

Yates Co. N. Y. and So. Carolina].
Eleocharis rostellata Willis 68. — Bri'ton Jour. N. Y. Micros. Soc. V. no.

1889.— Britton 262.— Keller and Brown 62-

Common along the edge of the salt marshes of the coast and
on the Hackensack marshes north of our limits.

This species is noted for the rooting of the tips of the sterile
scapes, which thus form loops or arches that continually catch the
feet as one walks through the meadows.

Fr. — Late June to mid- August,

Maritime. — Ocean Grove, Pt. Pleasant, Seaside Park, Barnegat Pier,
Manahawkin, Spray Beach (L), Beach Haven (L), Sherburn's (L), Atlantic
City (C), Somers Pt., Cape May Ct. House, Cold Spring, Cape May (S),
Dennis.

DICHROMENA Michaux.
Dichromena colorata (L.). Narrow-leaved Dichromena.

Schoeniis coloratus Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 43. 1753 [Jamaica and Bahamas].
Dichromena leucocephala Gray Man. Ed. I. 531. 1848. — Willis 69.
Dichromena cephalotes Britton 263.

The occurrence of this plant in New Jersey seems to be based
upon the statement in the first edition of Gray's Manual (1848),
where this State is included in the range, though upon what evi-
dence it is now impossible to ascertain. No one is quoted as
authority, and Prof. Fernald writes me that he can find no speci-
men, that might have been responsible for the record, in the Gray
Herbarium.

Willis gives it as occurring in "wet places among the pine
forests. Ocean and Monmouth Counties," but it is not mentioned
by Knieskern, and Willis' statement was doubtless based upon
Gray. Britton simply quotes Gray and Willis, adding "not re-
cently collected."

Notwithstanding the lack of specimens or any definite informa-
tion, New Jersey is quoted in the range of the plant in all the
manuals down to the present time.

It is included here simply to emphasize the facts regarding its
reported occurrence in the State, which up to the present time I
have been utterly unable to substantiate.

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 265

PSILOCARYA Torrey.

Psilocarya nitens (Vahl.).

Scirpus nitens Vahl, Emun. 2. 272. 1806 [Carolina]. — Long, Bartonia II.
18, 1910.

Very rare in the lower part of the Cape May peninsula, where
it was collected by Mr. O. H. Brown in September, 1909.
Cape May. — Cape May.

STENOPHYLLUS Rafinesque.

Stenophyllus capillaris (L.). Hair-like Sedge.

PI. XVII., Fig. 3.

Scirpus capillaris Linnaeus, Sp. PI. 49. 1753 [Virginia]. — Barton, Fl. Phila. I.

34- 1818.
Fimbristylis capillaris PCnieskern 34. — Willis 69. — Britton 263.
Isolepis capillaris Torrey Ann. Lye. N. Y. II. 351. 1836.

Common in dry ground in the Northern and Middle districts
and Coastal strip to Cape May. Rare and probably introduced in
the Pine Barrens. Both this and tlie next are often weeds along
railroads, etc.

Fr. — Early August to late September.

Middle District. — Burlington, Morris, Camden, Bridgeport, Tomlin, Swedes-
boro.

Pine Barrens. — Speedwell (S), Landisville (T), Mays Landing (NB),
Tuckahoe.

Coast 5"^n>.— Sherburn's (L). Ship Bottom (L), Barrel Isl. (L), West
Creek (S), Palermo (S), Cape May (S).

FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl.

PI. XVII., Fig. 2.

Fimbristylis autumnalis (L.). Autumnal Sedge.

Scirpus autumnalis Linnaeus, Mant. II. 180. 1771 [Virginia]. — Pursh, Fl.

Amer. Sept. I. 57. 1814.— Barton, Fl. Phila. I. 34. 1818.
Fimbristylis autumnalis Knieskem 34. — Willis 68. — Britton 263.
Trichclostylis mucronulatus Torrey, Am. Lye. N. Y. III. 355. 1836.

Common in moist ground, throughout the State.
Fr. — ^Mid-August to late September.

Middle District. — New Egypt, Delanco, Camden, Lawnside (S), Clementon,
Medford (S), Swedesboro, Dividing Creek.

Pine Barrens. — Berlin, Landisville (T), Main Road Sta., Mays Landing.

Coast Strip. — Coxe's, West Creek (S), N. Beach Haven (L), Beach Haven
Terrace (L), Sherburn's (L).

266 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Cape May. — Dennisville (S), three miles west Court House (S), Cape May
(OHB).

Fimbristylis castanea (Michx.). Chestnut Sedge.

PI. XVII., Fig. I.

Scirpus castaneus Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. I. 31. 1803 [Florida].
Fimbristylis spadicea Knieskern 34. — Torrey, Am. Lye. N. Y. III. 346. 1836.

—Willis 68.
Scirpus ferrugincus Torrey, Fl. U. S. I. 53. 1824. — Muhlenberg, Gram. 35.

1817.
Scirpus spadiceiis Muhlenberg, Gram. 35. 1817.
Fimbristylis castanea Britton 263. — Keller and Brown 62.

Common in salt marshes all along the coast and rarely in
sandy swamps in the Pine Barrens. None of the lists refer to
this species as occurring away from the coast, although specimens
collected by Cooper at Oualcer Bridge have long been in the
Academy herbarium ; they and other Pine Barren material show
no difference whatever from the maritime plant. '*'

Fr. — Early August to late September.

Pine Barrens. — Atsion, Quaker Bridge, Cedar Grove (S), Hammonton (T).

Maritime. — Pt. Pleasant, Manahawkin, Surf City (L), Beach Haven (L),
Sherburn's (L), Atlantic City, Ocean City, Palermo, Mays Landing (NB),
Sea Isle Cit}^ Piermont, Stone Harbor, Holly Beach, Anglesea, Anglesea Jnc.
(S), Cape May (S).

SCIRPUS L.

Key to the Species.

a. Spikelet single, terminal.

h. Plants not over .5 dm. high. S. nanus, p. 267

bb. Plants 1.5-9 dm. high.

c- i-S-3-5 dm. tall, terrestrial. S. planifolius, p. 268

cc. 3-9 dm. long, floating. S. subterminalis, p. 268

aa. Spikelets several, sessile, with a single bract.

b. Culms tertete or nearly so, .7-6 dm. tall, spikelets 5-10 mm. long.
c. Achene biconvex. S. debilis, p. 268

cc. One face of the achene flat.

d. Bristles wanting. 5*. smithii, p. 269

dd. Bristles present. S. s. setosus, p. 269

bb. Culms sharplj^ 3-angled, usually over 6 dm. tall, spikelets 5-15 mm.
long.

* In Ann. Lye. N. Y. III. 345. 1836. Dr. Torrey mentions a specimen of
F. congesta I=F. vahlii] in the Herbarium of the Philadelphia Academy from
New Jersey, but I do not find it.

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 267

c. Involucral leaf blunt. vS*. torreyi, p. 270

cc. Involucral leaf pointed.

d. Plant smaller, 3-12 dm. tall; involucral leaf 35-100 mm.

S. americaniis, p. 269
dd. Plant larger, 6-21 dm. tall ; involucral leaf 12-35 mm.

S. olneyi, p. 269
bbb. Culms, three angled, spikelets 10-20 mm. long, 6-10 mm. thick.

5*. paludosus, p. 271
aaa. Spikelets numerous, in clusters or single on pedicels, forming an umbel.
b. Spikelets large and thick, 15-40 mm. long.

c. Spikelets pale brown. 5*. Auviatilis, p. 271

cc. Scales of spikelets streaked with red (maritime).

S. robustits, p. 270
bb. Spikelets small, not over 6 mm. long.

c. Culm terete, leaves reduced to sheaths on the culm.

5. validus, p. 270
cc. Culm triangular.

d. Heads dense, star-shaped, spikelets blackish green.

S. atrovirens, p. 271
dd. Umbel more open, spikelets often solitary or only 2 or 3 on a
peduncle.
e. No hair-hke bristles projecting from the scales.

S. lineatus, p. 272
ee. With projecting hair- like bristles, giving the spikelets a
downy appearance.

/. Spikelets blackish green, with a black band below the
inflorescence. S. longi, p. 272

ff. Spikelets rusty brown.

g. Spikelets in clusters of 3-15. S. cyperinus, p. 272
gg. Spikelets on individual peduncles.

5". criophorum, p. 273

Scirpus nanus Spreng. Dwarf Club-rush.
PI. XX., Fig. 3-

Scirpus nanus Sprengel, Pug. I. 4. 1813 [Saxony]. — Britton 264. — Keller

and Brown 64.
Bleocharis pygmcra Torrey, Ann. Lye. N. Y. III. 313. 1836. — Willis 68.

Salt marshes on the coast. In Britton's list, as well as that of
Keller and Brown, this species is said to be frequent, but I have
not found it so, nor do there seem to be many specimens pre-
served from the State.

Fr. — Early July into September.

Maritime. — Pt. Pleasant, St. Albans (L), Ship Bottom (L), Beach Haven
Terrace (L), Beesley's Pt. (H), Cold Spring.

268 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Scirpus planifolius Muhl. Few-flowered Club-rush.
PI. XX., Fig. 2.
Scirpus planifolius Muhlenberg, Gram. 32. 1817 [Pennsylvania and Delaware].
— Britton 264. — Keller and Brown 64.

In woods ; frequent in the Northern and occasional southward
in the Middle district.

Pr. — Late May to mid-June.

Middle District. — Mullica Hill (C), Mickleton, Swedesboro.

Scirpus subterminalis Torr. Water Club-rush.
PI. XX., Fig. 6.
Scirpus subterminalis Torrey, Fl. U. S. I. 47. 1824 [Deerfield, Mass.]. —
Knieskern 34. — Torrey, Ann. Lye. N. Y. III. 317. — Willis 68. — Britton
264. — Keller and Brown 64.

Common in Pine Barren streams, occurring locally also in the
lower part of the Middle and Cape May districts.

A characteristic species in the dark brown waters of the Pine
Barrens, where it grows in great masses, its long leaves and
stems swaying in the current and often associated with Bleocharis
robbinsii. In ponds where the water has been drained off, it
often grows upright with much shorter and stiffer stems, pre-
senting quite a different appearance.

Pr. — Early July to late August ; fruit rather uncommon.

Middle District.— Repaupo (KB), Swedesboro, Fairton.

Pine Barrens.— Toms River, Ferrago (P), Bamber, Forked River, Ware-
town, Pasadena, West Creek (S), Tuckerton, Speedwell, Chatsworth (S),
Browns Mills (KB), Cedar Brook (KB), Berlin, Jackson, Parkdale, Ham-
monton (NB), Quaker Bridge, west of Atlantic City, Pancoast.

Cape May. — Dennisville (S), Nummeytown.

Scirpus debilis Pursh. Weak-stalked Club-rush.
PL XX., Fig. 4-

Scirpus debilis Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 55. 1814 [Pennsylvania].— Barton, Fl.
Phila. I. 36. 1818.— Willis 68.

Occasional in damp spots in the Northern and Middle districts.
Rare within our limits.

/?/. — Late August into October.

Middle District.— D^lanco, Birmingham, Mickleton (H).*

**The references to S. debilis by Harshberger, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., 1900,
623-671, must surely apply to 5". americanus, as I have never found S. debilis
growing as there described, nor do I know it from the coast.

PLANlTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 269

Scirpus smithii Gray. Smith's Club-rush.

Scirpus Smithii A. Gray, Man. Ed. V. 563. 1867 [Lake Ontario to Illinois
and Delaware Bay].— Willis 68.— Britten Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. XI. 78.
1892. — Britten 264. — Keller and Brown 65.

Damp open ground ; along the Delaware river and very rare
on the coast. Named in honor of Charles E. Smith (1820-
1900), of Philadelphia, who brought it to Dr. Gray's attention.
Mr. Smith was the leading authority on the plants of Philadel-
phia and vicinity. 1 850-1 870.*

Fr. — Late July into October.

Middle District. — Barrack Creek, Burlington, Delair, Fish House, Mouth
of Cooper's Creek.
Coast Strip.— Sen Isle City (CDL).

Scirpus smithii setosus Fernald. Bristly Club-rush.

Scirpus smithii setosus Fernald Rhodora, Oct. 1901, p. 252 [Illinois]. — Long,
Rhodora, 1910, p. 155.

Rare; apparently confined to the Middle district.
Fr. — August I, achenes mature and a few scales dropping.
Middle District. — Clementon.

Scirpus americanus Pers. Chair-maker's Rush. Three-square.

PI. XX, Fig. 7.
Scirpus Americanus Perseon, Syn. I. 68. 1805 [South Carolina]. — Barton,

Fl. Phila. I. 34. 1818.
Scirpus pungens Knieskern 34. — Willis 68. — Britten 264.

Swamps and along the larger streams throughout the State,
but most abundant along the coast marshes.
Fr.— Late June to early September.

Middle Dist'rict. — Riverton, Camden, Medford (S), Beaver Dam.

Pine Barrens. — Quaker Bridge (S), Long Causeway (S), High Bridge (S),
Landisville (T), Estelville, Mays Landing (NY).

Maritime.—Sandy Hook (NB), Ortley (NY), Seabright, Forked River,
Surf City (L), Atlantic City, Ocean City (S), Stone Harbor, Piermont (S),
Anglesea, Clermont (T), Cold Spring, Cape May (S), Dennisville, Sluice
Creek (S).

Scirpus oineyi Gray. OIney's Bull-rush.

PI. XX., Fig. 8.
Scirpus Oineyi Gray, Best. Jour Nat. Hist. V. 238. 1845 [Salt Marshes,
near Providence, R. I., and New Jersey]. — Knieskern 34. Willis 68. —
Britten 264. — Keller and Brown 65.

* Cf. National Magazine, 1893. 567.

270 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Frequent with the preceding along the coast and on the Bay
shore of the Cape May peninsula in shallow w^ater bordering the
salt marshes or tidewater creeks, northward to the Hackensack
meadows.

Fr. — iLate July to early September.

Maritime. — Squan (C), Toms River (C), Forked River, Manahawkin,
Surf City (L), Barnegat City (L), Brant Beach (L), Capt May Ct. House
(S), Cold Spring. Cape May Pt. (S), Dennis, Sluice Creek (S), Beaver Dam.

Scirpus torreyi Olney. Torrey's Bull-rush.
PI. XX, Fig. 5-

Scirpus Torreyi Olney, Proc. Providence Frank. Soc. I. 32. 1847 [near
Providence, also West Point — Torrey]. — Stone Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila. 1908, p. 458.

Found for the first time in the State on August 10, 1907, by
the writer. It was growing along the edge of a shallow pond
above D'elancO' near the Delaware River.

Fr. — Mid-July to mid-September.

Middle District. — Delanco.

Scirpus validus Vahl. Bull-rush,
PI. XX., Fig. I.

Scirpus validus Vahl, Enum. II. 268. 1806 [Carabees and Jamaica].
Scirpus lacustris Barton I. 2)2)- i8i8- — Knieskern 34. — Britton 264. — Keller
and Brown 65.

Frequent in open swamps or in shallow v/ater, except in the
Pine Barren district.

Fr. — Late June to early August.

Middle District.— New Egypt, Camden, Mickleton, MuUica Hill (NB),
Lindenwold (S), Beaver Dam, Swedesboro.

Coast Strip. — Pt. Pleasant, Baj'head, Toms River, Forked River, Estelville,
Piermont, Anglesea, Cold Spring.

Cape May.— Court House, Cape May (S), Cape May Pt. (S).

Scirpus robustus Pursh. Salt Marsh Bull-rush.

PI. XXL, Fig. 7.

Scirpus robustus Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 56. 1814 [Salt marshes and banks of

rivers — probably N. J.].
Scirpus maritimus Knieskern 34. — Willis 68. — Keller and Brown 65.
Scirpus maritimus van niacrostacliyos Britton 264.

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 271

Common all along the coast and up the bay shore. 'in salt
marshes,

Fr. — Mid-July to early September.

MflWfm^.— Swimming River (NB), Deal, Spring Lake (NB), Asbury
Park (S), Barnegat Pier, Seaside Park, Forked River, Beach Haven Terrace
(L), Absecon, Atlantic City (S), Ocean City, Stone Harbor, Anglesea, Wild-
wood, Holly Beach, Cold Spring, Cape May, Cape May Pt., Green Creek,
Dias Creek (S), Sluice Creek (S), So. Dennis.

Scirpus robustus paludosus (A. Nelson.). Pale Marsh Bull-rush.

Scirpus paludosus A. Nelson, Bull. Torr. Club. XXVI. 5. 1899 [Granger,
Wyo.].

With the preceding-, but not common.

I am not satisfied that this is identical with Nelson's species,
but until more material is available its status cannot be positively
determined.

Maritime. — Deal, Seaside Park, Cold Spring (S).

Scirpus fluviatilis (Torr.). River Bull-rush,
PI. XXI. Fig. 8.

Scirpus niaritimus var. ffuviatiiis Torrey, Ann. Lye. N. Y. III. 324. 1836

[Western N. Y. and the Missouri above St. Louis].
Scirpus Unviatilis Britton 265. — Keller and Brown 65.
Scirpus macrostachyos Barton, Fl. Phila. I. 35. 1818.

Lower part of the Middle district along the Delaware River.
Fr. — Early July to early September; flow^ering culms appar-
ently quite rare, or frequently only at certain stations.

Middle Di'^y^nc/.— -Pensauken, Cooper's Creek, Mickleton = Old Mans
Creek, Swedesboro.

Scirpus atrovirens Muhl. Dark-green Bull-rush.

PL XX., Fig. 9.

Scirpus atrovirens "Muhlenberg," Willdenow Enum. Hort. Berol. 79. 1809
[North America].— PBarton Fl. Phila. I. 35. 1818.— Torrey Ann. Lye.
N. Y. III. 326. 1836. — Britton 265. — Keller and Brown 65.

Common in wet meadows in the Northern, and southward in
the Middle district. Rare and probably introduced in the Pine
Barrens. Specimens from Yorktown and Winslow seem to
represent the form S. georgianus of R. M. Harper,

Fr. — Late June to early August.

272 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Middle District.— l^rQeho\d (NB), Browns Mills (KB), Wolferts Sta. (H).
Swedesboro.
Cape May.—CapQ May (OHB), Cape May Pt. (OHB).

Scirpus lineatus Michx. Reddish Bull-rush,

PI. XX., Fig. 10.

Scii'his lineatus Michaux, Fl. Bor. Amer. I. 32. 1803 [Carolina]. — Pursh,
Fl. Am Sept. I. 56. 1814.— Long, Bartonia II. 19. 1910.

Open wet ground; rare; Northern, Middle and Pine Barren
districts.

Fr. — Achenes mature and immediately drop with their scales
in regular sequence from mid-June to mid-July.

Middle District. — New Egypt.
Pine Barrens. — iWinslow Jnc.

Scirpus longii Fernald. Long's Wool-grass.

PI. XX., Fig. II.

Scirpus Longii Fernald, Rhodora Jan., 191 1. 6 [Andrew's, Camden Co., N. J.].

DSscovered by the writer in a Pine Barren swamp about two
miles north of Speedwell July 9, 1909. Local and restricted to
the Pine Barrens, usually growing in water and blooming mucli
earlier than the closely allied 5'. atrocinctus in the Pennsylvania
Alleghanies. Named for Mr, Bayard Long, who has made a
critical study of the Philadelphia flora for several years past and
has rendered valuable assistance in the preparation of the present
volume.

Fr. — Achenes mature and soon drop with their scales in regu-
lar sequence from mid-June to mid-July.

Pine Barrens. — Two miles north of Speedwell, Andrews, Sicklerville,
Winslow Jnc.

Scirpus cyperinus (L.). Wool-grass.

PI, XX., Fig. 13.

Briophorum cyperinum Linnaeus, Sp. PI. Ed. II. yy. 17&2 [North America],

— Britton 265.
Scirpus Briophorum Willis 68.

Frequent in swamps throughout the State, but less abundant
than the following within our limits, especially in the Pine Bar-
rens and Coast district.

Fr. — Mid- July into October.

PLAN,TS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 273

Middle District. — Delanco, Mt. Holly, Clementon.

Coast Strip.— Barnegat City (L), Surf City (L), Beach Haven Terrace (L),
Manahawkin.
Pine Barrens. — Folsom, Kenilworth (S).

Scirpus eriophorum Michx. Pedicelled Wool-grass.

PI. XX., Fig. 12.

Scirpus Eriophorum Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. I. 33. 1803 [Virginia to

Georgia]. — Knieskern 34. — .
Scirpus Eriophorum var. laxus Willis 68. — Britton 265.

Swamps throughout the State, especially abundant in the Pine
Barrens and along the Coastal strip.

Fr. — ^Mid-Augaist into October; maturing distinctly later than
the preceding.

Middle District.— -Washington Park (S), Lindenwold (S), Millville.

Pine Barrens. — Penbryn (S), Malaga (S), Hammonton (S), Bamber Fol-
som.

Coast Strip.— Suri City (L), Anglesea, Atlantic City (S), Absecon (S),
Ocean City (S), Forked River, Cox's.

ERIOPHORUM L.

Key to the Species.

a. Leaves very slender, 1-1.5 mm. broad, triangular-channelled, a single in-
volucral bract, pappus pure white.
b. Upper cauline leaf with blade very short, less than sheath.

E. gracile, p. 274
bb. Upper cauline leaf with blade longer than sheath. E. tetiellum, p. 273
aa. Leaves flat, involucral bracts, two or more, pappus more or less rusty.

E. virginicum, p. 274
Eriophorum tenellum Nutt. Few-nerved Cotton-grass.
PI. XIX., Fig. 5.
Eriophorum tenellum Nuttall, Gen. Additions (p. i), 1818 [New Jersey].
Eriophorum angiistifolium Barton, Fl. Phila. I. 2>7- 1818.
Eriophorum polystachyon Knieskern 34. — Willis 68. — Britton 265.
Eriophorum gracile Keller and Brown 66.

In bogs of the Pine Barren district, also very rare or local in
similar situations in west Jersey and the Cape May peninsula.
As all the specimens so far obtained in our region are B. tenellum
(except one colony of B. gracile), I am inclined to think that
Dr. Knieskern's were the same and not B. polystachyon, as he
stated. Willis and Britton simply copied his record.

Fr. — Early June to late June.
18 MUS

274 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Middle District. — Swedesboro.

Pine Barrens. — Jackson, Speedwell (S), Tuckerton (KB), Estelville.

Cape May. — Cold Spring.

Eriophorum gracile Koch. Slender Cotton-grass.

Eriophorum gracile Koch, Roth. Cabal. Bot. 2. 259. 1800 [Kaiserlantern
Palatinatu] .

Very rare within our limits, but probably more common north-
ward. Mr. Benjamin Heritage discovered this species June 10,
1892, in the bog at Repaupo, where so many other northern
plants occur.

Fr. — Early May to late May.
Middle District. — Seven miles west of Mickleton [Repaupo].

Eriophorum virginicum L. Virginia Cotton-grass.

PI. XIX., Fig. I.

Eriophorum virginicum Linnaeus, Sp. PL 52. 1753 [Virginia]. — Knieskern 34.
—Willis 68.— Britton 265.

Common in bogs throughout the State, especially abundant in
the Pine Barrens, where its tufts of white "cotton" on their long
slender stems are a conspicuous feature in the autumn.

Fr. — Mid-August to late September.

Middle District. — Haddonfield, Lindenwold, Clementon, Mickleton, Swedes-
boro.

Pine Barrens. — Brindletown, Hanover, Forked River, West Creek (S),
Absecon, Bear Swamp, Albion, Cedar Brook, Williamstown Jnc, Landisville,
Pleasant Mills (S), Forks of Batsto, Eighth St. (T), Egg Harbor, Manu-
muskin (S).

Cape May. — Cold Spring (S).

FUIRENA Rottboell.

Key to the Species.

a. Leaves and upper sheaths glabrous. F. squarrosa, p. 274

aa. Leaves and sheaths hirsute. F. hispida, p. 275

Fuirena squarrosa Michx. Smooth Fuirena.

Fuirena squarrosa Michaux, Fl. Bor. Am. L 37. 1803 [Georgia and Carolina].

— Pursh, Fl. Am. I. 58. 1814.— Barton, Fl. Phila. L 37. 1818.— Britton

266. — Keller and Brown 66.
Fuirena squarrosa var. piimila Knieskern 34. — Willis 67.

Salt marshes on the coast, apparently less common than the
next.

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 275
Fr. — Late August to early October.

Maritime. — Spring Lake (NY), Spray Beach (L), N. Beach Haven (L),
Absecon, Ocean City, Palermo (S), Mays Landing (NY), Anglesea, Cape
May, Cape May Pt.

Fuirena hispida Ell. Bristly Fuirena.

PI. XIX., Fig. 4.

Fuirena hispida Elliot, Bot. S. C. and Ga. L 579. 1821 [Milledgeville, Ga.].
Fuirena squarrosa Knieskern 34. — Muhlenberg, Gram. 50. 1817. — Willis 67.
Fuirena squarrosa var. hispida Britten 266. — Keller and Brown 66.

Frequent along the edge of the salt marshes.
Fr. — lEarly August to early October.

Maritime. — Bay Head (S), Forked River (S), Ocean View, Cold Spring,
Cape May (NB), Dias Creek.

RYNCHOSPORA Vahl.

Key to tJie Species.

a. Spikelets spindled-shaped, 25 mm. long, in an open compound umbel
plant, 9-21 dm. tall.

b. Spikelets sessile on a few short rays. R. macrostachya, p. 276

bb. Spikelets scattered, rays long and flexuous. R. m. inundata, p. 276
aa. Spikelets 1-4; 6-8 mm. long, terminal, plant 1.5-4 d^i- tall.

R. oligantha, p. 277
aaa. Spikelets numerous in dense axillary or terminal clusters.
b. Clusters corymbose.

c. Spikelets white or whitish.

d. No bristles at base of achene. R. pallida, p. 278

dd. Bristles present. R. alba, p. 277

cc. Spikelets chestnut or brown.

d. Spikelets 2 mm. long. R. knieskernii, p. 278

dd. Spikelets 4-5 mm. long.

e. Spikelets 5 mm. long, plants seldom over 3 dm. in height.

R. fusca, p. 280
ee. Spikelets 3-4 mm. long, plants 3-9 dm. high.
f. Bristles of achene upwardly barbed.

g. Leaves filiform, involute. R. Ulifolia, p. 279

gg. Leaves flat grass-like.

h. Plant very slender, spikelets usually few in an
umbel. R. gracilenta, p. 277

hh. Plant more robust with larger, numerously-
flowered umbels. R. smallii, p. 279
ff. Bristles of achene downwardly barbed.
Plant slender, leaves slender.

R. glomerata leptocarpa, p. 279

276 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

hh. Plant more robust, leaves wider.

R. glomerata, p. 279
hb. Clusters in dense globular heads, spikelets brown.

c. Clusters 15-25 mm. in diameter. R. axillaris, p. 280

cc. Clusters 7-15 mm. in diameter. 7^. a. microcephala, p. 280

aaaa. Spikelets pedicelled or clusters pedicclled in a more or less open panicle.

b. Leaves filiform, spikelets on filiform pedicels. R. rariHora, p. 281

bb. Leaves involute, spikes sessile. R. torreyana, p. 281

bbb. Leaves flat, spikelets sessile. R. cymosa, p. 281

Rynchospora macrostachya Torr. Horned Rush.

PI. XVIIL, Fig. I.

Rynchospora macrostachya Torrey, Gray Ann. Lye. N. Y. IH. 206. 1835.

[Amherst and New Bedford, Mass.]. Willis 69.
Ceratoschoenus macrostachya Knieskern 34.-Gray Man. Ed. L 532. 1848.
Rynchospora laxa var. macrostachya Britton 268.
Rynchospora corniculata macrostachya Keller and Brown 67.
Rynchospora corniculata Keller and Brown 67.

Locally common in swampy ground along the lower Delaware
River; more plentiful in the Cape May peninsula and casual in
the Pine Barrens, usually near the coast.

C. corniculata, reported by Keller and Brown from- Center
Square, proves to be this species.

This is a giant among our other Rynchosporas, and with its
large clusters of long spikelets recalls some of the larger species
of Cyperus, although it is taller even than they are.

Fr. — Mid-Augiist to late Septemjber.

Middle District. — Center Square, Berlin, Pennsgrove (C), Franklinville

(P).

Pine Barrens. — Manchester (C), Forked River (S), Mays Landing (T),
Eighth St.

Cape May. — Bennett, Cold Spring, Green Creek, Cape May.

Rynchospora macrostachya inundata (Oakes.). Slender Horned Rush.

Ceratoschoenus macrostachyus inundata Oakes, Harvey's Magazine VIL 1841.
185 [West Pond, Plymouth, Mass.].

Less common, but range probably the same as the last.
Fr. — Mid-August to late September.

Middle District. — Swedesboro, Repaupo.
Pine Barrens. — Pasadena, Manchester (P).

PLANfTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 277

Rynchospora gracilenta Gray. Slender Beaked-rush.

Rynchospora gracilenta Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. III. 216. 1835 [Pine Barrens
of N. J.].— Knieskern 34.— Willis 69.— Britton Tran. N. Y. Acad. Sci. XI.
90. 1892. — Britton 267. — Keller and Brown 68.

Frequent in swamps or bogs in the Pine Barrens and Cape
May districts, here reaching the northern Hmit of its range.
Fr. — Mid-July to early Septemiber.

Pine Barrens. — Lakehurst, Toms River, Forked River, Bamber Absecon,
Quaker Bridge, Speedwell (S), Atsion, Parkdale (S), Landisville, Eighth St.,
Hammonton, Egg Harbor City, Dividing Creek.

Cape May.— Bennett, Whitesboro (S), Cold Spring (S), Green Creek (S).*

Rynchospora oligantha Gray. Few-flowered Beaked-rush.

PI. XVIIL, Fig. 9.

Rynchospora oligantha Gray, Ann. N. Y. Lye. III. 212. 1835 [Fayetteville
and Wilmington, N. C.].— Stone, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1908, p. 458.

Known only from bogs along the Wading River above Speed-
well in the heart of the Pine Barrens, where it was first found
by Mr. S. S. Van Pelt June 29, 1906. Not previously known
north of Delaware. In July, 1909, Mr. Van Pelt and the writer
found a patch of this sedge probably half an acre in extent.

Fr. — Late June to miid- August.
Pine Barrens. — Between Speedwell and Chatsworth.

Rynchospora alba (L.). White Beaked-rush.

PI. XVIIL, Fig. 10 (lower).

Schoenus albus Linnaeus Sp. PI. 44. 1753 [N. Europe].

Rhyncospora alba Barton Fl. Phila. I. 25. 1818. — Knieskern 35. — Willis 69. —
Britton 267.

Common in bogs of the Pine Barren and Cape May districts,
and casually in the Middle district.

Fr. — Early August to mid-September.

Middle District. — Tomlin, Swedesboro.

Pine Barrens. — Allaire, Lakehurst, Island Hts. Jne., Forked River, Ware-
town, West Creek (S), Speedwell (S), Forks of Batsto, Parkdale, Berlin,
Pen Bryn (S), Landisville (T), Egg Harbor City (S), Palermo, eight m. W.
Atlantic City.

Coast Strip. — Sherburn's (L).

Cape May.— Cold Spring (S).

* The record for Mickleton (KB), Heritage, proves to be a depauperate
R. glomcrata.

278 REPORT OF NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Rynchospora pallida M. A. Curtis. Pale Beaked-rush.

PI. XVIIL, Fig. 10 (upper).

Rhynchospora pallida M. A. Curtis, Am. Jour. Sci (II.) 7. 409. 1849 [Wil-
mington, N. C.].— Willis 69.— Gray Man. Ed. V. 568. 1867.— Britton
Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., XI. 87. 1892. — Britton 267. — Keller and Brown
67.

Comlmon in bogs of the Pine Barren, Cape May and locally
in the lower Middle districts. It does not range north of the
New Jersey Pines.

Fr. — Mid- July to early September.

Middle District. — New Egypt, Bordentown, Merchantville, Woodbur}^ Lin-
denwold, Dividing Creek.

Pme Barrens. — Lakehurst, Manchester, Forked River, Toms River, Browns
Mills (P), Chatsworth, Bear Swamp, Clementon, Atsion, Parkdale, Quaker
Bridge, Landisville, Buena Vista (T), Batsto (P), Hammonton (S), Egg
Harbor Cit}'.

Cape May. — Court House.

Rynchospora knieskernii Carey. Knieskern's Beaked-rush.
PI. XVIIL, Fig. 2.

Rhynchospora Knieskernii Carey, Am. Jour. Sci. (II.) 4. 25. 1847 [Pines
of New Jersey]. — Knieskern 35. — Willis 69. — Britton Trans. N. Y. Acad.
Sci. XL 88. 1892.— Britton 267.— Keller and Brown 67.

Confined tO' the Pine Barren region, where it is said to always
occur on deposits of bog iron ; rare.

Remarkably fine specimens were obtained by Mr. C. A. Gross,
which measured 6 dm. in height.

The species was first discovered by Dr. Knieskern, after whom
it was named, at Point Hollow, two miles from Manchester (now
Lakehurst), on the road to Cassville, where the doctor resided.
Knieskern was one of the pioneer botanists of the Pine Barrens,
and his name appears frequently in Gray's Manual — His Cata-
logue of Plants of Monmouth and Ocean Cos. 1856, was the first
publication dealing directly with the flora of the Pines.

Pr. — Late July to late September.

Pine Barrens. — Hope Village on Shark River (P), Cassville, Bamber, Whit-
ings, West Creek (S), Pleasant Mills, Atsion, Egg Harbor City, Quaker
Bridge (C).

Original specimens at the New York Botanical Garden are labelled by
Knieskern "R. Grayana Kn. (NSp)," a name that was apparently never pub-
lished.

PLANTS OP SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 279

Rynchospora glomerata (L.). Clustered Beaked-rush.

PI. XVIIL, Fig. 7-
Schoenus glomeratus Linnasus, Sp. PI. 44. 1753 [Virginia].
Rhynchospora glomerata Knieskern 35. — Willis 69. — Britton 267. — Keller and
Brown 67.

Open wet ground, bogs, etc. ; frequent throughout the State,
and abundant in the Pine Barrens. The most common species of
the genus.

Fr. — Late July to late September.

Middle District. — New Egypt, Lindenwold, Tomlin, Swedesboro, Salem
(S), Dividing Creek.

Pine Barrens. — Lakehurst, Waretown, Atsion, Weymouth (T), Clementon,
Landisville, Woodbine.

Coast' Strip.— Ft. Pleasant, Seaside Park, Barnegat City (L), St. Albans
(L), Sherburn's (L), N. Beach Haven (L), West Creek (S), Ocean City
(S).

Cape May.— Cape May (S).

Rynchospora glomerata leptocarpa Chapm.

Rynchospora glomerata leptocarpa Chapman, Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad.
Sci. II. 88. 1892 [So. Carolina].

Apparently rather frequent in the heart of the Pine Barrens.
This is a more slender form with narrower leaves, perhaps identi-
cal with minor of Britton. The variety discufiens* of Clarke is
reported from New Jersey, but I have not found it.

Pr. — Early August to mid-September.

Pine Barrens. — Jones Mill (S), Batsto, four mi. E. Hammonton (S)
Manumuskin, Franklinville (P).

Rynchospora smallii Britton. Small's Beaked-rush.

Rynchospora Smallii Britton in Small's Southern Flora, p. 1321 [Henderson-
ville to Solola Mt.]. — Long, Bartonia II. 19. 1910.

Occasional and perhaps more abundant than it at present ap-
pears to be. Its close resemblance to R. glomerata makes it
difficult to recognize.

Fr. — Late July to mid-September.

Middle District. — Delanco.
Pine Barrens. — Parkdale.

Rynchospora filifolia Torrey. Thread-leaved Beaked-rush.

Rynchospora filifolia Torrey Ann. Lye. N. Y. III. 1836. 366 [N. Carolina
and Florida].

* Britten's Manual, p. 185.

jSo KI'fnKT OK NEW jI'.RSEV STATE MUSICUM.

Al)i)aicntlv vcn' rare, and known only from swamps along
the railroad northwest of \Vo<3dbine. Ca[)e May County, where
it was collected by Mr. Stewardson Brown August 30, 1900, and
from Pennett. Cape May County, B. Long. August 11. 191 1.

Not previously known from New Jersey.

fr. — August 30 achencs mature; some scales gone.

V\nc Barretts. — Woodbine.
Cape May. — Bennett.

Rynchospora axillaris (Lam.). Capitate Beaked-rush.
PI. XVIII., Fig. 8.

Schocnus axiilaris Lamarck, Tabl. Encycl. I. 137. iJQi-

Rynchosfora ccphalaniha Knieskern 35. — Willis 69. — Gray Ann. Lye. N. Y.

III. 218. 1835.
Rynchospora axillaris Britten 267. — Keller and Brown 67.

Bogs in the Pine Barrens; rare. First found in the State by
Dr. Torrey.

Pr. — Late July to mid- September.

Pine Barrens. — Manchester (C), Bamber, Chatsworth, Jones Mill (S),
Speedwell, Quaker Bridge, Atsion (P), Parkdale, Hammonton, Batsto (P),
Egg Harbor City (P).

Rynchospora avillaris microcephala Britton. Small-headed Beaked-rush.

Ryiuhospora axillaris var. microcephala Britton Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. XI.
89. 1892 [Monmouth Co., N. J.].

Pine Barren bogs ; rre. Dr. Britton described this form from
one of Dr. Knieskern's specimens, the latter apparently not dis-
tinguishing it from the last.

Fr. — Late July to mid-Septemiber.

Pine Barrens. — Speedwell, Parkdale.

Rynchospora fusca (L.). Brown Beaked-rush.
PI. XVIII., Fig. 6.

Schocnus fuscus Linnsus Sp. PI. Ed. 2. 1664. 1763 [Switzerland, England

and Italy).
Rhynchospora fusca Knieskern 34. — Willis 69. — Gray Ann. Lye. N. Y. III.

215. 1835. — Britton 267.— Keller and Brown 68.

Bogs of the Pine Barren and Cape May districts frequent.
JPr. — Late June to early September.

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 281

Middle District. — New Egypt.

Pine Barrens. — Lakehurst, Manchester (C), Forked River, Toms River,
Bamber, Mayetta, Manumuskin, Chatsworth, Speedvirell (S), Quaker Bridge
(C), Absecon, Cedar Lake, Spring Garden (P), Eighth St., Vineland, Landis-
ville (T), Pancoast, Egg Harbor City, Belleplain (S).

Cape May. — Bennett.*

Rynchospora cymosa Ell. Grass-like Beaked-rush.

PI. XVIIL, Fig. 3.

Rynchospora cymosa Elliott, Bot. Sc. and Ga. I. 58. 1816 [South Carolina].
— Knieskern 34. — Gray Ann. Lye. N. Y. IIL 196. 1835. — Willis 69. —
Britton 266. — Keller and Brown 68.

Bogs of the Northern, Middle, and Cape May districts, and
also on the Coast Strip ; not very common.
}Fr. — Early July to mid- August.

Middle District. — Griffith's Swp. (P) Lindenwold, Mickleton (H).
Coast Strip. — Squan (C), Manahawkin.
Cape May. — Bennett, Cold Spring.

Rynchospora torreyana Gray. Torrey's Beaked-rush.

PI. XVIIL, Fig. 5.

Rhynchospora Torreyana Gray Ann. Lye. N. Y. III. 197. 1835 [Monmouth
Co. and Quaker Bridge, N. J.]. — Knieskern 34. — Willis 69. — Britton 266.
— Keller and Brown 68.

Bogs of the Pine Barren and Cai>e May districts rather fre-
quent. This takes the place of R. cymosa in the Pines, but at
Cold Spring, Cape May County, I have found the two growing
in close proximity.

Fr. — ^Mid-July to early September.

Middle District. — New Egj'pt-

Pine Barrens. — Quaker Bridge (C), Pleasant Mills (C), Batsto, White
Horse (S), Parkdale, Atsion, Main Road Sta., Egg Harbor City.

Cape May. — Anglesea Jnc, Rio Grande, Bennett, Cold Spring, Nummey-
town (S).

Rynchospora rariflora Michx. Rare-flowering Beaked-rush.
PI. XVIIL, Fig. 4.

Schoenus rariflora Mich., Fl. Bor. Am. I. 35. 1803 [Georgia]. — Stone,
Torreya. 1908. 16.

* The record for Mickleton (C) has not been verified.

jSj report ok NlvW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Uiscovered by the writer in a bog near Bennett, Cape May-
County. August 4. 1907. Previously not known from' north of
North CaroHna.

Pr. — Probably July. Later specimens show few intact pani-
cles.

Cape May. — Bennett.

CLADIUM P. Browne.

Cladium mariscoides (Muhl.). Twig Rush.

PI. XIX., Fig. 2.

Schocnus mariscoides Muhlenberg, Gram. 4. 1817 [Pennsylvania].
Cladium mariscoides Knieskern 35.— Torrey, Am. Lye. N. Y. III. 372. 1836,
—Willis 69.— Britton 268.— Keller and Brown 68.

Common in wet bogs or marshes in the Northern, Pine Barren,
Coast and Cape May districts.
Fr. — Mid- July into October.

Pine Barrens. — Toms River, Forked River (NB), Bamber, Speedwell,
Chatsworth, Berlin, White Horse (S), Cedar Brook, Main Road Sta. (T),
Eighth St. (T), Parkdale, Batsto, Quaker Bridge (NB), Egg Harbor City,
Estelville, Dennisville (P).

Coast Strip.— Ft. Pleasant, Spray Beach (L), Beach Haven Terrace (L),
opposite Ocean City, Ocean View.

Cape May.— Cold Spring, Bennett (S), Cape May (S).

SCLERIA Berg.

Key to the Species.

a. Spikelets in a terminal, or a terminal and 1-3 smaller lateral stalked
clusters.

b. Achene smooth and shining.

c. 2 mm. high. Plant 4.5-9 dm. tall. 6". triglomerata, p. 282

cc. I mm. high. Plant more delicate, 3-6 dm. tall. S. minor, p. 283
bb. Achene irregularly reticulate.

c. Lobes of hypogynium cmarginate or cleft, somewhat obtuse,

achene 1-1.5 mm. S. reticularis, p. 283

cc. Lobes acute or acuminate, achene 2-2.5 mm., plant taller and more

lax. S. r. torreyana, p. 283

bbb. Achene papillose. S. pauciAora, p. 284

aa. Spikelets in several, separate, sessile, somewhat whorled clusters.

5". verticillaia, p. 284
Scleria triglomerata Michx. Nut-rush.
PI. XIX., Fig. 6.

Scleria triglomerata M'ichaux, Fl. Bor. Am. II. 168. 1803 [Carolina]. —
Knieskern 35.— Willis 69. — Britton 268.— Keller and Brown 68.

PLANTS OF SOUTHERN NEW JERSEY. 283

ComHTiDn in bogs and wet places in the Pine Barren, and locally
in the Northern and Middle districts.
Fr. — ^Early July to early September.

Middle District. — Griffith's Swamp, Lindenwold (S), Gloucester, Tomlin,
Yorktown, Dividing Creek.

Pine Barrens. — Browns Mills, West Creek (S), Tuckerton, Chatsworth,
Speedwell (S), Jones Mill (S), White Horse (S), Bear Swamp (S), Clemen-
ton, Waterford, Penbryn (S), Sicklerville (S), Winslow, Landisville, Park-
dale (S), Egg Harbor City, Quaker Bridge (NY).

Coast Strip. — Atlantic City (possibly from the mainland, opposite).

Scleria minor (Britt.). Slender Nut-rush.

Sderia triglomerata minor Britton 111. Flora I. 282. [So. N. J.] (new name

for S. f. gracilis Br.).
Scleria triglomerata var. gracilis Britton Ann. N. Y. Acad. HI. 230. 1883

[Leeds Pt., Haddonfield, Quaker Br.]. --Britton 268.

Apparently restricted to the swamips of the Pine Barrens and
locally in the Cape May district and in Long Island.
Fr. — Late June to late August.

Middle £)/.yfr/c/.— Griffith's Swamp (NB), Dividing Creek.

Pine Barrens. — Forked River, Bamber, Pasadena, Manahawkin, Chatsworth,
Speedwell (S), Quaker Bridge (Britton), Buena Vista (T), Main Road Sta.
(T), Landisville, Hammonton, Leeds Pt. (Britton).

Cape May. — Bennett, Whitesboro (S).

Scleria reticularis Michx. Reticulated Nut-rush.

Scleria reticularis Michaux Fl. Bor. Am. H. 167. 1803 [Carolina]. — Pursh,
Fl. Am. Sept. L 45. 1814.— Gray Man. Ed. L 534. 1848.

Only known from the Cape May district; apparently quite
rare. Most of the records of this species in our region refer to
the next.

Fr. — Early August to mid-September.

Caj>e May. — Bennett.

Scleria reticularis torreyana (Walp.). Torrey's Nut-rush.
PI. XIX., Fig. 7.

Scleria Torreyana Walp, Ann. III. 696. 1852-3 [New Jersey, Long Island]
(new name for S. laxa Torr., Gray Man. 534). — Britton 268. — Keller and
Brown 69.

Scleria laxa Torrev Ann. Ljx. N. Y. III. 443. 1836. — Knieskern 35. — Willis
69.

Scleria reticularis pubescens Keller and Brown 6g.

284 REPORT OK NEW JERSEY STATE MUSEUM.

Scleria reticularis Gross. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club XI. 32. 1884— Britton 268.—
Keller and Brown 68.

P*ine Barren and Cai>e Ma}' districts locally common. The
width of the leaves and pubescence of the achenes are characters
which are very variable. The several varieties of Dr. Britton I
cannot disting^iish, as they seem to l>e merely individual varia-
tions, without satisfactory correlation of characters.

Fl. — Early August into September.

Fine B arr e)ls.^Mc^nchester (C), Toms River (P), Forked River (S),
Coxe's, Speedwell, Chatsworth, Quaker Bridge, Batsto (P), Palermo (S).
Cape May. — Cold Spring.

Scleria pauciflora Muhl. Papillose Nut-rush.

Sclcria pauciflora "Muhl." Willdenovv, Sp. PI. IV. 318. 1805 [probably Penn-
sylvania. Willd. cites Carolina, but this is taken from Michaux whose
S. oligantha is erroneously cited as a synonym]. — Knieskern 35. — ^Wills 69.
—Britton 268.

Dry ground, Middle district not common ; also rare and local
in the Pine Barrens, where it has, perhaps, been introduced, and
at stations in Warren County.

Fr. — Early Jnly to early September.

Middle District.— AWzna (S), Shark River, Clementon, Mickleton (H),
Fairview (H), Hammonton.

Pine Barr