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HARVARD UNIVERSITY. 


LIBRARY 

OF THE 


MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY. 


i 


THE 


TEANSACTIONS 


OF 


THE LINNEAN SOCIETY 


OF 


LONDON. 


SECOND SERIES— VOLUME VI. 

ZOOLOGY. 


1 

^L O N D O N: 

PRINTED BT TAYLOR AKD FEANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET : 

SOLD AT THE SOCIETY'S APARTMENTS, BTJRLINGTOX-irOTTSE ; 
AXD BY LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO., PATERNOSTER-KOAV. 

1894-97. 


* 


.•<^ 


CONTENTS. 


PART I.— January, 189i. 

I. Eeport on Entuinostraca from the Gulf of Guinea, collected by John Buttray, B.Sc. 
By Thomas Scott, F.L.S., Mem. Soc. zool. France, Naturalist to the Fishert/ 
Board for Scotland. (Plates I.-XV.) page 1 


PART II.— May, 1894. 

II. The Subterranean Crustacea of Neiv Zealand : with some general Bemarhs on the 
Fauna of Caves and Wells. By Charles Chilto>j, 3I.A., D.Sc, F.L.S., Bector, 
District High School, Port Chalmers, New Zealand. (Plates^'XVI.-XXIII.) 163 


PART III.— August, 1894. 

III. On a Freshwater Schizopod from Tasmania. By George M. Thomson, F.L.S. 
(Plates^XXIV.-XXVI.) 285 


PART IV.— February, 189G. 

IV. The Comparatice Morphology of the GaleodidsB. By H. M. Beenard, M.A. 
Cantab., F.L.S. , F.Z.S. {From the Hu.vley Besearch Laboratory, Boyal College 
of Science.) (Plates^XXVII.-XXXIV.) BO.! 


PART v.— June, 189G. 

V, A Bevision of the British Copepoda belonging to the Genera Brady a, Boeck, and 
Eetinosoma, Boeck. jB// Thomas Scott, F L.S., Mem. Soc. zool. Fratice, Naturalist 
to the Fishery Board for Scotland, and Andrew Scott, Fisheries Assistant, 
University College, Liverpool. (Platcs'xXXV.-XXXVIII.) 419 


[ iv ] 


PART VI.— July, 1896. 


VI. 0)1 .sumc iietc or rai-e Phasmidye in the Collection of the British 3Iuseum. By 
"\V. P. KiRBY, F.L.S., F.B.S., Assistant in the Zoological Bejjarttnent, British 
JIuseiim, South Kensington. (Plates XXXIX. & XL.) 447 


PAIIT VII.— OcTOBEii, 1896. 

VII. The Internal Anatomy o/Bdella. By A. D. Michael, V.P.L.S., F.Z.S., P.B.M.S. 
(Plates'XLI.-XLITI.) 477 


PART VIII.— Pebruary, 1897. 
Titlepage, Contents, and Index . . .' 529 


2nd Ser. ZOOLOGY.] 


[VOL. VI. PAET 1. 


THE 


TRANSACTIONS 


OF 


THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OE LONDON 


EEPOPiT ON ENTOMOSTRACA FEOM THE GULF 

OF GUINEA. 


BT 


TPIOMAS SCOTT, F.L.S., 

NATUTiALIST TO THE FISHEnV BOARD FOR SCOTLAND. 


LONDON: 

PRINTED FOB THE LINNEAN SOCIETY 

BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. 

SOLD AT THE SOCIETY'S APARTMENTS, BUULINGTON-HOUSB, PICCADILLY, \Y., 
AND BY LONGMANS, GKEEN, AND CO., PATERNOSTER-ROW. 


January 189Jd. 


TRANSACTIONS 


OP 


THE LINNEAN SOCIETY. 


I. Bejwrt oil Entomostraca from the Gulf of Ouiiiea, collected by John Rattray, J3.Sc. 
By Thomas Scott, F.L.S., Nattiralist to the Fishery Board for Scotland. 

Read 2iid February, 1893. 

' (Plates I.-XV.) 

I HE following" Report contains a Catalogue, more or less descriptive, of all the 
Entomostraca obtained in the tow-net gatherings collected by Mr. John E-attray, in 
the Gulf of Guinea, while engaged as naturalist ou board the Telegraph Steamer 
' Buccaneer.' 

It is not necessary that I should enter into any explanation of the causes of the delay 
in the publication of the Report on the Entomostraca further than to state that the 
collections were handed over to me early in 1891, and since then all the leisure that 
could be spared has been devoted to their examination aud to the preparation of the 
followinti? Catalogue. 

In the preparation of the Report the author has to acknowledge the valuable aid he 
has received from Professor G. S. Brady, E.R.S. He is also under great obligations to 
the Senatus of the University of Edinburgh for the privilege of consulting the numerous 
works on Natural History in the University Library, and to Mr. Webster, the Librarian, 
who has always been ready to help in hunting up any literature wanted. 

My thanks are also due to Dr. T. Wemyss Fulton, of the Fishery Board for Scotland, 
for the active interest he has taken in the preparation of the Report ; among other 
things he obtained for me the privilege of consulting the valuable Natural History 
Works in the Library of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. 

The Government Grant Committee of the Royal Society of London allocated to me 
the sum of £20 in 1891, and again in 1892, for the purposes of this investigation ; and 
this enabled me to retain the services of my son, Mr. Andrew Scott, for the preparation 
of the drawings that accompany and illustrate the Report, which, by their acknowledged 

SECOND SERIES. — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VI. 1 


■2 ME. T. SCOTT ON EXTOMOSTKACA 

nccuracy as well as their beauty, add greatly to its value. My son also prepared the 
greater number of the dissections represented by the drawings, which were necessary for 
the satisfactory diagnosis of the various species recorded. 

The Entomostraca described in the following Catalogue include species belonging to 
the orders Copepoda, Cladocera, and Ostracoda. The first is represented by one 
hundred and forty-eight species, the second by two species, and the third by twenty-four 
species. 

The great tendency to, and multiplicity of, variation observed, especially in certain 
groups, has caused considerable difficulty in deciding the value that should be placed on 
the amount of variation met with. Thougli care has been taken to avoid as far as 
possible attaching a higher value to these variations than they deserved, it has been 
necessary in not a few instances to give them specific and even generic rank, in order to 
dispose of them in anything like a satisfactory manner. 

A considerable number of more or less immature forms occurred in nearly all the tow- 
nettings, and were the cause of much trouble during the examination of the material ; 
the liability of mistaking an immatui'e specimen of one species for a member of another, 
and a different one, is considerable, and has to be kept constantly in view during the 
examination of such small organisms. 

Since writing this E,eport I have, through the kindness of Dr. T. Wemyss Fulton, of 
the Fishery Board for Scotland, been favoured with a perusal of Dr. Giesbrecbt's excel- 
lent work on the Mediterranean Copepoda, which has enabled me to make some 
alterations that will l)ring it more into conformity with recent views on the nomenckiture 
of that important group of the Crustacea ; while the Introductory Remarks by 
Mr. Rattray, which follow, will add to its completeness. 

Introductory Remarks. By John Rattray, B.Sc, F.R.S.E. 

For the opportunity of taking part in this expedition, of the results of Avhich a report 
on the Entomostraca is now presented, I have exclusively to thank Dr. John Murray, 
of H.M.S. ' Challenger ' Commission. J. Y. Buchanan, Esq., formerly chemist on board 
H.M.S. ' Challenger,' accompanied the expedition, and all my Avork was carried on 
under his immediate supervision on board the S.S. ' Buccaneer ' (Captain Thomson, 
R.N.R.), then in the service of the India Rubber, Gutta Percha, and Telegraph Works 
Co., Ld., of Silverto"v^^l, Essex, and at that time engaged in sounding-operations 
preliminary to the laying down of a telegraph-eable on the West Coast of Tropical 
Africa. 

Sailing from Liverpool in the S.S. ' Nubia ' in the begimiing of December 1885, the 
' Buccaneer ' was joined by Mr. Buchanan and myself at Sierra Leone on December 23, 
and sailed at once northwards, touching on Dec. 24 at Bullama and Bassao, between 
the Isles de Los and Dakar, near Capo Verd, arriving at Dakar on the evening of the 
same day to complete preliminary arrangements for the soimding expedition, which 
started thence on December 29. 


FEOM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 3 

So far as relates to the Biological collections, the equipment provided consisted of a 
supply of botanical paper with botanical press for the preservation of such larger plant 
specimens as might ])c procured on any short expeditions that might be possible on shore. 
Such chances were found only at rare intervals : thus gatlierings were made on the 
outward voyage at Madeira, in the vicinity of Fuuchal (Dec. 10), at Teneriffe, in and 
around Santa Cruz (Dec. 12 and March 28, 1886), at Sierra Leone (Dec. 21), at Conakoy, 
Isles de Los (March 17, 1886), at Dakar (Dee. 26-29), at Accra, North Coast of Gulf of 
Guinea (Jan. 16), at Sao Thome, Gulf of Guinea (Jan. 25 and 31 and Feb. 1, 1886), at 
Principe Island, Gulf of Guinea (Jan. 27), and at St. Paul de Loanda, E. coast of Gulf of 
Guinea (Feb. 10-17). On Dec. 13 some algse and shells were procured at Las Palmas, 
Gran Canaria, a landing for a few hours only being possible. During the brief calls at 
Bullama and Bassao on Dec. 21, the time Avas entirely occupied in the collecting of 
marine specimens either floating on the very muddy waters of these parts or occurring 
on the beach ; the visits paid to Libreville, Gaboon Biver, on January 28, and to 
Bananah Creek, Congo Iliver, on February 7, were so brief that no landing could be 
effected. So far as relates to Phanerogams, the best gatherings were made in and about 
Santa Cruz and at Sao Thome ; a considerable number of Thalamiflorse were found at both ; 
Papaveracege and Coniferte especially at Santa Cruz ; Malvaceae especially at Sao Thome. 
At the latter Legiuninous, Kosaceous, Crassulaceous, Myrtaceous, Onagraceous, Samy- 
daceous, and Cucurbitaceons CalycifiorfE were well represented ; at the former were 
gathered some Ficoidefi) and Uml)ellifera- not obtained at the latter. At St. Paul de 
Loanda, Leguminous and Myrtaceous Calyciflorse only were found, e. g. especially 
Indigofera, Uialium, Ccesalpiaia, Civtalaria, Tamarindus, and Psidium. Of Fpigynous 
Monopetaloid Compositte more were obtained at Santa Cruz than at Sao Thome ; but, on 
the other hand, more hypogynous specimens at the latter than at the former, the 
Jasminacese, Apocynaccne, and Convolvulacete predominating. Again, Apetake, Nycta- 
ginacese, Amarantaceai, Urticacea?, Euphorbiacese, and Monocotyledones — especially 
Connacese, Cyperacea^, and Gramineae — were found most abundantly at Sao Thome. 
Most Filices were obtained from Principe Island, including particularly species of 
Nephrolepis, Nephrodium, Polypodlum, and many young forms. At Dakar and at 
St. Paul de Loanda the coast-flora was poor, owing to the vast stretches of sand ; at the 
former were observed species of Argemonc, Ihena, Vigua, Cassia, AlMzzla, Seshunia^ 
Jussicea, Selioti-opium, Clerodendron, Hgptis, Scirpus, CIdorls, Pennisetum, Peiiicllkwia, 
Andropogou, Ccnchrus, not obtained at the latter, which, on the other hand, yielded 
species of Sesuvmm, Slda, Trlbuhis, Ilonetia, Indigofera, Psidium, Pluchea, Dichoma, 
Ipomcea, Boerhaavia, Bougainvlllea, Centema, Pupalia, Phyllanthus, Euphorhiu, 
Panicum, Sporoholiis, Enigrostis, Aristida, &c., not found at Dakar. 

Much difficidty was experienced in protecting specimens against the hot moist 
atmosphere of the tropics, and recourse was ultimately had to having them deposited near 
the furnaces of the steamer. This at length proved effective, but was accompained by the 
accumulation of much dust, which might, however, have been largely avoided by wrajjpin'-- 
in fine muslin, had that been available. 

1* 


4 ME. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTEACA 

Among Algte specially noteworthy were the exuberant growths of Corallinge near 
Las Palmas, attached to a soft sandstone on a narrow isthmus joining the volcanic 
sections of the island, and of Pad'ma (Adanson) on the beach, about 3 miles from Dakar, 
at the far side of the bay surrounding Goree Island. 

Per the preservation of zoological specimens the following means were at hand : — 
methylated spirit, alsolute alcohol, glycerine, benzole, ether, chloroform, acetic acid, 
ammonia, hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, nitric acid, corrosive sublimate, caustic 
potash, osmic acid, chromic acid, j)icric acid, iodine, picrocarmine, hsematoxylin, Canada 
balsam; with accessories such as slides, cover-glasses, watch-glasses, porcelain dishes, 
spirit-lamj), camel-hair brushes, needles, spatulas, two nets of varying degrees of fineness, 
a tank-box, shrimp-ti*awls, mud-bags, and specimen bottles. Some 200 bottles of 4-oz. 
capacity, in addition to several boxfuls of others of larger sizes. At the end of the work 
all the available bottles were filled, and as many others as could be obtained empty from. 
the supplies of the ship. 

Many micro-preparations were made of the products of the soundings, of which 411 
were taken during the cruise, and of the contents of the tow-nets at various points. 
Larger specimens, such as species of Pisces, were procured from native fishermen at 
St. Paul de Loanda, and for these the tank-box proved very u.seful. Larger Crustacea, 
of which a few were fouud on shore, were preserved in spirit at once. Numerous shells 
of Mollusca were obtained dry ; but one of the most important departments of the work 
was the preservation of the more delicate Arthropoda (Copepoda, Amphipoda, Schizopoda, 
&c.), Ascidia, ova, fish-larvce, Sag'Uta, &c., found in the tow-net gatherings. Por these the 
methods adopted were essentially those practised at the zoological stations of Naples * and 
elsewhere. Por delicate objects, Prof. E. R. Lankester had recommended, in a letter to 
Dr. John Murray, two plans : (a) corrosive sublimate followed by dilute then stronger 
alcohol, and (/3) ^ per cent, osmic acid, or this mixed with very dilute chromic acia 
or acetic acid, giving a short exposure of 1 to 2 minutes according to size : this to be 
followed by alcohols of increasing strength. The latter method was recommended for 
Olione and other Pteropoda ; it was adopted but rarely, owing to the difficulty of prose- 
cuting many different methods in a limited amount of space (the laboratory at command 
being quite small, but very compact) the combined chrom-osmic or aceto-osmic plans 
were not tried at all : the former method was freely used. For the Radiolaria the osmic 
acid process also proved of use, it had been recommended by Hartwig and by Haeckel ; 
but a glycerine medium to follow it was not employed because of the unsuitability of 
its refractive index to that of the E-adiolarian skeleton. 

For preserving the products of the tow-net pure alcohol was never adopted ab initio, 
but acidulated alcohol was tried, following the directions of Paul Mayer and Whitman, 
viz. 70 or 80 per cent, alcohol with a small addition of pure hydrochloric acid and a trace 
of picric acid. The specimens were subsequently washed with strong spirit to remove 
the acid, and preserved in spirit. Again, the picrosulphuric acid method following 

* Mayer, Mittheil. zool. Stat. Neap. ii. (1S31) p. 1 ; Journ. Eoy. Micr. Soc. u. s. ii. (1882) p. 866. 


FROM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 5 

Kleinenberg's * formula, as adopted by Mayer f , that is, without the addition of creosote, 
was often used, because of its reported high degree of penetrability for chitinized 
structures. The fixing agent was simply added to the sea-water, and this was subse- 
quently succeeded by increasing strengths of spirit. Mayer's J pier o- hydrochloric acid 
method was only employed a few times. 

Corrosive sublimate was extensively used, and was found to be of special service on 
account of the rapidity of its action. Lang's § methods were simplified and accelerated 
by adding a little of the solid salt to the sea-water ; the hot solution of the salt was 
never adopted, though it has been recommended for Sagitta, Copepoda, ScqMrina, and 
other Arthropod larvte. In a few cases, following Carnoy || , a trace of acetic acid was 
added to the corrosive solution. The mercuric salt was removed by subsequent washing 
— the mode of filtration was found of advantage from its speed and cleanliness — and 
successive treatment with progressive strengths of spirit. The animals were in all cases, 
where preservation was required, killed as rapidly as possible after capture, with a view 
to the obtaining of good results for structural purposes. 

Tow-net collections were made throvighout the whole course of the voyage ; the total 
number of these was, however, somewhat less than the total number of soundings, 
because (1) soundings were sometimes taken with much speed in shallow depths, and the 
delay of the steamer was therefore brief ; (2) tow-net gatherings could not continuou.sly 
be obtained by night and by day, save only at intervals. During work only one net was 
really lost through the snapping of gear belonging to the net itself, a few others, usually 
in deep water, w^ere lost on account of the breaking of the cable upon which they were 
attached. 

The majority of the gatherings were made in the upper strata of the water, or say 
down to 25 fathoms ; but deep-sea nets were repeatedly used. The deepest w^ere wrought 
at 360 and t60 fathoms on January 22, in lat. 1° 55' 5" N., long. 5° 55' 5" E. 

Prof. Chrystal's double-hooped net was used at a depth of 260 fms., but the collection 
obtained was small. On Feb. 5, in lat. 4° 26' 7" S., long. 10° 1' 8" E., two nets were set 
adrift at 235, 185, and 85 fathoms attached to balloon buoys in a S. ^ W. current of 
0-54 knots ; and, again, similarly on Feb. 22, in lat. 5° 59' 4" S., long. 3° 49' 4" E., a series 
of nets were exposed at 30, 40, 70, 100, 130, 160, 190, and 200 fms.,— the temperatures at 
these respective depths being 6r-3 F., 59"-3 F., 57°-5 F., 55° F., 52°-5 F., 49° F., and 
46°"7 F. ; but in heaving up, after an exposure of 7 hours, the cable snapped, and all but 
the uppermost were lost. Three more deep-sea nets were lost by the breaking of a steel 
rope attached to an anchor-dredge in lat. 5° 5 1' S., long. 11° 48' W., when, out of 1780 
fms. of rope, 1675 fms. were lost together with the anchor-dredge, weighing 5 cwt. 2 qrs. 
14 lbs. These accidents were specially to be regretted by reason of the opportunities 

* Foster and Balfour, Embryol. 
t Journ. Roj'. llicr. Soc. n. s. ii. (1882) p. 867. 
+ Mittheil. zool. Stat. Neap. 1881, p, 5. 
§ Zool. Anzeig. 1878, p. 79. 
II La Biol. Celhilaire, p. It.j. 


Q ME. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTRACA 

they presented for ascertaining something of life at these depths. In lat. 0' 7' 8" S., 
lono-. 14° 28' 6 " "W., nets were employed at intervals down to 100 fms. on March 10 ; 
and again on March 11, down to 76 fms., in lat. 0° 0' 7" N., long. 13° 4' W. 

The time of exposure of tow-nets varied with circumstances and opportunities from 20 
minutes to 7 hours (the latter when sent adrift from the ship). Inshore nets taken at 
Conakoy, Isles de Los, Bullama, Bassao, Dakar, Accra, off Little Bassam, in the vicinity 
of the suhmarine gully known as the " bottomless pit," Porto Novo, Libreville (Gaboon 
River), Bananah Creek (Congo River), and St. Paul de Loanda were always at or near 
the surface. Of special interest is the series procured during soundings in the vicinity 
of the Congo canon, where gyrations of the water, accompanied by the production of 
coarse bubbles of foam, were very evident on the surface of the sea. 

For Ascidia, Prof. Herdman had recommended three plans, all of which were employed, 
viz. : (1) picric acid and alcohol ; (2) osmic acid and alcohol ; and (3) picric acid alone, 
without alcohol, for Saljjcs and Doliolmn. Some were also preserved in glycerine, 
without either picric acid or spirit to prevent opacity. Por living specimens of sclero- 
dermic corals, of which only a few were obtained, the corrosive sublimate treatment 
was employed. No Hydrozoa were preserved, according to Pagenstecher's * method, by 
the use of sodium chloride and alum succeeded by stronger and stronger alcohols. Por 
the Peridinidffi, of which several were obtained, Gcza Entz'sf recommendation of 
glycerine was not followed, though tried, chiefly on account of refractive considerations. 
Porifera have been treated by Keller % with osmic and chromic acids, the former of the 
strength of -^-(,- to ro pei' cent., the latter very dilute ; but of these, the only repre- 
sentatives obtained were found on the shore at Ascension Island, and were immediately 
placed in spirit. 


Subjoined is a list of the positions of the 48 stations of the expedition, where the best 
available means were adopted for obtaining collections, with the sru'face temperature 
observed at each : — 

Station I. Dec. 29, 1885, lat. l.r 48' N., loug. 19° 18' W. (75° F.). 

II. Jan. 1, 1886, lat. 7° 54 N., long. 17° 25' W. (82°-2 F.). 
lat. 7° 1' N., long. 15° 54 W. (82°-9 F.). 
lat. 7° 33' N., long. 15° 18' W. (83° F.). 
lat. 7° 20' N., long. 13° 26' W. (83°-2 F.). 
lat. 7° 8' N., long. 13° 27' W. (83°-4. F.). 
lat. 5° 48' N., long. 14° 20' W. (85°-5 F.). 

lat. 3° 57' 2" N., loug. 7° 42' 8" W. (82°-8 F.). Here a S.E. current 
down to 150 fms. 


SJ 


III. 


3> 


% 


IS 


IV. 


}y 


s, 


>1 


V. 


iy 


4, 


» 


VI. 


J) 


yy 


}> 


VII. 


}f 


5, 


» 


VIII. 


}> 


9, 


* Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xvii. (1S67) p. 379. 

t Zool. Anzeig. 1881, p. 575. 

X Zeitschr. wiss. Zool. xxx. p. 568. 


FEOM THE GCJLF OF GUINEA. 


Station IX. Jau.10,1886, lat. 3° 0' 8" N., long. 7^ 43' W. (83° F.). Station in and near outer 

edge of Guinea current. Water ultramarine. 
lat. 3° 58' N., long. 3° 12' W. (83°-7 F.). 
lat. 5° 15' 4" N., long. 3° 10' E. (83°-2 F.). 
lat. 4° 12' 7" N., long. 3° 57' 5" E. (82°-7 F.). A strong N.N.W. 

current 2 to 3 fms. deep, and under it a strong current in opposite 

direction, 
lat. 3° 55' 3" N., long. 4° 7' 3" E. (83°-2 F.). 
lat. 2^ 20' 2" N., long. 5' 7' 8" E. (82°-2 F.). 
lat. 1° 55' 5" N., long. 5= 55' 5" E. (82°-9 F.). Current N. 37'= W.= 

0-72 knots, 
lat. 0'' 38' 6" N., long. 6" 25' 8" E. (82'"-9 F.). 
lat. 0° 21' 1" N., long. 7° 33' E. (83'' F.). 
lat. 1= 22' 2" S., long. 7° 45' E. (81°-4 F.). 
lat. 1° r/ 2" S., long. 8° 10' 4" E. (83° F.). 
lat. 1° 1' 2" S., long. 8° 19' 7" E. (82°-8 F.). 

lat. 2° 39' S., long. 8° 58' E. (81°-7 F.). A floating island near this, 
lat. 2° 47' S., long. 8° 46' E. (82°-7 F.). 
lat. 4° 26' 7" S., long. 10^ 1' 8" E. (82°-l F.). Current S. 4 W.=0-54 

knots. 


X. „ 13, 

XL „ 19, 

XII. „ 20, 


XIII. „ „ 

XIV. „ 21, 
XV. „ 22, 

XVI 23 

XVII. „ 29, 

XVIII. Feb. 3, 

XIX. „ „ 

^Y.v. „ „ 

XXI. „ 4, 

XXII. „ „ 

XXIII. „ 5, 


, XXIV. 
,, XXV. 
, XXVI. 
„ XXVII. 
„ XXVIII. 
„ XXIX. 
„ XXX. 
„ XXXI. 
„ XXXII. 
„ XXXIII. 
„ XXXIV. 
„ XXXV. 
„ XXXVI. 
„ XXXVII. 
XXXVIII. 
„ XXXIX. 
XL. 
XLI. 
„ XLII. 
„ XLIII. 
„ XLIV. 
„ XLV. 
„ XLVI. 
„ XLVII. 
„ XLVIII. 


„ 6, „ lat. 5° 54' S., long. 11° 33' E. (82= F.). 


„ 19, 
„ 20, 
„ 21, 

!> !> 

90 

„ 23, 

24 

or; 

,, ~j, 

26 

„ 27, 

„ 28, 

Mar. 5, 

„ 6, 

„ 7, 


„ 10, 

„ 11, 

„ 12, 
„ 13, 


lat. 5° 55' 8" S., long. 11° 50' 3" E. (84°-2 F.), 
lat. 8° 8' 2" S., long. 12° 29' 4" E. (79°-8 F.). 
lat. 5° 9' S., long. 10° 43' E. (82°-3 F.). 
lat. 5° 51' 7" S., long. 8° 36' 5" E. (83°-3 F.). 
lat. 5° 47' 7" S., long. 6° 49' 5" E. (82°-2 F.). 
lat. .5° 50' 9" S., long. 5° 1' 4" E. (81°-7 F.). 
lat. 5° 59' 4" S., long. 3° 49' 4" E. (83° F.). 
lat. 6° 2' 2" S., long. 1° 50' 7" E. (81°-8 F.). 
lat. 5° 58' 1" S., long. 0'^ 1' 5" E. (81° F.). 
lat. 5° 58' 5" S., long. 1° 24' 1" W. (81° F.). 
lat. 5° 59' 5" S., long. 3° 24' 5" W. (80° F.). 
lat. 6° 0' 7" S., long. 5° 5' 4" W. (81° F.). 
lat. 6° 3' 4" S., long. 6° 27' 2" W. (85°-5 F.). 
lat. 3° 58' 6" S., long. 8° 11' W. (79°-8 F.). 
lat. 5° 56' 3" S., long. 9' 32' 6" W. (80°-6 F.). 
lat. 5° 54' S., long. 11° 48' W (81° F.). 
lat. G 0' 3" S., long. 13° 24' 9" W. (81° F.). 
lat. 3° 59' S., long. 13° 28' W. 
lat. 2° 42' 2" S., long. 14° 43' 4" W. (81°-5 F.). 
lat. 0"^ 1' 6" S., long. 15<= 56' 5" W. (81' F.). 
lat. 0° 7' 8" S., long. 14° 28' 6" W. (81°-6 F.). 
lat. 0° 0' 7" N., long. 18° 4' W. (80°-8 F.). 
lat. 1° 17' 6" N., long. 13° 54' 4" W. (82°-3 F.). 
lat. 3° 3' 4" N., long. 1 5° 0' 9" W. (83°-l F.). 


Current W. byS. true. 
(At Loanda.) 


ME. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTEACA 


Part I. 
COPEPODA. 

The material from which the Copepoda noticed in this Report were ohtained w^as 
collected chiefly hy means of tow-nets worked at the surface and at various depths 
(under surface) from 2 to 460 fathoms, and a few were shore gatherings. 

The material was contained in 149 hottles, which represented ahout as many separate 
gatherings. 

Lists of species ohtained in some of the more important gatherings are appended to 
these introductory remarks {vide p. 13). 

Comparatively few of the species were generally distributed throughout the area 
examined, or were of frequent or common occurrence in the tow-nettings. 

The following were among the most common and most widely distributed species in 
the collection : — Eacalanus attenuatus, Bldncalanus cormitus, TJucUna vulgaris, EiichcBta 
mariua, Temora stylifera, Corycmus varius, Corycceus speciosus, and Onccea obtusa. On 
the other hand, a considerable number of species, though obtained in gatherings from 
localities all over the area examined, were uncommon or rare in the collections in which 
they occurred — Eucalanus setiger and Pleuromma abclominale may be given as examples. 
Other species, though observed in comparatively few gatherings, were yet moderately 
common in those in which they did occur — Kemicalanus longicoriiis is a striking 
example of this. Tliis species was observed in comparatively few gatherings, but in one 
of these no fewer than 80 fairly perfect specimens were obtained ; in contrast to this, it 
may be stated that scarcely half a dozen sjoecimens of Ilemicalani were observed in the 
whole of the ' Challenger ' collections. Several species, as Acartia sinnicaudata, Olthona 
miuuta, Amyriione Andreici, Ilyopsyiliis affiiiis, and some other Harpactids, were obtained 
in gatherings from inshore and brackish-water localities, as, for example, from a shore 
collection at Accra and at Sao Thome Island, and in surface-gatherings from Bananah 
Creek at the mouth of the River Congo, and from Loanda Harbour. A few fish-para- 
sites, including the pretty Messella, were also observed, and are described in this 
Report, 

Many of the species occurred more frequently in the surface tow-nettings collected 
during the night than in tliose collected^during the day, while in the under-surface tow- 
nettings they were of more frequent occurrence in those collected during the day than 
in those collected during the night. This will be observed by referring to the classified 
list of species. 


FEOM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 


9 


The following Table exhibits some points of interest respecting the general distribution 
of species in surface and uuder-suri'ace, and in day and niglit, collections: — 


Table I. — Description of the Tow-net Gatherings. 


C 


„ 


d 


-3 


J3 


■T3 


„ 


. 


a -S 


?! i 


a -g 


c -g 


X i 


c -S 


bo 


■5 


en . 


^ . 
5 tie 


' ,2 


"5 


_0 


sl 


H o 


Si 

■n o 


.2 & 
o o 


o . 
cT bo 

11= 

dj O 
;- o 


*, — 

5- bO 
!_£ 

s © 

s c 
= o 

= ^- 


S.S 
STj; 

(h bO 
3 O 

■;= a 

.S 03 


1 

at 
o ■'^ 


ts -2 

o 

J O 

s 3 
S a 


© (» 

c - 


o 

(D 

bO 

n . 
■r -t-s 

^ != 

bO o 

© .5 
^ t 

2^ 


o 
_© 

ff- © 

=- !» 

S a 


111 

© 

•5 'o 

p^ © 
© t: 

a| 

.a rt 
.s a 


verage number of spe 
eacli of the day t 
gatherings. 


aximum number of 
in any one of the da 
net gatlierings. 


inimum number of spe 
any one of the day 1 
gatherings. 


perage number of spe 
each of tlie night t 
gatherings. 


aximum number of 
in any one of the nigl 
net gatherings. 


inimum number of spe 
any one of the night t 
gatherings. 


^ 


<i 


s 


■M 


a; 


s 


3 


s 


S 


S 


-^ 


a 


^ 


■^ 


S 


a 


Surface 


84 


14-57 


32 


1 


' 46 


fius. 


fms. 


38 


fms. 


fms. 


11 


32 


1 


18-7 


28 


3 


Under-surfaoe . . 


G5 

i 


23-3 


42 


6 


48 


460 


H 


17 


50 


2 


23-4 4- 


42 


6 


21-8 - 


38 


9 


Total number . . 


149 


18-3 


94 


— 


1 
1 


55 


— 


— 


17-54 + 


19-67+ 


It will be observed from this Table that the difference between the average number of 
species in each of the day and night surface tow-net gatherings is rather considerable; 
while as regards the average number of species in each of the day and night under-surface 
tow-net gatherings there is comparatively little difference, and the difference shoAvn is 
the reverse of that observed in the surface tow-net gatherings. Further, the average 
number of species in the surface-gatherings is much greater in those collected during 
the night, but in the under-surface gatherings the average is rather greater in those 
collected during the day ; while in the combined surface and under-suxface tow-nettings 
the average is, again, in favour of the night collections. 

The area in which the tow-net gatherings were made may be described approximately 
as extending from lat. 7° 54' N., long. 17° 25 W., eastward to Accra on the Golb Coast, 
thence southwards across the Bights of Benin and Biapra to Slo Thome Island ; 
from Sag Thome Island eastwards towards the mouth of the Gaboon River ; then 
southwards to the mouth of the Congo and to Bananah Creek, and thence to 
LoANDA Harbour. No gatherings from mid-ocean are included in the collection : the 
greatest distance from land where tow-nettings were collected was not much, if at all, 
over 400 miles ; but the greater number of them were collected much nearer land than 
that, and this probably explains why the ' Buccaneer ' Copepoda — which exceed in number 
of species those obtained from the ' Challenger ' collections, extending over an immensely 
wider area — differ so much in the entire absence of some species, and in the com 
paratively greater abundance of others, when compared with the ' Challenger ' Copepoda, 
and also accoixnts for the presence of many curious and interesting species not repre- 
sented in that collection. 

second series. — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VI. 2 


10 ME, T. SCOTT ON EiSTOMOSTEACA 

Summary of the 'Buccaneer' Toic-net Collections, toitli the number of Species 
observed in each separate gathering. 

The surface tow-nettings are kept together, the under-surface are arranged according to 
the depth at which the tow-nets were let down, and the whole of the tow-net gatherings 
are arranged as near as possible in the order in which they were collected. In the 
Table the figures 1, 2, 3, &c. above the line represent the number of the gathering as 
near as possible in the order in which it was collected. " D " indicates that the 
collection was made between 6 a.m. (inclusive) and 6 p.m., " N " that the collection was 
made between G p.m. (inclusive) and 6 a.m., " SD " or " SN " that the collection was 
made inshore during the day or night. The figures under the line show the number of 
species observed in each separate gathering. Thus : — " Surface, -yt'' indicates that 
No. 3 tow-netting was a surface gathering collected between 6 p.m. and 6 a.m., and that 
sixteen species of Copepoda were observed in it. " Surface, ' ! ," indicates that No. 73 
was an inshore gathering collected between 6 a.m. and 6 p.m., in which five species of 
Copepoda were observed. " 100 fms., ^," indicates that No. 8 was a gathering from 

100 fathoms collected during the day, and yielded twenty-sis species of Copepoda; and so 
on as in the Table. 

Table II. — Summary of Tow-net Collections. 

Surface Tow-net Gatherin,a;s. 


3N 


9 N 


12 D 


13 D 


14 N 


16 D 


22 D 


27 SD 


28 SD 


10' 


16' 


7 ' 


16 ' 


23 ' 


"16 ' 


17 ' 


16 ' 


7 


31 D 


32 D 


34 D 


36 N 


37 N 


39 SD 


40 D 


48 N 


49 D 


Ti ' 


15 ' 


5 ' 


7 ' 


i 


4 ' 


~W 


24 ' 


~T3 ' 


73 SD 


74 D 


75 N 


76 N 


77 SD 


78 D 


79 D 


SON 


81 N 


5 ' 


11 ' 


4 ' 


23 ' 


' 


5 ' 


4 ' 


4 ' 


19 ' 


82 N 


83 N 


84 N 


85 N 


86 D 


87 D 


91 SD 


92 D 


93 D 


25 ' 


20 ' 


24 ' 


26 ' 


28 ' 


9 ' 


3 ' 


12 ' 


14 ' 


94 N 


95 N 


90 N 


97 N 


98 N 


99 D 


102 D 


103 N 


104 N 


19 ' 


28" ' 


25 ' 


26 ' 


22 ' 


8 ' 


"1^' 


17 ' 


16 ' 


105 N 


106 N 


107 D 


108 D 


HON 


lllN 


112 N 


120 N 


121 N 


23 ' 


22 ' 


17 ' 


10 ' 


5 ' 


19 ' 


21 ' 


21 ' 


15 ' 


122 N 


123 D 


124 D 


125 D 


120 D 


127 D 


128 D 


129 D 


130 D 


15 ' 


14 ' 


7 ' 


17 ' 


11 ' 


1 ' 


11 ' 


16 ' 


25 ' 


131 D 


132 D 


133 N 


134 N 


135 N 


136 N 


137 D 


138 D 


139 D 


1« ' 


19 ' 


21 ' 


23 ' 


22 ' 


3 ' 


27 ' 


15 ' 


4 ' 


140 D 


141 D 


142 D 


143 D 


144 D 


145 D 


146 N 


147 N 


148 D 


12 ' 


8 ' 


7 ' 


3 ' 


6 ' 


' 


14 ' 


12 ' 


14 ' 


149 D 


20 • 


FEOM THE GULP OF GUINEA. 11 

Two fathoms Tow-net Gathering. 

19 N 

Two and half fathoms Tow-not Gathering. ^, 

88 D 

■ V 

23 ■ 

Three fathoms Tow-net Gatherings. 
24 D 33 N 35 D 38 N 


21 ' 11 ' 6 ' 9 • 

Five fathoms Tow-net Gathering. 

89 D 
17 • 

Ten fathoms Tow-uet Gatherings. 

41 D 42 D 45 N 50 D 51 N 54 X 55 N 64 D 65 D 07 D 
~2r' ~I5~' ^2]~' ^22"' 25 ' 20 ' 21 ' 27 ' ^^T' ^23"' 

69 D 72 D 100 D 114 D 
~Jd~' 36 ' 19 ' 32 • 

Fifteen fathoms Tow-net Gatherings. 

15 N 18 D 71 N 
TS'' 11 ' 39 • 

Twentj' fathoms Tow-net Gatherings. 

47 N 52 y 53 N 56 D 66 D 08D 70 D 9(:)J) 101 D 109 D 
24 ' 30 ' 29 ' 26 ' 27 ' 39 ' 23 ' ~2T ' IS ' ^22^' 

115 D 


28 


Twent3'-five fathoms Tow-net Gatherings. 

1J5; 5N 61) lOJf 17 D 20 N 231) 25 D 29 D 
"25"' 10' 21' 16 ' "15"' T6~' "29"' "30"' li7~' 

Thirty fathoms Tow-net Gatherings. 

43 D 46 N 57J) 113 D 
27 ' 36 ' 45~' ~li5'- 

Thirty-five fathoms Tow-net Gathering. 

58 D 
33 • 

Fifty fathoms Tow-net Gatherings. 

2 N 4 N 7 D UN 21 D 26 D 30 D 44 D 
26"' 3r' U' 13 ' liE~' "30"' "UT" "ST" 

Sixty fathoms Tow-net Gathering. 

59 D 
T5"- 


o* 


12 ME. T. iSCOTT ON ENTOMOSTEACA 

Eighty-five fathoms Tow-net Gathering. 

116 D 
14 '• 

One hundred fathoms Tow-net Gathering. 

27* 

One hundred and thirty-five fathoms Tow-net Gathering. 
117 D 

One hundred and sixty fathoms Tow-net Gathering. 

60 D 

•JO • 

One hundred and eighty-five fathoms Tow-net Gathering. 

118 D 

Two hundred and thirty-five fathoms Tow-net Gathering. 

119 D 
33 • 

Two hundred and sixty fathoms Tow-net Gathering. 

61 D 
"26"- 

Three hundred and sixty fathoms Tow-net Gathering. 

62 D 
"IT" 

Four hundred and sixty fathoms Tow-net Gathering. 

63 D 

^8"- 

The following separate Lists, representing about 16'6 per cent, of the entire number of 
the ' Buccaneer ' tow-nettings, are given for the purpose of showing, among other details, 
the comparative differences in the general grouping of species in gatherings collected at 
the surface from others collected at various depths. 

The richest hauls — that is, those containing the greatest number of species — were 
uuder-surface gatherings, and were, with few exceptions, from no very extreme depths. 
Several o-ood catclies were also obtained by working the tow-net at the surface during 
the night (see Table II.). The gathering that yielded the greatest number of species was 
No. 62 from 300 fathoms, collected during the middle of the day, on January 22nd, in 
lat. 1° 55' 5'' N., long. 5° 55' 5" E. ; forty-seven species were obtained in this gathering. 
The collection that appeared to contain the greatest number of individuals was No. 113, 
from 30 fathoms, collected during the middle of the day, on Tebruary 5th, at Station 23. 


FEOM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 


13 


List I. — Tow-net Gatlieving No. 3, surface, collected at Station 2, January 1st, 1886, 
between and 8.15 p.m. The specific gravity of the water calculated at 60° F, was 
1'0221, surface temperature of water 82°"2 E. 


Euchaita marina {PrestandrM). 
Temora stjiifera {Bana). 
Candace paohydactyla, Dana. 
Labidocera detruncata, var. intermedia. 
Pontellina plumata, Dana. 
Oithona Challengeri, Bradij. 
Microsetella atlantica, Bradi/ cj- liobertsoti. 
Mii-acia eiferata, Dana. 


Clytemnestra rostrata {Brady). 
Setella gracilis, Dana. 
Corycaeus varius, Dana. 

pellucidus, Dana. 

venustus, Dana. 

Oncsea oblusa {Dana). 
Copilia mirabilis, Dana. 
Saphirina ovalis, Dana. 


List II. — This List gives the number of species obtained in Tow-net Gathering No. -i, 
from 50 fathoms, collected at Station 2 (lat. T 54' N., long. 17° 25' AY.), January 1st, 
between 7.20 and 8.20 p.m. 


Calanus valgus, Brady. 

■ gracilis, Dana. 

comptus, Dana. 

Eucalanus atteuuatus, Dana. 
Hemicalanus longicornis. Clans. 

plumosus, Claug. 

Heterocalanus serricaiuLitus, n. sp. 
Pleuromma abdominalo (LuhhocJc). 
Undina vulgaris, Dana. 
Scolecithrix Danoe, LuhhorJc. 

■ Bradyi, (Jicslirccht. 

securifrons, n. sp. 

cteiiopus, Giesbreclit. 

tenuipes, n. sp. 

Euclueta marina (Prestandrea). 

hebes, Gicsbrecht. 

• australis, Brady. 


Euchseta barbata, Brady. 
yEtidius armatus, Brady. 
Clausocalanus arcuicornis (Dana). 
Phyllopus bidentatus, Brady. 
Candace pectinata, Brady. 

■ pachydactyla, Dana. 

intermedia, n. sp. 

Aeartia laxa, Dana. 
Oitbona Challengeri, Brady. 
Setella gracilis, Dana. 
Corycffius varius, Dana. 

speciosus, Dana. 

Oncaea obtusa ( Dana). 

gracilis ( Dana). 

Saphirina metallina, Dana. 
*Saphirinella stylifera (Lubbock). 


List III. — Tow-net Gathering Xo. 8, 100 fathoms, collected at Station 3, January 2ud, 

Specific gravity of tlie water at 100 fathoms 


between 9 a.m. and 5.30 p.m. 
1-02608, temperature 56°-4 F. 

Calanus pro))in(|uus, Brady. 
Eucalanus attenuatus, Dana. 
Ehincalanus cornutus, Dana. 
Hemicalanus longicornis. Clans. 
Augaptilis longicaudatus {Clans). 
Calocalanus pavo (Dana). 
Heterochajta spiuifrons, Claus. 
Leuckartia flavicornis, Claus. 


Scolecithrix Danse {Lnbboch). 

minor, Brady. 

Euch;eta marina (Pr> stand rca). 
jEtidius armatus, Brady. 
Temora stylifera (Dana). 
Aeartia laxa, Dana. 
Phaenna spinifera, Clans. 
Oithona Challengeri, Brady. 


* SajjhlrinLlla is now known to be the male form of CopfVi'rt, of which there are several species. 


14 


Mli. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTEACA 


Miracia efferata, Dana. 
Machairopus (?) idyoides, Brady. 
Setella gracilis, Dana. 
Corycaeus varius, Dana. 

speciosus, Dana. 

Oncaja obtusa {Dana). 


Oncaea gracilis (Dana). 
Copilia mirabilis, Dana. 
Lubbockia squDlimana, Glaus. 
Saphiriiia metallina, Dana. 
Sapbirinella stylifera {Lubhod'). 


List IV.— Tow-net Gathering No. 14-, surface, lat. 5° 58' N., long. 14° 20' W., January 5tli. 

Collected in the evening after darkness set in. 


Calanus valgus, Bradi/. 

propinquus, Brad;/. 

Eucalanus attenuatus, Dana. 
Rhincalanus corniitus, Dana. 
Leuckartia flavicornis, Claiis. 
TJndina vulgaris, Dana. 
Euchirella messinensis (Chins). 
Scolecitbrix Danse (Lubhocl-). 
Eucheeta marina (Prestandrea). 
Candace pachydactyla, Dana. 
Pontcllopsis villosa, Brady, 
Pontellina plumata, Dana. 


Labidoeera detruncata, var. intermedia, n. var. 
Oithona setigera, Dana. 
Miracia efferata, Dana. 
Setella gracilis, Dana. 
Corycoeus varius, Dana. 

speciosus, Dana. 

pellucidus, Dana. 

Oncaea obtusa, Dana. 
Copilia mirabilis, Dana. 
Sapbirina ovalis, Dana. 
Saphiriuella stylifera (Lubbock). 


List V.— Tow-net Gathering No. 21, 50 fathoms, Station 9 (lat. 3^ 0' 8" N., long. 7° 43' W.), 
January 10th. Collected at noon. Temperature (corrected) of water at 50 fathoms 
59°-59 P., sp. gr. 1-02G32. 


Eucalanus setiger, Brady. 

attenuatus, Dana. 

spinifer, n. sp. 

Ehincalanus cornutus, Dana, 
Hemicalanus longicornis. Clans. 
Augaptilis longicaudatus (Glaus). 
Leuckartia flavicornis, Claus. 
Scolecitbris Danae (Lubbock). 

Bradyi, Giesbreclit. 

ctenopus, Gu'sbreclit. 

tenuipes, n. sp. 

Eucbaeta marina (I'restandrea), 

Hcssei, Brady, var. similis, n. var. 

Candace pacbydactyla, Dana, 

intermedia, n. sp. 

Acartia laxa, Dana, 
Clausocalanus arcuicornis (Dana), 
Temora stylifera (Dana), 


Phaenna spinifera, Clans. 
Pontellina plumata (Dana), 
Oithona Challengeri, Brady, 
Euterpe gracilis, var. armata, n. var. 
Miracia efferata, Dana, 
Clytemuestra rostrata (Brady). 
Setella gracilis, Dana. 
CorycEeus varius, Dana, 

speciosus, Dana. 

pellucidus, Dana. 

limbatus, Brady. 

Oncaea obtusa, Dana. 

gracilis, n. sp. 

mediterranea (Claus). 

Copilia mirabilis, Dana. 
Saphiriua metallina, Dana, 
Saphiriuella stylifera (LubbocJc). 


PEOM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 


15 


List VI.— Tow-net Gathering No. 29, 
13th. Collected hetween 8 a.m 
sp. gr. 1-02606. 

Calanus valgus, Bradif. 

gracilis, Dana. 

Paracalanus parvus (Claus). 
Eucalanus setiger, Bradij. 

attenuatus, Dana. 

f;piinfer, n. sp. 

Khiuoulauus cornutus, Dana. 
Hemicalanus mucrouatus, Clans. 
Calocalanus pavo (Dana). 
Heterocliaita spinifrons, Claus. 
Leuckartia flavicornis, Clans. 
TJndiua vulgaris, Dana. 
Scolecithrix Dante {Luhbocl-). 

ctenopus, G-ieshrecM. 

Eucha?ta marina {Prestandrea). 

hebes, Giesbrecht. 

.^tidius armatus, Brady. 
Clausooalanus furcatus (Bradi/). 
Centropages violaceus, Claws. 


25 fathoms, lat. 3° 58' N., long. 3° -12' W., January 
and 1 P.M. Temperature at 25 fathoms 67°"7 F., 


ilecynocera Clausi, /. C Thompson. 
Candace pachydactyla, Dana. 
Acartia laxa, Dana. 
Pontellina plumata (Dana). 
Miracia efFerata, Dana. 
Clytemnestra rostrata (Brady). 
Setella gracilis, Dana. 
Corycseus varius, Dana. 

spcciosus, Dana. 

— • pellucidus, Dana. 

venustus, Dana. 

Onciea obtusa, Dana. 
Copilia mirabilis, Dana. 
Saphirina opaca, Lubbock. 

splendens, Dana. 

metallina, Dana. 

Sapliirinella stylifera (Lidibock). 
Clausocalanus arouicornis (Dana). 


List VII.~Tow-net Gathering No. 16, 30 fathoms, lat. 3° 22' 5" N., long. 4" 11' 8" E. 

January 20th. Collected about 7 p.m. 


Calanus valgus, Brady. 

propiuquus, Brady. 

gracilis, Dana. 

Eucalanus setiger, Brady. 

attenuatus, Dana. 

llhincalanus cornutus, Dana. 
Hemicalanus longicornis, Clan.t. 

• mucronatus, Claus. 

Pleuromma abdominale (Luhhoch). 
Leuckartia flavicornis, Claus. 
Undlna vulgaris, Dana. 
EuchircUa messinensis (Claus). 
Scolecitbrix Danae (Lidiboclc). 
Euchaeta marina (Prestandrea). 
^tidius armatus, Brady. 
Temora stylifera (Dana). 
Centropages furcatus (Dana). 
Mecyuocera Clausi, I. C. Thompson. 


Candace pectinata, Brady. 
Acartia laxa, Dana. 
Oithona Challengeri, Brady. 

• setigera, Dana. 

Microsetella atlantica, Brady ■.^- Boberfson. 
Clytemnestra rostrata (Brady). 
Setella gracilis, Dana. 
CorycKus varius, Dana. 

spcciosus, Dana. 

limbatus, Brady. 

Oncaja obtusa (Dana). 
Copilia mirabilis, Dana. 
Lubbockia squillimana, Claus. 
Saphirina ovalis, Dana. 

opaliua, Dana. 

opaca, LuhbocJc. 

metallina, Dana. 

Saphirinolla stylifera (Lubbocl-). 


16 


MR. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTKACA 


List VIII.— Tow-net Gathering No. 55, 10 fathoms, lat. 1° 55' 5" N., long 5° 55' 5" E., 
January 22nd. Collected during the middle of the day. Temperature (corrected) 
of the water 81°-98 P., surface sp. gr. 1-02358. 


Paracalanus parvus (Claus). 
Eucalanus attenuatus, Dana. 
Euchasta marina {Prestandrea). 
Clausooalamis furcafcus {Brady). 
Temora stylifera (Dana). 
Ceiitropages furcatus (Dana). 

violaceus, Clans. 

Candaoe pectinata, Brad//. 
Pontellina plumata (Dana). 
Oithona Challengeri, Brady. 
Miraoia efferata, Dana. 


Setella gracilis, Dana. 
Corj-ciEus varius, Dana. 

speoiosus, Dana. 

pellucidus, Dana. 

Oncsea obtusa (Dana). 
Copilia mirabilis, Dana. 
8aphirina ovalis, Dana. 

insqualis, Dana. 

opaoa, Lubbock. 

Saphirinella stylifera (Lubbock). 


List IX. — Tow-net Gathering No. 57, 30 fathoms. Locality, date, and time of collection 
the same as List VIII. Temperature of the water 63°-98 F. 


Calamis valgus, Brady. 

propiiKjuus, Brady. 

gracilis, Dana. 

Paracalanus parvus (Claus). 
Eucalanus attenuatus, Dana. 
Ehincalanus cornutus, Dana. 
Hcmicalanus longicornis, Claus. 
Calocalanus pavo (Dana). 

plumulosus (Claus). 

Heterochieta splnifrons, Claus. 
Leuckartia flavicornis, Claus. 
Undina vulgaris, Dana. 
Scoleeithrix Danre: (Lubbock). 

minor, Brady. 

Bradyi, Giesbrcchf. 

ctenopus, Oksbreclit. 

Euchajta marina (Prestandrea). 
^tidius armatus, Bradif. 
Clausocalanus furcatus (Brady). 

arcuicornis (Dana). 

Temora stylifera (Dana). 
longicornis (^I'dller). 


Mecynooera Clausi, /. C. TJiompson. 
Centropagos furcatus (Dana). 
Candace pachydactyla, Dana. 

intermedea, n. sp. 

truucata, Dana. 

Acartia laxa, Dana. 

Pontellina plumata, Dana. 

Oithona Challengeri, Brady. 

Microsctella atlantica, Brady Sf Robertson. 

Miracia efferata, Dana. 

Setella gracilis, Dana. 

Coryeasus varius, Dana. 

speciosus, Dana. 

■ pellucidus, Dana, 

limbatus, Brady. 

venustus, Dana. 

Onea?a obtusa (Dana). 
Copilia mirabilis, Dana. 
Lubbockia squillimana, Claus. 
Sapliirina ovalis, Dana. 

metallina, Dana. 

Saphirinella stylifera (Lubbock). 


List X. — Tow-net Gathering No. 59, 60 fathoms. Locality, date, and time of collection 
the same as List VIII. Temperature of water 60°-25 P., sp. gr. 1-02029. 

Eucalanus setigcr, Brady. Hoterochoeta spinifrons, Claus. 

Ehincalanus cornutus, Dana. Leuckartia flavicornis, Claus. 

Pleuromma abdominale (Lubbock). Euchasta hebes, Gieshrecht. 


FROM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 


17 


Candace pachydactyla, Dana. 
yEtidius armatus, Bradif. 
Phaemia spiniter, Claus. 
Oithona ChaUengeri, Brady. 
Corycseus varius, Daim. 


Coryea3us spcciosus, Dana. 
Copilia mirabilis, Dana. 
Saphirina metallina, Dana. 
Saphirinella stylifcra (Luhhoch). 


List XI. — Tow-net Gathering No. 60, 160 fathoms. Locality, date, and time of collection 
the same as List VIII. Temperature about 50° F. 

Paraoalanus parvus (Clans). 
Undina vulgaris, Dana. 
Euchseta marina (Prestandrea). 
Temora stylifcra {Dana). 
Centropages violaceus, Claus. 
Pontcllina phimata, Dana. 
Labidocera dctruncata, var. intermedia. 
Miracia etferata, Dana. 
SetelJa gracilis, Dana. 
Corycseus varius, Dana. 


Corycseus speciosus, Dana. 

pellucidus, Dana. 

Onea;a obtusa (Dana). 
Copilia mirabilis, Dana. 
Saphirina ovalis, Dana. 

inaequalis, Dana. 

opaoa, Lubbock. 

splendens, Dana. 

Saphirinella stylifcra (Lubbock). 


List XII.— Tow-net Gathering No. 61, 260 fathoms, 
the same as List VIII. Temperature 

Calanus valgus, Brady. 

gracilis, Dana. 

Eucalanus attenuatus, Dana. 
Rhincalauus cornutus, Dana. 
Hemicalanus longieornis, Claus, 
Pleuromma abdominalis (L\d)bock). 
Heterochaeta spinifrons, Claus. 
Leuckartia flavicornis, Claus. 
Scolecithrix Danse (Lubbock). 

Bradyi, Giesbrechi. 

^tidius armatus, Bradij. 
Euchseta marina (Prestandrea). 
Candace pectinata, Bradi/. 


Locality, date, and time of collection 
of water about 46° F. 

Candace pachydactyla, Dana. 
Pontellina plumata, Dana. 
Oithona ChaUengeri, Bradij. 
Miracia eiferata, Dana. 
CorycKus varius, Dana. 

speciosus, Dana. 

pellucidus, Dana. 

limbatus, Brady. 

OncEea obtusa (Dana). 
Copilia mirabilis, Dana. 
Saphirina serrata, Brady. 
Saphirinella stylifera (Lubbock). 
Saphirella abyssicola, nov. gen. et sp. 


List XIII. — Tow-net Gatbering No. 62, 360 fathoms. Locality, date, and time of collection 
the same as List VIII. Temperature of water about 43° F. 


Calanus propinquns, Brady. 
Paracalanus parvus ( Clans). 
Eucalanus attenuatus, Dana. 
Rhincalanus cornutus, Dana. 
Hemicalanus longieornis, Claus. 

longicaudatus, Claus. 

plumosus, Claus. 

Augaptilis bectieus, Giesbrechi. 
SECOND SERIES. — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VI. 


Calocalanus pavo (Dana). 
Pleuromma abdominale (Lubbock). 

princeps, n. sp. 

Leuckartia flavicornis, Claus. 
Undina vulgaris, Dana. 
Scolecithrix Dana? (Lubbock). 

longieornis, n. sp. 

liradyi, Giesbrechi. 


18 


MR. T. SCOTT ON ENT0310STRACA 


Scolecithrix tenuipes, n. sp. 
Amallophora dubia, nov. gen. et sp. 
Euchiieta marina (Prestandrea). 

harbata, Brady. 

jEtidius armatus, Brady. 

armiger, Gieshrecht. 

Clausocalanus arcuicornia (Dana). 
Phyllopus bidentatua, Brady. 
Temora stylifera (Datia). 
Candace tnincata, Dana. 
Acartia laxa, Dana. 
MormoniUa pbasma, Gieshrecht. 
Phaiinna spinifera, Glaus. 
Pontellina plumata, Dana. 
Oithona Challeiigeri, Brady. 
setiger, Dana. 


Miracia efferata, Dana. 
Setella gracilis, Dana. 
^gisthus longirosh-is, n. sp. 
Corycseus varius, Dana. 

speciosus, Dana. 

■ pellucidus, Dana. 

limbatus, Brady. 

obtiisus, Dana. 

Onca^a obiusa (Dana). 

gracilis (Dana). 

Copilia mirabili.s, Dana. 
Lubbockia squillimana, Glaus. 
Saphirina iutequalis, Dana. 

■ ■ metallina, Dana. 

Sapbirinella stylifera (Luhhock). 


List XIV. — Tow-net Gathering No. 63, 400 fathoms. Locality, date, and time of 

collection the same as List VIII. 


Calanus propincjuus, Brady. 

gracilis, Dana. 

Paracalanus parvus (Clans). 
Eucalanus attenuatus, Dana. 
Khincalanus cornutus, Dana. 
Hemicalanus longicornis, Glaus. 
Pleuromma abdominale (Lubhock). 
Heterocha^ta siiiuifrous, Glaus. 
Leuckartia flavicornis, Claws. 
Undina viilgaris, Dana. 
Eucbirella mcssiucnsis (Glaus). 
Amallophora dubia, nov. gen. tt sp. 

magna, n. sp. 

Euchfet-a marina (Preslandrea). 


Eucha^ta Hcssci, var. similis, n. var. 
jEtidius armiger, Oieshrecht. 
Temora longicornis (Midler). 
Candace varicans, Gieshrecht. 
Oithona Challengeri, Brady. 
Microsetclla atlantica, Brady df Bohertson. 
Longipedia minor, T. Sf A. Scott. 
Clytemnestra rostrata, Brady. 
Setelia gracilis, Dana. 
Coryceeus varius, Dana. 

speciosus, Dana. 

venustus, Dana. 

Oncoea obtusa (Dana). 

(?) Saphirina nigromaculata, Glaus. 


List XV.— Tow-net Gathering No. 08, 20 fathoms. Off Sao Thome Island (lat. 3° 34' 
N., long. 0° 30' 4" E.). Collected after midday, January 23rd. 


Calanus valgus, Brady. 

propinquus, Brady. 

gracilis, Dana. 

Eucalanus attenuatus, Dana. 
Khincalanus cornutus, Dana. 
Hemicalanus longicornis, Glaus. 

mucronatus, Glaus. 

Augaptilis hecticus, Gieshrecht. 

Eattrayi, n. sp. 

Pleuromma abdominale (Luhhocl'). 
Heterochoeta spinifrons, Glaus. 


Leuckartia flavicornis, Glaus. 
Undina vulgaris, Dana. 
Scolecithrix Dan^ (Luhhoch). 

Bradyi, Gieshrecht. 

ctenopus, Gieshrecht. 

Euchaeta marina (Prestandrea). 

■?, sp. 

^tidius armatus. 
Clausocalanus arcuicornis (Dana). 
Temora stylifera (Dana). 
Mecyuocera Clausi, /. G. Thonipson. 


rKO.M THE GULF OF GUINEA. 


19 


Oandaee pectinata, Brady. 

pachydactj'la, Dana. 

truncata, Dana. 

I'ontellina plumata, Dana. 
Stenhelia aocraensis. 
Setella gracOis, Dana. 
Corjcaeus variiis, Dana. 

speciosus, Dana. 

pellucidus, Dana. 


Cor3'caeus limbatus, Brady. 
Onca;a obtusa {Dana). 
Copilia mirabilis, Dana. 
Lubbockia squillimana, Ohms. 
Saphirina ovalis, Dana. 

opaca, LtMock. 

nietallina. Dana. 

Sapbirinella stylifera (Luhlocl-). 


List XVI.— Tow-net Gathering No. 71, 15 fatlioms, lat. 0° 28' 7" N. 

Collected al)out 6 p.m., January 23rd. 


long. 6° 35' 2" E. 


Calanns valgus, Brady. 

proi)inquiis, Dana. 

gracilis, Dana. 

ParacalaDus parvus (Claus). 
Eucalanus attenuatus, Dana. 
llhincalanus cornutus, Dana. 
Hemicalanus lougieornis, Clans. 
Hctcrochasta spiuifrons, Claus. 
Undina vulgaris, Dana. 
Scolecithrix Danse (IaMocJc). 

Bradyi, GieshrecJd. 

Euchaeta marina {Prestandrea). 

hebes, Gieshrecht. 

Clausocalanus fureatus (Brady). 
Temora stylifera {Dawi). 

longicornis, Midler. 

Centropages \-iolaceus ( Glaus). 
Candace pacbydactyla, Dana. 

intermedia, n. sp. 

Acartia laxa, Dana. 


Pontelliua jilumata, Dana. 

Uithona Challeiigeri, Brady. 

Microsetella atlantica, Brady ^- Robertson. 

Miracia efferata, Dana. 

Clytemnestra rostrata (Brady). 

Setella gracilis, Dana. 

Coryca'us varius, Dana. 

speciosus, Dana. 

pellucidus, Dana. 

limbatus, Brady. 

venustus, Dana. 

Oncasa obtusa (Dana). 
Copilia mirabilis, Dana. 
Lubbockia squillimana, Claus. 
Saphirina iuEequalis, Dana. 

opalina, Dana. 

opaca, LiMock. 

splendens, Dana. 

Saphirinella stylifera (Luhbock). 


List XVII. — Tow-net Gathering No. 82, surface. 
Collected about midnight, January 28th. 

Calanus valgus, Brady. 
Paracalauus parvus (Claus). 
Eucalanus attenuatus, Dana. 
lihincalanus cornutus, Dana. 
Leuckartia flavicornis, Claus. 
Undina vulgaris, Dana. 
Euchseta marina (Prestandrea). 
Temora stylifera (Dana). 

longicornis, Muller. 

Centropages fureatus (Dana). 
Candace pectinata, Brady. 

iuteimedia, n. sp. 

Pontellina plumata, Dana. 


lat. 0° 22' 8" N., long. 8' 33' 2" E. 
Sp. gr. of the water 1-02237. 

Oithoua Challengeri, Brady. 

Microsetella atlantica, Brady ^- Moberfson. 

Euterpe gracilis, var. armata, n. var. 

Clytemnestra rostrata (Brady). 

Setella gracilis, Dana. 

Corycaeus varius, Dana. 

speciosus, Dana. 

pellucidus, Dana. 

obtusus, Dana. 

Oncoea obtusa (Dana). 
Saphirina ovalis, Dana. 
inajqualis, Dana. 


20. 


Ml{. T. SCOTT ON EJNTOMOSTEACA 


List XVIII. — Tow-net Gathering No. 91, shore (low tide), Sao Thome Island. Collected 

during- the day, January 31st 

Laophonte pygm^a, n. sp. Machairopus idyoidos, Brady. 
longipes, n. sp. 


List XIX.— Tow-net Gathering No. 92, surface, lat. 0° 7' & N., long. 6° 59' 2" E. Collected 

February 2nd, shortly after midday. 


Calanus valgus, Brady. 
Temora stylifera (Dana). 
Pontellina plumata, Dana. 
Oithona Challcngeri, Brady. 
Microsetella atlantica, B. ijj- R. 
Miraoia efferata, Dana, 


Corycoeus varius, Dana. 

speciosus, Dana. 

pellucidus, Dana. 

venustus, Dana. 

obtusus, Dana. 

Oucuia obtusa (Dana). 


List XX. — Tow-net Gathering 
Collected Febr 

Calanus valgus, Brady. 
Rhincalauus cornutus, Dana. 
Leuckartia flavicornis, Claus. 
Undina vulgaris, Dana. 
Seolecitbrix Bradyi, Giesbrecht. 
Euchaita liebes, Gvshrecht. 
Temora stylifera {Dana). 

loDgicornis (Mailer). 

Candace intermedia, n. sp. 
Labidocera acutifroas (Dana). 
Pontelliua plumata, Dana. 
Oithona Challengeri, Brady. 
Euterpe gracilis, var. armata, n. var. 


No. 97, surface, lat. 0° 45' 8" S., long. 7° 37' 4" E. 
uary 3rd, shortly after midnight. 

Microsetella atlantica, Brady 4' Robertson. 
Miracia efferata, Dana. 
Clyta;muestra rostrata (Brady). 
Setella gracilis, Dana. 
Corycoeus varius, Dana. 

speciosus, Dana. 

pellucidus, Dana. 

limbatus, Brady. 

venustus, Dana. 

Onca;a obtusa (Dana). 
Lubbockia squillimana, Claus. 
Saphirina iuKiqualis, Dana. 
serrata, Brady. 


List XXL— Tow-net Gatliering No. 113, 30 fathoms. Station 23 (lat. 4° 26' 7" S., 

11 A.M. and 3 p.m., Eebruary 5th. Tempera- 
This gathering contained a greater number 
species, than any other in the collection. 


long. 10° r 8" E.). Collected between 
ture 82°-l F., sp. gr. at noon 1-U2347. 
of individual specimens, though not of 


Calanus propinquus, Brady. 

gracilis, Dana. 

tonsus, Brady. 

Eucalanus setigcr, Brady. 

• attenuatus, Dana. 

Rhiucalanus cornutus, Dana. 
Hemicalanus longicornis, Claus. 

mucrouatus, Claus. 

Heterochaeta spinifrons, Claus. 
Undina vulgaris, Dana, 


Euchirella mcssinensis (Claus). 
Seolecitbrix Danas (Lubbock). 
Euchseta marina (Prestandrea). 

barbata, Brady. 

Candace pectinata, Brady. 

pacbydactyla, Dana. 

intermedia, n. sp. 

— ■ — truncata, Dana. 
Acartia laxa, Dana. 
Phaenna spinifera, Claus. 


FROM THE GULF OF GUIjNEA. 


21 


Labidocera acutifrons (Dana). 
Pontella securitcra, Bradij. 
Oithona Challengeri, Brady. 
Corycseus varius, Dana. 

speciosus, Dana. 

Oncaja obtusa (Dana). 

gracilis (Dana). 

Copiliii mirabilis, Da?ia. 


Copilia quadrata, Dana. 

Rattrayi, n. sp. 

Lubbockia squillimana, Claus. 
Sapbiriua ina^qualis, Dana. 

scrrata, Brady. 

splcndcns, Dana. 

metalliua, Dana. 

Sapbiriiiella stylLfcra (Lubbock). 


List XXII. — Tow-net Gathering No. 119, 235 fathoms, Station 23. Date and hour of 


collection the same as last. 
] -02648. 

Calanus valgus, Brady. 

propiuquus, Brady. 

gracilis, Dana. 

Eucalanus atteuuatus, Dana. 

spinifer, n. sp. 

Rhincalanus coniutus, Dana. 
Hemicalanus longicornis (Claus). 

plumosus, Claiis. 

Plouromma abdominale (Lubbock). 
Heterochajta spinifrons, Claus. 
Leuckartia fiavicornis, Claus. 
Scolecithrix minor, Brady. 
Eucha3ta marina (Prestandrea). 
uEtidius armatus, Brady. 
Mecynocera Clausi, /. C. Thompson. 
Acartia lasa, Dana. 
Mormonilla j)hasma, Oicsbrecht. 


At 200 fathoms the temperature was 55° E., sji. gr. 


Euterpe gracilis, var. armata, n. var. 

Microsetella atlantiea, Brady 4 Roherison. 

Miracia efferata, Dana. 

Clytemnestra rostrata (Brady). 

Setclla gracilis, Dana. 

.^ilgisthus longirostris, n. sp. 

Oncaea obtusa (Dana). 

gracilis (Dana). 

Corycaeus varius, Dana. 

speciosus, Dana. 

Copilia mirabilis, Dana. 
Lubbockia squillimana, Claus. 
Saphirina splendens, Dana. 

metallina, Dana. 

Saphirinella stylifcra (Lubbock), 
Artotrogus abyssioolus, n. sp. 


List XXIIL— Tow-net Gathering Xo. 133, surface, lat. 6° 29' 4" S., long. 11° 24' 8" E. 
Collected at 7.30 p.m., February 8th. Sp. gr. at 8 p.m. 1-02398. 


Paracalanus parvus (Clai(s). 
rieuromma abJominale (fyubhock). 
Leuckartia flavieurnis, Claus. 
Undina vulgaris, Dana. 
Scolecithrix Dana; (Lubbock). 
Temora dubia (Lubbock). 

longicornis (Miiller). 

Centropages brachiatus, Dana. 

furcatus, Dana. 

Candace pachydactyla, Dana. 
intermedia, n. sp. 


Pontellopsis villosa, Brady. 
Pontella seourifer, Brady. 

inermis, Brady. 

Oithona seligera, Dana. 

Microsetella atlantiea, Brady ^ Robertson. 

Coryca3us varius, Dana. 

■ speciosus, Dana. 

obtusus, Dana. 

Oncaea obtusa (Dana). 
Lubbockia squillimana, Claris. 


22 


MK. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTRACA 


List XXIV. — Tow-net Gathering No. 137, sur 
Collected at 5 a.m., February 9th. 

Calanus valgus, Brady. 

• piopiiiquus, Brady. 

Paracalauus parvus (Clans). 
Eucalanus atteiiuatus, Dana. 
Khincalanus cornutus, Dana. 
Undina vulgaris, Dana. 
Soolecithrix Danas (Lubbock). 
Euehseta marina (Prestandrea). 
Temora dubia (LubbocJc). 

longicornis (Muller). 

Candace pectinata, Brady. 
Acartia lasa, Dana. 
Pontellopsis villosa, Brady. 
Labidocera acutifrons (Dana). 


face, lat. 7° 38' S., long. 12° 3' 3" E. 
Sp. gr. at 1 A.M. 102623. 

Pontella securifer, Brady. 

inermis, Brady. 

Oithona plumifeia, Dana. 
Coryeteus spociosus, Dana. 

pelluoidus, Dana. 

limbatus, Brady. 

Oncsea obtusa (Dana). 
Copilia mirabilis, Dana. 
Lubbockia squillimana, Claus. 
Sapbirina inaequalis, Dana. 

opalina, Dana. 

■ splendens, Dana. 

Sapbirinella stj'lifera (LubbocJc). 


List XXV. — Tow-net Gatherings Nos. 141, 142, 143, 144, and 145, surface, Loanda 
Harbour. Collected during the afternoon, February 13th and 15th. Surface-tem- 
perature at noon on the 13th was 78°'2 F. ; at noon on the 15th the surface-temperature 
of the seaward part of the Harbour, where all the tow-net gatherings, except 
No. 141, w^ere collected, was 79°'2 F. Few species were observed in any of the 


Loanda Harbour gatherings. 

Eucalanus attenuatus, Dana. 
Temora longicornis (AliiUi'r). 
Ceutropages brachiatus, Dana. 

furcatus, Dana. 

Acartia plumosa, n. sp. 
Paracartia dubia, n. g. et sp. 
spiuicaudata, n. g. et sp. 


Oitbona setigera, Dana. 

minuta, n. sp. 

Longipedia minor, T. cj- A. Scott. 
Euterpe gracilis, var. armata, n. var. 
Corycoous obtusus (Dana). 
Hersiliodes Livingstoni, n. sp. 
Lichomolgus propinquus, n. sp. 


COPEPODA. 


INDEX TO GENERA AND SPECIES. 


age 

Acartia, Dana 65 

Clausi, Giishrccht 67 

denticornis, Brady 66 

laxa, Da7ia 65 

plumosa, n. sp 66 

.^gisthus, Giesbrecht 104 

longirostris, u. sp 104 


Page 

jEtidius, Brady 70 

armatus, Brady 70 

armiger, Giesbrecht 71 

Amallophora, nov. subgen 54 

dubia, n. sp 55 

magna, n. sp 55 

robusta, n. sp 56 


Page 

Amallophora typica, n. sp 54 

Amymone, Claus 94 

Andrewi, n. sp 94 

Artotrogus, Boecl- 128 

abyssicolus, n. sp 128 

Augaptilis, Giesbrecht 34 

hecticus, Giesbrecht 35 


¥EOM THE GULF 0¥ GUINEA. 


23 


Page 

A ugaptilis longicaudatus ( Clatis) 34 

Eattrnyi, n. sp 36 

Bradya, Boeck 02 

brevicornis, n. sp 02 

Calanus, Leach 24 

comptus, Dtnia 26 

gracilis, Dana 25 

propiiKjuus, Braihj 25 

tonsus, Brailif 25 

valgus, Brad;/ 24 

Caligus, MiiUer 120 

bengoensis, n. sp 130 

dubius, n. sp 130 

Murrayanus, n. sp 120 

(?) Tbymni, Da,i,( 120 

Calocalanus, Gksbrecht 37 

pavo (Dana) 37 

plumulosus {Claus} 30 

Candace, Dana 60 

intermedia, n. sp 61 

pacbydactyla, Dana CO 

pectinata, Brad if Gl 

truncata, Dana 63 

varicaus, Gieshredit 62 

Centropages, Kroi/er 77 

brachiatus (Dana) 77 

furcatus (Dana) 77 

violaceus (Ckins) 78 

Clausooalanus, Gieshredit .... 72 

arcuicornis (Dana) 73 

furcatus (Bradif) 72 

latipes, n. sp 72 

Cletodes, Brady OS 

linearis (Clauf) 08 

Clytemnestra, Dana 106 

rostrata (Brady) 106 

Copilia, Dana 113 

denticulata, n. sp 114 

Fultoni, n. sp 114 

mirabilis, Dana 113 

quadrata, Dana 113 

Corycieus, Dana 110 

limbatus, Brady Ill 

obtusus, Dana. 112 

pellucidus, Dana 110 

speeiosus, Dana 112 

varius, Dana 110 

venustus, Dana Ill 

Cyclopicera, Brady 127 


Page 

Cjxlopicera lata, Bradi/ 127 

Dactylopus, Claus 08 

latipes, n. sp 00 

propinquus, n. sp 90 

Ectinosoma, Beecl- 02 

Chrystali, n. sp 02 

Eucalanus, Dana 28 

attenuatus, Dana 28 

setigor, Brady 30 

spinifer, n. sp 20 

Euchffita, Philippi 57 

australis, Brady 58 

barbata, Brady 58 

gigas, Brady 58 

hebes, Gieshredit 50 

var. valida, nov. var. . . 60 

Hessci, Brady, var. similis. 58 

nmrin'O. (Prestandrca) .... 57 

pulchra (Luhhodc) 57 

EuchireUa, Gieshredit 45 

messinensis (Claus) 45 

Euterpe, Claus 03 

gracilis, Claus, var. artnata, 

n. var 03 

Harpacticus, M.-Edwards .... 102 

ehelifer (Midler), var 102 

Hemicalanus, Chius 32 

longicornis, Claus 32 

mucronatus, Claus 33 

plumosus, Claus 33 

Hersiliodes, Canu 118 

Livingstoni, n. sp 118 

Hessella, Brady 131 

cylindrica, Brady 131 

Heterocalanus, n. gen 30 

serricaudatus, n. sp 40 

HeteroohKta, Claus 43 

spinifrons, Claus 43 

Ilyopsyllus, Brady ^ Robertson . 101 

affinis, n. sp 101 

Labidocera, Lidjhodc 82 

acutifrons, Dana 85 

acutum, Dana 85 

Darwinii, Luhhodc S3 

detruncata, Dana, var. . . S3 

Laophonte, Philippi 96 

brevicornis, n. sp 07 

longipes, n. sp 06 

pygmtea, n. sp 97 


Page 

Laophonte sorrata (Claus) .... 96 

Leuckartia, Claus 44 

flavicoruis, Claus 44 

Lichomolgus, Thorcll 1 20 

congoeusis, n. sp 120 

Longipedia, Claus 91 

minor, T. l}- A. Scott .... 91 

Lubbockia, Claris 115 

squillimana, Claus 115 

Machairopus, Brady 104 

idyoides, Brady 104 

Mecynocera, /. C. Thompson . 80 
Clausi, /. C. Thompson . . 80 
Microsetella, Brady ^f- Robertson. 01 
atlautiea, Brady c|- Robert- 
son 91 

Miraeia, Dana 102 

efferata, Dana 102 

minor, n. sp 102 

Mormonilla, Gieshredit 64 

phasma, Giesbrccht 64 

Nogagus, Leadi 1 30 

validus, Dana 130 

Oitbona, Baird 89 

Challengeri, Brady 89 

minuta, n. sp 90 

plumifera, Dana 89 

setigera, Dana 91 

Onoasa, Philippi 116 

gracilis (Dana) 116 

mediterranea (Claus) .... 117 

obtusa (Dana) IIG 

Pachysoma, Claus 119 

punctatum, Claus 110 

Paracalanus, Botd- 26 

parvus {Clans) 26 

pygmseus (Claus) 27 

Paracartia, u. gen 68 

dubia, n. sp G9 

spinicaudata, u. sp 69 

Phaenna, Claus 81 

spinilera, Claws 81 

Phyllopus, Brady 74 

bidentatus, Brady 74 

Pleuromma, Claus 41 

abdomiuale (Lubbod) .... 41 

gracile, Claus 42 

princeps, n. sp 42 

Poutclla, Dana 85 


24 


ME. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTEACA 


Page 

Pontella inermis, Brady 85 

mediterraiica (Claus) .... 86 

securifera, Bnidij 86 

Pontellina, Dana 88 

plumata, Dana 88 

Pontellojjsis, Brady 87 

■villosa, Brady 87 

Pontopsyllus, n. g 131 

elongatus, n. sp 131 

Pseudanthessius, Claris 121 

propinquus, n. sp 12) 

Rhincalanus, Dana 30 

aculeatus, n. sp 31 

cornutus, Dana 30 

SaphireUa, n. gen 126 

abyssicola, u. sp 126 

Saphirina, /. C. Thompson .... 122 

inaequalis, Dana 122 


Page 

Saphirina mctallina, Dana .... 125 

opaca, LubhocJc 124 

opalina, Dana .• ■ • • 123 

ovalis, Dana 122 

serrata, Brady 123 

sinuicauda, Brady 125 

splendens, Dana 124 

Siphiriuella, Clans 126 

stylifera (Luhhoch) 126 

Scolecithrix, Brady 47 

Bradyi, Giesbrecht 51 

ctenopus, Giesbrecht 48 

Dante (Lidiboek) 49 

dubia, Giesbrecht 5.3 


latipes, n. sp. . . . 
longicornis, n. sp. 
major, n. sp. ... 


50 
52 


Page 

Scolecithrix minor, Brady ... 50 

securifrons, n. sp 47 

tenuipes, n. sp 48 

tumida, n. sp 52 

Sctella, Dana 109 

gracilis, Dana 109 

Stenhelia, Boech 95 

accraensis, n. sp 96 

Temora, Baird 75 

longicornis {MiUler) .... 76 

stylifera {Dana) 75 

Temoropia, n. gen 79 

mayumbaensis, n. sp 79 

Thalestris, Claas 100 

forficula, Claus 100 

Undina, Dana 44 

vulgaris, Dana 44 


Section I. GNATHOSTOMA, ThoreU. 


Family CALANID^. 

Genus Calanus, Leach. 
1819. Calanus, Leach^ Diet. Nat. Sci. vol. xiv. Art. Entomostraca. 

Calanus valgus, Brady. 

1883. Calanus valgus, Brady, ' Challenger' Copepoda, p. 33, pi. iii. figs. 1-7. 
Habitat. Station 2 (lat. 7° 54' N., long. 17° 25'W.),in 5 and 25 fathoms, tow-nettings, 
January 1st (night collection). Lat. 3° 58' N., long. 3° 42' W., in 25 and 50 fathoms, 
tow-nettings, January 13th (day collections). Banauah Creek, Mouth of the Congo, 
surface tow-netting ^day collection). Lat. 7° 51' G"-8, long. 11° 11' 7" E., surface 
tow-netting (night collection), &c. 

This species was obtained in 55 tow-nettings, 21 of which were surface nettings and 31 
under-surface nettings : 5 of the surface and 22 of the under-surface nettings were day 
collections, while 19 surface and 11 under-surface nettings were night collections, as 
shown in the annexed formula : — 

f 5 day collections, 
r 24 surface 1 19 night ditto. 

Tow-nettmgs 55 < . -.^ , ,.^, 

I 31 under-surface / ^^ day ditto. 
1 11 night ditto. 
The under-surface tow-nettings ranged from 5 to 260 fathoms. Calanus valgus was 
taken in the open sea, where the specific gravity of the water was 1-02620, and the 


FEOM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 25 

temperature 82°'2 P., and at Bananali Creek, where the sp. gr. of the water was 1-00870 
and the temperature 82° F. It was also captured at a depth of 260 fathoms (as recorded 
above), where the temperature of the water was about 16° F. This species is thus 
apparently able to exist under very varied conditions, as regards the density and tem- 
perature of the water. It also appeared to be generally distributed throughout the area 
examined, but was more plentiful near, and south of, the Equator. The flexed position 
of the right fifth foot of the male, referred to by Dr. Brady in his Eeport on the 
' Challenger ' Copepoda, was also observed in many of ' Buccaneer ' specimens. 

Calanus peopinqtjus, Brady. 

1883. Calanus propinquus, Brady, op. cit. p. 34, pi. ii. figs. 1-7, pi. xiv. figs. 10, 11. 

Habitat. Lat. 1° 55' 5" N., long. 5° 55' 5" E., 360 fathoms, day collection, January 
22nd. Station 23, surface and 235 fathoms, day collections, February 5th. 

This species, though only satisfactorily identified in tow-nettings from the localities 
described, may have occurred in others. Usually I was unable to identify this Calanus 
with certainty, except by carefully dissecting the specimens ; hence the probability of its 
being of more frequent occurrence in the collection than the few localities given for it 
would seem to indicate. 

Calanus tonsus, Brady. 

1883. Calanus tonsus, Brady, op. cit. p. S-i, pi. iv. figs. 8, 9. 
Eahltat. In a tow-netting from Station 23, a surface gathering. 

The large and tumid first abdominal segment seems to be a fairly good character 
of this species. 

Calanus gracilis, Dana. 

1852. Calanus gracilis, Dana, Crust. U.S. Expl. Exped. p. 1078, pi. Ixxiv. fig. 10. 
1883. Calanus gracilis, Brady, op. cit. p. 35, pi. v. figs. 1-6, and pi. xlvi. fig. 1. 

Habitat. Station 2, 5 fathoms, night tow-netting, January 1st. Station 3, 25 fathoms, 
January 2nd (day collection). Lat. 3° 22' 5" N., long. 4° 11' 8" E., 30 fathoms, January 
20th (night collection). Station 21, surface, February 3rd (day collection). Station 23, 
surface and 235 fathoms (the first a day, the other a night collection). 

Calanus gracilis was obtained in 19 tow-nettings — 4 of these were surface gatherings and 
15 were under-surface gatherings. 2 of the surface and 12 of the under-surface tow- 
nettings were day collections, while 2 of the surface and 4 of the under-surface were 
night collections, as in the formula : — 

2 day collections. 


1. 


..• -,n( ^^'^'^^"^ I 2 night ditto. 

Tow-nettmgs 19 -^ ^-.^i ,-.. 

( 15 under-surface | ^^ day ditto. 
l 4 night ditto. 
The under-surface tow-nettings ranged from 5 to 160 fathoms. Though frequent in a 
few of the gatherings in which it occurred, Calanus gracilis was not a common species, 

SECOND SERIES. — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VI. 4 


26 ME. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTEACA 

l)ut was> nevertlieless, -widely though sparingly distributed throughout the greater part of 
the area examined. The specimens obtained were mostly females, and were readily 
distinguished from the other species of Calanns by the long anterior antenntie and the 
peculiar terminal spine of the first swimming-feet. 

? Calanus comptus, Dana. (PI. V. figs. 46-50; PI. VI. figs. 1-5.) 
1853. Calanus comptus, Dana, Crust. U.S. Expl. Exped. p. 1050, pi. Ixxii. fig. 2a. 
Hale. Length, exclusive of tail-setae, 3'3 mm. Body composed of sis segments, the 
first as long as the entire length of the other five. Anterior antennae scarcely longer 
than the cephalothorax, 23-jointed, and very sparingly setiferous ; the proportional 
lengths of the joints are nearly as in the formula : — 

36 . 6 . 6 . 7 . 8 ■ 8 . 7 ■ 8 . 11 . 12 ■ 13 . 17 . 18 . 20 . 20 ■ 21 . 22 . 22 . 18 ■ 10 . 18 . 19 . 10 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23' 

Posterior antennae and mouth-organs nearly as in Calanus fimnarcliicus. The first 
four pairs of swimming-feet closely resemble those of Cal. gracilis, Dana, the peculiar 
terminal spine of the outer branches of the first pair in both species being almost 
identical. The fifth pair also resemble those of that species, as figured in the ' Challenger ' 
Copepoda, except that the small secondary branch is 3-jointed. Abdomen short, 
5-jointed, the second segment rather longer than any of the others. Caudal stylets 
short. 

Habitat. Lat. 6° 34' N., long. 12° 39' W,, surface collection. One or two specimens 
only were obtained. 

This Calamis so closely resembles Calanus gracilis in many respects that I am inclined 
to consider it as simply a variety of that species. 

Genus Paracalanus, Boeck (1864). 

Paracalantjs parvus (Claus). (PI. I, figs. 9-14.) 

18G3. Calanus parvus, Claus, Die freilebendeu Copepoden, p. 173, t. xxvi. figs. 10-14, t. xxvii. figs. 1-4. 

1864. Paracalanus parvus, Boeck, Oversigt Norges Copepoder, p. 232. 

Length 1"12 mm. Cephalothorax elongate-ovate, rounded in front and behind. 

Anterior antennae reaching to the end of the caudal stylets, 24-jointed ; the proportional 

lengths of the joints are as follow (antennae the same in both sexes) : — 

35 ■ 25 ■ 12 . 12 . 10 . 10 . 12 ■ 13 . 10 . 10 . 10 . 13 . 12 . 13 . 15 . 15 . 15 . 15 . 15 . 15 . 13 . 14 . 15 . 27 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24* 

Posterior antennae and mouth-organs as in Calanns. The inner branch of the first 
pair of swimming-feet 2-jointed, about as long as the first two joints of the outer 
branch ; the basal joint of the peduncle bears a stout plumose seta near the inner distal 
angle. The basal joints of both branches of the fourth pair are small, the second and 
third joints of the inner branch and tlie second joint of the outer branch are furnished 
on the side with an armature of spines as in the figure (fig. 11), and the outer margin of 
the last joint of the outer branch is distinctly dentate from the base to the first marginal 


TEOM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 27 

spine. All the first four pairs of swimming-feet liave the inner margins of both branches 
furnished with long plumose hairs. The fifth feet in the male are 1-branched — the 
right short, 3-jointed, and terminating in two short spines of unequal length ; the left 
5-jointed, apparently hinged between the first and second joints ; length of the joints 
subequal, the last terminating in two small spines. Fifth pair of feet in the female 
1-branched, 2-jointed, the last joint much narrower than the first and terminating in 
one long and one short spiniform setse. 

Bahltat. Lat. 6° 34' N., long. 12° 39' W., surface, January 6th (day collection). Off 
Accra, 3 fathoms, January 15th (night collection). Lat. 1" 55' 5" N., long. 5° 55' 5" E., 
10, 20, 30, 360, and 160 fathoms, January 22nd (day collection). Station 18, surface 
tow-netting, February 3rd (day collection). Station 21i (off the mouth of the Congo 
River), surface tow-netting, February 6th (day collection). Lat. 5° 9' 8" S., long. 11° 
10' 4" E., surface tow-netting, February 19th (day collection), &c. 

Paracalanus parvus occurred in 19 tow-nettings, 29 of which were surface and 20 
under-surface gatherings. The under-surface tow-nettings ranged from 2^ to 460 
fathoms. 11 of the surface and 16 of the under-surface tow-nettings were day col- 
lections, while 18 surface and 4 under-surface were night collections, as in the 
formu.la : — 

r 11 day collections, 
r 29 surface 1 18 night ditto. 

Tow-nettmgs 49 < ^-.n ^ v^i. 

\ 20 under-surface X ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^O" 
I 4 night ditto. 

This species was comparatively frequent in all the gatherings in which it was 
observed. 

Paracalanus pyoai^L's (Claus). (PL I. figs. 1-8.) 

1863. Calanus pijffnueus, Claus, Die freilebenden Copepoden, p. 74. 

Female. Length 7 mm. (l-36th of an inch). Body robust, composed of four 

segments, the first being fully twice the entire length of the outer three ; rostrum short, 

stout, prominent. Anterior antennae reaching beyond the cephalothorax, 24-jointed, 

sparingly setiferous ; sette mostly small, except towards the extremity, where there are 

several moderately long hairs ; the proportional lengths of the joints are as shown in 

the formiila : — 

30 ■ 6 ■ .5 ■ 5 ■ .5 . 5 . 5 . 5 ■ G ■ 7 . 8 . 8 ■ 8 ■ 8 ■ 8 . 7 ■ S . 11 ■ 8 ■ 12 ■ U ■ 12 . lo . 15 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24' 

Posterior antennoe small, provided with moderately long setse; the primary branch 
composed of two nearly equal joints ; secondary branch fully half the length of the other ; 
7-jointed, the third, fourth, and fifth joints very short, the others longer and subequal. 
Mouth-organs as in Paracalanus j^arcus. The swimming-feet are also similar to those 
of that species, but differ in their armature, especially in having the second as well as 
the last joints of the outer branches of the second, third, and fourth pairs serrate on the 
outer margin, in the terminal spines being proportionally smaller, and in both branches 

4* 


28 ME. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTEACA 

of the fourth pair being more slender. The fifth pair resemble those of Faracalanus 
parvus, but are proportionally stouter and have much shorter terminal spines. Abdomen 
small, composed of four segments, the second and third segments very short. Caudal 
stylets nearly as long as the last abdominal segment, breadth about half the length ; 
apical setse four. No males were observed. 

Rahitat. Lat. 3° 57' 2" N., long. 7° 42' 8" W., 2 fathoms, January 9th (night collection). 
Libreville, Gaboon River, surface, January 28th (day collection). Bananah Creek, 
Congo River, surface, February 7th (day collection). 

Comparatively few specimens of Faracalanus pygmceus were obtained. 

Genus Eucalantjs, Dana. 

Eucalanus and Calarms (iu part), Dana, Crust. U.S. Expl. Exped. (1852). 

ElJCALANUS ATTENUATUS, Dana. 

1852. Calanus attenuatus, Dana, loc. cit. p. 1080, pi. Ixxv. fig. 2. 

1856. Calanus mirabilis, Lubbock, Trans. Entom. Soc. vol. iv. pi. v. figs. 1-6. 

1883. Eucalanus attenuatus, Brady, op. cit. p. 38, pi. ii. figs. 8-10, pi. vi. figs. 1-8. 

Habitat. Station 2, 5, 25, and 50 fathoms tow-nettings, January 1st (night collections). 
Station 9, 25 and 50 fathoms tow-nettings, January 10th (day collections). Station 14, 
10 fathoms tow-netting, January 21st (night collection). Lagoon Island, Sao Thome, 
surface tow-netting, January 28th (night collection). Station 23, surface, 10, 20, 85, 135, 
185, and 235 fathoms tow-nettings, February 5th (day collections). Bananah Creek, 
Congo River, surface tow-netting, February 7th (day collection). Loanda Ilarbour 
(seaward), surface, February 15th (day collection). 

This was one of the more common and generally distributed sj)ecies in the ' Buccaneer ' 
collections. It occurred in 89 tow-nettings, 41 of these being surface and 48 under- 
surface gatherings. The under-surface tow-nettings ranged in depth from 2 to 460 
fathoms. 18 of the surface and 35 of the under-surface gatherings were collected 
during the day, while 23 of the surface and 13 of the under-surface were collected during 
the night, as in the formula: — 

18 day collections. 


r 18 day collectic 
-41 surface \ 23 night ditto. 


Tow-nettings 89- 

Us under-surface J 3-^ "^"^^ ^^^^^'O- 
1 13 night ditto. 

Eucalanus attenuatus was taken at the surface in the open sea, the specific gravity of 
the water being 1-02543 and temperature 85°-5 F., and at 360 fathoms with the tem- 
perature of the water at about 43° F. It was taken off the mouth of the Congo River, 
where the specific gravity of the water was 1-01984 and the temperature 82° F. (the 
colour of the water here, — lat. 6° 54' 3" S., long. 11° 33' E., — was "brownish olive-green to 
amber-brown "), and at Bananah Creek, where the specific gravity was only 1'00870. It 
will be observed from these records that this Eucalanus is able to live in water of very 
varied character, as regards density and temperature. A species capable of existing 


FEOM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 29 

under such a diversity of conditions might be expected to have a wide distribution, and 
such is the case witli this Eucalamis. Dana has recorded it from the Pacific and China 
Seas. In the ' Challenger ' Report it is recorded from the Malayan and Australasian 
Seas. Sir John Lubbock has recorded it from the Bay of Biscay * and Mr. I. C. 
Thompson from Madeira and the Canary Islands f. Prof. Claus records a Calanella from 
the Mediteranean, which Dr. Brady thinks is " in all probability identical with the 
present species." 

EUCALANUS SPINIFER, n. sp. (PI. I. figs. 15-23.) 

Length 5"5 mm. Forehead triangular ; rostrum as in Eucalanus attenuatus ; postero- 
lateral angles produced and spiniform ; anterior antennae 22-jointed, reaching to the 
extremity of the caudal stylets, the proportional lengths of the joints are nearly as 
follows : — 

40 ■ 11 . 11 ■ 12 . 12 . 13 . 20 . 18 . 20 . 2-5 . 29 . 27 . 29 . 29 . 29 . 26 . 29 . 27 . 24 . 2.3 . 13 . 10 
12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22" 

The secondary branch of the posterior antennae small, 7-jointed, the two basal and the 
terminal joints longer than the others, both branches furnished with numerous plumose 
hairs. The secondary branch of the mandible-palp 3-jointed, stouter and nearer the 
distal end of the large basal part than that of E. attenuatus; both branches furnished with 
a number of long hairs, those of the secondary branch being setiferous from the middle 
to near the extremity (fig. 17). Anterior and posterior foot-jaws as in E. attenuatus. 
The inner branches of first pair of swimming-feet 2-jointed, joints subequal; the 
following three pairs as in Eucalanus attenuatus. Fifth pair of feet in the male 
1-branched, each branch 4-jointed, the last joint terminating in a long somewhat curved 
spine ; on tlie inner margin and near the base of the spine springs a stout plumose hair, 
the length of which exceeds that of the terminal spine. Abdomen very short and 3- 
jointed, the basal joint as long as the other two together. Caudal stylets nearly as long- 
as the last two abdominal segments, each stylet furnished with five plumose hairs, the 
inner one being about half the length of the other four, which are about equal. 

Habitat. Station 9, 50 fathoms tow-netting, January 10th (day collection). Lat. 
5"" 10' N., long. 3° 56' 2" W., inshore surface tow-netting, January 12th (night 
collection). Lat. 3° 58' N., long. 3' 42' W., 25 fathoms tow-netting, January 13th (day 
collection). Lat. 1° 55' 5" N., long. 5° 55' 5" E., 35 fathoms tow-netting, January 22nd 
(day collection). Lat. 4° 26' 7" S., long. 10° 1' 8" E., 238 fathoms tow-netting, February 
5th (day collection). 

The tow-nettings from the localities described were the only gatherings in which this 
Eucalanus was observed, but, though its distribution was limited, a considerable number 
of specimens were obtained. Its chief and most apparent distinctive characters are the 
spiniform lateral angles of the last thoracic segment and the form of the male fifth feet. 
Eucalanus spinifer is also a larger and more robust species than Eucalanus attenuatus, 
which it closely resembles. 

* Trans. Entom. Soc. vol. iv. pt. 2, p. 10. t Trans. Linn. Soc. 


30 ME. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTRACA 

EuCALANUS SETIGER, Brady. 

1883. Eucalanus sethjer, Brady, op. cit. p. 39, pi. iii. figs. 8-15. 

Sahitat. Station 2, 50 fathoms, January 1st (night collection). Station 9, 50 fathoms, 
January 10th (day collection). Off Accra, surface and 3 fathoms tow-nettings, January 16th 
(day collection). Lat. 0° 45' 8" S., long. 7° 37' 4" E., surface tow-netting, Eehruary 2nd 
(night collection). Bananah Creek, Congo River, surface tow-netting, February 7th (day 
collection), &c. 

Eucalanus setiger was observed in 32 tow-nettings, 15 of which were surface and 17 
under-surface gatherings. The under-surface tow-nettings were from various dej)ths, 
ranging from 3 to 60 fathoms. Of the surface gatherings 10 of them were day, and 5 
(including 1 close inshore) were night collections. Of the under-surface gatherings, 
11 were day and 6 were night collections, as in the formula : — 

f 10 day collections. 

n. ,,. „r 15 surface -y 5 ^igi,t ditto. 

Tow-nettmgs 32-< ^ ,, ^ ,.^ 

1 17 under-surface | ^^ ^^^ '^^tto. 
1 6 night ditto. 

By comparing this with other formula it will be observed that Eucalanus setiger 
occurred in a proportionally greater number of day surface tow-nettings than do the 
majority of the species recorded in this Report, the occurrence of which is frequent 
enough to admit of comparison. This difference may only be due to accidental causes ; 
nevertheless it seems of sufficient interest to be worth noting, as possibly indicating less 
susceptibility to the influence of daylight or sunlight than those species which occur more 
frequently in night than in day surface collections. 

Eucalanus setiger, like Eucalanus attenuatus, seems able to exist under very varied 
conditions as regards the density and temperature of the Avater : it was obtained in the 
open sea at Station 2 (50 fathoms), the density of the water being about 1*02020 and 
temperature (corrected) 56°-85 E. ; at Station 23 (surface), density 1'02347 and temperature 
82°-l E. ; and at Bananah Creek, where the density of the water was only 1"00870. This 
may readily Ije distinguished from the other Eucalani of this Report by its smaller size 
and by lateral setoe on the last two thoracic segments. 

Genus Rhincalanus, Dana (1852). 

Rhincalanus cornuttjs, Dana. 

1852. Rhincalanus cornutus, Dana, loc. cit. p. 1083, pi. Ixxvii. figs. 2a-d. 
1883. Rhincalanus cornutus, Brady, op. cit. ]). 11, pi. vii. figs. 1-10. 

Eahitat. Station 3, 100 fathoms tow-netting, January 2nd (day collection). Station 9, 
25 and 50 fathoms tow-nettings, January 10th (day collection). Station 14, 10 and 20 
fathoms, January 21st (night collection). Lat. 1° 55' 5" N., long. 5° 55' 55" E., 30, 60, 
260, 360, and 460 fathoms tow-nettings, January 22nd (day collections). Station 23, 
surface, and 10, 20, 85, 135, 185, and 235 fathoms tow-nettings, Eehruary 5th (day 
collections), &c. 


FEOM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 31 

This species was observed in 70 tow-nettings, 29 of these were surface and 41 under- 
surface gatherings. The under-surface comprised tow-nettings from various depths from 
3 to 400 fathoms. 9 of the surface and 30 of the under-surface tow-nettings were collected 
during the day, while 20 surface and 11 under-surface Avere collected during the night, 
as shown by the formula : — 

( 9 day collections. 
rr ff .J29 surface | 20 night ditto. 

Tow-nettmgs 70 < , , . 

i il under-surface / '^" '^^^ ^^i^to. 
1 11 night ditto. 
The superficial and bathymetrical distribution of BJdncalanus cormitus was co-extensive 
with tlie area examined, except that, unlike either Eucalanus attenuatus or setiger, it was 
not obtained in any gathering from Bauanah Creek or Loanda Harbour, where the specific 
gravity approximates so closely to that of fresh water. I have not observed a single 
specimen among the large number that have passed through my hands that could be 
ascribed to Rldiicalanus gigas, Brady. 

Ehincalanus actjleatus, n. sp. (PL II. figs. 11-21.) 

Length about 3'25 mm. (exclusive of tail-setae, which were fully 1 mm. in leno-th). 
Body ovate, attenuate towards the head. Forehead produced forward into a strongly 
spiniform rostrum. The postero-lateral angles of the last thoi*acic segment are produced 
backward into spine-like processes. The anterior antennae long and slender, reaching to 
beyond the caudal stylets, 21-jointed ; the proportional lengths of the joints are nearly as 
follows : — 

170 . 42 ■ 17 ■ 18 . 14 . 14 ■ 10 . 9 . 9 . 12 ■ 13 . 45 . 54 ■ 59 . 72 . 85 . 82 . 82 . 80 . 80 . 30 
1 2 3 4 5 fi 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21' 

The anterior antennae are sparingly setiferous. The secondary branch of the posterior 
antennae about two-thirds the length of the primary branch, 6-jointed, the first joint 
fully half as long as the second, the third, fourth, and fifth small, the last as long as all 
the preceding three together ; the end of the primary branch is furnished with four long- 
plumose setse and a small plain one ; two plumose setas spring from the end of the last joint 
of the secondary branch and one from each of the preceding four joints. Mandible 
stout, the distal end with four teeth, three of which are close together and one separated 
from the others by a deep and moderately wide sinus. I failed to observe a mandible- 
palp. The maxilla-palp furnished with three very long sette, which are plumose from the 
middle. The anterior foot-jaws resemble those of Hemicakmus more closely than those 
of Hhincalanus. The posterior foot-jaw as in Hhincalanus cornutus, but differing in being 
furnished with three ciliated heart-like processes, two of which are on the under margin 
and near the end of the first segment and one on the upper margin of the second 
segment. Both branches of the first four pairs of swdmming-feet 3-jointed, the second of 
the two basal joints of the first feet is produced on the inside so as to form a stout process 
to which the inner branch is attached. A stout curved spine springs from the end of the 
posterior margin of the second joint of the outer branch of the second pair of swimming- 


32 ME. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTEACA 

feet, wliich is fully half as long as the next joint. The end of the last joint of the 
outer hranch of the first pair is furnished with a stout plumose spinous seta, while the 
outer hranches of the next three pairs have each a terminal falciform spine ciliated on the 
inner margin and finely serrate on the outer margin. Fifth pair of feet 2-branched, 
inner branch 1-jointed, rudimentary, and bearing at its apex a long plumose seta ; the 
ff outer branch 2-jointed ; an extremely long slender seta springs from the outer edge near 

^ the proximal end of the second basal joint on both sides. The terminal joints of both of 

the outer branches bear several small spines on the outer margin and one on the inner 
margin. Abdomen short, 4-jointed ; second and third joints smaller than the first, 
subequal. Caudal stylets fully as long as the last abdominal segment, and furnished with 
densely plumose dark-coloured setse. 

Bahitat. Lat. 6° 38' N., long. 12° 37' W., 25 fathoms tow-netting, January 6th (day 
collection). One sj)ecimen only of this curious form was obtained. 

llliiihcalanus aculeatus differs somewhat from the generic characters of Rldncalanus as 
described by Prof. Brady in the number of joints of the anterior antennge, the compara- 
tively long terminal joint of the secondary branch of the posterior antennae, and in the 
form of the mandible and maxilla, but agrees with the other characters ; I have therefore 
included it in that genus. 

Genus Hemicalanus, Claus, 1863. 

Hemicalanus, Claus, Die freilcbenden Copepoden, 1863 (not Hemicalanus of Dana) ; 
Brady, 'Challenger' Copepoda, 1883. 

Hemicalanus longicornis, Claus. 

1863. Hemicalanus longicornis, Claus, loo. cit. p. 179, pi. sxix. fig. 1. 
1883. Hemicalanus longicornis, Brady, op. cit. p. 44, pi. ix. figs. 1-5. 

Habitat. Station 2, 25 and 50 fathoms, January 1st (night collection). Station 3, 100 
fathoms (day collection). Station 9, 50 fathoms (day collection). Lat. 1° 55' 5" N., long. 
5° 55' 5" E., 30, 260, 360, and 460 fathoms (day collections). Station 23, surface, and 10, 
20, 85, 135, 185, and 235 fathoms, January 5th (day collections). 

Hemicalanus longicornis was obtained in 26 tow-nettings, but only one of these was 
from the surface, all the others were under-surface gatherings and ranged in depth from 
5 to 160 fathoms. 21 of these tow-nettings (including the surface gathering) were day 
collections, while 5 were night collections, as shown in the formula : — 
1 surface 1 day collection. 

25 under-surface I ^0 day coUections. 
l 5 night ditto. 
This Hemicalanus was of frequent occurrence in some of the tow-nettings. It was very 
common in a gathering from 35 fathoms, collected on the 22nd January in lat. 1° 55' 5" 
N., long. 5 55' 5" E. ; in this gathering eighty-five perfect specimens, besides a number 
of others more or less damaged, were obtained. 


Tow-nettings 26. 


FROM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 33 

Hemicalaktjs PLrMOSUS, Claus. (PI. II. fig. 6 ; PI. VI. fig. G.) 

1863. Hemiculanus plumosvs, Claiis, Die freilebeiidcii Cojjcpotleu, p. 178, pi. xxviii. fig. 12, pi. xxix. 
figs. 1-7. 

Habitat. Station 2, 50 fathoms (night coUcetion). Lat. 6° 38' N., long. 12° 37' W., 25 
fathoms (day collection). Lat. 3° 55' 3" N., long. 4' 7' 3" E., 30 fathoms (day collection). 
Lat. 1° 55' 5" N., long. 5° 55' 5" E., 360 fathoms (day collection). Station 23, 85 fathoms 
and 235 fathoms (day collections). 

This appears to bea sciirce species in the ' Buccaneer collections ; only a few specimens 
have been ol)tained. Claus {Joe. cit.) gives a very full description and some very good 
figures of this Hemicalanits. Hemicalamts jj^mnosua comes very near Hemicalamis 
orientalis, Brady, described in the ' Report on the ' Challenger ' Copepoda.' 

Hemicalanus mucronatus, Claus. 

1863. Hemicalanus mucronatus, Claus, loc. cit. p. 179, pi. xxix. fig. 2. 

Length (exclusive of the tail-setse) of the specimen figured 3'8 mm. (the length varies 

in diiferent specimens). Body somewhat cylindrical. Head pyramidal, the apex mucro- 

nate^in some specimens spiniform, the postcro-Iateral angles of last thoracic segment 

rounded. Anterior antennse, reaching to beyond the caudal stylets, 25-jointed. The 

proportional lengths of the joints are represented very nearly by the annexed formula : — 

40 . 10 . 15 . 17 ■ 18 ■ 18 ■ 18 . IS ■ 21 . 20 . 22 . 23 . 30 . 34 . 34 . 35 . 37 . 37 . 33 . 28 . 30 . 29 . 28 ■ 27 . 18 
1 2 3 4 5 G 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 i!l 22 23 ^4 25" 

Posterior antenuaj similar to those of H. 'plumoms. The mouth-organs are also similar 
to those of that species, except that the anterior foot-jaws are weaker, the spines on the 
second and third joints of the same foot-jaws are shorter and more slender, and the 
terminal setse of both anterior and posterior foot-jaws are not spiniferous or ciliated as in 
Hemicalanus flumosus. The swimming-feet are similar to those of Hemicalanus plumosus. 
Abdomen 4-jointed, first segment much larger than the others. Caudal stylets short, 
divergent, the terminal seta} densely p)lumose. 

Habitat. (1) Station 2, 50 fathoms toAv -netting, January 1st (night collection). (2) 
Lat. 3° qS' N., long. 3° 42' W., 25 fathoms tow-netting, January 13th (day collection). 
(3) Lat. 3° 22' 5" N., long. 4° 11' 8" E., 30 fathoms tow-netting, January 20th (night 
collection). (4) Station 14, 10 fathoms tow-netting, January 21st (night collection). 
(5) Lat, 6° 38' N., long. 12' 37' W., 25 fathoms tow-netting (day collection). (6) Lat. V 
55' 5" E., 35 fathoms tow-netting, January 22nd (day collection). (7) Off Sao Thome 
Island (lat. 0° 34' N., long. 6' 30' 4" E.), 20 fathoms tow-netting, January 23rd (day 
collection). (8) Station 23, surface tow-netting, Eebruary 5th (day collection). 

Several specimens of H. mucronatus were obtained ; the size of the specimens varied to 
some extent, and the forehead was more spiniform in some specimens than in others. This 
species comes very near Hemicalanus aculeatus, Brady, in general form and in the 
structure of the appendages, but is much smaller than Brady's specimen. The length 
of the specimen described and figured in this lleport, which was one of the largest of 

SECOKD SEllIES. — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VI. 5 


34 MK. T. SCOTT 0\ ENTOMOSTEACA 

the 'Buccaneer' specimens, was, as already stated, 3"8 mm.; hut Semicalamis aculeatus, 
Brady, measured 575 mm. in length — that is, fully half as long again as the ' Buccaneer ' 
specimen. 

It is interesting to note that while six ^^ecxes of Memicalanus (including four of Claus's 
Mediterranean species) have been obtained in the ' Buccaneer ' collection, only three 
(including one of Claus's Mediterranean species) were observed in the collections of the 
'Challenger' expedition, and further, that while Hemiealaiii were of frequent occurrence 
in the ' Buccaneer ' tow-nettings, 85 perfect specimens, besides a number of others more or 
less damaged, were captured in a single tow-net gathering. The three species recorded 
in the ' Challenger ' Report were represented in the collection " only by about half a dozen 
specimens in all." Such a remarkable difference in the distribution of the Memicalani 
seems to indicate that their distribution is local, and that, with perhaps one or two 
exceptions, they prefer to frequent what is comparatively inshore water to mid-ocean. 
Hemic alcmus longicornis appears to be more cosmopolitan than the other species and to 
have a more or less general distribution throughout tropical and subtropical seas. Yet, 
though this SemiccdaiiHs has undoubtedly an extensive distribution, it is noteworthy 
that none of Dana's species can be satisfactorily ascribed to it. This might have been 
accounted for had it been a critical species, but the extremely long anterior antennse of 
Hemicalanus longicornis at once distinguish it from all other Calmiidce. 

Genus Augaptilis, Giesbrecht (1889). 

Hemicalanus, Clans (in part). 

Augaptilis longicaudatus (Claus). (PL I. figs. 24-26; PL II. fig. 5.) 

1863. Hemicalanus longicaudatus, Claus, loc. cit. p. 179, pi. xxix. fig. 3. 

1892. Au(/aptilis longicornis, Giesbrecht, Fauna unci Flora des Golfes vonNeapel (Copepodeu), p. 414, 
pi. 27. fig. 31 ; pi. 28. figs. 2, 8, 19, 23, 31, 3.5, 38; pi. 39. figs. 37, 48. 

Habitat. Station 3, 100 fathoms tow-netting, January 2nd (day collection). Lat. 1° 
55' 5" N., long. 5° 55' 5" E., 360 fathoms tow-nettmg (day collection). 

This Augaptilis occurred only in the tow-nettings from the two localities described ; it 
differs from other species of Hemicalanus in the great length of the secondary branch of 
the posterior antennte, in the comparatively long caudal stylets, and particularly by 
the anterior and posterior foot-jaws being furnished with moderately long setae, which 
possess each a double row of short filaments with round, flat, button-like tops. These 
filaments (or sense-organs ?) somewhat resemble " drawing-tacks," i. e. small nails 
with round flat heads, used for fixing drawing-paper upon a drawing-board. There is a 
double row of these filaments on each seta, the filaments of each double row being usually 
opposite each other ; there are about 147 of these filaments in the length of a millimetre. 
They impart to the setae that are furnished with them a very marked and striking 
appearance. Prof. Claus considers them as forming an important and distinctive specific 
character, and refers to them in his description of the species in the following terms : — 
"Die Hakenhorsten der oberen imd untern Maxillarfiisse tragen zwei Reihen sehr zierlich 


FROM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 35 

geknopftev Seitenspitzen." This form of filament appears to be peculiar to Augtqitilis 
longicaudatns. Another species {AnguptUis TluUrwji) described in this lleport possesses 
similar filaments, but the button-tops, instead of being round, are broadly crescent-shaped. 
Not more than about half a dozen specimens of AugaptiUs longicaudatns were obtained 
in the ' Buccaneer ' collections. 

AuGAPTiLis HECTicus, Giesbrecht. (PI. I. figs. 37-39, PI. II. figs. 1-4, 38-4i2.) 

1892. AnnaptUif! hecticus, Ciesbreclit, op. cit. p. ill, pi. 27. fig. 30; pi. 28. figs. 5, 9, IG, 30, 33, 37; 

pi. 29. fig. 18; pi. 39. fig. 45. 
1892. Hemicalanus longisetosus, Scott (MS. name). 

Length, exclusive of tail-setse, 2-46 mm. ; cephalothorax elongate, slender, cylindrical, 

subtriangularin front, rounded behind ; anterior antennye, reaching beyond the extremity 

of the abdomen, 25-joiuted ; the right antenna of the male 18-jointed. Tlie proportional 

lengths of the joints are nearly as follows : — 

Male. 20 . 12 . 10 . i :^ . 1 ;^. . 1 3 . 12 . 56 . 20 . 22 . IS . 17 . 19 . 22 . 35 . 29 . 18 . 18. 

12 3 4 .-. li 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 1 7 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25. 

Female. 20 .8 . 8 . 8 . S . 8 . 8 . 8 . 10 . 10 . 11 . 13 . 15 . 15 . ll . 13 . lT7]5TT2TTo7roTTO . 11 . 15 . is! 

In the male antennae the eighth joint is rather longer than the imited lengths of 
the preceding four joints, and there is a distinct hinge between the fourteenth and 
fifteenth joints ; the fifteenth bears at the proximal end a slender hair-like appeudao-e 
which extends forward beyond the extremity of the joint. A densely plumose seta 
springs from the lower terminal angle of the sixteenth joint, and from the upper 
angle a rather long non-plumose spinous seta ; a second densely plumose seta, similar to 
that on the sixteenth, springs from the upper terminal angle of the seventeenth joint. The 
second and third last joints of the female anterior antennae and the left male antenna 
are likewise fm-nished with one or two (?) plumose sette similar to those of the male 
eighth antenna ; the antennae of both sexes are otherwise sparingly setiferous. The 
secondary branch of the posterior antennae is fully half the length of the primary branch, 
6(?)-jointed, both branches with long plumose hairs ; mandible styliform, the extremity 
somewhat furcate, but one of the teeth nearly obsolete ; other mouth-organs as in 
Hemicalanus longlcornis. Five pairs of swimming-feet in both sexes, all of them 2- 
branched, with both branches 3-jointed ; the terminal spine of the outer branch of the 
fourth pair has a row of minute tubercules along its exterior margin ; the inner margin 
is ciliated. The middle joint of the outer branch of the right (?) fifth foot of the male 
bears a stout, slightly curved process on the upper part of the inner margin ; the last joint 
bears a short terminal spine, immediately behind which, on the inner margin, is a 
moderately long plumose hair ; the last joint of the outer branch of the left foot bears a 
long curved terminal spine, finely serrate on its inner edge ; both the inner margins are 
furnished with several long plumose hairs which extend beyond the terminal spine of 
the outer branch of the left foot. Abdomen in the male 5-jointed, in the female 4- 
jointed ; the length of the segments in both are subequal. Caudal stylets in the male about 
as long as the last two abdominal segments, and in the female about the length of the 

5 * 


36 ME. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTEACA 

last segment of the abdomen. Eacli stylet is fm-nished with one extremely long seta, 
wliicli is longer than the cephalothorax and abdomen together ; each seta bears a dense 
mass of fine hairs, near, but not quite at, its extremity ; the extreme end appears to be 
free from hairs ; there are also three short and densely plumose setse on the exterior 
margin of the stylets, one near the middle and two near the extremity of each stylet. 

EaUtat. (1) Lat. 3° 58' N., long. 3°42' W., 25 fathoms tow-netting January, 13th (day 
collection). (2) Lat. 1° 55' 5" N., long. 5° 55' 5" E., 360 fathoms tow-netting, January 
22nd (day collection, temperature of the water about 43° E.). (3) Off Sao Thome Island 
(lat. 0° 34' N., long. 6" 30' 4" E.), 24 fathoms tow-netting, January 23rd (day collection). 

Only two or three specimens of this interesting form were obtained. The extremely 
long tail-setse, \Aath the remarkable accumulation of fine hairs near their extremity, 
distinguish this Augaptilis at once from the other species described in this Report. 

AuGAPTiLis Rattrayi, n. sp. (PI. II. figs. 25-37.) 

Length, exclusive of tail-setse, 4'9 mm. Cephalothorax robust, seen from above 
broadly ovate, measuring in breadth 2'6 mm., rounded in front, the postero-lateral 
ano-les of the last thoracic segment also rounded. Thoracic segments five, the first as 
lono" as all the other four together. Every part of the integument — cephalothorax, 
abdomen, and appendages — is covered more or less with minute spinous hairs. Anterior 
antennre short, not much longer than the first thoracic segment, 24-jointed. The pro- 
portional lengths of the joints are nearly as follows : — 

60 . 25 . 20 . 20 . 20 . 20 . 22 . 35 . 35 . 32 . 43 . 50 . 53 . 49 . 52 . 54 . 60 . 5 6 . 47 . 49 . 4 . 42 . 45 . 36 
i 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2r"22 23 24" 

The antennae are sparingly setiferous, the setge on the second, eighteenth, and twentieth 
joints being the longest. The posterior antennse have the basal part stout, the primary 
and secondary branches short, the secondary branch being shorter and more slender than 
the other and 7-jointed ; the last joint is rather longer than all the preceding four 
too'ether, and furnished at the extremity with three long setae, which are plumose from 
the middle. The end of the primary branch is also furnished with a number of hairs 
similar to those of the secondary branch. The mandibles are slender and terminate in two 
moderately long teeth, between which is another minvite and rudimentary one ; the 
mandible-palp is stout, 2-branched, one of the branches 2-, the other 4-jointed ; 
both branches bear several plumose hairs. The "rod-like process" of the maxillas 
terminates in three very long plumose hairs. Two hairs, bearing each a double row of 
peculiar short filaments having flat broadly crescent-shaped tops, which extend from 
near the distal end to about the middle of the hairs, spring from the extremity of a 
stout lateral appendage of the maxillse. Anterior foot-jaws stout, 5-jointed, the first 
two with several stout spinous hairs on the anterior margin, the last three with a number 
of long setae having a double row of short filaments, with flat, broadly crescent- 
shaped tops, each double row not extending below the middle of the seta. The posterior 
foot-jaw 6-jointed, the first two joints moderately stout and long, sparingly setiferous 
on the upper margin ; the second joint has also a long non-plumose hair attached to 


FROM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 37 

its upper distal angle ; tlie next three joints are short and stout, and bear four long 
fllamentiferous setre similar to those of the anterior foot-jaws. The end joint is small 
and rudimentary, and terminates in one short and two long non-plumose hairs. The 
swimming-feet are as in Hemicalanus longicornis ; the five pairs are 2-branched and 
each branch 3-jointed, all of them being more or less thickly beset with short spinous 
hairs. The basal joint of the outer branches of the first pair bears on its posterior distal 
angle an elongate spine, which extends to the extremity of the last joint. The exterior 
distal angles of the first and second joints of the outer branches of the third and fourth 
pairs bear one very stout spine, having a short spinous process on each side of it at its 
base. Abdomen short, 3-jointed, the first joint much longer than the otherjtwo together. 
Caudal stylets short, somewhat divergent, each with six plumose hairs, four terminal, 
which are moderately long and subequal ; a smaller one on the lower outer margin, 
and one very slender hair near the base of the second terminal seta, counting from the 
inside. 

Habitat. (1) Station 3, 100 fathoms tow-netting, January 2nd (day collection), specific 
gravity of the water 1-0260S, temperature 56"-4 F. (2) Lat. G° 38' N., long. 12^ 37' W., 
25 fathoms tow-netting, January 6th (day collection), sp. g. of the water (surface) l"02i00, 
temperature (surface) 83°-5 F. (3) Lat. 1° 55' 5" N., long. 5° 55' 5" E., 35 fathoms 
tow-netting, January 22nd (day collection), temperature at 30 fathoms 63°"98 F. (1) Off 
Sao Thome Island, lat. 0°3i'N., long. 6° 20' 4" E., 20 fathoms tow-netting, January 23rd 
(day collection). 

Only one adult specimen and a few others more or less immature were obtained ; the 
adult specimen is from locality (3), and is the one from which the drawings were made. 

The peculiar short flat-topped filaments (sense-organs ?) with which several of the 
hairs of the maxilla? and foot -jaws are furnished resemble those observed and described 
in Atlcjaptilis longiccmdahis, which Prof. Claus speaks of as " sehr zierlich geknopfte 
Seitenspitzen," but instead of the tops being circular like a button, as in that species, 
they are broadly crescent-shaped; the " bvitton-tops " are also larger than those of 
Augaptilis longictmdatiis. In AngaptiUs Rattrayi there are about forty button-topped 
filaments in the length of a millimetre, but in Aifgctptilis lofigicaitdatus the number of 
filaments in a millimetre is about one hundred and forty-seven. The filaments in each 
double row are usually opposite each other, as shown in the enlarged drawings. They 
give a pecuHar and striking appearance to the setse that are provided with them. 


Genus Calocalanus, Giesbrecht (1891). 

Elenco dei Copepodi pelagici,— R. Corvetta ' Vettor Pisaiii.' (Atti della Reale Accademia 

del Lincei, serie iv. Rendiconti, vol. v. pt. 1.) 


Calocalanus pavo (Dana). (PI. VI. figs. 9, 10.) 

1852. Calanus jnivo, Daua, loc. cit. p. 1061, pi. 72. 

1892. Calocalanus pavo, Giesbrecht, op. cit. p. 185, pis. 1, 4, 9, 36. 


38 ME. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTEACA 

Length about 7 mm. Cephalotliorax rounded in front and behind. Anterior antennae 
fully a half longer than the cephalothorax and abdomen together, 24-jointed, the first 
joint large and bearing two plumose and a few plain seta3, the last joint long and 
slender, furnished at its extremity with four plain setae of moderate length. The 
second and third last joints possess longer setae than any of the other joints ; all 
the joints from the eleventh to the twentieth inclusive bear each a number of 
small hairs on the upper margin besides the longer setae with which all the joints are 
more or less furnished. The proportional lengths of the joints are very nearly as in the 
annexed formula : — 

4 5 . 10 . 10 . 10 . 10 . 10 . 10 . 10 ■ 11 . 11 ■ 15 ■ 15 . 17 ■ 18 . 22 ■ 24 . 27 . 28 . 29 . 30 . 25 . 24 . 20 . 87 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 lO 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24" 

Secondary branch of the posterior antennse as long as the primary branch, 8-jointed ; the 
third and last much larger than the other joints ; both branches setiferous. Mandibles 
stout, the apex furnished with several more or less rudimentary teeth ; the mandible-palp 
well developed ; secondary branch 5(?)-jointed, shorter than the primary, the basal part 
furnished with three seta3 on its inner margin. Maxillae large, somewhat similar to 
those of Micalanus, but the basal part dilated. Foot-jaws as in Eiicalanus, but the 
terminal setae of first foot-jaws plain. The first four pairs of swimming-feet 2-branched, 
outer branches 3-jointed, the inner branch of first pair 2-, of the others 3-jointed. 
The outer branches of second, third, and fourth pairs only with sabre-like terminal 
spines ; the second joint of the outer and the second and third joints of the inner 
branches armed with transverse rows of spines. Fifth pair of feet in the male (?J 1- 
branched, branches 3-jointed, the terminal joint longer than the other two together, 
compressed, the extremities rounded and furnished with several long setae and two or 
three transverse rows of small hairs as in the figure, Abdomen very short, 3(?)- 
jointed. Caudal stylets extremely divergent, bearing four long spreading setae, two of 
which are divided to near the base. 

Habitat. Station 2, surface and 25 fathoms tow-nettings, January 1st (night col- 
lections). Station 3, 25 fathoms, January 2nd (day collection). Station 9, 50 fathoms, 
January 10th (day collection). Lat. 1° 55' 5" N., long. 5' 55' 5" E., 360 and 400 fathoms 
tow-netting, January 22nd (day collection). Station 23, 20 fathoms, February 5th (day 
collection). 

This species was comparatively frequent all over the area examined. It is readily 
distinguished from other Calanidce described in this Report by the remarkably divergent 
caudal stylets, which are at almost right angles to the abdomen. The anterior antennae 
and tail-setae appear to be, in this species, more than usually fragile ; not a single perfect 
specimen was obtained in the whole collection. The tail-setae were commonly altogether 
wanting or the stumps of them only remained, and the anterior antennee were, with 
very few exceptions, all more or less damaged. It was only after very carefully searching 
the tow-nettings that a few specimens were discovered that had the joints of the 
antennae complete ; the figure, therefore, represents the anterior antennae perfect as 
regards the number of joints. No specimens with perfect caudal setae were obtained. 


FKOM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 39 

Calocalanus plumulosus (Glaus). (PI. I. %s. 35, 36; PI. VI. figs. 7, 8.) 
1863. Calanus plumulosus, Claus, Die freilebenden Copciioden, p. 174, taf. xxvi. figs. 15, 16. 
1892. Calocalanus plumulosus, Giesbrecht, op. cit. p. 185, pis. 3, 9, 36. 

Length (female) 1-3 mm. Body elongate, first segment nearly equal to twice the 

entire length of the other three ; postero-lateral angles of thorax rounded. Anterior 

antennoe, reaching somewhat beyond the extremity of the abdomen, 24.-jointed; the large 

basal joint bears one long plumose seta near the proximal end, the last joint is slender 

and equal to the combined length of the preceding two. The proportional lengths 

of the joints are nearly as shown in the formula : — 

50 . 10 . 10 . 10 . 10 . 10 . 10 . 10 . 11 . 13 . 10 . 16 . 18 . IS . 18 . 19 . 18 . 21 . 21 . 21 . 21 . 20 . 15 . 36 
i 2 3 4 5 7 8 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 2)i 23 24' 

Posterior antennae, mouth-appendages, and swimming-feet as in Calocalanus pavo. 
The last joint of each foot of the fifth pair is equal to half the length of the foot, and 
the third joint is nearly one and a half times the length of the preceding one ; the 
broadly rounded extremity of the last joint bears a small spine near the outer ano-le a 
much larger spine near the middle, and a moderately long seta near the inner ano-le • 
there are also two small setae near the distal end of the inner margin ; both mar^-ins of 
the joints are also more or less fringed with cilia (PI. I. fig. 35). Abdomen short, first 
segment rather tumid, the second much shorter than either the first or third, breadth of 
the second and third increasing towards the distal end ; the first and second have each a 
fringe of small serrse concentric with, and a little anterior to, the distal margin. Stylets 
about equal to the length of the second abdominal segment, slightly divergent, and 
furnished with four terminal plumose setae, and one very small seta near the extremity 
of the inner margin. 

Calocalanus plumulosus was obtained in a tow-net gathering from 30 fathoms, 
lal. r 55' 5" N., long. 6° 55' 5" E., collected January 22ud. Only a few specimens were 
observed. 

This species difi'ers very markedly, not only in its greater size but also in general 
appearance, from Calocalanus pavo ; moreover, the anterior antennae are proportionallv 
much shorter than in that species. The proportional lengths of the joints of the anterior 
antennae and fifth feet also differ considerably in the two species. Another character of 
the spirit specimens is the abruptly flexed abdomen, which is bent at a right angle in all 
those obtained. The position of the caudal stylets in Calocalanus plumulosus is almost 
normal, while those of Calocalanus pavo are extremely divergent. The long plumose 
seta on the basal joint of the anterior antennae appears also to be a character of Caloca- 
lanus plumulosus *. 

Genus Heterocalanus, nov. gen. (Provisional name.) 
Anterior antennae 22-jointed ; right antennae of the male resembling that of the 

* " Dieser " (the long basal joint of the anterior antenna?) " triigt eine kraftige, zweiseitig befiederte, gelb 
pigmentirte Borate." Claus, he. cit. 


40 MR. T. SCOTT ON -ENTOMOSTRACA 

Pontellklce. Second branch of the posterior antenutc longer than the prhiiary branch, 
4-jointed. Mandibles stout, broad, furnished with papilliform teeth and elongate 
tooth-like processes on the exterior angle ; mandible palp 2-branched, secondary 
branch 3-jointed. Anterior foot-jaws like those- of Ithincalanns cornutus. Posterior 
foot-jaws strong, 6-jointed, the two basal joints large. The first four pairs of swimming- 
feet have both branches 3-jointed. Pifth pair in both sexes 1-branched, those of 
the male dissimilar and adapted for grasping ; those of the female the same on both 
sides, 3-jointed, the last joint produced into a large curved spiniform process. Ovisac 
large. 

Heterocalanus serricaudatus, n. sp. (PL II. figs. 43-48; PI. III. figs. 1-7.) 

Length 1"15 mm. Body elongate, narrowly rounded in front, the postero-lateral 

angles of last thoracic segment rounded, and bearing several small spines. Anterior 

antennse longer than the body ; those of the female slender, 22-jointed, sparingly seti- 

ferous. The proportional lengths of the joints are nearly as follows : — 

11 ■ 11 . 5 ■ 7 . 6 . 10 . 5 ■ (i . 10 . 12 . 14 ■ 16 ■ 18 . 18 ■ 18 . 16 . 14 . 14 . 13 . 14 . ]2 . 3 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 IL' 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22' 

The right anterior antenna of the male also 22-jointed, distinctly hinged between the 
18th and 19th joints, the upper margin of the 18th joint serrate ; the 11th and 
12th joints are small, the 14th, 15th, and IGth dilated. The general form of the male 
riffht antenna somewhat resembles that of the Pontelliclce. Posterior antennae have the 
secondary branches longer than the primary, 4-jointed, the third joint very small, im- 
parting to the branch the appearance of being much constricted in the middle ; both 
branches furnished with numerous non-plumose hairs. Mandible stout, broad, bearing 
several small papillose teeth, and on the exterior angle three elongate tooth-like processes 
and a short plumose seta. The basal part of the mandible palp is comparatively large, 
and produced laterally to form the base of the secondary branch, which is 3-jointed. 
Both branches are furnished with a number of non-plumose hairs (PI. III. fig. 4). Anterior 
foot-jaws like those of Rhmcalaiius cornutus, short, obscurely 3(or 4 ?)-jointed. 
Posterior foot-jaws strong, 6-jointed, the two basal joints large, the other four small, 
subequal ; each of the fourth, fifth, and sixth joints bear interiorly a stout, elongate, 
blunt-pointed spine, that of the fifth being much larger than those of the other two 
joints ; the terminal joint is also furnished with six long plumose hairs. The first four 
pairs of swimming-feet are 2-branched, both branches 3-jointed. The joints of the 
inner branch of the first pair subequal ; the outer branch is without dagger-Hke spines 
at the distal angles of the joints. The first joint of the inner branch and the middle 
joint of the outer branch of the second, third, and fourth pairs are smaller than the other 
joints, and the exterior distal angles of all the joints of the outer branches bear stout 
dagger-like spines, which are finely serrate on both edges ; the last joint has an additional 
and similar spine arising from an excavation on the lower half of the outer margin. 
The terminal spines of the outer branches are finely serrate on the outer edge, except 
near the base, which is plain ; the extremity of the terminal spines is slightly curved 


FEOM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 41 

outwards. The terminal spines of the outer branches of the first pair are more slender 
than those of the others ; all tlie four pairs are furnished Avith numerous stout plumose 
seta? on the inner marorins of both branches as well as round the extremity of the inner 
branches. The fifth pair in the male is 1-branchcd. The second joint of the right foot 
bears interiorly a small dilated process liaving a number of small spines ; the extremity of 
the last joint truncate ; an elongate curved appendage with a tumid base springs from 
the inner angle, and a stout setiferous spine from the outer angle of the extremity of 
the last joint. The second joint of the left foot has a long slender appendage, very 
faintly serrate on the inner edge. The outer angle of the third joint and the extremity 
of the fourth terminate in a long spinous process, and the inner edge of the base of the last 
joint is ciliated. The fifth pair in the female is 1-branched, the right and left are 
similar, and 3(or 4 ?)-jointed ; the first and second joints stout, the third short, but produced 
inwards into a large curved spiniform process, finely but distinctly serrate on both 
margins ; the last (?) joint nearly obsolete, terminating in one long plain spine and a second 
short one, serrate on the inner edge. Abdomen (exclusive of caudal stylets) nearly half 
as long as the cephalothorax, 5-jointed in the male, 4-jointed in the female ; the 
second, third, and fourth segments in the male, and the first, second, and third in the 
female, fringed posteriorly wdth a prominent row of saw-like teeth. Caudal stylets as 
long as the last abdominal segment, narrow, somewhat divergent, bearing each four 
moderately long, terminal, plumose setva, and a fifth which springs from a notch on the 
outer margin ; all the seta? are articulated below the proximal half; there is also a small 
hair between the two inner setse. Ova forming one large circular complanate cluster, 
containing about sixteen large ova arranged in a single layer, eleven or twelve round 
the circumference, the others central. 

Habitat. Lat. 5° 10' N., long. 3° 56' 2" "W., surface, close inshore, January 12th (night 
collection). Off Accra, three fathoms, January 16tb (night collection). Ofi' Appi, 
surface tow-netting, January 18th (day collection). Libreville, Gaboon River, in two 
surface tow-nettings, January 28tli (day collection). Bananah Creek, Congo River, surface 
tow-netting, Eebruary 8th (night collection). 

Seterocalanus serricaudafus appears to be more confined to inshore waters than many 
of the species recorded in this Report, though it seems nevertheless capable of existing 
under varied conditions as regards the density of the water, having been obtained in 
water varying in specific gravity from 1*02511 to l'0087O. 

Genus Pleuromma, Claus. 

Pleuromma, Claus, Die freilebenden Copepoden (1863). 

? Mctridia, Boeck, Oversigt af Norges Marine Copepoda, 1864. 

? Metridia, Brady, Monograph, British Copepoda, vol. i. 1878. 

Pleuromma abdominale, Claus. 

1863. Pleuromma abdominah, Claus, loc. cit. p. 195, pi. v. figs. 1-6, 13, 14; pi. vi. figs. 1-10. 
1883. Pleuromma abdominak, Brady, ' Challenger,' Copepoda, p. 46, pi. xi. figs. 1-13. 
SECOND SERIES. — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VI. 6 


42 ME. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTEACA 

Sabitat. Station 2, 25 fathoms tow-netting, January 1st (night collection). Lat. 
3° 55' 3" N., long. 4° 7' 13" E., 50 fathoms tow-netting, January 20th (day collection). 
Off Sao Thome Island (lat. 0° 34' N., long. 6° 31' 6" E.), 20 fathoms tow-netting, 
Januaiy 23rd (day collection). Station 23, 235 fathoms tow-netting, Eehruary 5th (day 
collection). 

Pleuromma ahdominale was obtained in 25 tow-nettings, eight of which were surface 
gatherings, and seventeen under-surface, ranging in depth from 3 to 460 fathoms ; one 
of the surface and seven of the under-surface gatherings were day collections, the others 
were collected dm'ing the night, as shown in the formula : — 

1 day collection. 


r i day collection. 
8 surface | 7 ^jgj^^ collections. 


Tow-nettings 25 •. ^ . t^ 

1 17 under-surface J ^ day ditto. 
I 10 night ditto. 

In the adult males the abdomen was usually more or less distorted, as figured by 
Prof. Brady in his Report on the ' Challenger ' Copepoda. 

The form agreeing with Pleuro^nma gracile, Claus, was obtained in a few of the tow- 
nettings, and the difference between it and JPlenromma ahdominale. is so marked and 
constant in the ' Buccaneer ' specimens that I have considered it preferable to record 
them separately. 

Pleuromma geacilb, Claus. (PI. VI. figs. 11-14.) 

1863. Pleuromma gracile, Claus, loc. cit. p. 197, pi. v. figs. 7-11. 

1883. ? Pleuromma ahdominale, Brady (in part), op. cit. p. 46, pi. xii. figs. 1-16; pi. xsxi. figs. 13, 14. 

Habitat. Lat. 1° 55' 5" N., long. 5° 55' 5" E., 250 and 360 fathoms tow-nettings, 
January 22nd (day collections). Lagoon, Sao Thome Island, surface. 

A form agreeing with the description and figures of Pleuromma gracile in ' Die frei- 
lebenden Copepoden ' occurred in the gatherings described ; it seems to be distinct from 
Pleuromma abdominals. 

Pleuromma princeps, n. sp. (PI. III. figs. 8-20.) 

Length (exclusive of tail-setae) 12 mm. Cephalothorax elongate, robust. Eorehead 
acute ; postero-lateral angles of the last thoracic segment produced, shortly spiniform. 
Left anterior antenna of male 25-jointed ; the right antenna is 22-jointed, hinged at the 
eighteenth joint, the proportional lengths of the joints as in the annexed formula : — 

Lett. 50 . 20 . 20 . 15 . 20 . 20 . 20 . 15 . 20 . 25 . 3(1 . 30 . 40 . 45 . -50 . -SO . 50 . 50 . 55 . 38 . 8 5 . 37 . 40 • 30 . 10. 
~1~ 2 3 4 5 6 7 H 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2l 22 23 24 25. 
night. 7u . 20 . 20 . 20 . 20 . 25 . 1« . 15 . 12 . 12 . 25 . 24 . 30 . 45 . 40 . 50 . 60 . 13 . 70 . 80 . 30 . 7 . 

The nineteenth joint is furnished at the distal end with a tooth-like process which 
extends over the base of the next joint. There are also, near the middle of the same 
joint, one long and one very short spine, which extend in a forward direction along the 
margin of the segment ; both antennae are sparingly setiferous. Posterior antennae as 


FEOM THE GUI.F OF GUINEA. 43 

in Flevrcn.ma aldcmhwle; seta? on both branches plumose. The mouth-organs also 
as in P. abdominrie, but the anterior foot-jaw bears two elongate spines which spring 
from a prominent basal part near its extremity. The distal processes of the maxiUte 
appear to be less produced than in Pleuromma abdominale. The first pair of swimming- 
feet are smaller than the following three pairs ; the posterior outer aspect of the basal 
joint of the inner branch is beset with numerous fine cilia, and the outer margin of 
the middle joint is fringed with fine hairs. The exterior margin of the second, and the 
upper half of the third, segment of the outer branch are also fringed with fine hairs, 
while the lower half of the third segment is finely serrate. The outer branch of the 
second pair of swimming-feet on both sides has the first segment " deeply excavated at 
the base ;" the excavation is bounded interiorly by two strong, upward-directed, curved 
spines. There is no " thumb-like prominence " on the basal segment of the third pair 
of feet, as in 'Pleuromma ahdomhwle. The fourth pair of feet closely resemble the 
preceding pair. The last segment of the outer branch of the first pair terminates in a 
long stout seta, plumose on the inner margin. The outer branch of the second, tliird, 
and fourth pairs terminates in a moderately short, stout, sabre-like spine, the inner 
margin fringed with cilia, the outer margin very faintly toothed. The fifth pair of feet 
strongly prehensile ; one branch (the right ?) terminates in a clumsy claw-like segment. 
A small spine springs from near the proximal end of the penultimate segment. Tlie 
last segment of the other branch is furnished, on the inner side and near the base, with 
a moderately long, stout process, and two peculiar, stalked ap^Dendages. There is also 
at the base of the last segment a thin plate having a saw-like edge, and partly sur- 
rounded with delicate cilia ; both branches of the fifth feet are about the same leuo-th. 
Abdomen 4-jointed; joints subequal. Caudal stylets twice the len"-th of the last 
abdominal segment, and each furnished with six setae, four of them on the rounded 
extremity of the stylet, one on the outer margin, and a very small slender seta on the 
inner margin. All the setiB are densely plumose. 

Habitat. Lat. 1° 55' 5" N., long. 5° 55' 5" E., 360 fathoms tow-netting, January 22nd 
(day collection). 

Only one specimen — a male — of this fine species was obtained. 

Genus Heteroch^eta, Claus. 

HeterochiBta, Claus, Die fi'eilebendeu Copepodeu (1863). 

HETEROCHiETA SPINIFRONS, ClaUS. 

1863. Heterochatd spinifrons, Claus, loc. cit. p. 182, pi. xxxii. figs. 8, 9, 14, 16. 
1883. Heterochata spinifrons, Brady, Report ' Chall.' Copep. p. 49, pi. xiii. figs. 1-13. 

Habitat. Station 2, 25 fathoms tow-netting, January 1st (night collection). Lat. 
3° 58' N., long. 3° 42' W., 50 fathoms tow-netting, January 13th (night collection). 
Station 14, 10 fathoms, January 21st (night collection). Off Sao Thome Island (lat. 
0° 3i' N., long. 6° 30' 4" E.), 20 fathoms, January 23rd (day collection). Station 23, 
235 fathoms, February 5th (day collection). 

6* 


M ME. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTRACA 

HeterochcBta spinifrous occurred in 20 tow-nettings ; only one of these was a surface 
gathering collected during the day, the other nineteen were under-surface and I'anged 
in depth from 5 to 4G0 fathoms ; fifteen of these were day collections, and four night 
collections, as shown in the formula : — 

r 1 sm-face 1 day collection. 

Tow-nettings 20 < r 15 day collections. 

U9 nnder-surface | 4 ^;^„^^ ^litto. 

This, though generally distributed, was a somewhat rare species in the ' Buccaneer ' 
collection. The dilated outer branches of the fourth pair of swimming-feet, with their 
short terminal spines, and the extremely long and slender seta of the right caudal 
stylet, allow of its being readily distinguished from most other species. 


Genus Leuckartia, Glaus. 

Leuckartia, Claus, Die freilebenden Copepoden (1863). 

Leuckartia plavicornis, Claus. 

1863. Leuckartia flavicornis, Claus, loc. cit. p. 183, pi. xxxii. figs. 1-7. 
1883. Leuckartia flavicornis, Brady, op, cit. p. 50, pi. xv. figs. 1-9, 16. 

Habitat. Station 2, 25 fathoms, January 1st (night collection). Off Accra, surface 
tow-netting, January 16th (night collection). Lagoon, Sao Thome Island, surface 
tow-netting, January 27 th (night collection). Station 23, 10, 20, 85, 135, 185, and 235 
fathoms tow-nettings, February 5th (day collection). Bananah Creek, Congo River, 
surface tow-netting, February 7th (day collection). 

This Leuckartia was observed in 67 tow-uettings ; 30 of these were surface gatherings, 
and 37 under-surface. The under-surface tow-nettings were from various depths, from 
10 to 460 fathoms. Seven of the surface and 27 of the under-surface tow-nettings 
were day collections, the others were night collections, as exhibited by the annexed 
formula : — 

r 7 day collections. 
r30 surface I 23 night ditto. 

Tow-nettmgs 67 < ro7 i r++ 

L37 under surface [ ^^ ^'^^^ d^"*^- 
L 10 night ditto. 

This species appears to have been widely distributed throughout the area examined 
during the ' Buccaneer's ' expedition, but comparatively few specimens were observed in 
the tow-nettings in which it occurred, except in those from deep water. 


Genus Undina, Dana. 
Undina, Dana, Proc. Amer. Acad. Sci. (1849). 
Undina vulgaris, Dana. 
1852. Undina vulgaris, Dana, Crust, of U.S. Espl. Exped. p. 1092, pi. Ixxvii. fig. 8, a-d. 


FEOM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 45 

1856. Undina longipes, Lvibbock, Trans. Entom. Soc. p. 17, pi. vi. figs. 1-5. 

1883. Undina vulgaris, Brady, Report 'Cliall.' Copep. p. 53, pi. xv. figs. 11-15 ; pi. x\iii. fig. 6. 

Eabitat. Station 2, surface tow-ncttings, January 1st (niglit collection). Lat. 3° 58' N., 
long. 3° 10' W., surface tow-netting, January 13tli (day collection). Lat. 1° 55' 5" N., 
long. 5° 55' 5" E., 20, 35, and 460 fathoms tow-nettings, January 22nd (day collections). 
Lagoon, Sao Thome Island, surface tow-netting, January 27th (night collection). Station 
21, surface tow-netting, February l<th (day collection). Bananah Creek, Congo River, 
surface tow-netting, Februaiy 7th (day collection). 

TIndina vulgaris was observed in 89 tow-nettings ; 51 of these were surface gatherings 
and 38 under-surface, the depth of which ranged from 2 to 400 fathoms ; 20 of the 
surface and 26 of the under-surface gatherings were collected during the day, while 
31 of the surface and 12 of the under-surface gatherings were collected during the 
night, as shown by the annexed formula : — 


f 20 day collections, 
t 31 nio-] 


T H- .J^l^^^'f^^^ 1 31 night ditto. 

Tow-nettings 89< .^^ , ^.^^ 

1 38 under-surface / 26 day ditto. 

(. 12 night ditto. 

This Undina was comparatively common in the ' Buccaneer ' collections, both sexes 
being equally frequent. It was also one of the more common of the ' Challenger ' 
Copepoda. Another species (ZJwc^mw J>«rt(?i»^, Lubbock), which appears to have been 
almost as common as Undina vulgaris in the ' Challenger ' collections, was entirely 
absent from the ' Buccaneer ' tow-nettings, not a trace of it being observed, though 
carefully sought for. 

Genus Euchieella, Giesbrecht (1891). 

Elenco del Copepodi pelagici, — R. Corvetta ' Vettor Pisani.' (Atti deUa Reale Accademia 
dei Lincei, serie iv. Reudicoiiti, vol. v. pt. 1, p. 330.) 

? EUCHIRELLA MESSINENSIS (Claus). (PI. VI. figS. 15 & 16.) 

? Undina messinensis, Claus, Die freilebendeu Copepoden, p. 187, pi. 31. 

Length, exclusive of tail-setae, 5 mm. Body elongate, robust. Forehead subtruncate ; 

postero-lateral angles of the last thoracic segment rounded and furnished with a number 

of hairs. Anterior antennae reaching to near the extremity of the abdomen ; the left 

24-, the right 23-jointed, the proportional lengths of the joints nearly as in the annexed 

formula : — 

Eight antenna. 10 ■ 13 . 7 . 6 . 7 ■ 7 . 7 . 11 . 8 . 8 . 8 . 14 . 19 . 19 . 19 . 20 . IS . 20 . 18 . 13 . 13 . 13 . 14. 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24. 
Left antenna. 10 . 13 . 7 . 6 . 6 . 7 . 6 . 8 .6.7.7. 8 . 14 . 15 . 20 . 19 . 20 . 18 . 20 . 17 . 14 . 13 . 11 . 14, 

The 3rd, 7th, 8th, 13th, 17th, and 20th joints are each furnished with a long j^lain 
seta. The terminal joint bears three (or four ?) long setse, two of them plumose ; there 
is also a plumose seta on the penultimate joint, and two stout short plumose hairs sjjring 
from near the end of the basal joint. The posterior antennae have the secondary branch 


46 ME. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTEACA 

large and stout, 6-joiuted, the first and last joints long, tlie intermediate very short. 
The small intermediate joints bear each one seta, and the extremity of the last joint three 
lono" plumose setse ; the primary braucli is extremely short, being almost rudimentary. 
Mandible stout, with nvimerous terminal papillose teeth; the exterior angle bears a 
strono- laterally-produced spine, which is serrate on the ujiper margin. The mandible 
palp is of moderate size, 2-branched, each branch with several long terminal plumose 
liairs. The maxUlBD are large, and bear at the extremity and on the interior margin a 
]iumber of stout setiferous spines ; the external branch of the maxilla-palp very short 
and broad; terminal branch stout, somewhat digitiform; both branches with numerous 
plumose hairs. Foot-jaws as in Euchceta Hessei, except that near the extremity of the 
anterior foot-jaw are two setiferous spines much stouter than the others, and also two 
plain spinous setae on the lower extreme angle of the ultimate joint. The first four 
pairs of swimming-feet are similar to those of Euchceta ; the first pair resemble those of 
Euchceta Sessei, except that the inner branch has a lobe-like process near the base, and 
the outer branch a long slender terminal spine, finely serrate on the outer margin ; the 
outer branches of the second, third, and fourth pairs armed with a stout terminal spine, 
liaving about twenty strong saw-like teeth on its outer margin. The basal joint of the 
fourth pair bears a large bifurcate spiniform appendage ; the setse on both branches of 
all the four pairs are densely plumose. Abdomen short, composed of four segments, 
the first large, beiDg nearly as long as all the other three together. Catidal stylets short, 
divaricate, each with one short spine on the outer distal angle, and foiu* moderately long 
terminal plumose hairs ; another slender hair springs from near the inner distal angle of 
each stylet, and is about half the length of the others. 

Habitat. Station 2, 50 fathoms, January 1st (night tow-netting). Lat. 5° 58' N., 
long. 14° 20' W., surface gathering, January 5th (night tow-netting). Lat. 3° 22' 5" N., 
long. 4° 11' 8" E., 20 and 30 fathoms tow-nettings, January 20th (night collections). 
Lat. r 55' 5" N., long. 5° 55' 5" E., 460 fathoms tow -netting, January 22nd (day collection). 
Lat. 1° 29' N., long. 7° 33' 8" E., surface tow-netting, January 27th (night collection). 
Station 23, 30 fathoms, February 5th (day collection). 

Only a few specimens of this species were obtained ; they were all females, and were 
readily distinguished by the large forked spiniform appendage on the basal joints of the 
fourth pair of swimming-feet. As has been pointed out by Prof. Brady, TJiidina messi- 
nensis, Clans, differs from Vnclina, Dana, by the absence of the first pair of foot-jaws in 
the male (as described by Dr. Glaus), and by the inner branches of the first and second 
swinimino'-feet being only 1-jointed (Glaus, however describes the inner branch of the 
second pair as 2-jointed, but ia the ' Buccaneer ' specimens it was certainly only 
1-jointed). In TJndina, Dana, on the other hand, the inner branches of all the 
swimming-feet are 3-jointed. Uiidina messlnensis has the fifth pair of feet in the 
male similar to those of EuchcBta pulchra, Liibbock (to which it has been doubtfully 
referred), but dificrs from that and all other Euchceta} kno\\Ti to me by the very 
rudimentary form of the primary branch of the posterior antennse. 


FROM THE GULF OF GriNEA. 47 

Genus Scolecithrix, Brady. 

ScolecithrLv, Brady, Report 'Challenger' Copepoda (1883). 

Scolecithrix securifrons, n. sp. (PI. IV. figs. 40-56; PL V. fig. 1.) 

Length, exclusive of tail-setae, about 4 mm. Cepbalothorax robust, the anterior 

segment fully two-tbirds the length of the body. Forehead with a prominent median 

keel, which is continued do\Aniwards to the slightly furcate rostrum. Anterior antennse 

longer than the body, 23-jointed in the female, 19-jointcd in the male. The annexed 

formula shows very nearly the proportional lengths of the joints : — 

Male. 10 ■ 11 . 5 ■ 6 . 6 . 7 ■ 6 . 41 . 22 . 1.3 . 13 ■ 14 . 13 . 10 . 9 . 13 . 13 . 12 . 3 ' 

12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23. 
Female. 13 . 12 . 6 . 6 . 7 . 7 . 7 . 21 . 9 . 11 . 14 . 15 . 15 . 15 . 14 . 14 . 14 . 13 . 13 . 13 . 14 . 12 3. 

The long eighth joint has one or two pseudo-divisions, indicating the possible 
coalescence of two, if not three, smaller joints. The secondary branch of the posterior 
antennse is half as long again as the primary one, 5-jointed, the third and fourth 
joints small, the last joint with three terminal setre ; several setse spring from the vicinity 
of the two small joints ; the primary branch is furnished with a number of terminal 
setae, which, with the others, are all more or less plumose. Mandible-palp with two 
small branches set wide apart, and each with numerous plumose hairs. Maxillae and 
other mouth-organs as in Scolecithrix Dance. Pirst pair of swimming-feet small, inner 
branch 1-jointed, with a lobe-like appendage, terminal spine of the outer branch small. 
All the joints of the second and third pairs are armed with transverse curved rows of 
short stout spinules, and the terminal sabre-like spines of the outer branches have their 
exterior margin strongly and coarsely toothed. The fourth pair Avants the transverse 
rows of spinules, but is otherwise similar to the second and third pairs. The fifth jjaii' 
in the female is very small, 1-branched, 2-jointed, and with a moderately long 
slender, curved, terminal spine, the distal half serrate on the outer margin ; a small 
blunt process springs from the inner distal angle of the terminal joint, close to the base 
of the elongate spine ; this spine was apparently hinged to the extremity of the last 
joint, for in one or two specimens it was turned upAvard at a right angle to the joint, and 
in such a manner as to allow of its being ap]jlied to the base of the first abdominal 
segment. The fifth feet in the male are strongly developed ; the left foot is 1-branched, 
3-jointed, with a curved finger-like process at the extremity ; the right has a slender 
1-jointed inner branch, curved outwards so as to be opposed to the 2-jointed clawed 
terminal part of the outer branch ; the basal part to which the two branches are attached 
is much dilated. Abdomen in the female short, first segment larger and much wider 
jwsteriorly than the next; the posterior margiii of the abdominal segments in both sexes 
fringed with hairs. Caudal stylets short, divergent, each with four long terminal 
plumose setae nearly equal in length, and a small hair near the base of the inner seta. 

Habitat. Station 2, 50 fathoms tow-netting, January 1st (niglit collection). Lat. 7°33'N., 
long. 15° 18' W., 25 fathoms tow-netting, January 2nd (night collection). Lat. 1° 55' 5" N., 
long. 55° 55' 5" E., 360 fathoms tow-netting, January 22nd (day collection). Lat. 0° 25' 1" N., 


4S ME- T. SCOTT OX ENTOMOSTRACA 

long. 6° 35' 2" E., 10 fathoms tow-netting, January 23rd (night collection). Station 23, 
185 fathoms tow-netting, February 5th (clay collection). 

Kot more than one, or at most two, specimens of this Scolecitlirix were obtained in 
each of the tow-nettings from the localities here recorded. The prominent keeled 
forehead, which gives this species such a marked character, enables it to be readily 
distingiiished. 


^S" 


ScOLECiTHRix CTENOPUS, Giesbrecht. (PI. V. figs. 2-9.) 

1892. Scolecithrix denopus, Giesbrecht, Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel (Copepoden), p. 285, 
pis. 13, 37. 

Male. Length, exclusive of tail-setse, 1'83 mm. The cephalothoras elongate, rounded 

in front and behind. Anterior antennae slender, reaching to the extremity of the 

abdomen, the left 21-, the right 20-jointed. The proportional lengths of the joints of the 

left antenna are nearly as follows : — 

16. 16. 3. 3.3. 4. 4. 16. 5. 5. 6. 6. 6. 5. 6. 5. 6. 6. 6.6. 3 
1 -J. a 4 5 6 7 S y lu 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21' 

The sixteenth joint of the right antenna consists of two coalescent joints, but otherwise 
the right and left antennse are similar ; posterior antennce and mouth-organs as in Scoleci- 
tlirix DaiKe. The inner branch of the third pair of swimming-feet small, the terminal spine 
of the outer branch somewhat distorted, its outer margin being furnished with irregular 
but stout and prominent teeth. The fifth pair of feet has one very short 3 -jointed, 
and one very long, slender, 4-jointed branch, which extends beyond the extremity of 
the abdomen ; the last segment of the elongate branch is curved, furnished on one side 
with a dense fringe of hairs, and terminates in two unequal spines ; the small 3-jointed 
branch is about as long as the first segment of the long branch, the basal joint being 
longer than the other two together. Abdomen 4-jointed ; joints subequal, fully one- 
fifth the length of the cephalothorax. Caudal stylets short, not divergent, bearing at 
the extremity four moderately long plumose hairs, the inner being shorter, and the next 
one considerably longer than the others ; the arrangement of the tail-setse in this species 

resembles Undina more than Scolecitlirix. 

Mahitat. Station 2, 50 fathoms tow-netting, January 1st (night collection). Station 9, 
50 fathoms tow-netting, January 10th (day collection). Lat. 3° 58' N., long. 3° 42' W., 

25 fathoms tow-netting, January 13th (day collection). Lat. 3° 55' 3" N., long. 4° 7' 3" E.^ 

20 fathoms tow-netting, January 20th (day collection). Lat. 0° 21' 1" N., long. 7° 33' E., 

20 fathoms tow-netting, January 29th (day collection). 

Scolecitlirix ctenojms was comparatively a rare species in the ' Buccaneer ' collection, 

having been observed in only a few of the tow-nettings. The most marked characteristic 

uf this Scolecitlirix is the extremely long branch of the fifth foot, having the last 

segment curved, and with the margin densely setiferous. 

SCOLEClTHrvIX TENUIPES*, n. sp. (PI. V. figs. 10-19.) 

Male. Length, exclusive of tail-seta?, 1-4 mm. Anterior antennse reaching to beyond 

* From the Iod"- slender fifth loot. 


FEOM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 49 

the extremity of the abdomen, the left 21-, the right 20-jointed. The following are the 

proportional lengths of the joints, nearly, of the left antenna : — 

5.4.3.3.3.3.3.13.4. 4 .5. 5. 5. 6. 5. 5.5. G.5. 5. 3 
12 3 4 5 7 ^S 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2l' 

The sixteenth joint of the right antenna consists of two coalescent joints, but otherwise 
both right and left antennae are similar. The posterior antennae, mouth-organs, and first 
pair of swimmiug-feet are somewhat similar to those of Scoleclthrix DancB. The outer 
branch of the third pair has a distorted terminal spine, as in Scolecithrix ctenojms. The 
segments of all the first four pairs of swimming-feet are armed with curved, transverse 
rows of short, stout spinules. The fifth pair of feet consists of one very long, slender 
branch, and an extremely short, almost obsolete, 3-jointed one. The elongate branch 
has the basal joint somewhat stout and sliort, the second long, fully twice the length of 
the third; the fourth long and slender, longer than the second; the last joint is 
extremely small, with a spiniform extremity. Abdomen, caudal stylets, and tail-setae as 
in Scolecithrix ctenopus, which appears to be closely allied to the species now described. 
The fifth pair of feet are, however, decidedly different from those of Scolecithrix ctenopus, 
being much more slender and without the fringe of hairs. The terminal worm-like 
sense-organs of the anterior foot-jaws are stouter than those of Scolecithrix ctenopus, 
though that species is the larger of the two. 

Sahitat. Station 2, 50 fathoms tow-netting, January 1st (night collection). Station 9, 
50 fathoms tow-netting, January 10th (day collectionj. Lat. V 55' 5" N., long. 5° 55' 5". E., 
30 and 3G0 fathoms tow-nettings, January 22nd (day collection). 

Scolecithrix temiipes was not obtained from any surface gatliering, and was of rare 
occurrence in the few tow-nettings in which it was observed. 

Scolecithrix Dan.e (Lubbock). 

1856. Undina Dana, Lubbock, Trans. Entom. Soc. vol. iv. p. 15, pi. ix. figs. 6-9. 
1883. Scolecithrix Dance, Brady, Report ' Chall.' Copep. p. 57, pi. xvii. figs. 1-12. 

Habitat. Station 2, surface tow-netting, January 1st (night collection). Station 9, 
25 fathoms tow-netting, January 10th (day collection). Station 11, 10 fathoms tow-netting, 
January 19th (day collection). Stations 21 and 22, surface tow-nettings, February 4th 
(day collection). Lat. 5° 55' 1" S., long. 11° 30' 7" E., surface tow-netting, February 18th 
(night collection). 

Scolecithrix Dance w^as observed in 57 tow-nettings, 20 of which were surface gatherings, 
and tiie others undei'-surface ; 10 of the surface and 24 of the under-surface were day 
collections, wdiile 10 of the surface and 13 of the under-surface gatherings were collected 
during the night, as shown by the formula ; — 

r 10 day collections. 

f 20 surface 1 m ,,;'i + ^•^-^. 

rr, ,,. >- I <- 10 night ditto. 

Tow-nettings o / < ° 

1 37 under-surface | ^"^ '^^^ '^^^tto. 

1 13 night ditto. 

SECOND SERIES. — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VI. 7 


50 MR. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTEACA 

The imder-siirface tow-nettings ranged from 5 to 260 fathoms. This species was more 
or less common in nearly all the tow-nettings in which it was observed. 

Scoj-ECiTHKix MINOR, Brady. 

1883. Scnlecithrix mirwr, Brady, op. cit. p. 58, pi. xvi. figs. 15-16; pi. xviii. figs. 1-5. 

Hahitat. Station 3, surface tow-netting, January 2nd (day collection). Lat. 3° 5.5' 3" N., 
long. 4° 11' 8" E., 50 fathoms tow-netting, January 20th (day collectiou). Station 14, 
10 fathoms, January 21st (night collection). Lat. 0° 21' 1" N., long. 7° 33' E., 20 fathoms, 
January 29th (day collection). Station 23, 235 fathoms, Eebruary 5th (day tow-netting). 
Station 24 (off the mouth of the Congo, colour of the water brownish-olive green to 
amber-brown), surface, Eebruary 6th (day collectiou). 

This Scolecithrixv{di?>a. somewhat rare species in the 'Buccaneer' tow-nettings; males 
especially were very scarce, and were observed only in a 30-fathoms tow-netting from 
lat. 1° 55' 5" N., long. 5° 55' 5" E. The ultimate joint of the longer branch of the male 
fifth foot and the appendage of the same branch were not so long as shown in the figure 
in the ' Challenger ' Beport, but otiierwise the ' Buccaneer ' specimens agreed with the 
description and drawings of Sooleciflirix minor (loc. cit.). I have examined many 
specimens, mature and immature, of Scoleciihrix Dance, and have certainly not found the 
fifth pair of feet in any of them to agree in structure with those of Scoleciihrix minor ; 
hence I feel satisfied that the two are quite distinct from each other. 

SCOLECITHRIX LONGICORNIS, n. sp. (PI. V. figS. 20-28.) 

Female. Length, not including tail-sette, 1-54 mm. The first body-segment is more 
than twice the entire length of the other three ; the forehead is rounded. Anterior 
antenme slender, reaching to the extremity of the abdomen, 23-jointed, and furnished 
with a number of very small setae (with the exception of the last joints, which 
bear longer setas) (fig. 21) ; the proportional lengths of the joints nearly as in the 

formula : — 

G. 4. 3. 3. 3. 3.. 3. 7. 2. 3. 4. 4.. 5 .6.5. 6. 0.6. 6. 6. 6. 5. 4 

i 2 3 4 5 () 7 S U H) U ll' 13 14 15 IG 17 18 1!) 20 21 -I'l 23* 

The anterior foot-jaws terminate in four lobes with several plumose set?e at their 
extremity, while one lobe forms the base of a fascicle of slender sensory filaments ; a 
single filament also springs from the end of the lowest of the four setiferous lobes. 
Posterior foot-jaws small, the first two joints long, the third very short, the fourth equal 
to the entire length of the last three. Other mouth-organs similar to Scolecitlirix Dance. 
The first four pairs of swimming-feet similar to those of Scoleciihrix securifrons. Eifth 
pair small, 3-jointed, the middle joint rather longer than either of the other two, and 
bearing several small spiniform setae at its exterior distal angle ; the extremity of the 
last joint is produced forward into a triangular sharji-pointed process, wiiile an elongate 
spine, serrate on the outer margin, springs from the inner distal angle (fig. 27). Abdomen 
short, stout, composed of four segments, the first segment large, the other three very 


FEOM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 51 

short. Caudal stylets short, the length and hreadth equal ; each stylet bears four long 
plamose terminal seta;, and one small seta on. the inner distal angle. 

Habitat. Lat. 1° 55' 5" N., long. 5° 55' 5" E., 3G0 fathoms (day collection). Station 23, 
135 fathoms, February 5th (day collection). 

This Scolecithrix was obtained in only two tow-nettiags from comparatively deep -water. 

ScoLECiTHRix Bradyi, Gicsbreclit. (PL V. figs. 29-39.) 
1892. Scolecithrix Bradyi, Giesbreclit, op. cit. p. 283, pis. 4, 13, 37. 

Length about 1-8 mm. In form like that of Scolecithrix Dance. Anterior antennis in 
the male as long as the cephalothorax, 19-jointed; in the female 23-jointcd and about 
one-fourth longer than those of the male. The proportional lengths of the joints are 
nearly as in the annexed formula : — 

Male. 4. 4. 2. 2. 2. 2. 2. 12. 3. 4. 5. 5. 5. 5. 4. 4. 5. 6. 7. 

12345 B 78 ^DIO 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23. 
Female. 5. 5. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 7^. 3. 4. 5. 5.5.6.6.6.6.5.5.5.6.5.3." 

The basal joints bear a number of setse, but the others are very spai-ingly setiferous ; 
posterior antenme and mouth-organs as in Scolecithrix Bance, but the larger branch of 
the mandible-palp bears a number of very long slender setie. The first four pairs of 
swimming-feet are similar to those of Scolecithrix securifrons ; the terminal spines of 
the outer branches are finely but somewhat ixnequally serrate on the outer margin and 
ciliated on the inner. Eifth pair wanting in the female, 1-branched in the male ; basal 
joints dilated ; the third joint of the (?) right foot elongate, with a short digit-like process 
on the inner margin near the distal end, the last joint divided to near the base into two 
subequal segments, the inner of which is curved upward so as to form a hook-like 
appendage. The (?) left foot 5-jointed and longer than the other; the second joint is 
the longest, being nearly as long as all the following three together, and bearing at its 
inner distal angle an appendage which is fully as long as the third joint. Abdomen and 
caudal stylets in both sexes as in Scolecithrix Dance. 

Scolecithrix Bradyi resembles Scolecithrix Dance very nearly in its general form, but is 
much smaller ; it differs in possessing extremely long hairs on the larger branch of the 
mandible-palp, and especially in the form of the fifth pair of feet. 

Suhitat. Station 2, 25 fathoms tow^-netting, January 1st (night collection). Station 9, 
50 fathoms tow-netting, January 10th (day collection). Olf Sao Thome Island (lat. 0° 
34' N., long. G° 30' 4" E.), 20 fathoms tow-netting, January 23rd (day collection). Station 
23, 135 fathoms tow-netting, Eebruary 5th (day collection). 

Scolecithrix affiuis was obtained in thirteen of the tow-nettings, one only of which was 
a surface (night) gathering, the other twelve being under-surface, the depth of which 
ranged from 5 to 360 fathoms, and of which three were collected during the day and nine 
during the night, as in the formula : — 

f day collection. 

r 1 surface { -. • i . tv-v- 

m i.^- TO (_ 1 night ditto. 

Tow-nettmgs 13< ^ ° 

\\-2 under-surface/ 3 day collections. 


1 9 night ditto. 

7* 


52 MR. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTEACA 

ScoLECiTHRix LATIPES, n. sp. (PI. III. figs. 21-23 ; PI. V. figs. 40-43.) 

Temale. Length 8'2 mm. (l-8th of an inch). Body stout. Abdomen short, 4-jointed 

Porehead with a median keel extending round the front to the bifid rostrum. Anterior 

antennte rather longer than the thorax, 23jointed, sparingly setiferous (fig. 58). The 

proportional lengths of the joints are as shown in the formula : — 

35 . 5 . 5 . 5 . 5 . 5 ■ 11 ■ 5 . 5 . (i . 8 . 8 ■ 8 . 8 ■ 9 ■ 9 ■ 6 . 8 . 8 ■ (j . 9 . 10 . 7 
T 2~irT~5^6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 10 17 18 19 20 21 22 23' 

The posterior antennae, mouth-organs, and swimming-feet are somewhat as in Scole- 
cithrix I)ancp, but the anterior foot-jaws are strongly gibbous on the underside (PL V. 
fig. 42). The fifth pair of feet are simple, considerably dilated, especially towards the end, 
and are each furnished with three spines on the broadly-rounded apes ; the inner ^^voq, 
which is longer than the others, is finely serrate on the outer margin, the others are plain 
(PL III. fig. 22). Caudal stylets short, shghtly divergent, and furnished with four long, 
plumose, terminal setse. 

This form, of which only one or two specimens (females) were obtained, occurred in a 
gathering from 85 fathoms, collected February 5th at Station 23 (lat. 4° 26' T S., 
long. 10° V 8" E.). 

Scolecithrix latipes was readily distinguished from the other species of Scolecithrix by 
the pecuHar form of the fifth pair of feet, which are broad and leaf-like. 

Scolecithrix major, n. sp. (PL III. figs. 24-26 ; PL V. figs. 44, 45.) 

Female. Length 3 mm. (l-8th of an inch). Body elongate. The anterior foot-jaws 
are stout and the marginal lobes are furnished with long, spiniform, plumose, terminal 
setae ; all the sensory filaments are large with the exception of two, which are smaller and 
provided witli elongate acutely -pointed heads. The terminal spines of the swimming-feet, 
especially those of the third and fourth pairs, are coarsely toothed on the outer margin ; 
there are sixteen or seventeen large teeth along the margin. Fifth pair small, simple, 
2-jointed ; the last joint is about three times the length of the other, and armed with 
one moderately long terminal and one small subtermiual spine, while a long spiniform 
seta springs from near the middle of the inner margin. Abdomen long, composed of four 
segments, the first three nearly equal, the last much shorter. Caudal stylets short, about 
as long as the last abdominal segment ; apical sette four, plumose. 

Habitat. Lat. 1° 55' 5" N., long. 5° 55' 5" E., 460 fathoms (day collection, January 22nd). 

The form of the animal, the armature of the anterior foot-jaws, and the coarsely-toothed 
terminal spines of the swimming-feet are characters which distinguish this from other 
species of Scolecithrix. A considerable portion of the anterior antennte was wanting in 
the only specimen obtained. 

Scolecithrix tumida, n. sp.* (PL III. figs. 33-38.) 

? Scolecithrix ubyssalis, Giesbreclit, op. cit. p. 284, pL 13. figs. 15, 40, pi. 37. fig. 7. 

Female. Length 2-4 mm. Body somewhat robust ; forehead obtuse, with a small 

* This is probably the Scola-ithi-iv abi/ssalis of Giesbrechfc ; but, as there appear to be some difi'erences between his 


FEOM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 53 

rostrum ; jiostero-lateral angles of last thoracic segment rounded. Anterior antennre 
long, reaching to near the extremity of the abdomen, 21 -jointed and sparingly setiferous. 
The annexed formula shows the proportional lengths of the joints : — 

12 . 3 ■ 3 . 3 . ;i ■ 3 . 8 . 3 ■ 3 ■ 4 . 6 ■ ■ 7 ■ 7.8.7.7.7.6.8.11 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1(5 17^18~i9~2(rTl' 

Anterior foot-jaws stout ; four of the marginal lobes are each armed with a long 
setiferous spine and two sctce ; a number of slender sensory filaments spring from the end 
of the anterior foot-jaws as in other species of Scolccithrix. The terminal spines of the 
swimming-feet are finely toothed on the outer margin ; the arrangement of the marginal 
teeth of the terminal spines of the third and fourth j)airs differs from those of the second, 
as shown in figure 36. The fifth pair are small, somewhat dilated, and 1-jointed, armed 
with one terminal spine, a stout and prominent spine on the inner margin, and a small 
tooth on the outer margin (fig. 37). Abdomen short, stout, the last segment small. Caudal 
stylets short, the breadth about equal to the length, and furnished with one subterminal 
and three apical sette. 

Eabitat. Lat. 1° 55' 5" N., long. 5° 55' 5" E., 460 fathoms (January 22nd, day collection). 
Station 23, 85, and 235 fathoms (February 5th, day collection). 

Scolecithrix tumida is a rare species in the ' Buccaneer ' collections ; its robust form, 
the spinous armature of the anterior foot-jaws, and the dilated fifth pair of feet are 
characters that readily distinguish it from other species of Scolecithrix. 

Scolecithrix dubia, Giesbrecht. (PI. III. figs. 27-32 ) 

1892. Scolecithrix dubia, Giesbrecht, oj). cit. p. 281, pi. 13. fig. 29 a. 
1892. Scolecithrix simulans, Scott (!MS. uame). 

? Male. Length 1-6 mm. Body robust; abdomen of moderate length, 3-jointed, the 

middle segment rather shorter than the first or last. Anterior antennae reaching to 

about the end of the second abdominal segment, sparingly setiferous, composed of twenty 

joints, the eighth equal to the entire length of the preceding four, the last two elongate, 

slender. The formula shows the proportional lengths of the diflerent joints : — 

5. 5. 3.3. 3.3. 3. 12. 3. 5. 6. 7.7. 7.7.5 .5.4.8.0 
12 3 4 5 6 7 8 S) 10 11 12 13 14 15 10 17 18 19 20' 

The articulation between the sixteenth and seventeenth joints of the right antenna is 
imperfect and somewhat indistinct. The posterior antennae, mouth-ap^jendages, and 
first four pairs of swimming-feet nearly as in Scolecithrix Dcmce, except that the marginal 
lobes, especially the one nearest the apex, of the anterior foot-jaws bear elongate curved 
spines with ciliate inner margins ; the apex, as in Scolecithrix Dance, bears a number of 
hair-like filaments (fig. 29). The terminal spines of the swimming-feet are finely serrate 
on the outer and ciliate on the inner margins. The fifth pair are unequal; the (?) left 
consists of three joints ; the basal part of the elongate middle joint is considerably swollen 
and bears a (?) spiniform appendage on its inner aspect ; the inner angle at the distal end 

description and figures and the description and figures given in this Eeport, I leave the ' Buccaneer ' species as 
originally described. 


54 ME. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTEACA 

forms a produced lobe-like process ; the last joint small, curved imvard, and bearing a 
minute bent terminal spine. The (?) right foot is longer than the other and 5-jointed ; 
the first joint is about twice the length of the first joint of the (?) left foot, but the first 
and second joints of the (?) right are together scarcely equal to the length of the same 
joints of the other foot ; an elongate appendage — ? as long as the third joint — springs from 
the end of the second joint ; the third and fourth joints, which are subequal in length, are 
more slender than the preceding joint, and are together nearly equal in length to the 
first ; the fifth, which is scarcely so long as the fourth and appears to be connected with 
it by a hinged articulation, is ciliate on the inner edge. 

Habitat. Lat. 4° 26' 7" S., long. 10° 1' 8" E., in a tow-net gathering from 235 fathoms 
collected between 11 a.m. and 3.30 p.m. February 6th. 

This Scolecithrix somewhat resembles Amallophora in the form of the feet of the fifth 
pair, but differs in the number and proportional length of the joints. It also differs from 
any other Scolecithrix described in tliis Report in the proportional length of the joints of 
the anterior antenna;, the form of the anterior foot-jaws, and the fifth pair of feet. 


Subgenus Amallophora *. 

(Subgenus of Scolecithrix, Brady.) 
Anterior antennsB 20- to 23-joiuted. Mouth-organs and swimming-feet nearly as in 
Scolecithrix, except that the anterior foot-jaws are furnished with one or more appendages, 
each consisting of a bundle of filaments resembling a sheaf of corn in miniature. 
Fifth pair of feet in the male dissimilar, 1- or 2-branched, prehensile ; in the female 
siuiple, 1-branclied. 

Amallophora tvpica, n. sp. (PL III. figs. 39-lG ; PI. VI. figs. 1-1.) 

Length 2"7 mm. (about l-9th of an iuch). .Body elongate, moderately stout ; forehead 

rounded. Anterior antennai rather longer than the body, 20-jointed, and sparingly 

setiferous. The formula shows approximately the proportional lengths of the joints : — 

15 . 18 . 10 . 10 . 10 ■ 10 ■ 10 . 17 . C4 . 21 . 25 . 2G . 26 . 22 . 14 . 15 . 14 . 16 . 14 . 10 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 y 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20* 

The first seven joints bear short club-shaped appendages. Primary branch of the 
posterior antenna? short, secondaiy branch moderately long, the intermediate three very 
short (fig. 41). Mandible small, with a large 2-branched palp, one of the branches 2-, 
the other 4-jointed (fig. 42). Anterior foot-jaws stout, short, 4-jointed, first joint 
long, the second provided with an appendage bearing a large rounded cluster of curled 
filaments, and somcAvhat resembling a sheaf of corn in miniature ; third and fourth joints 
small and armed with a large spiniform and several small plumose setie (fig. 44). Posterior 
foot-jaws slender and elongate, 6-jointed, the first, second, and fourth joints long, the 
others very short and bearing a few seta;. The first four pairs of swimming-feet as in 
Scolecithrix ; the terminal spines are strongly serrate on the outer edge, those of the third 

* "A/i(u\Aa, a bundle or sheaf, aud ^epeu-, to carry. 


FKOM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 55 

pair considerably narrowed at the base. The fifth pair is simple, consisting^ of one short 
3-jointcd branch, which terminates in a small spine, and one very long" and slender 
branch, composed of four nearly equal parts, and bearing a ciliate digitiform process and 
a number of short sette at the apex. Abdomen short, tlie first segment rather narrower 
than tlie next ; the last is very small. The caudal stylets are also very short and somewhat 
divergent (PI. IV. fig. 4). 

Habitat. Lat. 1° 55' 5" N., long. 5^ 55' 5'' E., in a tow-net gathering from 35 fiithoms, 
collected January 22nd. Only one specimen of this curious form Avas obtained. 

Amallophora magna, n. sp. (PI. IV. figs. 5-9.) 

Female. Length about 4"5 mm. (2-lltlis of an inch). Body robust, attenuated towards 
the front, tlic first segment equal to the entire length of the other body-segments and 
abdomen; head produced into a distinct though small median keel, which passes round 
over the forehead (fig. 31). The postero-lateral angles of the last thoracic segment are 
produced ventrally into a small tooth. Anterior foot-jaws small; four of the marginal lobes 
are furnished with long terminal plumose setae, while the other forms the l)asc of a long 
setose spine; several small sensory filaments, some of which have rounded licads, spring 
from the extremity of the foot-jaw, as shown in fig. 0. The other mouth-organs and 
swimming-feet are similar to those in Scolec'dhrLv Daiicv, except that the large terminal 
spines of the swimming-feet are strongly toothed on the outer margin. Tlie fifth pair 
are very small, simple, 2-jointed; the second joint is nearly twice the length of the 
other and provided with one terminal and two submarginal setoe ; the terminal and one 
of the submarginal sette are long and slender, the other is very short (fig. 9). Abdomen 
short. 

Kahltat. Off Sao Thome Island, 20 fathoms, January 23rd (day collection). 

One specimen only of this curious form was obtained ; it wanted a considerable portion 
of the anterior antennae and part of the abdomen, but, though thus mutilated, the peculiar 
structure of the anterior foot-jaws and the large, strongly-toothed, terminal spines of the 
swimming-feet, together with the large size of the animal, readily distinguish this from 
allied species. No males were observed. 

Amallophoea dttbia, n. sp. (PI. IV. figs. 10-18.) 

Mule. Length 2-5 mm. (1-lOth of an inch). In this species the first cephalothoracic 
segment is nearly equal to the entire length of the other three body-segments and the 
abdomen. Anterior antennse about as long as the cephalothorax ; the right antenna is 
18-, the left 23-jointed ; in the right antenna, which is indistinctly geniculate at 
the proximal half (fig. 11), the seventh joint is composed of five and the fifteenth, of 
two coalesced joints; the first thirteen joints of the left antenna and the corresponding 
joints of the right have a row of elongate setae along the upper margin, each of which 
is fvu'nished with a membrane-like unilateral expansion or fringe as shown in the figure, 
but the remaining portion of the antenna? is only sparingly setiferous. The annexed 
formula shows the proportional lengths of the right and left antennce : — 


56 MR. T. SCOTT ON EXTOMOSTRACA 


Eight antenna. 


12. 4 


4 


.4 


4 


.4 


18 . 5 . 5 . 7 . 12 . 12 


. 11 . 10 . 12 . 5 . 8 . 9. 


1 2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 » 9 10 11 12 


13 14 15 16 17 18. 


Lett antenna. 


1-J . 4 


4 


4 


4 


4 


4.4.4.4.4.5.5 


7 . 13 . 13 . 13 . 12 . <; . (i . 5 . 


10 


10. 


1 2 


3 


4 


5 


6 


7 8 U 10 11 12 l::! 


14 15 1() 17 IS 19 20 21 


•*•> 


23. 


The mouth-organs are as in Scolccith^'lx, except that the anterior foot-jaws are each 
provided with two jieculiar appendages, consisting of a moderately stout filament bearing 
an oblong conical head, which appears to be composed of dense fibre-like tissue (fig. 13). 
The posterior foot-jaws are furnished at the extremity with a few hair-like papilliferous 
filaments (fig. 14). The swimming-feet are as in Scolecithrix, but the first four pairs 
difi"er in the form and amount of their armature (figs. 15, 16). The fifth pair has the 
second joint of the left foot elongate ; the basal part of the joint is greatly dilated, and is 
furnislied interiorly with a spiniform appendage which terminates in a small apical seta ; 
the third and fourth joints are small and slender ; both branches of the right foot are 
2-jointed and furnished with small digitiform terminal processes (fig. 17). The abdomen 
is composed of four segments, the first l)eiug rather shorter than the others. Caudal 
stylets short, each bearing four moderately long, plumose, terminal hairs (fig. 18). 

Habitat. Lat. 1° 55' 5" N., long. 5° 55' 5' E. In two gatherings, one from 360 fathoms 
and one from 160 fathoms. Collected during the middle of the day, January 22nd. 

Variety similis. (PL IV. figs. ]9-23.) 

This is a form which occurred along with the other in the gathering from 460 fathoms, 
and which, though closely resembling it, yet diff'ers in a few points. It resembles 
AmaUoj^hora dnbia, es^^ecially in the form of the fifth pair of feet, but differs considerably 
in the proportional length of the joints of the anterior antenute and of the segments of 
the abdomen, as will be observed by comparing the figures of the variety with those of 
the species. 

Amallophoka eobusta, n. sp. (PL IV. figs. 24-29.) 

Female. Length 3 mm. (l-8th of an inch). The body is robust, with a rounded forehead 
and a small rostrum. The anterior foot-jaws are jorovided with a number of terminal 
filaments, the majority of which are comparatively short and possess ovate conical heads, 
while three of them are stout and moderately long and resemble those in Scolecithrix 
(fig. 25). Posterior foot-jaws as in Scolecithrix, except that the first joint in each is 
furnished with a short and stout filament having an ovate pointed head like the smaller 
filaments of the anterior foot-jaws. The swimming-feet are similar to those of Amallo- 
fhora magna, but the terminal spines are long, and finely seri'ate on the outer edge, and 
plain on the inner edge. The fifth feet are small, simple, and 2-jointed; a large setose 
spine springs from the inner margin, and a small spiniform seta from the outer margin, 
of the last joint ; ^\hile a plain spine, smaller than that on the inner margin, springs from 
the inner part of the rounded ai^ex, as shown in. the figure (fig. 28). Abdomen comj^ara- 
tively small, 4-jointed, the segments subequal. Caudal stylets about half the length 
of the last abdominal segment, and furnished with four apical plumose setae. 


FEOM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 57 

mthitat. Station 23 (Lat. 4° 26' 7" S., long. 10° 1' 8" E.), in a gathering from 85 fathoms. 
Collected about midday, Eebruaiy 5th. 

One or two specimens only of this species were obtained. The armature of the anterior 
and posterior foot-jaws, the long and finely serrate terminal spines of the swimming-feet, 
and the form and armatiu-e of the fifth pair are characters by which this may be dis- 
tinguished from other allied species. 

Genus Euch^ta, Philippi. 

Eucliata, Philippi, Arcliiv f. Natiirgcsch. 1843; Dana, Proc. Amcr. Acad. Sci. 1849; Claus, 
Die fieilebcndeu Copepodeu, 1863 ; Brady, Report Cliall. Copep. 1883. 

Edch^ta maeina (Prestandrea, 1833). 

1843. Euclueta Prestandrea, Philippi, Arehiv. f. Naturgesch. Taf. iv. fig. 5. 

18G3. EuchcEta Prestundrece, Claus, Die freilebeudeii Copepodeu, p. 183, pi. v. fig. 12 a, pi. ix. 

figs. Q, 7, 9, 12, pi. XXX. figs. 8-17. 
1883. Euclueta Prestandreie, Brady, Report Chall. Copep. p. 60, pi. xvdii. figs. 7-15, aud pi. xix. 
1892. Euclueta marina, Giesbrecht, Fauna und Flora des Golfcs von Neapel (Copepoden), p. 262, 

pis. 1, 15, 16, 37. 

Habitat. Stations 2, 3, 9, 11, 14, 21, 24, aud others; also Lagoon, Sao Thome Island, 
surface tow-nettings. 

Euchceta, inarina was one of the commoner species observed in the collection. It 
occurred in lOG tow-nettings, 47 of which were surface-gatherings and 59 uuder-surface, 
ranging from 2 to 460 fathoms. 16 of the surface and 41 of the u.nder-surface tow-nettings 
Avere collected during the day, and 31 of the surface and 18 of the uuder-surface during 
the night, as represented in the formula : — 


J 16 day collections. 


... . n. r ^^ ''''"^''''^ ^ 31 night ditto. 

Tow-nettmgsl06<^ . ^^ " ,.^^ 

1 59 under-surface 1 ^^ '^^^ '^^"O" 
1 18 night ditto. 

A greater number of Euchceta marina carried ova than any other species of 
Calanidse in the ' Buccaneer ' collection. The clusters of ova somewhat resembled 
miniature bunches of grapes. 

ErcH^TA PULCHRA (Lubbock). 

1856. Undina pulcliru, Lubbock, Trans. Entom. Soc. iv. p. 14, pi. iv. figs. 5-8, pi. vii. fig. 6. 
1883. Euclueta pulchra, Brady, Report Chall. Copep. p. 63, pi. xiv. figs. 6-9, pi. xx. figs. 14-19. 

mihitat. Lat. 7° 33' N., long. 15° 18' W., 25 fathoms tow-netting, January 2nd (night 
collection). Lat. 2° 34' 9" N., long. 5° 22' 2" E., 20 fathoms, January 21st (night col- 
lection). Lat. 1° 55' 5" N., long. 5° 55' 5" E., 35 fathoms, January 22nd (day collection). 
Lat. 0° 25' 1" N., long. 6° 36' 6''E., 10 fathoms, January 24th (night collection). These are 
the only tow-nettings in which this Euchceta was observed, and a few specimens only were 
obtained . 

SECOND SERIES. — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VI. 8 


58 ME. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTEACA 

EucHiETA ATJSTRALis, Brady, (PI. VI. fig. 23.) 

1883. Euchceta australis, Brady, Report Chall. Copep. p. 65, pi. xxi. figs. 5-11. 
A single specimen of this species (a male) was obtained in a tow-net gatliering from 
50 fatlioms at Station 2 (lat. 7° 54' N., long. 17° 25' W.). Collected between 7.20 and 
8.20 p.m., January 1st. I have nothing to add to the description of this apparently rare 
species contained in the Report on the Copepoda of the ' Challenger ' Expedition, 
The species, after being dissected, was easily recognized by the description and figures of 
it in that Report. 

EucH^TA GiCAS, Brady. 

1883. Euchata gigas, Brady, loc. cit. p. 65, pi. xxii. figs. 1-5. 

This Euchceta was obtained in a tow-net gathering from a depth of 35 fathoms in 
lat. 1° 55' 5" N., long. 5° 55' 5" E. Collected during the day, January 22nd. Two or at 
most three specimens (females) were obtained. 

EucH^TA BARBATA, Brady. (PI. VI. fig. 17.) 

1883. Euchceta barbata, Brady, loc. cit. p. 66, pi. xxii. figs. 6-12. 

This 'Eucliceta was obtained in three different tow-net gatherings, in one from 50 
fathoms at Station 2, January 1st, in one from 360 fathoms in lat. 1° 55" 5' N,, long. 
5° 55' 5" E., January 22 nd, and in one from 30 fathoms, at Station 23, Eebruary 4-th. 

This remarkable species is readily distinguished from other EuclicetcB by the tufts of 
setae on the last abdominal segment, by the first abdominal segment being greatly dilated 
ventrally, and by the tufts of seta3 on the posterior angles of the last thoracic segment. 
Very few specimens (females) were obtained. 

ErCHiETA (?) Hessei, Brady, var. similis, nov. var. (PL VI. figs. 24 & 25.) 
1883. Euchmta Hessei, Brady, loc. cit. p. 63, pi. xx. figs. 1-13, pi. xxiii. figs. 11-14. 
Male. Length 2"2 mm. (l-12th of an inch). Body elongate, rounded in front; the 
postero-lateral angles of the last thoracic segment are produced in aculeate spines, as 
shown in fig. 1. Anterior antennae as long as the thorax, 21-jointed, geniculate at the 
twelfth joint ; the eighth and twelfth joints are composed of two or three coalesced 
joints and are indistinctly articulated ; the basal joints are furnished with leaf -like appen- 
dages, and a club-shaped filament springs from the end of the last joint. The annexed 
formula shows the proportional lengths of the joints : — 

10. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 3. 8. 3. 3. 4. 4. 5.6. 6. 6. 9. 14. 8. 8. 8 
1 2 3 4 5 G 7 8 y 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 IS 19 20 21 

Posterior antennae and mouth-organs similar to those of Euchceta marina, but 
the anterior foot-jaws, though small, are somewhat stout, as shown in fig. 4. Swimming- 
feet also as in that species, except that tlie terminal spines of the swimming-feet are 
more coarsely serrate — especially those of the third and fourth pairs, the serrations of 
which number about eighteen ; the secondary spines of the second pair are longer than 


TEOM THE GULF OF GUITs'EA. 59 

in the other swimming-feet. The fiftli pair (fig. 25) closely resemble those of Euchceta 
Sessei as figured in the ' Challenger ' Copepocla. Abdomen composed of four nearly 
equal segments. Caudal stylets very short, furnished with four long plumose hairs. 

Hahitcd. Lat. 1° 55' 5" N., long. 5° 55' 5" E., 460 fathoms (day collection, January 22nd). 

This comes very near Euchceta Sessei* and is possibly a form of that species. It 
differs in the following points : — It wants the prominent rostrum of Euchceta Hessei ; the 
posterior margin of the last thoracic segment bears on each side a small but distinct 
aculeate spine; it possesses small but stout anterior foot-jaws; the inner edge of the terminal 
spines of the swimming-feet is densely cilia te. The right foot of the fifth pair has no 
secondary appendage and terminates in a spiniform process ; the left foot has a very short 
inner appendage, and the last joint, which is elongate, is geniculate near the middle. 

No females were observed. 

Etjch.^ta hebes, Giesbrecht. (PI. VI. figs. 18 & 19.) 
1892. Euchceta hebes, Giesbrecht, op. cit. p. .263, pis. 15, 16, 37. 

Male. Length 2"7 mm. (l-9th of an inch). Body elongate, rostrum small. Anterior 
antennae not longer than the thorax, 22-jointed ; the second joint bears a number of small 
club-shaped appendages ; the upper margin of the eighth joint is produced near the 
distal end into a small digitiforni setiferous lobe ; the proportional lengths of the joints is 
shown in the annexed formula : — 

G. 5. 3. 3. 3. 4. 4. 9. 4. 4. 6. 6. 6. 7. 7. 8. 9. 8. 8. 9. 8. 11 


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 IS 19 20 21 22 

Posterior antennjB robust, the primary branch considerably shorter than the secondary. 
Mouth-organs as in Euchceta marina, except that the posterior foot-jaws are com- 
paratively short and stout. Swimming-feet nearly as in Euchceta marina ; the 
fifth pair are unequal in length ; the left is 2-branched, the outer branch 3-jointed, 
the last joint being long and slender, with a bluntly rounded extremity, the inner branch 
is 1-joiuted and as long as the first two joints of the outer branch ; the right foot, 
which has a small rudimentary inner branch, is shorter than the other and terminates in 
three processes ; one of these processes is stout, curved, and spiniform ; the second is 
oblong-ovate, somewhat truncate at the apex, and bears a dense fringe of cilia on the 
distal end of the inner margin ; tlie third is a strong, somewhat hook-like appendage, 
serrate on the inner edge. The whole forms a complicate apparatus with which the left 
foot probably interlocks. Abdomen elongate, of four nearly equal segments, the posterior 
margins of which are serrate. Caudal stylets very short, nearly obsolete, and furnished 
with four plumose setae — the third from the outside being considerably longer than the 
others. 

Mahitat. Station 2, 50 fathoms (night collection, January 1st). Station 9, 50 fathoms 
(day collection, January 10th). 

* This reference is to the description aud drawings of Eachnia J/csscl in the 'Challenger" Copepoda, as no Eucha;ta 
agreeing -with these was obtained in the ' Buccaneer ' collections, 

8* 


60 ME. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTRACA 

This species is closely allied to Euchceta marina, but differs in several important 
points and especially in tlie character of the fifth feet ; it also wants the prominent bifid 
rostrum of that species. No females were observed. 

Etjch^ta hebes, var. valida. (PI. VI. figs. 20-22.) 

A form, which may be only a variety of Euchceta hebes, occurred along with that 
species in a tow-net gathering from 50 fathoms at Station 2 (lat. 7° 54' N., long. 17° 25' W.). 
But while resembling Euchceta hebes in general form and in the form of the fifth feet, it 
differs in some of its structural details as well as by its much greater size. The following 
is a description of some of its more obvious differences : — 

Length (male) 5*7 mm., of which the body forms two-thirds and the abdomen one- 
third. Anterior antennte reaching somewhat beyond the last thoracic segment, 22- 
jointed, sparingly setiferous ; the eighth joint, which is longer than the preceding 
two together, and the seventeenth, eighteenth, and last are subequal, and are the longest 
joints of the antenna?. The proportional lengths of the joints are nearly as shown in the 
formtda : — 

12 . 12 . 5 ■ li ■ 7 . 8 . 9 ■ 19 ■ 6 ■ 8 ■ 11 ■ 10 . 13 ■ 14 ■ 15 ■ 10 . 19 ■ 19 ■ 16 ■ 16 ■ 15 ■ 19 
i 2 3 4 5 6 7 S 9 lU 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2,1 22" 

Between each of the large marginal teeth of the proximal half of the terminal spines 
of the second, third, and fourth swimming-feet there is a very small tooth ; it can only 
be satisfactorily distinguished by using a moderately high magnification (fig. 21). The 
second joint of the (?) right foot of the fifth pair is moderately short and considerably 
swollen, and bears interiorly at its distal end an appendage, the lengtli of which is rather 
greater than the elongate third joint ; the fourth joint is very slender and as long as the 
third, and terminates in a blunt-pointed extremity. The (?) left foot is 4-jointed, the 
first joint is short, the second and third elongate ; the last, which is comparatively short, 
ends in a complex trifid apparatus, somewhat similar to that of Euchceta hebes (fig. 22). 
Abdomen slender, the last segment about two-thirds the length of the preceding. Stylets 
short, thek breadth scarcely equal to the length ; the long seta — the third seta from the 
outside — of each is at least equal in length to the abdomen. 

Genus Candace, Dana. 

Candacia, Dana, Amer. Journ. Sci. 1846. 
Ifionyx, Kvoyer, Nat. Tidsskr. 1849. 
Candace, Dana, U. S. Expl. Exped. 1853. 

Candace pachtdactyla, Dana. 

1852. Candace pachyihtctyla, Dana, U. S. Expl. Exped. p. 1113, pi. Ixxviii. figs. 2a-b. 
1883. Candace pachydactyla, Brady, Report Cliall. Exped. p. 68, pi. xxxi. figs. 2-9. 

Habitat. Station 2, 5 fathoms tow-netting, January 1st (night collection). Lat. 4° 21' 
8'' N., long. 1° 57' W., surface tow-netting, January 14th (day collection). Station 24, 
10 fathoms, January 21st (night collection). Lagoon, Sao Thome Island, surface, 


FEOM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 61 

January 27tli (clay collection). Station 23, surface, 10, 20, 85, and 185 fathoms tow- 
nettings, February 5th (clay collection). Lat. S" 36' 8" S., long. 12° 57' E., surface, 
February 9th (clay collection). 

This Ccmdace was obtained from 57 tow-nettings, 24 of which were surface and 33 
under-surface gatherings ; 37 of the tow-nettings (16 surface and 21 under-surface) were 
collected during the day, and 20 (8 surface and 12 under-surface) were collected during 
the night, as shown in the formula : — 

16 day collection. 
8 nio'ht ditto. 


r24s surface 
Tow-nettino;s 57< .^_ . ..,, 

33 under-surface / ^^ ^^ ^"*^°- 

night ditto. 


■■»'■ 


{ 


The under-surface tow-nettings ranged in depth from 2 to 260 fathoms. Ccmdace 
pachyclactyla, as noted above, occurred in twice as many day surface as in night surface- 
gatherings ; its distribution in this respect is thus more or less the reverse of that of most 
of the species described in this Report. 

Candace pectinata, Brady. 

1878. Candace pectinata, Brady, Monog. Brit. Copep. i. p. 49, pi. viii. figs. 14, 15 ; pi. s. figs. 1-12. 
1883. Candace pectinata, Brady, Report Chall. Copep. p. 67, pi. xxx. figs. 1-13. 

Habited. Lat. 1° 55' 5" N., long. 5° 55' 5" E., 35 fathoms, January 22nd (day collec- 
tion). Station 23, surface tow-netting, February 5th (day collection). 
This Candace was of rare occurrence in the ' Buccaneer ' collections. 

Candace intermedia, n. sp. (PI. IV. figs. 30-37.) 
? Candace curta, Dana (1852), Crust. U. S. Espl. Expedition, 

Length, exclusive of tail-seta?, 2'46 mm. In form somewhat like Candace pectinata, 
Brady, but the posterior margin of the first thoracic segment is produced in the median 
dorsal line so as to form a distinct hump, which is usually of a chocolate- brown colour, 
while the surrounding integument is white or nearly so (fig. 56). The last thoracic 
segment (figs. 62, 63) is furnished on each side with four small hairs, the posterior one 
being the longest. The 16th, 17th, and 18th joints of the right male antennae are 
toothed in a manner somewhat similar to that of Candace pectinata, but the teeth on the 
18th joint (the joint on the distal side of the hinge) do not form a distinct beard-like 
fringe as in that species. The proportional lengths of the joints, especially of the right 
male antenna, differ from those of C. pectinata and are very nearly as in the annexed 
formula : — 

Male antenna}. 10 . 10 . 3 . 5 . 6 . 3 . 3 . 3 . 3 . 3 . 4 . 6 . 6 . 7 . 8 . (J . 10 . 10 . 10 . 6 . 5 . 6 . 8. 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 X3 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23. 
Female antennas. 10 . 10 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 3 . 3 . 3 . 3 . 3 . 5 . 5 . .5 . 7 . 7 . 9 . S . 9 . 7 . 5 . 4 . .5 . 6. 

The 17th joint in the male is usually dark-coloured. The mouth-organs and swimming- 
feet, except the fifth pair, resemble those of Candace pectinata. The fifth feet in the 
female are somewhat like those of Candace pachydactyla, but the terminal spines only 


62 ME, T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTEACA 

are dark-coloured ; the fiftli feet in the male are intermediate in form (fig. 35) between 
Candace pectinata and Candace pachydactyla. The abdomen in the female has the first 
segment stout and rounded — not "produced at each side into a triangular prominence," 
as in Candace pectinafa. The first segment in the male, however, is produced on 
the right side similar to that species. The posterior margin of all the abdominal 
segments is finely and distinctly serrate. Between the second and third setse of the 
caudal stylets (counting from the outside) there is a short stout spine, which was quite 
conspicuous in some of the specimens. 

This species is intermediate between Candace pectinata and Candace pachydactyla, 
but is readily distinguished from both by the characteristic dark-coloured dorsal hump 
described above. 

Habitat. Station 2, 5 fathoms, January 1st (night collection). Station 9, 50 fathoms 
(day collection). Lat. 1" 55' 5" N., long. 5° 55' 5" E., 36 fathoms, January 22nd (day 
coUectionj. Station 23, surface and 10 fathoms, February 5th (day collection). Lat. 7° 
5Ji' 6" S., long. 12° 14' 7" E., surface, February 9th (day collection). This species occurred 
in 16 tow-nettings, 9 of which were surface and 7 under-surface gatherings ; the under- 
surface tow-nettings were from 5 to 50 fathoms. The proportion of day to night 
eatherings in which it was observed is shown in the annexed formula : — 


f 2 day collections. 
17 


r 9 surface I 7 night ditto. 

Tow-nettmgs 16 <^ r a ^ ^•>.l. 

17 under-surfaceJ^' day ditto. 

I 3 night ditto. 

Candace intermedia, though restricted in its distribution, was nevertheless of frequent 
occurrence in some of the gatherings in which it was observed. 

Candace varicans, Giesbrecht. (PL IV. figs. 38, 39 ; PI. VII. figs. 7-10.) 

1892. Candace varicans, Giesbrecht, Faima und Flora des Golfes von Neapel (Copepoden), p. 439, 

pi. 22. figs. 22, 23. 
Candace tenuiremus, Scott (MS. name). 

Length, exclusive of tail-setce, 2"3 mm. Anterior antennse long and slender, reaching 
to the extremity of the abdomen, 21-jointed in the female, the right antenna in the male 
23-jointed ; the proportional lengths of the joints as in the annexed formula: — 

Male right antenna. 10 . 10 . 5 . 4 . . 7 . 3 . 4 . 3 . 3 . 4 . 4 . 8 . 7 ■ 8 . 8 . 6 . 13 . 11 . 13 . 7 ■ 6 . 8. 

1 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 1-5 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24. 
Female antenna . . . 12 . 10 . 4 . 4 . . 8 . 4 . 3 . 4 . 4 . 4 . 7 . 7 . 8 . 9 . 10 . 11 . 12 . 13 . 12 . 7 . 5 . 7 . 10. 

The 18th joint of the right male antenna (the joint on the proximal side of the hinge) 
is distinctly pectinate ; the 17th joint, which is about half the length of the 18th, is finely 
toothed, and the 19th has a fringe of small fine setse on the upper margin ; several of the 
basal joints bear strong marginal spines, and the 20th joint is as long as the following 
two joints together. The female antemiEe resemble those of Candace truncata. The 
mouth-organs and first four pairs of swimming-feet resemble those of other species of 
Candace. The 5th pair in the female 3-jointed, the last joint long, with three long, stout. 


FKOM THE GULF OF GriNEA. 63 

terminal setose spines, and a small spine on tlie exterior margin below the middle of tlie 
segment ; the 2nd joint has a stout seta on the exterior distal angle. The 5tli pair in the 
male are somewhat similar to those of Candace pectiuata and Candace pachydactyla; the 
left foot is 4-jointed, the penultimate bcmg longer than the others, and furnished 
with a fringe of hairs on the lower exterior margin and a small spine near the interior 
distal angle; the outer margin of the last joint has a fi'inge of hairs on the upper half and 
four spines (2 short, 1 long, and 1 intermediate) near the margin of the lower half. 
There is a small tuft of hairs and a spine on the inner aspect of the same foot ; the right 
foot termmates in a stout prehensile hand like Candace pect'mata. The posterior thoracic 
segment has the lateral angles produced into stout prominent spines, which in the male 
reach to near the end of the first abdominal segment. The abdomen in the male 5-, in 
the female 3-jointed; the first segment of the female abdomen is about as long as the 
other two together, stout and rounded, but not produced into angular processes as in 
Candace pect'mata. It resembles Candace trimcata in this respect, but the middle 
segment is much shorter than in that species. The abdomen of the female in the 
' Buccaneer ' specimens is dark-coloured — almost black, but only the stylets of the 
male abdomen are dark-coloured. The tail-setse are also dark-coloured and densely 
plumose. This species is intermediate between Candace pachydactyla and Candace 
triincata ; its chief distinctive characters seem to be the form of the anterior male 
antenna and of the male and female fifth feet. 

Hahltat. Lat. 1°55' 5" S., long. 5° 55' 5" E. It was obtained in two tow-nettings from 
this locality, one from 35 fathoms and one from 460 fathoms. The peculiar arrange- 
ment of the colour, together with its decided character, make the species, especially 
the females, quite conspicuous among their confreres. 

Candace truncata, Dana. 

1852. Candace truncata, Daua, Crust. U. S. Exj^lor. Exped. p. 1118, pi. Ixxviii. figs. 8 a-d. 

1863. 1 Candace fizA^ji/iosa, Claus, Die freilebendeu Copep. p. 191, pi. xxvii. figs. 9-16; pi. xxxiii. 

fig. 5. 
1883. Candace trimcata, Brady, Report ' Challenger ' Copep. p. 69, pi. xxviii. figs. 12-15 ; pi. xxix. 

figs. 1-14. 

Habited. Station 2, 25 fathoms tow-netting, January 1st (night collection). Lat. 1° 
55' 5" N., long. 5° 55' 5" E., 20 and 30 fathoms tow-netting, January 22nd (day collections). 
Off Sao Thome Island, lat. 0° 38' 6" N., long. 6° 25' 8" E., 20 fathoms tow-netting, 
January 23rd (day collection). Station 23, surface tow-netting, February 5th (day 
collection). 

Candace truncata was a somewhat rare species in the ' Buccaneer ' collection, the 
tow-nettings described above being the only ones in which it was observed. It never- 
theless appears to have a wide distribution. 


64) MR. T. SCOTT OX ENTOMOSTEACA 

Genus Mormonilla, Giesbrecht (1891). 
Corynuropis, Scott (MS. 1892). 

Resembles Corynura, Brady, in general appearance but differs in the following 
details : — 

1st. The body becomes gradually narrower posteriorly, so that the thorax and abdomen 
are not clearly defined the one from the other. 

2nd. The secondary branch of the posterior antennae is multiarticulate. 

3rd. The maxillae are provided with a well-developed bilobed palp. 

4th. The anterior foot-jaws are large and resemble those of Hemicalanus longicornis, 
Claus. 

5th. The posterior foot-jaws, which are fui'nished with a number of marginal setse, are 
2-jointed, the apical joint being comparatively short (fig. 17). They resemble neither 
Acartia nor Corynura. 

6th. The outer branches of the first four pairs of swimming-feet are 2-, and the inner 
branches 1-jointed, except the first and second pairs, which appear to have the inner 
branches very indistinctly 2-joiuted. 

7th. In the female the fifth pair of feet is absent or obsolete. Male unknown. 

These differences, especially the 3rd, 5th, and 7th, are too important to allow of the 
' Buccaneer ' specimens being ascribed to Corynura, even though the general resem- 
blance is very striking. 

MoBMONiLLA PHASMA, Giesbrecht. (PI. VII. figs. 11-21.) 

1892. Mormonilla phasma, Giesbrecht, Fauna uiid Flora des Golfes von Neapel (Copepoden), p. 536, 

pi. 43. figs. 28-32, 3-1-41. 
1892. Corynuropis tenuicaudatus, Scott (MS. name). 

Female. Length 1-7 mm. Body elongate-pyriform, composed of five segments, the first 
equal to the combined length of the other body-segments and abdomen; forehead narrowly 
rounded. Anterior antennae slender, 5 -jointed, and bearing a number of long plain 
setEe, especially at the extremity, where there are six or seven of considerable length ; the 
second and fourth joints are subequal and fully twice the length of the third joint, as 
shown by the annexed formula : — 

Anterior antenna;. 14 . 20 . . 23 . 14 
I 2 3 4 W 

The basal joint of the posterior antennae short ; the primary branch moderately stout, 
2-jomted ; the end joint about three-fourths the length of the first ; the integument of both 
partly covered with fine cilia. Secondary branch rather longer than the first joint of the 
primary branch, 8-jointed; all the joints small except the first, which is nearly equal to 
the entire length of the next three ; the last joint of the principal branch and all the 
joints of the secondary one are furnished with very long plumose setse (fig. 13). 
Mandibles with a broad dentate biting part ; the principal branch of the palp is furnished 
with long aculeate sette, and the small secondary branch with plumose setae (fig. 14). 


FEOM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 65 

The maxillte are well developed and provided witb a stout bilobed palp — one lobe 
bearing long plumose, the other aculeate setae (tig. 15). Anterior foot-jaws large, 
5-jointed, the first joint about twice the lengtli of the remaining portion, the three apical 
joints very sliort ; the third and fourth joints bear each one, and the last thi-ee, 
moderately long aculeate setae ; the anterior foot-jaws are also provided with four 
marginal setiferous lobes — three on the first joint and one on the proximal end of the 
second. Posterior foot-jaws smaller, 2-jointed, and bearing several stout marginal and 
terminal setae ; the last joint is comparatively short (fig. 17). The last joint of the outer 
branches of the first four pairs of swimming-feet are each provided with a long slender 
terminal spine, very finely serrate on the outer and ciliate on the inner edge, and also 
with several long plumose seta; ; the inner branches, which are shorter than the outer, 
bear two long terminal setse, and a sub terminal one. In the first pair, which differ from 
the others, the exterior margin of the outer branch is armed with three stout spines and a 
subterminal spiniform seta, while the interior margin of the inner branch bears three 
processes resembling somewhat the dilated bases of rudimentary hairs. The inner 
margin of the second basal joint is also armed with several short spines (fig. IS). 
Abdomen slender, 3-jointed, the middle segment scarcely half the length of either the 
first or third. Caudal stylets very slender, once and a half the length of the abdomen, 
bearing each four long terminal setae, and a small subterminal seta exteriorly, while a 
moderately long seta springs from the outer margin and near the base of each stylet, as 
shown in figure 21. 

Rabitat. Lat. 1° 65' 5" N., long. 5° 55' 5" E., 360 fathoms, tow-net gathering. Collected 
during the day, January 22nd. Temperatuj-e of the water about 43° F. Lat. 4° 24' 7" S., 
long. 10 1' 8" E., in tow-net gatherings from 235 fathoms and 185 fathoms. Collected 
between 11 a.m. and 3.30 p.m., February 5th. Temperature of the water at 200 fathoms 
55° E. A considerable number of specimens were obtained in the first of the three 
ffatherinajs. No males were observed. 

This species has a close general resemblance to Corymira gracilis, Brady, and I was at 
first incHued to ascribe it to that genus, but a further study of the structure of the animal 
showed that there were differences between it and Qorijnura so important as to make its 
position in that genus untenable (see remarks to description of genus, p. 61). 

Genus Acartia, Dana. 

Acartia, Dana, Amer. Journ. Sci. 1846 ; Brady, Report ' Chall/ Coi^ep. 1883. 

Dias, Lilljcborg, Crust, ex. ord. trib. 1853 ; Glaus, Die freilebend. Copep. 1863 j Boeck, Oversigt Norg. 
Copep. 1864 ; Brady, Monogr. Brit. Copep. 1878. 

Acartia laxa, Dana. 

1852. Acartia laxa, Dana, Crust. U.S. Expl. Exped. p. 1123, pi. Ixxix. figs. 5 a-c. 
1883. Acartia laxa, Brady, Report ' Chall.' Copep. p. 73, pi. xxxii. figs. 1-11. 

Habited. Station 2, 25 fathoms, tow-netting, January 1st (night collection). Station 9, 
50 fathoms, January 10th (day collection). Ofl' Sao Thome Island (lat. 0° 38' 6" N., 

SECOND SERIES. — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VI. 9 


66 ME. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTEACA 

long. 6° 25' 8" E.), 20 fathoms, January 23rd (day collection). Station 22, 20 fathoms, 
February 4th (day collection). Lat. 5° 55' 1" S., long. 11° 30' 7" E., surface, Eebruary 
18th (night collection), &c. 

Acartia laxa was observed in 38 tow-nettings, 11 of which were surface and 27 under- 
surface gatherings. The under-surface tow-nettings ranged in depth from 5 to 235 fathoms. 
Eour of the surface and 19 of the under-surface gatherings were collected during the day, 
while 7 surface and 8 u.nder- surface gatherings were collected during the night, as 
shown in the formula : — 


f 4 day collections. 


11 surface \ ^ -^^^ ^^^^0. 

Tow-ncttin2:s- 38 ^ , "^ . 

27 under-surface \ ^^ "^^^ ^^^"0. 
J- 8 night ditto. 

Acartia laxa was of frequent occurrence in nearly all of the tow-nettings in which it 
was observed. 

AcAiiTiA DENTICORNIS, Brady. 

1883. Acartia denticornis, Brady, op. cit. j). 73, pi. xsxi. fig. 1, pi. xxxii. figs. 12-17. 

Habitat. Lagoon, Sao Thome Island, surface tow-netting, January 27th (night col- 
lection). Libreville, Gaboon River, surface, January 28th (day collection). Lat. 4° 40' 
S., long. 10° 25' 2" E., surface, Eebruary 5th (night collection). Bananah Creek, Congo 
Ptiver, surface, Eebruary 7th (day collection). Loanda Harbour, surface, Eebruary 13tli 
(day collection). 

The distribution of Acat'tia denticornis within the area dealt with in this Report appears 
to have been more restricted than Acartia laxa ; it was also more confined to inshore and 
surface gatherings than was that species. It is interesting to note that this apparent 
preference of A. denticornis for localities more or less inshore is borne out to some extent 
by the ' Challenger ' records, where the following statement occurs (loc. cit. p. 74) : — 
" Abundant in Hilo Harbour, Sandwich Islands (August 1875) ; one or two specimens 
noted in a gathering from the Philippine Islands and (?) in the Atlantic, north of Tristan 
d'Acunha." 

Acartia denticornis was obtained in 14 of the ' Buccaneer ' tow-nettings — all of them 
surface gatherings. Eight of the tow-nettings were day and 6 were night collections. 
The specific gravity of the water in which it occurred varied from 1*0255 to 1-0087. 

ACABTIA PLUMOSA, u. sp. (PI. VII. figs. 22-32.) 

Length 1'2 mm. Body elongate-ovate, somewhat rounded in front; the rounded 

postero- lateral angles of the last thoracic segment bear a number of small spines. 

Anterior antennae about as long as the cephalothorax, those of the female 20-jointed and 

furnished witli numerous plumose setae ; the annexed formula shows the proportional 

lengths of the joints ; — 

18 ■ 11 . lU ■ U . 12 . 8 . 8 ■ 5 . 13 . 11 . 15 ■ 15 . 1.5 ■ ]2 . 14 ■ 15 ■ 10 ■ 18 ■ 10 ■ 8 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 y 10 11 12 13 14 15 It) 17 18 19 2o' 


FROM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 67 

The male right antenna is 17-joiute(l ; the 11th, 12th, and 13th appear to be each 
composed of two coalesced joints, indistinctly hinged between the 12th and 13th joints, both 
of which are ciliate on the upper margin. On the proximal side of the hinge there is 
one and on the distal side three short stout spines, as shown in fig. 8. Posterior antennae 
and mouth-organs as in Faracartia spinicaiidata. The length of the joints of the inner 
branches of the first pair of swimming-feet is about equal, while the first joint of the 
outer branch is mvich stouter and once and a half the length of the next. The 
inner branch of the fourth pair is slender, the first joint of which reaches nearly to the 
middle of the second joint of the outer branch; the last joint of the outer branch is 
much smaller than either of the other two joints ; the terminal spines are long and slender 
(fig. 27). The fifth pair in the female are each furnished with two long setae, one of 
which is submarginal and plumose and one apical ; the basal part of the plain apical seta 
is considerably dilated and gibbous (figs. 29, 30). The right fifth foot in the male is 
much longer than the other, and the penultimate joint, which is shorter than either the 
preceding or following joints, is produced interiorly into an elongate protuberance ; the 
last joint of the left foot is armed with a large spine on its inner aspect ; each foot termi- 
nates in a short stout spine, and the first joint of both is furnished with a long plum se 
seta on the outer margin (fig. 30). In the abdomen of the female the first segment is 
about once and a half the length of the next and fully twice the length of the last 
segment ; the first and second segments are sparingly dentate on the posterior margin 
(tig. 31). Caudal stylets longer than the last, and nearly as long as the penultimate, 
abdominal segment ; caudal setae as in Acartia Clausi. The first segment in the male 
abdomen is considerably narrower than those that follow. The caudal stylets are about 
three-fourths the length of those of the female and not longer than the last abdominal 
segment, and furnished with setae as in the female (fig. 32). 

Habitat. Bananah Creek, Congo River, in a surface gathering collected at noon, 
Eebi'uary 7th; the specific gravity of the water when the gathering was made was 
1"00870 ; and in Loanda Harbour, in two surface gatherings collected in the seaward part 
of the Harbour during the afternoon of the loth February. The surface temperature 
of the water was about 79° P. 

Acartia plumosa somewhat resembles Acartia discandata (Giesb.), especially in the 
male right anterior antennae and fifth pair of feet, which are quite prominent in adult 
specimens. 

Acartia Clausi, Giesbrecht. (PL VII. figs. 33-40.) 

1889. Acartia Clausi, Giesbreclit, Rendicouti R. Accad. d. Liucei, vol. v. fasc. 11. 
1892. Acartia gahoonensis, Scott (MS. name). 

Length fully 1 mm. Viewed doi'sally the body is oblong-ovate, the forehead is broadly 
triangular, almost truncate, with the lateral angles somewhat produced ; the last thoracic 
segment has the postero-lateral angles rounded. Anterior antennae nearly as long as the 
thorax, those of the female, which are 21-jointed, are sparingly setiferous, except towards 
the extremity, where the last five joints bear moderately long plumose setae ; a plumose seta 

9* 


68 ME. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTRACA 

also springs from the 8th and 12th joints, counting from the end. The proportional 
lengths of the joints are nearly as shown in the formula: — 

34 ■ 8 . 10 . G ■ 11 . 16 . 14 . 15 . 15 . 13 ■ 11 . 16 . 15 ■ 18 . 15 ■ 15 . 17 . 9 ■ 16 ■ 10 . 6 
12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21' 

The jointing of the proximal half of the antennae was somewhat indistinct and required 
a high power of the microscope and careful focussing to make out the articulations. 
The right anterior antenna of the male is 15-jointed, and hinged between the 11th and 
12th joints; both of these joints are fringed with small teeth on the upper margin, while 
a moderately stout spine springs from the jiroximal end of the 12th joint (fig. 35) ; the 
male antennoe are sliorter than those of the female, and are provided with a greater 
number of plumose setse. The posterior antennae and mouth-organs resemble those of 
Paracartia spiiiicaudata. The first four pairs of swimming-feet also resemble those of that 
species. The fifth pair in the female have the apex subtriangular and are each furnished 
interiorly with an elongate stout spine, serrate on the inner margin of the distal half 
and exteriorly with a long plumose seta (fig. 31). In the male the fifth pair are com- 
paratively short and stout, as in Acartia denticornis, Brady ; the proximal joint of each 
is furnished on the exterior margin with a long plumose seta (fig. 38). Abdomen in the 
female short, stout, and composed of three segments ; the first is longer than both the 
other two together, the second is about equal in length to the third ; the posterior margin 
of the first and second joints is fringed with small teeth. The caudal stylets are some- 
what longer than the last abdominal segment, and are each provided with six plumose 
setfB arranged as follows : — one, strongly curved, near the middle of the exterior margin ; 
one subterminal ; three terminal, tlie middle one being much longer than any of the 
others ; and one (small) on the lower half and near the inner margin of the stylet. The 
abdomen in the male is composed of five segments ; the first is rather narrower than the 
next, and the penultimate one is very short. The stylets are shorter than those of the 
female, but the number and arrangement of the plumose sette are similar (fig. 34). 

Habitat. Lil^reville, Gaboon River, in a surface gathering collected at midday, January 
28th. The surface temperature of the water was 83°'l P., and the specific gravity 1'02301. 

This Acartia resembles Acartia denticornis, Brady, in several of its characters, but 
differs in some important points, especially in the armature and proportional length of 
the joints of the male right anterior antenna and in the form of the male and female 
fifth feet and abdomen. 

Subgenus Paracartia, n. subgen. 

Near Acartia, Dana, but differing very markedly in the form of the fifth pair of feet, 
wliich in the female are each armed with a stout curved spine ; in the male the fifth pair 
are large and unsymmetrical, that of the left side being about half the length of the 
right ; the male right antenna has also the joints of the proximal half somewhat tumid, 
as in Pontella. 


FEOM THE GULF OF GULS'EA. 69 

PaRACARTIA SPINICAUDATA, 11. sp. (PL VIII. figs. 1-11.) 

Female. Length 1-25 mm. Ceplialotborax elongate, rather tumid, rounded in front, 

the postero-lateral angles of the last thoracic segment acute. Anterior antenna as long 

as the cephalothorax, 20-jointed, and hearing a number of long plumose setaj distrilnited 

as follows— one on each of the 2nd, 3ixl, 1th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 13th, 15th, IGth, and 18th 

joints, two (one smaller than the other) on the 19th, and five on the last joint. The 

7th joint is about as long as all the preceding three together ; the 12th and last joints 

are shorter than the others. The proportional lengths of the joints are nearly as in the 

annexed formula : — 

30 . 16 ■ 9 . 13 . 11 . 9 . 30 ■ 15 . 10 . 15 . 15 . 12 . 6 . 14 ■ 12 . 16 . 13 ■ 15 ■ U ■ 7 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20" 

Posterior antennae, mouth-organs, and first four pairs of swimming-feet as in Acartia 
luxa, except that the last joint of the outer branch of the first swimming-feet has the 
lower exterior surface setose. Pifth pair of feet small, 1-branched, the basal part 
short and tumid and furnished Avith a stout curved spine, the distal half of which is 
strongly toothed on both margins ; exteriorly and close to the spine and about a third of 
its length is a small plain seta ; the right and left branches are alike. Abdomen short, 
3-jointed ; tlie first segment is somewhat triangular in form and has the distal end 
fully twice the breadth of tlie next segment ; it is also longer than both the second and 
last segments together. Caudal stylets short and broad, rather longer than the last 
abdominal segment, each stylet armed with a prominent and strong terminal spine and 
two setae, one on each side of the spine ; there are also two setse on the exterior margin 
of the stylets, and a third, Avith a distinct basal part, a little above the inner of the two 
terminal setae. The terminal spines, which are about double the length of the stylets, 
and all the setae, except the one last described, are plumose. 

Rubltat. Eananah Creek, Congo Eiver, in one surface tow-nettiug collected at noon 
and in another collected at 4.30 p.m. February 7th, 1886. Several specimens, all females, 
were obtained in these two tow-nettings. 

The more obvious characters which serve to distinguish this species are the fifth 
feet and the peculiar form of the abdomen. 

Pakacautia dubia, n. sp. (PL VII. tigs. 41, 42 ; PL VIII. figs. 12-15.) 

Male. Length about 1-2 mm. Body elongate, broadly subtriangular in front, and 

rounded posteriorly, composed of five segments ; head indistinctly separated from the 

thorax. Anterior antennae about as long as the body, that of the left side provided with 

a number of moderately long setae, 20-jointed, the proportional lengths of the joints being 

nearly as shown in the formula : — 

16 ■ 14 ■ 6 ■ 5 ■ 5 . 8 . 10 . 10 . 12 . 11 ■ 9 ■ 20 ■ 20 . 15 . 12 . 16 . 11 . 1 8 . 10 . 8 
~1 2" 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18^ 19 20" 

The proximal half of the right antenna, which bears several long plumose hairs, 
has the lower portion somewhat dilated ; there is a hinged articulation between the fifth 


70 ME. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTEACA 

and sixth joints, counting from the end. The sixth joint, which is nearly as long as the 
remaining' portion of the antenna, has a rounded excavation on the upper edge and near 
the proximal end; the lower side of the excavation is produced into a stout tooth-like 
lobe ; the fifth joint, still counting from the end of the antenna, is about half the length 
of tlie preceding, and bears a styloid process on its upper margin and a long plumose 
seta at the upper distal angle ; the ultimate and penultimate joints are also furnished 
Avith a number of long plumose setae (PI. VII. fig. 42). The posterior antennae and 
mouth-organs as in Paracartia spinicaudata. The first four pairs of swimming-feet 
similar to those of Acartia. The fifth pair is largely develojied, that of the right side 
large, 4-jointed, the first and second joints stout, the other two slender, elongate; the 
fourth joint appears as if it were articulated to the side of the third. There is a stout 
digitiform process on the inner side of the upper half of the second joint, and near the 
middle of the third joint the outer margin is produced into a bluntly triangular lobe ; the 
last joint bears an apical appendage, the basal part of which is tumid, the extremity 
slender and setiform. The right foot has an inner rudimentary second branch composed 
of one joint about equal in length to the first joint of the outer branch. The left foot, 
which is stout, scarcely reaches to the middle of the second joint of the principal branch 
of the right foot, and appears to be 3-jointed ; the second joint is furnished with a 
membraneous, curved (?) sexual process, as shown in figure 9. Abdomen composed of five 
segments, the first short, of greater width than the next, the outline of the sides rounded 
(PL VIII. fig. 15) ; the second and third joints are long, while the combined length of 
the fourth and fifth is scarcely equal to the third. The stylets are somewhat longer 
than the last abdominal segment, and have the third apical seta, counting from the 
outside, considerably longer than any of the others. 

Habitat. Loan da Harbour, in material collected with surface tow-net, on the afternoon 
of Pebruary 15th. Several specimens, males only, were obtained. 

As females only of Paracartia spinicaudata, and males only of P. dubia, were obtained 
in the tow-net gathering from Loanda Harbour, it is just possible that they may both 
belong to the same species, but the difference between the two is so considerable and so 
marked that it seems better, for the present at least, to describe them under separate 
names. 

A species described and figured by I. C. Thompson in the ' Proceedings of the 
Liverpool Biological Society,' vol. ii. p. Ill (1888), as Acartia verrucosa, resembles 
somewhat the Paracartia spinicaudata of this Report ; but the difference in the form of 
the fifth feet and in other important details is great enough to render them at least 
specifically distinct. 

Genus iEiiDius, Brady. 

Aitidtus, Brady, Report ou the Copepoda of the ' Challenger' Expedition, 1883. 

J^TiDius AiiMATUS, Brady. 

1883. ALitdhis armatus, Brady, Report ' Chall.-" Copep. p. 7G, pi. x. figs. 5-16. 

Habitat. Station 2, 5 fathoms tow-netting, January 1st (night collection). Lat. 3° 58' 


FEOM THE GTJLF OF GUINEA. 71 

N., long. 3° 42' W., 50 fathoms, January 13tli (day collection). Lat. 3° 55' 3" N., long. 
4° 7' 3" E., 30 fathoms, January 20th (day collection). Off Sao Thome Island (lat. 0" 34" 
N., long. 6'' 31' 6" E.), 20 fatlioms, January 23rd (day collection). Station 3, 135 fathoms, 
Fehruary 5th (day collection). 

JEtidius armatus occurred in 19 toAV-nettings, all of which -were under-surface col- 
lections and ranged in depth from 5 to 460 fathoms ; 2 of the tow-nettings were collected 
during the night, the other 17 were day collections. With one exception, all the 
tow-nettings were from 20 fathoms or more, and eleven of them from 50 fathoms and 
over. The difference between the bathymetrical distribution of this species and of Acartia 
denticornis is very marked, the Acartia having been observed only in surface gatherings. 
The distribution of ^tidius was nearly coextensive with the area examined, aud 
in some of the tow-nettings it was of comparatively frequent occurrence. The strong 
curved rostrum, and the sj)inous and strongly produced lateral angles of the last 
thoracic segment, are so conspicuoiis as to make the species readily distinguished from 
other Copepoda. It was obtained at five of the ' Challenger ' stations, one of which 
(Station 348, lat. 3 10' N., long. 14 51' W.) was in the vicinity of the area traversed by 
the ' Buccaneer.' 

iETiDius ARMiGER (Gicsbrecht). (PI. VIII. figs. 16-27.) 

1892. Gaetanm armiger, Giesbrecht, Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel (Copepoden), p. 224, 
pi. xiv. figs. 19, 20, 22, 26, 28, pi. xxxvi. figs. 2, 6. 

Female. Length, exclusive of tail-setae, 2*6 mm. (about 1-lOtli of an inch). The male is 

rather smaller than the female. Body robust, composed of four segments, the first 

segment more than twice the entire length of the other three, rounded anterioi-ly and 

furnished with a prominent sharp-pointed rostriim. The postero-lateral angles of the 

last thoracic segment are produced backward into spiniform processes as long as the 

first abdominal segment. Anterior antennae reaching to the extremity of the abdomen, 

alike in both sexes, and composed of 24 joints, which are sparingly setiferous ; the 

prof brtional lengths of the joints nearly as in the formula : — 

!) ■ (i ■ 3 ■ 3 ■ 3 ■ 3 ■ 4 ■ ■ .3 ■ .3 . 4 ■ 6 ■ .5 ■ 6 . 7 ■ 7 ■ T ■ t) ■ 8 ■ 7 . 8 ■ 8 . 7 . 3 
1 1' 3 4 5 (i 7 8 'J 10 11 12 13 14 1-5 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24' 

The basal joint of the posterior antennte wants the three setae shown in Brady's figure 
of u'Etidiiis armatus ; the first joint of the secondary branch is small, the second larger, 
the third, fourth, and fifth small and bearing each a long plumose seta ; the sixth joint 
is fully one third the length of the whole branch, and furnished with one plain and three 
long plumose terminal setae. Mandibles and maxillae as in ^E. armatus ; one of the two, 
small intermediate digits of the maxilla-palp terminates in a spiniform plumose seta. 
Foot-jaws also similar to those of ^TJtidius armatus, except that the two outer marginal 
lobes of the anterior foot-jaw terminate each in a stout elongate spine, ciliate on the 
inner edge ; and the inner distal angle of the basal joint of the second foot-jaw forms a 
blunt, rounded process, the end of wliich is ciliate and bears a few setae (fig. 22). The 


72 MR. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTRACA 

lirst four pairs of swimming-feet resemble those of ^tidius armatus, except that the 
second joint of the inner branch of the second pair is shorter than the other. Fifth pair 
in the male small, each composed of a basal joint and two 1-jointed branches ; the outer 
branch is comparatively large and bears two small unequal teeth at the extremity ; the 
inner branch is small and rudimentary, with a rounded end. Abdomen in both sexes 
composed of five (?) segments, the last segment very small, the other segments in the male 
al)domen subequal ; in that of the female the first segment is large and tumid, the 
second smaller, while the third and fourth are about equal and smaller than the second. 
Caudal stylets short and broad, and furnished with four long and two very small 
terminal plumose setse. 

HaUtat. Lat. 1° 55' 5" N., long. h° 55' 5" E., 360 and 460 fathoms, January 22nd 
(day collection). Station 23, 135 fathoms, February 5th (day collection), ^tkl'ms 
armiger, of which only two or three specimens have been obtained, is quite distinct 
from ^. armatus, being readily distinguished by the difference in the form of the male 
fifth feet, and by the peculiar spiny armature of the forehead and last thoracic segment. 

Genus Clausocalanus, Giesbrecht, 1888. 
Drepanopus, Brady (in part). 

Clausocalanus fukcatus (Brady). 

1883. Drepanopus furcatus, Brady, Report of the ' Challenger ' Copepoda, p. 77, pi. iv. figs. 1 & .2 ; 

pi. xxiv. figs. 12-15. 
1892. Clausocalanus furcatus, Giesbrecht, Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel (Copepodeu) , 

p. 194, pi. xxxvi. figs. 32, 33, 35. 

Hahltat. Station 2, 25 fathoms (night collection), January 1st. Lat. 3° 58' N., long. 
3° 42' W., 25 fathoms (day collection), January 13th. Off Sao Thome Island (lat. 
O'^ 34' N., long. 6" 30' 4" E.), 10 fathoms, January 23rd (day collection). Station 23, 
10 fathoms, February 5th (day collection). Lat. 6° 39' 5" S., long. 11° 24' 7" E.. surface, 
February 8th (night collection), &c. 

This species occurred in 20 tow-nettings, 3 of which were surface and 17 under-surface 
gatherings. The under-surface gatherings were from various depths ranging from 2^ to 
50 fathoms. The 3 surface tow-nettings were night collections ; 11 of the under- 
surface were day and were night collections, as shown by the formula : — 

rno day collections. 

..• onf ^'^'"^^^^ I 3 night ditto. 

Tow-nettmgs 20< ^„ , "^ ,., 

1 17 under-surface Pl ^^^y ^1^*^. 

L 6 nisht ditto. 


Clausocalanus latipes, n. sp. (Provisional name.) (PL VIII. figs. 28-37.) 
Female. Anterior antennse long and slender, provided with a very few short setae and 


FEOM THE GITLF OF GUINEA. 73 

composed of 23 joints, the proportional lengths of the joints being nearly as shown in 
the formula : — 

3.5.2.2.2.2.2.4.2.2.3.3.4.4.4.4. 4. 4.4.4.4.5.6 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 iTTS 19 20 21 22 23' 

The posterior antennae nearly as in Drepaiwjms pectinalas. Mandibles well developed, 
strongly dentiferous on the biting-edge, and furnished with a large two-branched palp 
one branch being 2-, the other '1-jointed (fig. 29). Anterior foot-jaws 4-jointed, the last 
two very small; marginal lobes six, tive of tliem large, each with two (or three) plumose 
terminal setae; the other small, forming the base of a single plain seta; three plain 
sette spring from the last joint of this foot-jaw. The posterior foot-jaws are 7-jointed ; 
the first and second joints are large, subequal, and longer than the entire length of the 
next three ; the third to the last joints are small and furnished with a few plumose hairs 
(fig. 31). First pair of swimming-feet similar to those of Drepanopus pect'matits, but 
there are longer spines on the outer distal angles of the first two joints of the outer 
branch, and the inner distal angle of the second basal joint tei'minates in a short spine 
instead of a plumose hair. The three following pairs are also similar to Drepanopvs 
pectinatus, except that the distal margin of the second basal joint is strongly denticulated 
in the second pair, and in the third 2iair is furnished with a few large spiuiform teeth ; the 
tei'minal spines of the outer branches are long and broad, and finely serrate on the outer 
margin. The fifth pair are robust, simple, and composed of two 2-jointed branches of 
unequal length ; in the short branch the last joint is much smaller than the other and 
terminates in three conical tooth-like prolongations ; in the other branch, which is at 
least twice the length of the short one, the last joint is rather longer than the first, and 
bears a small spine near the middle of the outer margin and three spiniform teeth at the 
extremity (fig. 35). The abdomen is composed of four segments, the first longer tlian 
the others, the next two subequal, the last small. Caudal stylets about as long as the 
last abdominal segment and bearing four plumose terminal hairs. 

Habitat. Lat. 1° 55' 5" N., long. 5° 55' 5" E., 35 fathoms. 

One specimen only of this species has been obtained ; it appears to be a female. While 
agreeing with Drepanopxis in its more important details of structure, Clausocalanus 
latipos differs from both the species described in the Report on the ' Challenger ' 
Copepoda, especially in the number and proportional length of the joints of the anterior 
antennae autl in the form of the fifth feet. It agrees in some respects with Clausocalanus 
furcatus, Brady, but in that species, the inner branches of the second pair of swimming- 
feet are 1-jointed, the fifth pair and the anterior antennae also differ cousideraljly, so 
that for the present it seems better to consider the species as distinct. 

Clausocalanus aecuicornis (Dana). (PI. VIII. figs. 38-47.) 

1849. Calanus arcnicornis, Dana, Amer. Journ. Sc. vol. viii. 

1892. ClauavcaJa litis arcuicornis, Giesbrecht, op. cit. p. 193, pis. ], 2, 10, 3G. 

Length, not including tail-setae, 1-3 mm. Body elongate, composed of five segments, 

SECOKD SEIUES. — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VI. 10 


74 ME. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTEACA 

the first nearly tAvice t)ie entire length of the other four. Porehead rovinded, produced 
into a sniall, sharp-pointed rostrum. Anterior antennre slender, as long as the cephalo- 
thorax, 20-jointed, and sparingly setiferous, the proportional lengths of the joints as in 
the formula : — 

34 . 4. 4. 4. 4. 3.3. 4.4.4. 4. 1 . 16 . 10 . 12 . 12 . 18 . 15 . 18 . 22 

"T 2 3 4 5 7 « 10 11 12 13 14 1-5 16 17 18 19 20' 

The first joint is stout and long, and the second considerahly broader than those 
immediately following. The primary branch of the posterior anteunfe is short and 
2-jointed ; the secondary branch is fully twice the length of the other, and composed of 
six joints ; the second joint is long and about equal to the entire length of the next four ; 
the third, fourth, and fifth joints are very small (fig. 39). Mandible-palp small, one 
branch is 4-, the other 2-jointcd (fig. 40). Maxillte nearly as in Brepanoiyus j^ectiiuctiis. 
Anterior foot-jaw very small, with four (or five) marginal setiferous lobes. Posterior 
foot-jaw small, 7-jointed, and bearing a few spinous setoe ; the first and second joints are 
elongate, the third short, the fourth about twice the length of the third, the fifth about 
equal to the third and as long as the next two together (fig. 44). The first four pairs of 
swimming-feet resemble those of Drepanopus pectinatns, except that the first two joints 
of the outer branch of the first pair have no spines on the exterior distal angles. The 
fifth pair are simple and consist of one very short 2-jointed In'anch, and one which is long 
and 4-jointed ; the last joint of the short branch is very small and terminates in three 
small spines ; the extremity of the long branch terminates on one side in a digitiform 
lobe, which is opposed by a finger-like process, articulated to the l)asal part of the lobe ; 
both are fringed wdth fine cilia (fig. 45). Abdomen 5-jointed, the last segment very 
small. Caudal stylets short, length about equal to the breadth, each furnished with 
four plumose terminal seta?. 

Habitat. Station 2, 50 fathoms, January 1st (night collection). Station 9, 50 fathoms, 
January 10th (day collection). Lat. 3^ 58' N., long. 3° 42' W., 25 and 50 fathoms, 
January 13th (day collection). Off Accra, 3 fathoms, January 16th (night collection). 
Lat. 1° 55' 5" N., long. 5° 55' 5" E., 3C0 fathoms, January 22nd (day collection). Off 
Sao Thome Island, 20 fathoms, January 23rd (day collection). 

Males only of this species were obtained. 


Genus Phylloptjs, Brady. 
Phyllopus, Bi-ady, Report on the Copep. of tlie Chall. Exp. 1883. 

Phylloptjs bidentatus, Brady. (PL \1. figs. 26-28.) 

1883. P/tyllopus bkkntatus, Brady, Report Cluill. Copep. p. 78, pi. v. figs. 7-14. 

Habitat. Station 2, 5 fathoms, January 1st (night collection). Lat. 1° 55' 5" N., 
long. 6° 55' 5" E., 360 fathoms, January 22ud (day collection). Temperature of water 
at 360 fathoms about 43' E. 

Three specimens only of this curious form were obtained, and they were all more or 


FEOM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 75 

less damaged ; two of them were carefully dissected, from tliese dissections figures have 
been prejiared of a few of the more important details, not represented in the ' Challenger ' 
Report. I have also been enabled to add tlie following description : — Secondary branch 
of the anterior antennfe nearly twice the length of the primary branch, 8-jointed, the 
last nearly as long as the preceding six joints, and furnished with four terminal hairs. 
Both branches of the first four pairs of swimming-feet 3-jointed, the middle joint of the 
outer branch of the first pair shortest, bearing a comparatively long, slightly curved, 
setiferous spine on the exterior distal angle ; the last joint has two shorter and more 
slender spines on its outer margin, and a long slender terminal spine, both branches 
furnished with numerous, long, plumose setse. In the second, tiiird, and fourth pairs 
the inner are much shorter than the outer branches ; the three joints of the outer 
branches are each armed with a stout dagger-like spine at tlie outer distal angles ; the 
last joint has two similar additional spines inserted in excavations of the outer margin, 
and a broad falciform terminal spine, finely serrate on the outer margin ; both branches 
are well furnished with plumose seta3. The fifth pair in the female resemble the figured 
example in the ' Challenger ' Report, but theii* form seems to vary somewhat in different 
specimens, both as regards the serration of the last joint, and also the comparative length 
and breadth of the joints. Abdomen in the female 4-jointed, first joint much larger 
than the others and dilated. Caudal stylets short, not divergent, each with five long, 
plumose terminal sette, the second from the inside longer than the others. 

The mouth is a short tube ; the front part projects outward and backward so as to 
form an oblique opening. The edge of the upper part of the tube has a dense fringe of 
hairs, which can be readily observed if tlie specimen be in a favourable position. 
Judging from a careful examination of the ' Buccaneer ' specimens, I am inclined to 
think that the figures in the ' Challenger ' R-eport represent a female instead of a 
male. 


Genus Temora, Baird. 

Temora, Baird, Brit. Entomostraca, 1850. 
Diaptoinus, Lubbock, Trans. Eutoin. Soc. 1856. 

Temora stylifeka (Dana). 

1849. Calanus stylifer, Dana, Amer. Joiu"n. Sci. vol. viii. 

185G. D'utptomus dubius, Lubbock, Trans. Entom. Soc. vol. iv. n. s. p. 21, pi. ii. figs. 1-7. 

1883. Temora dubia, Brady, Report Cliall. Copep. p. 79, pi. xxv. figs. 1-17. 

Kahitat. Station 2, surface and 25 fathoms, January 1st (night collections). Station 9, 
25 fathoms, January 10th (day collection). Station 11, 10 fathoms, January 19th 
(day collection). Lat. 1° 55' 5" N., long. 5° 55' 5" E., 360 fathoms, January 22nd 
(day collection). Lagoon, Sao Thome Island, surface, January 27th (one day and one 
night collection). Libreville, Gaboon River, surface, January 28th (day collection). 
Station 23, 10, 20, 135, and 185 fathoms, Pebruary 5th (day collections). Bananah 

10* 


76 MR. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTEACA 

Creek, Congo Pviver, surface, February 7th (two day collections). Lat. S'' 55' 1" S., 
long. 11° 30' 7" E., February 18th (night collection). 

Temora stylifera was observed in 105 tow-nettings, 61 of them surface and 4-1 under- 
surface gatherings : of the surface gatherings 25 were collected during the day and 
36 during the night ; of the under-surface gatherings, which ranged in depth from 2 to 
360 fathoms, 37 were collected during the day and 7 during the night, as shown by the 
annexed formula : — 

r 25 day collections. 

... . n- r^^ '"'^''''^ 1 36 night ditto. 

Tow-nettmgs 10o{ r^n a v,, 

1 44 under-surface (37 day ditto. 
1. 7 night ditto. 
This was one of the more common and generally distributed species in the ' Buccaneer ' 
collection ; it also appears to be one of the most common of the extra-European 
Copepoda. 

Temora longicornis (Muller). (PI. VII. fig. 47.) 

1785 ?. Cyclops longicornis, Muller, Eiitom. p. 115, t. xix. figs. 7-9. 

1850. Temora finmarchica, Baird, Brit. Eiitom. p. 228, pi. xxviii. figs. 1 a-g. 

1849?. Calanus turbinatus, Dana, Amer. Journ. Sc. vol. viii. 

1857. I>iaptomus longicaudatus, Lubbock, Aun. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, vol. xx. pi. x. figs. 11, 12; 

pi. xi. figs. 12, 13. 
1878. Temora longicornis, Brady, Monogr. Brit. Copep. vol. i. p. 54, pi. iii. figs. 10-19. 

Bahitat. Lat. 7° 33' N., long. 15° IS' W., surface, midnight, January 2nd. Station 9, 
50 fathoms, January 10th (day collection). Off Accra, 3 fathoms, January 15th 
(night collection). Same locality, January 16th, surface, night collection, and 3 fathoms, 
day collection. Lat. 1° 55' 5" N., long. 5° 55' 5" E., 35 and 460 fathoms, January 22nd 
(day collections). Libreville, Gaboon lliver, surface, January 28th (day collection). 
Bananah Creek, Congo River, surface, February 6th (day collection). Loanda Harbour, 
surface, February 13th (day collection), and again on the 15th in the seaward part of the 
Harbour, also surface (day collection). Lat. 5° 40' 8" S., long. 11° 33' 4" E., surface, 
February 19th, &c. (day collection). 

This Temora was observed in 57 tow-nettings, 40 of which were surface and 17 under- 
surface gatherings ; 16 of the surface gatherings and 12 of the under-surface were day 
collections, while 24 surface and 5 under-surface were night collections, as shown by 
the formula : — 

r 16 day collections. 
,,. ^ rlOs^ii-foce 1 24 night ditto. 

Tow-nettmgs 57 < ^ , ,. 

b7 under-surface (12 day ditto. 

I 5 night ditto. 

The under-surface tow-nettings were from depths ranging from 3 to 50 fathoms, and 

one from 135 and another from 460 fathoms. 

Temora longicornis was not only generally distributed throughout the area examined, 


FEOM THE GULP OF GUINEA. 77 

but was a moderately common sjiecics in some of the tow-nettings in which it occui-red. 
This species is readily distinguished from either Temora slylifera (Dana) or Temora 
armata, Claus, by having the last thoracic segment in both sexes rounded at the 
postero-lateral angles. The first pair of swimming-feet have the inner branches more 
or less distinctly 2-jointed. The male fifth pair (fig. 1-7) differ somewhat from the same 
pair of feet in British specimens, but otherwise the ' Buccaneer ' specimens agree with 
those of the British seas. 

Genus Centropages, Kroyer. 

Centropaijes, Kroyer, Nat. Tidskr. 1849 ; Boeck, Oversigt Norges Copep. 18G4 ; Brady, Monogr. Brit. 

Copep. 1878. 
Caiopia, Dana, Proc. Amer. Acad. Sci. 1819. 
Calano/iid, id. (in part) Crust. U.S. Expl. Exped. IS.oS. 
Ichthyophorba, Lilljeborg, De Crust, ex. ord. trib. 1853; Claus, Die freilcbendcn Copepoden, 1803. 

Centropages epvAchiatus (Dana). 

1852. Calanopia brachiutu, Daua, Crust. U.S. Expl. Exped. p. 1133, pi. Ixxix. figs. 7 a,h. 
1883. Centropages brachiatiis, Brady, Report Cliall. Copep. p. 82, pi. xxvi. figs. 1-7. 

KaUtat. Lat. 7° 33' N., long. 15° 18' W., surface, January 2nd (midnight collection). 
Lat. 5° 10' N., long. 2," 5C' 2" AY., surface (close inshore), January 12th (night collection). 
Station 21, surface, February 4th (day collection). Station 23, 20 fathoms, February 5th 
(day collection). Bananah Creek, Congo Ptiver, surface, February 7th (two day collec- 
tions). Loauda Harbour, surface, February 13th (day collection). 

Centropucjes brachiatus was observed in 37 tow-nettings, comprising 28 surface and 
9 under-surface gatherings. The under-surface tow-nettings included two at 3 fathoms, 
two at 10 fathoms, one at 20 fathoms, two at 25 fathoms, and two at 50 fathoms. 
14 of the surface and G of the under-surface gatherings were day collections, while 14 
surface and 3 under-surface were night collections, as shown by the formula : — 

r 14 dav collections. 

..• ^.r-8«"^"^^«^ 1 14 night ditto. 

Tow-nettmgs 3/< "l ^. ^ '^ ^.^^ 

l 9 under-surface I & clay ditto. 
I 3 night ditto. 
This, thotigh occurring in a considerable number of tow-ncttings, was by no means a 
common species. The size of the ' Buccaneer ' specimens agreed with those of the 
'Challenger' collections, viz. 8-lOOths of an inch=about 2 mm. (not 4-4 mm. as stated 
in the ' Challenger ' Report). 

Centropages fifrcatus (Dana). 

1852. Catopid furcata, Dana, Crust. U.S. Expl. Exped. p. J 173, pi. Ixxix. figs. 1 a-d. 
1883. Centropages fur catus, Brady, Report Cliall. Copep. p. 83, pi. xxviii. figs. 1-11. 

Bubltat. Lat. 7° 33' N., long. 15° 18' W., surface, January 2nd (midnight collection). 
Lat. 5° 10' X., long. 3° 56' 2" AV., surface (close inshore), January 12th (night collection). 


78 ME. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTEACA 

Lat. 1° 55' 5" N., long. 6° 56' 5" E., 10 and 30 fathoms, January 22ncl (day collections). 
Libreville, Gaboon River, surface, January 28th (two day collections). Lat. 5° 5G' 5" S., 
long. 11° 17' 2" E., surface, Eebruary 8tli (night collection). Loanda Harbour (seaward), 
surface, Eebruary 1-Jth, &c. (day collection). 

This Centropages was observed in 49 tow-nettings, 33 of whicli were surface and 16 
under-surfaee gatherings ; 11 of the surface and 11 of the under-surface tow-nettings 
were day collections, and 22 surface and 5 under-surface were night collections, as shown 
by the annexed formula : — 

11 day collections. 


I 
122 


T H- ,^ r^^ ^^^^'^^^^ 1 22 night ditto, 

low-nettings 19 < «. & 

Lie under-surface | ^^ ^^y ditto. 
(. 5 night ditto. 
The under-surface tow-nettings were from depths ranging from 3 to 50 fathoms. This 
species can be readily distiuguished, even in the immature stages, by the characteristic 
ai'mature of the last thoracic segment. 


Centropages violacetjs (Claus). 

1863. Ichthi/ophorba violacea, Claus, Die freilebenden Copep. p. 199, pi. xxxi. figs. 13, 14. 
1883. Centropages violaceus, Brady, Report Cliall. Copep. p. 83, pi. xxvii. figs. 1-14. 

Habitat. Station 2, 50 fathoms, January 1st (night collection). Station 9, 25 fathoms, 
January 10th (day collection). Off Sao Thome Island (lat. 0° 32' 7" N., long. 6° 31' 6" E.), 
10 fathoms, January 23rd (day collection). Lat. 1^ 47' 7" S., long. 8° 21' 3" E., surface, 
Eebruary 4tli, &c. (night collection). 

Centropages violaceus was obtained in 11 tow-nettings, one of which was a surface 
(night) gathei'ing, and the other 10 under-surface gatherings ; G of the under-surface 
gatherings were day, and 4 were night collections, as shown by the formula : — 

r day collection. 
r 1 surface 1 i uight ditto. 

Tow-nettmgsll<^ r ^ n n r 

1 10 under-surface/^ 'W collections. 

I 4 night ditto. 

Eour of the under-surface gatherings were from 10 fathoms, two from 15 fathoms, 
one from 20 fathoms, two from 25 fathoms, and one from 50 fathoms. 

This Centropages was much rarer in the ' Buccaneer ' collections than the other 
two species recorded in the ' Challenger ' collection. On the other hand, it was the more 
common of the three species of Centropages observed by Dr. Brady. Centropages 
violaceus differs from the other two species in having the postero-lateral angles of the 
last thoracic segment rounded oflP instead of being produced into spinous processes. No 
indication of colour could be detected in the ' Buccaneer ' sijecimens. Tliis was probably 
due to their long immersion in spirit, which had extracted the colour characteristic of 
the species. 


FROM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 79 

Genus Temokopia, n. gen. (Provisional name.) 

Anterior antennae ? 22- or ? 23-jointed ; the right antenna of the male 19-joiuted, 
hinged between the 15th and 16th joints. Posterior antenn!3e and mouth-organs as in 
Calanus. Inner branch of the first pair of swimming-feet 2-jointed, of the second, third, 
and fourth pairs 3-jointed. Pifth pair in the female simple, alike on both sides, and 
each composed of a single 3-jointed branch ; in the male the fifth pair, which are 
prehensile, and each composed of a single branch, are large and conspicuous. The 
female abdomen consists of four and the male of live segments ; the first segment in the 
female is considerably dilated. 

Temoropia mayumbaensis, n. sp. (PL VIII. figs. 18, 49 ; PL IX. figs. 1-12.) 

Length '93 mm. Body elongate-ovate, composed of five segments ; the first segment, 
which is about as long as the combined length of the next three, is indistinctly articu- 
lated at the upper half. Porehead broadly triangular. Anterior antennae of the female 
? 22- or ? 23-jointed.* The right anterior antenna of the male scarcely reaches to the 
end of the thorax, is sparingly setiferous, and 19-jointed, constricted between the 11th 
and 12th, and hinged between the 15th and 16th joints ; the proportional length.s of the 
joints as in the formula : — 

Male : 30 . 10 . 8 . 8 . 9 . 6 . 7 ■ 8 . fl . 9 . 14 . 27 . 11 . 12 . 27 . 28 . 17 . 15 . 22 

Eight anterior antenna. ^ 2 3 4 5 7 8 9 10 11 11' 13 14 15 10 17 18 19 ' 

Posterior antennae and mouth-organs as in Calanus. The inner branches 6f the first 
pair of swimming- feet are 2-joiuted ; the inner branches of the second, third, and fourth 
pairs 3-jointed ; the first joint is short, while the last is equal to the combined length of 
the preceding two joints. Pifth pair of feet in the female simple, each composed of a 
single 8-joiuted branch, one branch being rather longer than tlie other ; the first joint 
in both is somewhat dilated ; the inner distal angle of the second joint is furnished 
with a spiniforra seta nearly as long as the last joint ; the last joint has a conical and 
pointed extremity with a small tooth-like process on the inner margin. The fifth pair 
in the male is large and conspicuous ; tlie right foot is composed of two moderately 
large joints, which decrease in breadth towards the extremity, and terminates in a 
long slender curved spine. The left foot, which consists of three broad joints, has an 
excavation at the apex in Avhich the terminal sjjine of the foot probably interlocks, wliUe 
a long curved spine springs from the end of the first joint (PL IX. fig. 9). The abdomen 
in the female consists of four, in the male of five, segments; the first segment in the 
female is considerably swollen, and is produced ventrally and posteriorly into a large 
rounded process (PL IX. fig. 10). Caudal stylets short, each furnished with three stout 
plumose terminal seta3, and a small seta on the inner margin. 

Habitat. Lat. 1° 55' 5" N., long. 6° 55' 5" E., 35 and 360 fathoms (day collections). 
Station 23 (lat. 1° 26' 7" S., long. 10° 1' 8" E.), 235 fathoms (day collection). 

* The basal portions only of the anterior antenn;e of all the females, and of tho left antenna of all the males, 
remain iutact ; tboy were broken off, mostly, at the end of the eighth joint; but, judging from the number of joints 
in the male right antenna, the female antenme probably consist of twenty-two or twenty-three joints. 


80 MR. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTRACA 

About twenty specimens of this species were obtained in tow-nettings from the 
localities described ; tlie specimens were all more or less imperfect, especially tbe 
anterior antennae and swimming-feet. 

The specific name has reference to Mayuraba, a place on the coast near Station 23, 
one of the two localities where the species was obtained. 

Genus Mectnoceba, I. C. Thompson (1888). 
1888. Mecynocera, I. C. Thompson, Jouru. Liun. Soc. (Zoology) vol. xx. p. 146. 

Mectnocera clatjsii, I. C. Thompson. (PI. I. figs. 27-3i ; PI. II. 7-10.) 

1888. Mecynocera clausii, I. C. Thompson, Jouni. Linn. Soc. (Zoology) vol. xx. p. 140, pi. xi. 
figs. 1-4. 

Length fully 1 mm. Female somewhat longer than the male. Body elongate, 
slender. Cephalothorax composed of six segments ; viewed dorsally the first is almost 
cylindrical ; forehead somewhat angularly rounded ; the postero-lateral angles of the 
last segment are rounded. Anterior antennae fully twice the length of the animal, 
slender, 2i-jointcd ; the Kith to the 20th joints are considerably longer than any of the 
others ; several of the middle joints of both antennce in male and female are provided 
with longitudinal rows of small spiniform teeth ; two, or even three, rows were observed 
on some of the joints, on others only one row ; the antenna; are sparingly setiferous 
(PI. I. fig. 31). The annexed formula shows the proportional lengths of the joints : — 

7 . 14 . 7 . 7 . 7 . 7 . 7 . 12 . 12 . 10 . 12 . 13 . 14 . 17 . 18 . 22 . 2 4 . 29 . 26 . 24 . 18 . 12 . 8 .14 
1 2 3 4 .5 6 7 S 9 10 11 12 13 14 15~10 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24" 

The basal joint of the posterior antennoe stout, primary branch 2-jointed (exclusive of 
the basal joint), the first being nearly a third longer than the other; secondary branch 
7-jointed ; the second joint is longer than the first, and nearly equal to the entire length 
of the next four ; the tliird to the last joints very short (PI. I. fig. 30). Mandible-palp 
well developed, 2-branched, basal part stout, distally narrowed and jiroduced to form 
the base of the 1-jointed branch ; the second branch, which occupies a submarginal 
position, is ^-jointed (PL II. fig. 7). Poot-jaws and swimming-feet nearly as in 
RJdncalanus, except that the inner branches of the first swimming-feet are 1-joiuted, 
the inner branches of the second, third, and fourth pairs are 3-jointed ; the exterior 
distal angles of the joints of the outer branches are armed with short stout spines which 
are curved inwardly ; the last joint of the outer branches of the fourth paix has a similar 
spine on the exterior margin (PL I. fig. 33) ; the outer branches of all the first four 
pairs possess long delicate terminal spines. Tlie fifth ])My are 1-branched, alike on both 
sides and in both sexes ; basal portion 2-jointed, not much stouter than the terminal 
portion, which is 3-jointed. There is, so far as could be observed, no terminal spine. 
Caudal stylets somewhat divergent, and about two thirds the length of the last abdominal 
segment ; caudal setae four, long, plumose. 

Habitat. Station 2, 25 fathoms, collected January 1st. Lat. 6" 31' N., long. 12' 39' W., 
surface, collected January Gth. Lat. 1. 31' G" N., long. & H 4" W., 50 fathoms, collected 


FEOM THE GrLF OP GUINEA. 81 


January lltli. Oflf Sfio Thome Island (lat. 0° 34' N., long. & 30' i" E.), 20 fathoms, 
collected January 23rd. Lat. 4 26' 7" S., long. 10 1' 8" E., 235 fathoms, coUcctcd 
February 5th, etc. 

Meci/nocera Clausii Avas observed in 16 of the tow-net collections, 1 only being 
a surface gathering; the deepest under-surface gathering in which it was observed 
was 235 fathoms. 

1 day collection. 


r 1 ciay coueciic 
1 surface | night ditto. 


Tow-nettings 16s. ^ -, ^ . ,, ,. 

1 15 under-surface/ ^^ '% collections. 
I 3 night ditto. 
The ' Buccaneer ' specimens of this species differed from Ilecynocera Clausii, I. C. 
Thompson, as described and figured in the ' Transactions ' of the Linneau Society, 
vol. xs. p. 150, pi. xi. tigs. 1-1. Ilecynocera Clavs'd is there described as wanting a fifth 
pair of feet, whereas the ' Buccaneer ' specimens possess a fifth pair large enough to be 
easily observed without requiring to dissect the animal to see them. 


Genus Phaenna, Glaus. 

Phaenna, Claus, Die freilebenden CopejDodeu, 18(53. 

Phaenna spinifeea, Glaus. (PL VI. fig. 35 ; PI. VII. figs. 1, 2.) 

1863. Phaenna spinifera, Clans, Die freilebenden Copepodeu, p. 189, pi. xxxi. tigs. 1-7. 

Length 2'25 mm. Body globose (breadth about 1"1 mm.), composed of five segments, 

the first rather longer than the next two together. Anterior antennae as long as the 

cephalothorax, 2i-jointed. The proportional lengths of the joints are very nearly as 

shown in the formula : — 

10 .4. 3. 4. 4.4. 4. ■> .4.4. 4. 6.7.9. 9. 9. 10. 10 .8.9.7.8.9.4 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24' 

Sparingly setiferous ; the basal joint in the female bears on its upper margin a single 
plumose seta*. The ends of the third, last, and of the basal joints bear each a plumose 
hair on the underside. In the male the basal joint wants the plumose seta. The 
posterior antennae have the primary branch much shorter than the secondary ; the 
secondary branch 5-jointed ; the first and last joints are large, the three intermediate 
ones very small, both branches furnished with long plumose hairs. Mandibles elongate, 
bearing numerous small teeth at the distal ends ; mandible-palp stout, 2-branched, both 
branches furnished with plumose hairs, the basal part with three short hairs on its 
inner aspect. Maxillre large, foliaceous. Anterior foot-jaw.s short, truncate; joints 
crowded, not clearly defined, setiferous, the apical part bearing one long, faintly serrate, 
spinif orm, curved appendage ; and a number of peculiar, cylindrical processes (sense- 

* " Das basale Glied triigt im weiblicheu Gescliiecbte eine befiederte Borste," Claus, loc. cil. p. 189. 
SECOND SERIES. — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VI. 11 


82 MR. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTRACA 

organs ?), densely ciliated at the extremity ; posterior foot-jaw in the female slender, 
(j-jointed, the last two joints very small. Three long setaj, plumose along the upper 
edge, spring from the terminal joints ; the basal joints are sparingly setiferous ; the 
posterior foot-jaw is stouter in the male, and the terminal joints bear a much larger 
number of setae. First pair of swimming-feet 2-branclied, the outer 3-jointed, the inner 
2-jointed ; both branches with numerous stout plumose setge, the terminal spine of the 
outer branch slender, and faintly serrate on the outer margin. The inner branch of the 
second pair 2-jointed, of the third and fourth pairs 3-jointed and armed on the side with 
fascicles of short, stout, and sharp-pointed spines ; the outer branches foliaceous and 
bearing several strong spines on the exterior margin, one at the base of the first and 
second joints, and three on the last joint ; the terminal spines of the outer branches of 
the second, third, and fourth pairs broad, falciform, the outer margin faintly serrate. 
The fifth pair wanting in the female, in the male simple, 1-branched, 5(?)-jointed, the 
left branch longer and stouter than the right, with the last joint small and fringed with 
hairs ; the right branch terminates in a slender spine. Abdomen in the male 5-, in the 
female 4-jointed, the last joint the smallest. Caudal stylets short, divergent, and 
furnished with several plumose seta3, the second seta fi'om the inside being much longer 
than the others. 

Habitat. Station 9, 25 and 50 fathoms, January 10th (day collections). Lat. 1 55' 5" N., 
long. 5" 55' 5" E., 35, GO, and 360 fathoms, January 22nd (day collections). Station 23, 
surface, 20 and 85 fathoms, February 5th (day collections). These were the only 
gatherings in which Fhaenna spinifera was obtained. 

The ciliated processes of the anterior foot-jaws resemble somewhat the worm-like 
sense-organs of the same appendages in Scolecithrix, but instead of being produced so 
as to form lengthened hair- or " worm-"like processes, as in that genus, they are 
cylindrical and truncate, and furnished with a terminal fascicle of delicate cilia. 


Subfamily Pontellin.T3, Dana. 

Genus Labidocera, Lubbock, 1853. 

PonteUa, Dana, (in imrt), Amcr. Joum. Sci. 184-6; Claus, Die freilebeuden Copep. 1803; Brady, 

Monogr. Brit. Copep. 1878 ; id. Report Chall. Copep. 1883. 
Labidocera, Lubbock, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, vol. xi. (1853). 

Labidocera detrtjncata (Dana), var. intermedia. (PL VI. figs. 36-38 ; PI. VII. 
figs. 3, 4.) 

Length 3 mm. Ccphalothorax elongate-ovate, the postero-lateral angles of the last 
thoracic segment produced, acute. Anterior antennge in the female 23-jointed, the 
upper margin of the first eight or nine joints furnished with moderately short, plumose 
seta3, and the lower margin with a fringe of delicate hairs extending to the 12th joint. 
Right anterior antennse of the male 17-jointed, hinged between the 13th and 11th 


FEOM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 83 

joints, the upper margins of these joints minutely denticulate (a j-inch objective is 
required to see the denticulation distinctly). The 12th joint is not denticulate. 
Mandible strongly toothed; the distal end is covered exteriorly with numerous short 
spinous setae arranged in oblique rows ; the two inner teeth of the mandible are large 
and wide apart. The posterior foot-jaws are somewhat similar to those of Labklocera 
acuta, Dana. The third segment of the right fifth foot of the male has the base 
produced into a long stout spine, and at the distal end is furnished with a long curved 
and slender appendage, bearing two short claw-like processes at its extremity. The 
left foot is 3-jointed ; the second joint is shorter than the first, the third is about equal 
in length to the second and somewhat triangular in shape ; the apex terminates in 
three teeth, the middle one being the longest. The fifth pair in the female are inter- 
mediate between Labidocera detruncata and Labidocera acutifrons, Dana. Abdomen in 
the male 4-jointed, in the female 3-jointed ; the middle segment in the female large and 
tumid, the last segment of the male abdomen smaller than the other three, which are 
subequal in length. 

The form here described differs from Labidocera, detruncata, as described and figured in 
the ' Challenger ' Report, in the following particulars : — the right anterior male 
antenna differs in the proportional length of the joints and in the absence of the 
prominent denticulations on the 12th, 13th, and 11th joints, but especially on the 12th, 
and also in the postero-lateral angles of the last thoracic segment being acutely and 
strongly produced so as to resemble, in this respect, Labklocera acutifrovs. The fifth pair 
of feet in the male of the variety here described resemble Dana's figure very closely, 
much more so than that of the specimen figured in the Report on the ' Challenger ' 
Copepoda. 

Habitat. Lat. 5° 58' N., long. 14' 20' W., surface, January 6th (one day and one night 
collection). Off Sao Thome Island (lat. 32' 7" N., long. 6 31' 6" E.), 10 fathoms, 
January 23rd (day collection). Lagoon, Sao Thome Island, surface, January 27th and 
28th (one day and one night collection). Lat. 1 30' 3" S., long. 8 8' 6" E., surface, 
February 3rd (night collection). Lat. 4° 55' 9" S., long. 10 47' 3" E., surface, Feb- 
ruary 5th (night collection). Lat. 5 50' 5" S., long. 11' 17' 2" E., surface, February 8th 
(night collection). Lat. G 39' 5" S., long. 11 24' 7" E., surface, February 8th (night 
collection). 

This was comparatively a rare species in the ' Buccaneer ' collection. The above is a 
full list of the localities where it was obtained. 

/_ 

Labidoceka Dakwinii (Lubbock). (PI. VI. figs. 39-42 ; PL VII. figs. 5, 6.) 

1853. Labidocera Danvinii, Lubbock, Ami. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, vol. ii. p. 29, pi. i. figs. 1-11. 
1892?. Labklucera Lubbockii, Giesbrecht, Pelag. Copep. Golfes von Neapel, p. 459, pis. 23, 25, 41. 

Length, male 2" 2 ram., female 2-4 mm. The forehead is broadly rounded, and docs not 
possess any angular median projection. The last thoracic segment has the lateral angles 
considerably produced, and in the male more so on the right side than the left, but the 

11* 


84 ME. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTRACA 

same on both sides in the female. Anterior antennae 21<-jointed; the two basal joints are 
moderately stout and large, several of the succeeding joints are very short, while from 
the 16th to the end all the joints, but especially the 18th and 19th, are elongate and 
slender. The approximate proportional lengths of the joints are shown in the formula : — 

7.10.1.1.1.1.2.2.3.3.3.4..5.5.6.9.9.10.11.8.7.7.6.6 
T 2 3 -4 5 6 7 « y 10 11 12 13 1-1 15 16 17 18 liJ 20 21 i'l> 23 24' 

The middle joints of the right male antenna are slightly swollen ; the 3rd joint has a 
number of indistinct articulations ; the 9th and 10th joints, between which is a dis- 
tinctly hinged articulation, are furnished with marginal appendages that are toothed 
along the upper edge ; the free portion of the appendage of the 9th joint extends hack- 
ward the whole length of the preceding joint, while that of the 10th joint projects only 
a little forward beyond the joint to which it belongs ; the 7th joint is about twice the 
length of the preceding one, and equal to the next ; the 9tli is a little shorter than the 
8th, and about half the length of the 10th ; the 11th is about two thirds the length of 
the 10th, and equal to the next two together. The marginal teeth on the appendage 
of the 9th joint spring from the distal end of a quadrangular base ; the basal parts of 
the teeth are closely applied to each other, end to end, as shown in the enlarged drawing ; 
the marginal teeth on the appendage of the lOtli joint are somewhat conical in shape, 
and are slightly curved forward. The apical portion of the posterior foot-jaw is 
4-jointed (PI. VI. fig. 39). The first joint of the right tif th foot of the male (fig. il) has a 
broad triangular outline, and part of the outer angle is, as it were, cut off to form an 
attachment for the next joint; the last joint is considerably swollen, so that the inner 
marffin forms an elevated arch ; a stout curved and snoon-like claw is articulated to the 
exterior portion of the joint, and the claw is opposed by a produced basal process so as 
to form a prehensile organ closely resembling the beak of a bird, and giving to the 
whole joint somewhat the appearance of an enlarged " bird's-liead process " observed in 
species of Polyzoa. The last joint of the left foot has a bifid apex and a small blunt- 
pointed tooth on its outer margin ; part of its inner surface is covered with fine cilia, 
while the inner angle of the second joint is produced in the form of a ringed (? sexual) 
process. Fifth pair in the female simple, the basal joints stout, with a small seta on 
the proximal half ; outer branches elongate, attenuated towards the pointed apex, and 
furnished exteriorly with a comparatively large subapical spine, and with a minute spine 
on the interior edge. The inner branches are small, curved, stoutly spiniform, and not 
half the length of the outer In-anch. The abdomen in the male is composed of four, in the 
female of two segments, as shown in PL VI. fig. 12 and PI. VII. fig. 5. In the female the 
caudal stylets are unequal in length ; the fourth caudal seta, counting from the outside, 
in both male and female, but especially the former, is considerably long er than the others 
(fig. 42). In all the female specimens obtained an apparently structureless membrane 
of an irregular outline covered the greater portion of the abdome n, and extended beyond 
the stylets to about halfway over the caudal setae, as shown in tig. 42. 

HahiUd. Libreville, Gaboon Uiver, in surface tow-net material collected after midday, 
January 28th. 


FEOM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 85 

Tliough the Labldocera now described differs in one or two points from Sir John 
Lubbock's ir<i/rfocer« JDarwiml, especially in the number of joints of the apical portion of 
the posterior foot-jaws, yet its agreement with that species is closer than with Labldocera 
acutifrons, Dana ; the ' Buccaneer ' specimens have therefore been ascribed provisionally 
to Lubbock's species. 

Labidocera acutifrons (Dana). 

1852. PonteUa acutifrons, Dana, Crust. U.S. Expl. Espcd. p. 1149, pi. Isxx. figs. Wa-h. 
1883. PonteUa acutifrons, Brady, Report Chall. Copep. p. 91, ]A. xxsv. figs. 1-13. 

JIaUtat. Lat. 5° 10' N., long. 3° 50' 2" 'W., surface (close inshore), January 12th 
(night collection). Near Appi (Porto Novo), surface, January 18th (day collection). 
Libreville, Gaboon E-iver, surface, January 28th (two day collections). Bananah Creek, 
Congo Eiver, surface, February 7th (day collection). Lat. T 54' 6" S., long. 12° 14' 7" E., 
surface, February 9th (night collection). 

Tliis Labldocera was obtained in 21 tow-nettings, 20 of which were surface and 1 
under-surface gatherings ; one of the under-surface gatherings was from 2J fathoms 
(day collection), one from 3 fathoms (night collection), one from 10 fathoms (day 
collection), and one from 50 fathoms (day collection). 10 of the surface-gatherings 
were day, and 10 were night collections, as in the formula : — 

10 day collections. 


r iu Clay coiiecuc 
r 20 surface j 10 night ditto. 

Tow-nettings 24 <^ r q i vff 

I 4 under-surface I 3 day ditto. 
i- 1 niijht colL 


ight collection. 

Labldocera acutifrons was comparatively a rare species, though generally distributed 
throushou.t the area examined. 


'a" 


Labidocera acuta (Dana). 

1859. PonteUa acuta, Dana, Crust. U.S. Expl. Exped. p. 1150, pi. Ixxx. figs. 12 a-c. 
1883. Fontella acuta, Brady, Report Chall. Copep. p. 89, pi. xxxvi. figs. 1-12. 

Sabitat. Libreville, at the mouth of the Gaboon River. Only one or two specimens 
of what appeared to be this species were obtained. 

Genus Pontella, Dana, 1846. 

Pontia, Milne-Edwards, Hist. Nat. des Crust. (1828). 

PonteUa, Dana (in part), Amer. Journ. Sc. (2) vol. i. (1816) ; Brady (in part), Eeport 'Challenger' 

Copcpoda, 1883; Giesbrecht, Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel (Pelagische Copepoden), 

1892. 

Pontella inermis, Brady. 

1883. PonteUa inermis, Brady, Report Chall. Copep. p. 95, pi. xlv. figs. 10-15. 

Habitat. Lat. 5' 10' N., long. 3' 56' 2" W., surface (close inshore), January 12th 


86 ME. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTEACA 

(night collection). Station 21 (off tlie mouth of the Congo), sui*face, Fchruary 6th (two 
day collections). Also in surface gatherings collected on the 8th February at the following 
localities :— Lat. 5^ 56' 5" S., long. 11^ 17' 2" E. ; lat. 5' 54' 4" S., long. 10^ 50' 7" E. ; 
lat. 6" 3' 3" S., long. 11° 7' 5" E. ; lat. 6 29' 4" S., long. 11° 24' 8" E. ; lat. 6° 39' 5" S., 
long. 11 24' 7" E. ; and on the 9th Eebruary at lat. 7' 38' S., long. 12° 3' 3" E. 

Pontella inermis was observed only in tow-nettings from the localities described above. 
Tliey were all surface gatherings, and comprised four day and five night collections. 

Pontella secubifer, Brady. 

1883. Pontella securifer, Brady, Report Cliall. Copep. p. 96, pi. xlv. figs. 1 9. 

Sabitat. Lat. 3° 57' 2" N., long. 7° 42' 8" W., 2 fathoms, January 9th (night collections). 
Lat. 0° 22' 4" N., long. 7 59' 8" E., surface, January 29th (day collection). Station 
23, surface, day collection, Eebruary 5th. Lat. 5 56' 5" S., loQg. 11" 17' 2" E., surface, 
Eebruary 8th (night collection), also on the same date at lat. 6° 3' 3" S., long. 11° 7' 5" E., 
surface (day collection) ; lat. 6° 23' 3" S., long. 11° 3' 8" E., surface (day collection) ; lat. 

6 29' 4" S., long. 11° 24' 8'' E., surface (night collection). On the 9th February at lat. 

7 38' S., long. 12° 3' 3" E., surface (night collection) ; lat. 8 36' 8" S., long. 12° 57' E., 
surface (day collection) ; and on Eebruary 18th at lat. 5 53' S., long. 11 31' 1" E. 

A11 the tow-nettings in which Pontella securifer was obtained were surface gatherings, 
and comprised five day and four night collections. This species is readily distinguished 
horn, fhe, oi\\Gv FontellcB by the remarkable "hatchet-shaped" appendage of the right 
male antennae. A few specimens only of this interesting species were obtained. 

Pontella (?) mediterranea (Claus), var. gaboonensis, nov. var. (PI. V. figs. 43-48.) 

1863. Pontell'ma mediterranea, Claus, Die freilebeiiden Copepoden, p. 211, t. ii. figs. 8-10, t. iii. 
fig. 8, t. xxxvi. figs. 11, 12. 

Male. Length 2' 5 mm. Nostrum with prominent frontal eye as in Vontella sectirifer, 
Brady. The posterior thoracic angles scarcely produced. Anterior antennae not 
reaching to the end of the thorax ; that of the left side 24-jointed ; the first and second 
joints are moderately stout, the third to the eleventh are short, while the I7th, 
18th, 19th, and 22nd are longer than any of the others with the exception of the basal 
joints, as shown by the annexed formula : — 

Left anterior 22 . 14 . 4 . 4 . 4.4 .4 . 4.5. o ^4 .8.8. 8 . 10.14 .Ib^ IS ^ 19 . 14 . 13 . 15 . 10 . 13 
anteuna. T^f'WT 5 0^ 9, 9 10 11 12 13 14" 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24' 

Several of the small proximal joints are furnished with moderately long plumose 
setae on the upj)er edge, and a fringe of tine hairs or cilia on the lower margin (fig, 44). 
The sixth, seventh, and eighth joints of the right antenna are abruptly and considerably 
dilated ; the first of the three, which is also the shortest, bears a stout elongate spine on 
its upper edge (fig. 45). The tenth and eleventh joints, which arc long, and connected 
together by a hinged articulation, are finely toothed along the upj)er margin ; the denti- 
culations of the tenth joint apjoear to be bifid, as shown by the figure; the penultimate 


FEOM THE GULF OF GUI^^EA. 87 

joint is as long as the preceding and fully twice the length of the terminal joint. The 
joints of the apical portion of the posterior foot-jaws gradually decrease in length towards 
the extremity; the fii-st joint is about twice the length of the third, the second is as 
long as the third and fourth together, the terminal joint is very small (fig. 46). Inner 
branches of the first pair of swimming-feet 3-jointed, and not longer than the first 
two joints of the outer branch. Inner branches of the second, third, and fourth pairs 
2-jointed. The basal angle of the short, tumid, terminal joint of the right fifth foot 
is produced into a moderately long digitiform process, which appears to interlock with 
the spoon-like apical part of the stout angularly curved terminal claw. The last joint 
of the left foot is furnished with three stout apical spines, one of which is short, while 
the longer one of the other two is about equal in length to the terminal joint (fig. 48). 
Abdomen composed of four (? five) segments, the first and third segments are considerably 
longer than the others. Caudal stylets longer than the third abdominal segment ; the 
fourth seta of eanh stylet (counting from the outside) is about twice the length of the 
others. 

Habitat. Libreville, at the mouth of the Gaboon River, in two surface gatherings- 
one being collected near the highest point reached. 

Figure 47 shows the fifth feet of an immature female from the same locality. Only 
three female specimens were obtained, which were all immature. 

The Poiitella here described seems to be nearly identical with PontelUna mediterranean 
Claus, except that Claus's specimens were larger — 4 mm. There is also a difference in 
the number of jomts that precede the three swollen ones of the right male antenna : 
Claus describes the three swollen joints as "vom dreizehnten bis funfzehnten Gliede," 
but in the ' Buccaneer ' specimens it is the sixth to the eighth joints that are swoUen. 
Moreover, there is some difference in the armature of the prehensile part of the right fifth 
foot ; in the ' Buccaneer ' specimens the " eight large and numerous small boat -like 
knobs " described by Claus are wanting. But as these differences are comparatively 
unimportant, and may be due to local causes, there appears to be no suflicient reason 
to consider the ' Buccaneer ' specimens distinct from Pontella mediterranea, Claus, 
except as a local variety. 

Genus Pontellopsis, Brady. 

{Pontellopsis, Brady, ' Challenger ' Copepoda, p. 85, 1883.) 
? Monops, Lubbock, 1853. 

Pontellopsis villosa, Brady. (PL VI. figs. 29-34.) 

Pontellopsis villosa, Brady, op. cit. p. 86, pi. xxxiv. figs. 10-13, pi. xxxv. figs. 14-20. 

Male. Length 1*85 mm. Right anterior antenna somewhat like that of Pontella 

plumosa, Dana, but differing in the armature and in the number and proportional length 

of the joints (fig. 34). The left anterior antenna, the posterior antennae, mouth-organs, 

and swimming-feet are similar to those of the female (see also pi. xxxv. figs. 14-20, 


88 ME. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTEACA 

of the ' Challenger ' Copepoda). The annexed foi'mu]a shows the proportional lengths of 

the joints of the left anterior antenna, which is 18-jointed : — 

5.7.6.7.4.4.4.4.3.6.7.8.9.G.(3.7.7.7 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 S i) lU 11 12 13 14 15 1(5 17 1«- 

The fifth pair of feet are nearly like those of Fontella iilumosa ; the most obvious 
difference between them is in the size and proportional length of the joints. Abdomen 
stout, short, and composed of five segments ; the first is rather longer than the combined 
length of the next two ; the second, third, foiirth, and fifth segments are nearly equal 
in length. Caudal stylets about equal in length to the three preceding abdominal 
segments. 

Fontellopsis villosa was obtained in 21 tow-nettings from various parts of the area 
traversed by the ' Buccaneer,' between lat. 5° 58' N., long. r4' 10" W., and lat. 6° 9' 8" S., 
long. 11° 10' 4" E., all of which, except one from 10 fathoms, were surface-gatherings. 
The number of day and night collections are as follows : — 


f 9 day collections. 
1 


r 20 surface 1 11 night ditto. 

Tow-nettings 21 < f 1 1 11 f 

L 1 under-surface (10 fathoms) < ^ 

^ l „ ditto. 

The genus and species were described by Dr. Brady from female specimens, of which 
only three were obtained. In the ' Buccaneer ' collections a considerable number 
of specimens were observed, but comparatively few of them were females, and none of 
them reached the dimensions of those described in the 'Challenger' Copepoda; the 
females also wanted the peculiar lateral abdominal apijendage possessed by the 
'Challenger' specimens; otherwise, however, the 'Buccaneer' specimens (females) 
agree in every respect with those described and figured in the ' Challenger ' Report. 
The last three thoracic segments of all the 'Buccaneer' specimens possess a brownish 
coloured mark of an irregular outline on each side of the median dorsal line, as shown 
in figure 29. The abdomen in the females is also commonly distorted, and the first 
segment is furnished with two small protuberances ; the form and size of the caudal 
stylets are also more or less unequal. 

Dr. Giesbrecht * considers Mouojjs, Lubbock, to be synonymous with Fontellopsis, 
Brady, and as Monops is prior to the other he substitutes it for Fontellopsis. 

Genus Pontellina, Dana, 1852. 

Pontella, Brady (in part.)^ Eeport on the ' Challeugcr' Copepoda, 1883. 

Pontellina, Giesbrecht, Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel (Pelagische Copepoden), 1892. 

Pontellina plumata, Dana. 

1852. Pontellina plumata, Dana, Crust. U.S. Expl. Esped. p. 1135, pi. Ixxix. figs. \Oa-d. 

* ' Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel (Pelagische Copepoden),' p. 486. 


FEOM THE GULF OF GUINEA. bl) 

1852. Pon fella turgida, ^, Daua, loc. cit. p. 1136, pi. kxix. figs. 11 a, b, figs. 12 a, b. 
1883. Pontella plvmata, Brady, Report Chall. Copep. p. 92, pi. xxxvii. figs. 1-11. 

Habitat. Station 3, 25 fathoms, Janviary 2iul (day collection). Station 9, 25 fathoms, 
January 10th (day collection). Lat. 1° 55' 5" N., long. 5° 55' 5" E., 10, 20, 30, 200, and 
360 fathoms, January 22nd (day collections). Station 23, 10 and 185 fathoms, February 
5th (day collection). Lat. 8° 36' 8" S., long. 12' 57' E., surface, February 13th (day 
collection), &c. 

Fontellina plnmuta occurred in 67 tow-nettings, 39 of which were surface and 28 
under-surface gatherings. The under-surface gatherings ranged from 2^ to 360 fathoms ; 
16 of the surface and 21 of the under-surface were day collections, while 23 surface and 
7 under-surface were night collections, as shown by the annexed formula : — 

r 10 day collections. 

n. H- . J^'-^ ^^^^-f^^*^ 1 23 night ditto. 

Tow-nettmgs 67 < >- » 

L28 under-surface (21 f^ay ditto. 
1 7 night ditto. 

This species was abundant in the ' Buccaneer ' collection, l)oth sexes being frequent. 
Its distribution was co-extensive with the area examined. 


Family CYCLOPID.E. 

Genus Oithona, Baird. 
Oithona, Baird, Zoologist, 1843. 

OiTHONA Challengerii, Brady. 

1883. Oithona ChaUengerii, Brady, Ecport Cliall. Copep. p. 97, pi. xl. figs. 1-10. 

Huhitut. Station 2, 5 ftithoms, January 1st (night collection). Station 9, 50 fathoms, 
January 10th (day collection). Station 18, surface, February 3rd (day collection). Station 
23, surface, February 5th (day collection). Lat. 5" 53' S., long. 11' 31' 1" E., surface, 
February 18th (night collection), &c. 

0. ChallemjerU seemed to be distributed all over the area examined ; in some tow- 
nettings it was rather rare, but in others frequent. Considerable care was necessary in 
diagnosing the species, owing to the close resemblance between it and others of the 
same genus, and to their being so long immersed in spirit, which rendered it very 
di£Bcult to make out the number of joints in the antennae. 

Oithona plumipera, Dana. 

1852. Oithona plumiftru, Dana, Crust. U.S. Expl. Expcd. p. 1100, pi. 76. 

Ilaliitat. Lat. 4 31' 6" K., long. 6 4'4" W., 25 fathoms, January lltli (day collection), 
lat. 3' 58' N., long. 3 42' W., 50 fathoms, January 13th (day collection). Lat. 2 22' 2" S., 
long. T 45' E., 20 fathoms, February 3rd (day collection). Station 21, surface, February 

SECOND SERIES. — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VI. 12 


90 ME. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTEACA 

4tli (day collection). Station 22, 20 fathoms, February 4tli (day collection). Station 
24, surface, February 6th (day collection). Lat. 7 ' 38' S., long. 12' 3' 3" E., surface, 
February 9th (night collection). 

This Oilhona has long densely plumose setjB of a persistent purplish colour, which are 
sufllciently conspicuous to enable the species to he readily distinguished. Oithona 
plumifera, though frequent in the tow-nettings in which it was observed, appeared to be 
somewhat rare generally, as the seven collections noticed above were the only ones in 
which it was obtained. 


Oithona minuta, n. sp. (PL IX. figs. 14-25.) 

Length, female "64 mm., male -5 mm. Body moderately stout, ovate. Anterior 

antennee not reaching to the end of the thorax : in the female composed of nine distinct 

joints; the basal joint, which forms about a third part of the whole length of the 

antenna, is indistinctly divided into seven unequal portions by very faint lines that do 

not appear to be true joints. If these indistinct articulations be included the female 

antennfB will consist of fifteen joints, the proportional lengths of which are nearly as 

shown in the formula : — 

(32 . 4 . 4 . 13 . 4 . 4 . 4) . 14 ■ 24 . 34 ■ 10 ■ 16 . 6 . 12 . 11 
(1 .2.3. 4 .5.0.7). 8 . . 10 . 11 . 12 . 13 . 14Tl5" 

The figures in parentheses refer to the indistinct pseudo-articulations observed in the 

elongate basal joint. Male antennae 11-jointcd, hinged between the ninth and tenth 

joints (fig. 16). Posterior antennse nearly as in Oithona spinlrostrls, Glaus (fig. 17) The 

principal branch of the mandible-palp is armed with two stout, curved, claw-like apical 

appendages bearing minute marginal spines ; the accessory branch is 4-jointed and 

furnished with several long plumose setoe (fig. 19). The biting part has on one side a 

short, stout, submarginal tooth, and on the other side a spiniform seta at the apical 

angle fully twice the length of the apical teeth (fig. 18). Anterior and posterior 

foot-jaws nearly as in Oithona Challengerli or Oithona sjmiirostris, as are also the 

swimming-feet. The feet of the fifth pair in the female are bisetose, with moderately 

long plumose setse ; those of the male very minute, with two very small setae. Abdomen 

of the female 4-, of the male 5-jointed ; stylets as long as the last abdominal segment ; 

the last abdominal segment and stylets in the male are a third shorter than in 

the female, the tail-seta? in the male arc also much shorter than in the female 

(figs. 24, 25). 

This minute but distinct Oithona was obtained in a tow-net gathering collected at 
Bananah Creek, Congo River, February 7th ; the sp. gr. of the water was only 1-00870. 
In two tow-net gatherings from the seaward portion of Loanda Harbour, February 15th, 
surface-temperature of the water at noon 79"-2 F. : the Loanda Harbour tow-net 
gatherings were collected during the afternoon. Oithona minuta was moderately common 
in these last two gatherings, and many of the females carried ovisacs. 


FEOM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 91 

OiTHONA SETiGERA, Dana. 

1852. Oiihona setigera, Dana, Crust. U.S. Expl. Exped. p. 1101, pi. ~G. 

Ilabitat. In tow-net gatherings from 50 fathoms, lat. 3 58' N., long. 3 42' W. 
(temperature 61°' 15 P., sp. gr. 1-02531), collected between 8 a.m. and 1 p.m., January 
13th ; and from 3G0 fathoms, lat. 1 55' 5" N., long. 5° 55' 5" E. (temperature about 
43"^ P.), collected January 22nd. Oiihona setigera was also obtained in a few other 
gatherings, but was much less frequent than Oithona Challengerii. 

Subfamily Longipediinjj;, Boeck. 
Genus LoNGiPEDiA, Claus (1863). 

LONGIPEDIA MINOR, T. & A. Scott. (PI. XII. flgS. 10-13.) 

1882. Longipedia coronata, Giesbrccht, Die freileb. Copepodeu dcr Kieler Folircle, p. 99, pis. i., iv., xii. 
1893. Longipedia coronuta, var. vii/ior, T. & A. Scot, Anu. Scott. Nat. Hist. vol. ii. pt. 2, p. 93. 
1893. Longipedia coronata, var. in'inor, T. Scott, xi. Aim. Rept. Fishery Board for Scotland, pt. iii. 
p. 200, pi. ii. figs. 1 1-20. 

Habitat. Lat. 1 55' 5" N., long. 5 55' 5" E., 460 fathoms, tow-net gathering, collected 
January 22nd. Luanda Harbour, in three surface tow-net collections, Pebruary 15th. 
Pour or five specimens in all were obtained ; they differed considerably from Longijjedia 
coronata as described by Drs. Claus and Brady. 

Genus Microsetella, Brady & P^obertson (1873). 

Microsetella, Brady & Eobertson, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. scr. 4, vol. xii. p. 130 (1873). 
Ectinosoma, Brady (in part), Mon. Brit. Copepoda, vol. ii. p. 13; id. Report on tlie ' Cliallenger ' 
Copepoda, p. 100 (1883). 

Microsetella atlantica, Brady & Robertson. 

1873. Microsetella atlantica, Brady & Robertson, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 4, vol. xii. p. 130, 

pi. ix. tigs. 11-lG. 
1880. Ectinosoma atlanticum, Brady, Mon. Brit. Copep. viii. p. 13, pi. xxxviii. figs. 11-19. 
1883. Ectinosoma atlunticum, id. Report Cliall. Copep. p. 100, pi. iv. figs. 10-14. 

Habitat. Lat. T 33' N., long. 15' 18' W., surface, January 2nd (night collection). Lat. 
3° 58' N., long. 3 42' W., 50 fathoms, January 13th (day collection). Lat. 1 55' 5" N., 
long. 5° 55' 5" E., 460 fathoms, January 22nd (day collection). Lat. 6' 47' 5" S., long. 
11' 30' 6" E., surface, Pebruary 8th (night collection), &c. 

Microsetella atlantica was observed in 40 tow-nettings, 19 of which were surface and 

21 undcr-surface gatherings; 4 of the surface and 15 of the under-surface gatherings were 

day collections, Avhile 15 of the surface and 6 under-surface were night collections, as 

shown by the annexed formula : — 

r 4 day collections. 

{10 surface { ik • i j. i-j-i 

1 15 night ditto. 
21 under-surface 1 15 day ditto 
t 6 night ditto. 

12* 


92 ME. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTEACA 

The under-surfoce tow-nettings included eighteen gatherings from 2i to 50 fathoms, 
and one at 185, 235, and 460 fathoms. This species appeared to be distributed all over 
the area examined, and was comparatively frequent m some of the gatherings ; females 
with ovisacs were not uncommon. 

Canthocamptus rosens, Dana, probably belongs to this species. Dana's description 
(so far as it goes) and figure agree with Microsetella atlantica, but the descrij)tion is 
too meao-re to admit of a satisfactory comparison. There is a difference between the 
two as reo-ards size and colour, but such differences are not of much value unless allied 
with structural differences. 

Genus Ectinosoma, Boeck. 

Ectinosoma, Boeck, Oversigt Norges Copepodei-, ISQi. 
Ectinosoma, Brady (in part), Mon. Brit. Copep. vol. ii. p. 10. 

Ectinosoma Chrystalii, n. sp. (Pi. IX. figs. 26-35.) 

Length 1 mm. Body robust ; anterior antennse short, stout, furnished with numerous 
long setfe; 6-jointed, the third joint is somewhat longer than either the preceding or 
following ; the last is smaller than the others and about two-thirds the length of the 
penultimate joint, truncate at the apex, and furnished with three long apical sctse. The 
long middle joint of the posterior foot-jaw is setose on the ujiper edge, and a long plumose 
seta that extends beyond the apex of the foot-jaw springs from the upper distal angle of 
the first joint ; last joint short, provided with three seta3 (fig. 34). The second basal 
joints of the first pair of swimming-feet are furnished interiorly with a setose spine that 
extends nearly to the middle of the second joint of the inuer branches ; the outer 
branches, which are comparatively short, reach only to the end of the second joint of the 
inner branches, and the spines on the exterior edge are elongate and sharp-pointed, other- 
wise the first pair closely resemble those of Ectinosoma spinipes. The second basal joint of 
the fourth pair is somewhat produced and armed exteriorly with an elongate setose 
spine ; the branches of tlie fourth pair are nearly of equal length, and armed similar to 
the first pair, except that the exterior marginal spines of the outer branches are not 
elongate nor setose. Eifth pair nearly as in Ectinosoma melaniceps, Boeck. Caudal 
stylets about equal in length to the last abdominal segment; the inner of the two 
principal caudal sctoe considerably longer than the other. 

Sahitat. Station 3 (lat. T 1' 1" N., long. 15' 54' W.), 25 fathoms, collected between 
9 A.M. and 5.30 p.m., January 2ud. 

Several specimens, all females, were obtained in this gathering. The species is 
named after Professor Chrystal, who designed a tow^-net used in collecting some of the 
material from which the Copepoda described in this Report were obtained. 

Genus Bradya, Boeck, 1872. 
Bradya, Boeck, Nye Stegter og Arter af Saltvands-Copepoder, 1872. 
Bradya brevicornis, sp. n. (PI. IX. figs. 36-43.) 
Length 88 mm. Somewhat similar in form to Bradya typica, Boeck. Anterior 


FEOM THE GULF OF GUI^'EA. 93 

antennce short, stout, upper edge fringed witli long sctEe, 7-jointed, the second joint 
shorter than, and having the upper distal angle produced so as to extend considerably 
over, the next joint; the fourth joint is much shorter than either the preceding or 
following joints ; the last joint is very small and hears two long terminal setae. In the 
2-jointed secondary branches of the posterior antennse the distal joint is about twice 
the length of the proximal one (fig. 38). The anterior foot-jaws are short and stout. The 
small terminal joint of the posterior foot-jaws boars two long, stout, blunt-pointed spuaes, 
ciliate on both edges, and a long, slender seta ; a long, plain seta springs from the end 
of the first joint (fig. 10). The first four pairs of swimming-feet are nearly as in Bradya 
typica ; the fifth pair are longer than broad, the apex of the second joint is obliquely 
truncate and furnished with two setae, while the inner distal angle terminates in a stout 
conical spine. Caudal stylets about once and a half the length of the last abdominal 
segment. The imicr of the two principal tail-sette is about twice the length of the other ; 
a small spiniform seta sjjrings from the outer margin and near the distal end of 
each stylet. 

Habitat. In a surface tow-net gathering from a lagoon, Sao Thome Island, collected 
January 21st. 

Subfamily T a c H i d 1 1 n .e, Boeck. 

Genus Euterpe, Claus. 
'Euterpe, Clausj Die freilebenden Copepoden, 1803 ; Brady, Monog. Bi'it. Copep. 1880. 

Euterpe gracilis, Claus, var. armata, n. var. (PL XII. figs. 11-23.) 

Length '9 mm. Body as in Euterpe gracilis, but with the rostrum more pyramidal, 

slightly curved. Anterior antennse 7-jointed, shorter than the first body-segment. The 

proportional lengths of the joints as in the formula : — 

5. 10. 8. 9. 6. 5. 9 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7' 

The fourth joint bears one and the last joint two slender sensory hairs at their distal 
end. The last three joints also bear a number of long plain sette. Posterior antennne 
4-jointed, the first two short, the third and fourth longer, subequal ; a small 1-joiuted 
secondary branch springs from near the end of the second joint. The mouth-organs and 
s-wimming-f eet are similar to those of JEtiterpe gracilis, but with the following differences : — 
The second joint of the inner branches of the first pair of swimming-feet bears a mode- 
rately long and stout setiferous terminal spine, which is curved outwards ; near the middle 
of the same joint is a curved transverse row of seta) extending from the outer margin to 
fully halfway across the joint. The extremity of the outer branches of the second pair is 
furnished with a long spine, finely serrate on the outer edge, a shorter setiferous spine, 
a long slender plumose seta, and several small setose spines ; the inner branches also bear 
a row of small spines at their extremities in addition to the jjluuiose hairs. The inner 
branches of the third and fourth pairs are each armed with a long, stout, strongly seti- 


94 MR. T. SCOTT OiS' ENTOMOSTEACA 

ferous, and straiglit terminal spine, iu addition to several smaller spines and a slender 
plumose seta. The extremity of the outer branches bears a long curved spine, serrate 
on the outer edge, two smaller dagger-like spines, and a plumose hair ; these smaller 
spines and the spines at the outer distal angles of the first and second joints are strongly 
serrate on both margins. A row of spinous setae extends obliquely across the lower 
middle portion of the last joint of the inner branches of the fourth pair as well as round 
the extremity of the joint. The fifth pair as in Euterjie gracilis, but with only one short 
and three long dagger-like terminal spines. A moderately long seta springs from the 
external margin and near the base of each branch, and a row of small spines extends 
obliquely from the marginal seta to fully halfway across the segment ; moreover, the 
extremity and inner margin of each branch are fringed wdth short spinous setee. Ovisac 
single, large, containing numerous ova. 

Habitat. Station 9, 50 fathoms, January 10th (day collection). Off Accra, svirface, 1 day 
and 1 night collection ; 3 fathoms, 1 day and 1 night collection, January 16tb. Lagoon, 
Sao Thome Island, surface, January 27th (night collection). Station 23, 235 fathoms, 
Eebruary 5th (day collection). Loanda Harbour, surface, February 15th (day collection). 

This species was obtained in 29 tow-nettings, 10 of which were surface and 13 under- 
surface gatherings ; 4 of the surface gatherings were collected during the day and 12 
during the night, while 10 of the u nder-surface were collected during the day and 3 
during the night, as shown by the annexed formula : — 

r 4 day collections, 
r 16 surface 1 12 night ditto. 

Tow-nettings 29 < r -ir^ -i ^•^.i. 

1 13 under-surface J ^^ ^'^^ ^^<^^«- 
I 3 night ditto. 

The under-surface gatherings were from depths ranging from 2i to 235 fathoms. 

The form here described, though agreeing generally with Miter;pe gracilis, differs in 
several important points, as, for instance, in the proportional length of the joints of the 
anterior antennae, in the inner branches of the third and fourth pairs of swimming-feet 
being furnished with prominent, strongly setiferous, terminal spines, and in the fifth pair 
j)ossessing four instead of five terminal spines. These difi'erenccs, which are suflQciently 
characteristic to allow of the variety being readily distinguished, may ultimately be 
considered of specific value ; meanwhile, however, I prefer to consider the ' Buccaneer ' 
specimens as constituting a variety of Eutei^e gracilis. 


Subfamily AmymoniN-E, Boeck. 

Genus Amymone, Glaus. 
Anu/monc, Die frcilebeudeu Copepocleu, 1863; Brady, Monog. Brit. Coj^ep. 1880. 

Amymone Andrewi, u. sp. (PL XI. figs. 44-47 ; PI. X. fig. 1.) 

Length "55 mm. Cephalothorax somewhat similar in form to Ariiymone sphcBrica, Claus, 
except that the last thoracic segment is more produced and does not bear any spine-like 


FEOM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 95 

processes. Anterior anteunfe not longer than the first thoracic segment, 8-jointed, the 
proportional lengths as follows : — 

24 . 24 ■ 18 . 13 . 6 . 5 . 3 . 8 
1 2 3 4567 8' 

The fourth joint bears a long sensory hair at its distal end, and two similar but rather 
small hairs spring from the extremity of the last joint. Posterior antennjB slender, 
3-jointed, the second and third joints subequal, the last terminating in one long and one 
short, stout, claw-like seta ; the first joint bears at its distal end a small 1-jolnted secondary 
branch possessing four apical setaj. The terminal joint of the first foot-jaws is slender, 
and furnished with several long plumose hairs and at the extremity with three stout spini- 
form setse. A stout sctiferous process springs from the end of the second last joint and 
reaches to the end of the spiniform sette just described. Second foot-jaws 2-jointed, long, 
and powerful. The hands possess strong curved terminal claws, bearing below the middle 
portion one long and one short spinous seta. The Ijasal part of the hands is produced out- 
ward into a stout, curved, spiniform process ; the hollow formed by this spiniform process 
bears a peculiar dilated appendage, furnished with several small spine-like tubercles on 
its outer surface. The inner margin of the hand is doubly and finely serrate. The 
integument is closely beset with minute tubercles, much more prominent and distinct 
than those of A. sphcerica. 

Habitat. Lagoon, Sao Thome Island, surface, January 27th (night collection). Specific 
gravity of the water 1"0237 to 1'0255. One specimen only of this curious species was 
obtained : I was able to prepare the foregoing diescription without dissecting it. 

The posterior foot-jaws in this species form powerfal gL'asping-organs. Thej)roduced 
base of the hand acting as a sort of thumb and the terminal claw as a finger, with 
the dilated appendage in the hollow at the base of the hand acting as an interlocking 
arrangement, form together an elaborate and efficient instrument for grasping purposes, 
such as I have not observed in any other described species. This curious and interesting 
genus is represented in various and widely distant localities. It has been observed in 
various parts of the North Sea, as at Heligoland, Christiania, and several places on the 
English and Scotch coasts ; at Messina, Naples, and other localities on the Mediterranean 
coast ( Ckms) ; in the Gulf of Mexico (Herrick) ; and on the "West Coast of Africa, as now 
recorded. 

The species is named after my son Andrew Scott, who has assisted me so well with the 
preparation of this Eeport, and who discovered the only specimen of this genus obtained 
in the ' Buccaneer ' tow-nettinsrs. 


r>- 


Subfamily Stenheliin.e, Brady (1880). 

Genus Stenhblia, Bocck (1864). 
Stenhelia, Boeck, Oversigt Norges Copepoder, 1864. 

Stenhelia accraensis, n. sp. (PI. X. figs. 2-12.) 

Length -85 mm. Body moderately robust ; first cephalothoracic segment considerably 


96 ME. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTEACA 

lono-er than the entire lenijth of the other four ; rostrum prominent. Anterior antennae 
short and stout, 9-jointed ; the upper distal angle of the fourth joint is produced forward 
over the next, while the terminal joint is ahout as long as the total length of the pre- 
ceding four ; the relative lengths of the joints are nearly as shown in the formula : — 

10. 8.5. 3. 2.3. 2.2. 9 
1 2345678 9' 

Mandibles and maxillae nearly as in Stenlielia hispida. Foot-jaws nearly as in 
Stenlielia ima. The swimming-feet are also nearly as in the last-named species, except 
that the proportional lengths of the joints are somewhat ditfercnt; the first joint of 
the inner branches of the first pair is not longer than the outer branches and not 
much longer than the combined length of the second and third joints. The inner 
branches of the fourth pair are somewhat longer than the outer branches. The fifth pair 
closely resemble those of Stenlielia ima (fig. 11). Caudal stylets somewhat widely 
apart, about equal in length to the last abdominal segment, and furnished with four 
apical seta3 (fig. 12). 

Habitat. Accra, in a shore gathering, collected January 16th, 


Subfamily CANTHOCAMPTiNyE, Brady (1880) . 
Monograph of the British Copepoda, vol. ii. p. 47. 

Genus Laophonte, Philippi (1810). 

Laophonte, Philippi, Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte, 1840. 
Cleta, Claus, Die freilebendeu Copepoden, 1863. 
Asellopsis, B. & R., Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. xii. 1873. 

Laophonte serrata (Claus). (PI. XII. figs. 21-28.) 

1863. Glefa serrata, Claus, loc. cit. p. 123, t. xv. figs. 13-20. 

1880. Laophonte serrata, Brady, op. cit. vol. ii. p. 71, pi. Ixxii. figs. 1-14. 

RaUtat. Accra, in a shore gathering, collected January 16th. This, though ajoparently 
widely distributed, is nevertheless a rare species. It has been obtained in a few British 
localities, but always sparingly. 

The strong conical tooth -like process on the second joint of the anterior antennae and 
the serrated margin of the third joint (fig. 25) are well-marked characters of the species. 

Laophonte longipes, n. sp. (PI. X. figs. 13-23.) 

Length '6 mm. Body elongate ; anterior antennae 7-jointed ; the first thi'ee joints are 

together about equal to twice the entire length of the other four, and the last is about 

equal to the combined length of the two preceding joints. The relative lengths of the 

joints are nearly as follows : — 

6.7.7.2.2.2.4 
12 3 4 5 6 7' 


FROM THE GULF OF GUTXEA. 97 

The upper distal portion of the fourth joint is produced and forms the base of a sensory 
filament and one or two setae. The secondary branch of the posterior antennae is very 
short and provided with four setae — three terminal and one subterminal. Mouth-organs 
nearly as in Laophonte similis, Claus. The outer branches of the first pair of swimming- 
feet 2-joiuted, not reaching to the middle of the inner branches ; the first joint is about 
two-thirds the length of the second. The inner branches of the foui'th pair, which reach 
nearly to the end of the second joint of the outer branches, have the first joint fully half 
as long as the second, but the first and second joints of the outer branches are about equal 
in length. Fifth pair nearly as in Laophonte curticauda. Caudal stylets somewhat 
divergent ; length about tln-ee times the breadth ; principal tail-setae elongate, two-thirds 
the length of the animal. 

Mahitat. In a shore gathering from Sao Thome Island, collected January 25th at 
low water ; and in a tow-net gathering from 20 fatlioms off Stlo Thome, collected 
January 23rd. 

Laophonte rxoM^aEA, n. sp. (PI. X. figs. 21-30.) 

Length 'fG mm. (l-oith of an inch). Body elongate, slender. Anterior antennae 
7-jointed, nearly as in Laophonte hrecicornis ; tlie annexed formula shows the pro- 
portional lengths of the joints : — 

G. 7. 7. 2. 2. 3. 4 
12 3 4 5 6 7' 

The posterior antennae and mouth-organs are also nearly as in Laophonte brevicornis, 
except that the posterior foot-ja^ys have the second joint finely ciliate on the inner edo-e 
and furnished with a small seta near the middle of the exterior edge. Inner branches of 
first swimming-feet small, 2-jointed ; inner branches of fourth pair very short, scarcely 
longer than the first joint of the outer branches, 2-jointed ; the first joint is very small, and 
the apex of the second is provided with one stout terminal and two subterminal setae. 
The outer branches are armed with a stout apical spine (fig. 28). Eeet of the fifth pair 
nearly as in Laopjhoute curticauda, Eoeck ; outer margin and surface of basal joints 
ciliate. Caudal stylets somewhat divergent ; their breadth is nearly equal to half the 
length, and each is provided with two stout apical setae, the inner one being nearly double 
the length of the other. 

Hahitat. Shore, Sao Thome Island, in the same gathering as the last. 

Laophonte brevicornis, n. sp. (PI. X figs. 31-37.) 

Length -58 mm. Body slender. Anterior antenna^. G-jointed, the fourth and fifth joints 

very short; the upper portion of the fourth is produced so as to extend to near the 

extremity of the following joint and form the base of a moderately stout sensory filament. 

The relative lengths of the joints are nearly as shown in the annexed formula : — 

10 . 7 . 7 . 2 . 2 . 8 
1 2 3 4 .5 «" 

Second joint of posterior foot-jaws with a row of very fine cilia on the upper margin; 

SECOND SEKIES.^ZOOLOGY, VOL. VI. 13 


98 ME. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTEACA 

both the two joints and the terminal claws appear to be otherwise destitute of spines or setas. 
Outer branches of first pair of swimming-feet 2-jointed, fully half the length of the first 
joint of the inner branches, the joints subequal ; the length of the first joint of the 
inner branch is equal to nearly four times its breadth ; the terminal claw is stout, and 
fully two-tliirds the length of the first joint and nearly twice and a half the length of 
the second (fig. 34). The inner branches of the fourth pair, which are scarcely equal in 
length to the first joint of the outer branches, are composed of two nearly equal joints 
— the first being the smaller of the two and possessing a moderately long seta on its inner 
edge; the last joint is furnished with two coarsely plumose terminal setae and a similar 
seta on the inner and outer margin ; the joints of the 3-jointed outer branches are subequal 
in length, but the middle one is the shortest of the three (fig. 35). The second joint of the 
fifth pair, which is considera1)ly smaller than the basal joint, is broader at the distal than 
the proximal end, and furnished with six setae round the exteriorly oblique apex ; the 
basal joint is somewhat truncate at the apex and provided with three plain apical setse 
and two coarsely plumose setae on the lower portion of the inner margin (fig. 36). Caudal 
stylets about equal in length to the last abdominal segment and comparatively wide apart. 
Each stylet is furnished with one long and stout and a few small setae ; the length of the 
principal seta is equal to about once and a half the combined length of the stylet and 
last abdominal segment, and has the extremity curved outwards (fig. 34). 
JIahilat. In a shore gatliering at Accra, collected January IGth. 

Genus Cletodes, Brady (1872). 

Cktodes, Brady, Nat. Hist. Traus. Northumb. & Durham, 1872. 
Lilljeborffia, Clans, Die Copeijodcii-Fauna von Nizza, 1866. 

Orthopsi/lliis, Brady & Robertson, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Ilist. vol. xii. 1873. 

Cletodes linearis (Glaus). (PL XII. figs. 29-32.) 

1866. Lilljeborffia linearis, Claus, Die Copepoden-Fauna von Nizza, p. 22, t. ii. figs. 1-8. 
1873. Orthopsijlhs linearis, B. & R., Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. xii. p. 138. 
1880. Cletodes linearis, Brady, Brit. Copep. vol. ii. p. 95, pi. Ixsx. figs. 1-14. 

Habitat. Accra, in a shore gathering, collected January IGth. Loanda Harbour, in a 
surface tow-net gathering, collected February 13th. 

This species, though numerically scarce, appears to have an extensive distribution. 
In 'British Co]:)epoda' Professor Brady records it from Scilly Islands, also from Newry 
and Roundstone, Ireland, and Glaus has recorded it from Nice. 

Subfamily HARPACTiciNyE, Boeck (in part). 
Oversigt Norges Copepoder, 1864. 

Genus Dacttlopus, Glaus (18G3). 

Dactylopus, Clans, Die t'reilebenden Copepodeu, 1863. 
Dactylopus, Brady, British Copepoda, 1880. 


niOM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 99 

Dactylopus latipes, n. sp. (PL X. figs. 38-43.) 

Length 1-25 mm. (l-20th of an inch). Body moderately robust. Fii'st segment of the 
cephalothorax once and a half the entire length of the other fom* segments; rostrum 
sliglitly curved, stout, of moderate length. Anterior autennte short, stout, 9-jointed ; 
first joint large, the fourth provided with a long sensory filament ; the proportional lengths 
of the joints nearly as in the formula : — 

^5 . 8 . 7 . e . ^ . A . 2 . l . S 
1 2 3 4 o tj 7 S i)' 

Second foot-jaws short and stout ; a plumose seta springs from near the inner distal 
angle of the first joint ; the inner margin of the second joint is ciliate, and a small seta 
springs from the side and near the middle of the same joint (fig. 10) ; the terminal claw 
is provided Avith a slender seta near the base. Pirst pair of swimming-feet nearly as in 
Dactylopus tishoides, Clans. The fifth pair consists of large foliaceous plates jmrtly 
overlapping each other and forming, apparently, a kind of ovigerous pouch for the pro- 
tection of the ova (fig. 42 ; see also fig. 38). Abdominal segments fringed with small 
teeth ; their general surface is also more or less hispid. Caudal stylets about equal in 
length to the last abdominal segment and rather longer than broad. The inner of 
the two principal tail-setai is equal to the entire length of the abdomen and stylets. 

Hahitut. Accra, in a shore gatliering with Dacfijloims prophiquus, Lauphonte serrata, 
Stenhella, &c., collected January 16th. 

Dactylopus propinqui's, n. sp. (PI. X. figs. 44-52; PL XI. figs. 1-3.) 

Female. Length '5 mm. (l-50tli of an inch). Body moderately stout. Anterior 
antennae short and stout, 6-jointed ; the upper portion is produced and forms the base of 
a long sensory filament. The annexed formula shows the proportional lengths of the 

joints : — 

8 . 5 . 8 . 2 . 4 . r, 


12 3 4 5 

Posterior antennae nearly as in Dactylopus tishoides, Claus (PL X. fig. 47). The first joint 
of the posterior foot-jaws bears two small spinous seta; on the inner margin and another 
at the inner distal angle ; a row of small spinous setae extends diagonally from near the 
outer edge at the proximal end to the upj)er edge near the distal end of the second joint ; 
the terminal claw is stout and provided wdth a small seta on its inner aspect. The outer 
branches of the first swimming-feet consist of three nearly equal joints — the middle one 
being somewhat shorter than the first or third, the last two joints of the inner branches 
very short and armed with one stout terminal claAV and a long seta ; the exterior margin 
of both the last two joints bears several small spiuiform teeth (fig. 49). The inner 
branches of the second, third, and fourth pairs are somewhat shorter than those of 
Dactylopus Stromii (Baird), but otherwise they resemble very closely the same swimming- 
feet of that species. The second joint in the fifth pair, which does not extend much 
beyond the apex of the basal joint, is subquadrangular in outline and furnished with five 

13* 


100 Mil. T. SCOTT OX ENTOMOSTRACA 

long sette on its outer nearly straight marg-in, and another on the inner lateral margin; 
the hroadly triangular portion oi' the basal joint hears one apical and two suhapical 
stout plain seta?, and two slender setse spring from the anterior margin (fig. 50). Caudal 
stylets very short, fringed with long slender serrse ; the longer of the tAvo principal terminal 
setae is fully twice the length of the abdomen. Ovisacs two. 

Habitat. Accra, in a shore gathering collected January 16th. Off Sao Thome 
Island, in a tow-net gathering from 20 fathoms, collected January 23rd, and in a 
tow-net gathering from a lagoon by the shore of Sao Thome Island, collected 
January 23rd. 

A form, which is probably the male of the Dactylopus now described, occurs in the 
same gatherings with it. The only important difference is in the anterior antennae, 
which are somewhat longer and 8-joiuted ; they are hinged between the fifth and sixth 
joints. But though the anterior auteuuse of the male usuallj^ consist of the same 
number of joints as in the female, and frequently of a fewer number, it occasionally 
happens that they are composed of more joints — as, for instance, in I/i/ojysi/Ilns coriaceus 
(Brady and Bobertson *) and Ilyopsi/llns ajjiiiis, described in this Report, in both of 
which the male antennai consist of a greater number of joints than those of the female. 

The first swimming-feet of the male of Dactylopus projjinquus are similar to those of 
the female already described ; the second pair resemble those of the male of Dactylopus 
Stroma (Baird). The first abdominal segment is provided with a pair of trispinose 
appendages as shown in PL XL fig. 3 (see also PI. X. fig. 41). 

Genus Thalestris, Claus. 
Thalestris, Claus, Die freilebenden Copepodeu, p. 128 (1863). 
Thalestris forpicula, Claus. (PI. XII. figs. 33-11.) 

1863. Tlialeslris forjicula, Claus, Die freilebenden Copepoden, p. 131, pi. xvii. figs. 7-11. 

Habitat. In a shore gathering from Accra, collected January 16th. 

The length ("5 mm.) of the ' Buccaneer ' specimen is less than that stated by Claus, 
which is 'S mm. The anterior antennae are 8-jointed ; the relative lengths of the joints 
being nearly as shown by the annexed formula : — 

9.8.6.5.4.4.3.4 
12 3 4 5 6 7 8' 

The secondary branch of postei'ior antennae 2-joiuted. First pair of swimming-feet 
elongate, the inner branches considerably longer than the outer ; terminal claws short and 
stout. Inner branches of the second, third, and fourth pairs shorter than the outer 
branches : in the fourth pair the inner branches reach only to about the end of the second 
joint of the outer branches, while the outer branches are long and slender, Avith a long 
slender terminal sjiine, ciliate on the outer edge (fig. 39). Second joint of the fifth pair 

* Brit. Copep. vol. ii. pi. Ixxxii. fig. 4. 


FROM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 10] 

elongate, larg-cr tlian the basal joint and furnished with six plain setae — two apical, two 
suhapical, and two on tlui lower half of the outer margin (fig. 10). Caudal stylets very 
short ; the basal part of the principal caudal setae is distinctly g-il)bous, as shown in 
fig. 41. Clans also, op. cit., describes and figures this character of the tail-setae. He 
obtained Thalestris fovficula at Messina. 


Genus Ilyopsyllus, Brady & Eobertson. 
IlyopsyUus, Brudy & llobcrtsou. Aim. & Mag. Nat. Hist. s. 4, vol. xii. p. 132 (1873). 

Ilyopsyllus affinis, n. sp. (PI. XI. figs. 4-17.) 

Length "5 mm. Body tumid, .similar in form to Ilijopsyllus coriaceus, B. & E,. ; 
rostrum broadly triangular, furcate at the apex. 

Anterior antenna? S-jointed in the female, 8-jointed in the male ; the produced upper 
distal portion of the dilated liasal joint is more or less hispid and furnished with several 
spiniform seta? ; a curved fold fringed with long stout serrse occurs near the distal end 
of the base, and extends from the upper margin downwards about two-thirds the breadth 
of the joint. In the female the three apical joints are of nearly equal length. The 
proportional lengths of the joints are nearly as shown in the formula : — 

Female : 20 . 10 . 8 . 7 . 8 

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 


llalc : 8 . 20 . 5 . t) . 7 . lU . . .5 


The third and fourth joints in the male are each provided with a long " olfactory " 
appendage, as are also the female antennae, and these olfactory filaments appear to have a 
small joint near the proximal end, as shown by the figs. 4 and 5 ; posterior antennte and 
mandibles nearly as in Ilyopsijllus coriaceus. Eig. 10 represents what appear to be 
the maxillae and oral aperture. Figs. 11 and 12 represent what appear to be the 
anterior and posterior foot-jaws as observed in the dissections of the animal. The first 
four pairs of swimming-feet resemble those of Ilyopsyllus coriaceus, except that the 
middle joint of the outer branches of the first pair is somewhat longer than either the 
first or third joints. Fifth pair small, simple, obliquely truncate at the apex, with the 
lateral angles somcAvhat produced and bearing each a smtill spiniform seta, and a 
similar seta springs from the distal half of the outer margin ; a transverse curved row 
of small spines extends nearly across the basal part of each foot (lig. 15). Abdominal 
segments fringed with stout cilia. Caudal stylets short, breadth about equal to the 
length, each furnished with two very short set;© and a long one, which is slightly 
spathulate at the base. 

Habitat. In a shore lagoon at Sao Thome Island, among species of Conferva. 


102 ME. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTEACA 

Genus Harpacticus, Milne-Edwards (1838). 
Harpacticus chelifer, ?var. (PI. XII. figs. 42-46.) 

1776. Cyclops chelifer, Miiller, Zool. Dan. Prodr. 2413 ; Entomostraca, p. Hi, t. xix. figs. 1-3. 

1850. Arpacticus, Baird, Brit. Entom. p. 212, t. xxix. figs. 2, 3, 3 a-g. 

1863. Harpacticus, Clans, Die freilebendeu Copcpoden, p. 135, t. xix. figs. 12-19. 

1880. Harpacticus, Brady, Brit. Copep. vol. ii. p. 146, pi. Ixv. figs. 1-15, pi. Ixiv. figs. 10, 11. 

A form of Harjiacticus closely resembling Harpacticus chelifer was obtained in a 
shore gathering collected at Accra, January 16th, and in a tow-net gathering from 
185 fathoms at Station 23, collected February 5th. 

The chief point of difference seems to be the absence of the curved spines or " claws " 
on the inner distal margin of the last joint of the posterior foot-jaws ; the inner margin 
of these foot-jaws is also not concave as in S. chelifer, but in all other respects the 
' Buccaneer ' specimens closely resemble that species. 


Genus Miracia, Dana. 

Miracia, Dana, Proceed. Amer. Acad. Sci. 1849. 

Miracia efferata, Dana. 

Habitat. Station 2, 50 fathoms, January 1st (night collection). Station 9, surface, 
25 and 50 fathoms, Jahuary 10th (day collections). Station 14, 10 fatlioms, January 
21st (night collection). Lat. 1° 55' 5" N., long. 5° 55' 5" E., 10 to 360 fathoms, 
January 22ud (day collections). Lat. G" 3' 3" S., long. 11° 7' 5" E., surface, Eebruary 8th 
(day collection). 

This Miracia was observed in 49 tow-nettings, 18 of which were surface and 31 under- 
surface gatherings. The uuder-surface gatherings were from 3 to 360 fathoms, 8 of the 
surface and 21 of the under-surface tow-nettings were day collections, while 10 surface 
and 10 under-surface were night collections, as shown by the formula : — 

f 8 day collections. 

rl8 surface \ ^i^ • w ivi 

m i.i.- ,n) ^10 nm'ht ditto. 

Tow-nettings 49 < ^ 

tsi under-surface ( 21 day ditto. 
1 10 night ditto. 
It was of frequent occurrence in several of the gatherings, and many of the specimens 
carried ovisacs. 


MlKACIA MINOR, u. sp. (PL XI. figs. 18-30.) 

Length -93 mm. General form as of Miracia efferata, but not half the size. Anterior 
antennce 8-jointed, slender in the female ; the proportional lengths of the joints are as 
follows : — 


IS . 15 . 13 . lit . 14 . 20 . 11 . 15 


FEOM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 103 

The joints bear from, one to four setae each, except the last, which has one on the 
upper and four on the lower side ; it has also three terminal sette. The seta wliich 
springs from the upper distal angle of the third joint is longer than those on the other 
joints except the last, and a long sensory filament springs from the upper distal angle 
of the fourth joint. In the male antennae the first three joints are short, the third being 
shorter than either of the other two ; the fourtli is dilated and longer than the 
preceding three together ; the fittli is short ; the sixth long and slender ; the seventh 
is very small ; the eishtli a little longer than the seventh and furnished with four 
terminal seta} ; the male antenna} hinged between the fifth and sixth joints. The 
following are the proportional lengths of the joints : — 

10 . 9 . 4 . 24 . 9 . 11 . 2 . 5 


1234 5 678 

Posterior antenna} 4-jointed — the last joint as long as the preceding two together, 
and ciliated along one of its margins. A small 1-jointed secondary appendage, furnished 
with two stout terminal setaj and a few marginal cilia, springs from the end of the 
second joint. Mouth-organs as in Mlracia efferata, except that the posterior foot-jaws are 
3-jointcd and nearly alike in both sexes, but that of the male has a longer terminal claw ; 
in neither, however, is the terminal claw so short as in Miracia efferata. The first pair 
of swimming-feet has the inner branches scarcely so long as the outer ones ; the second 
joint of the outer branches is furnished with a moderately long plumose hair on the inner 
distal angle ; the inner margin is fringed with short stoixt settc, as are also the ends of 
the first and second joints. The second pair in the female resembles the third and 
fourth pairs, but are rather smaller. The inner branches of the second jiair in the male 
are 2-jointed ; the last joint bears one short terminal spine, and one on the lower half of 
the outer margin ; on the inner margin are two long plumose hairs. The third and fourth 
pairs are similar in both sexes ; the inner branches being shorter than the outer ; all the 
joints of botli branches are fringed with hairs on the external margin ; the inner distal 
angle of the last joint bears a long, slender, non-plumose hair (or spine). The fifth feet 
small, foliaceous, 2-jointed ; the proximal joint in the male is armed with two spinous setae ; 
the distal bears one long setiferous spine and two short spines, also a small hair on the 
inner aspect, as shown in the figure. In the female the proximal joint is armed with 
one long setiferous spine and four small spinous setjie (one of which is very minute) ; 
the distal joint is somewhat cylindrical in form, and is furnished with several setiferous 
spines at the extremity. Abdomen in the male 5-, in the female i-jointed — the first 
two joints being coaleseent in the female. The posterior margin of the last three 
segments, in both sexes, fringed with small spinous seta}. Caudal stylets rather longer 
than the last abdominal segment, each furnished with one moderately long setiferous 
and two shorter spines, besides several spinous setae on the outer aspect near the middle 
of the stylet. At the extremity are one long and stout and one short setiferous spine 
and a number of spinous setee ; the long terminal setiferous spine is fully half as Ion"- 
again as the stylet. 


104 MR. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTRACA 

Hahitat. Station 23, 235 fathoms, February 5th (day collection). 

Several speciniens, a few carrying ovisacs, vv'ere ohtainecl in this gathering, which 
was the only one in which Miracla minor was observed. It differs from both Dana's 
species, especially in the number and proportional lengths of the joints of the anterior 
antennae. 

Genus Machairopus, Brady. 
Machairopus, Erady, Report on the ' Challenger' Coj^epoda, 1883. 

Machairopus idyoides, Brady. 

1883. Machairopus idyoides, Brady, Report ■ Cliallenger ' Copep. p. 101, pi. xli. figs. 1-12. 

Habitat. The shore of Sao Thome Island, January 31st (day collection). 

This collection, which contained a very small quantity of weed and sand, yielded a 
number of Sarpacticidm, including two specimens of the Machairopus. The ' Challeuger ' 
specimens (" two or three only were found ") were from Betsy Cove, Kergueien Island. 

The full and carefully figured details which accompany the description of this species 
make its identification comparatively easy and certain. 

Genus JEgisthus, Giesbrecht, 1891. 

JEffisthus, Giesbrecht, Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel (Pelagisehe Copepoden), p. 573 (1892). 
Thaumatopsytlus * , Scott, MS. name, 1892. 

Body slender, elongate, and with a more or less sharp-pointed rostrum. Anterior 
antennfe slender, in the female about equal in length to the first body - segment, 
6-jointed ; in the male the anterior anteunjB are longer, and consist of a greater number 
of joints. Posterior antennae somewhat similar to those of Iliracia, 3-jointed, and with 
a small 1-jointed secondary branch. Mandibles well develojjed, the broad biting apex 
irregularly toothed ; mandible-palp (?) absent or very rudimentary. Posterior foot-jaws 
5-jointed, the three apical joints very small; a long, stout, curved spine springs from the 
inner distal angle of the second joint ;. in the male the posterior foot-jaws are smaller 
than those of the female. Both branches of the first four pairs of swimming-feet 
3-jointed and of nearly equal length ; in the first pair in the female the articulation 
between the second and third joints is imperfect and indistinct. Fifth pair simple, 
1-brauched, 1- (or indistinctly 2-) jointed in the female; distinctly 2-jointed in the male. 
The tail-seta3 of the species for which the genus is instituted are extremely long, and 
may or may not form a generic character. {Note. — ^Tliis description was written before I 
saw Giesbrecht's worlc.) 

jEgisthus longirostris, n. sp. (PI. XI. figs. 31-44) 

Body elongate, slender, gradually tapering towards the posterior end ; forehead 
produced into a long pointed rostrum. Caudal stylets short, each terminating in an 


* 


Oavpariis, ■wonderful ; ;f t>XAos, a flea. 


FEOM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 105 

extremely long, slender, jointed, setiferous sjiine, bearing a plumose seta at its extremity 
(fig. 31). Length, exclusive of caudal spines, 2-4 mm. ; Icngtli to the extremity of the 
caudal spines 12-5 mm. (J an inch). Anterior antennae (female) slender, about equal in 
length to the first cephalothoracic segment, 6-jointed, sparingly setiferous, penultimate 
joint very short. The upper distal end of the first joint is produced to form a broadly 
conical tooth provided with an apical seta. A long " olfactory " appendage springs from 
the end of the third joint. The relative lengths of the joints are nearly as follows : — 

10 ■ 12 ■ 13 . 8 . 1 . 3 
1 2 3 4 5 6' 

Anterior antennse of the male very long aud slender, fully twice the length of tliose 

of the female, 7-jointed, penultimate joint extremely long ; the olfactory appendage that 

springs from the distal half of the fourth joint and the principal apical seta are also very 

long. The annexed formula shows the relative lengths of the joints : — 

12 . 13 . 5 . 15 . 6 . 38 ■ 12 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ■ 

Both the male and female antenntB are geniculate between the first and second joints 
(fig. 3i). Second and third joints of the posterior antennae elongate : secondary branch 
very short, with two apical setae. Mandibles broad, with the truncate distal end 
irregularly toothed and bearing a pectinate stout seta at the outer angle (fig. 36) ; no 
trace of a palp was observed. The maxillae have a well-developed biting part aud a 
small secondary appendage bearing three apical setae. Anterior foot-jaws small ; first 
joint armed with two stout spines, setose on both edges, and a small spine and a seta ; 
the very small terminal point bears three apical setae. The last three joints of the 
second foot-jaws are very small and furnished with several long setae ; the inner distal 
portion of the elongate second joint is produced and forms the base of a long, stout, 
curved spine ; there is a small setiferous process on the inner margin of the proximal 
end (fig. 39). The posterior foot-jaws in the male are somewhat similar to those of the 
female, but smaller and less setiferous (fig. 40). The middle joint of the second, third, 
and fourth pairs of swimming-feet shorter than the first or third ; the marginal spines 
of the outer branches stout, dagger-shaped, and serrate on both margins ; terminal spines 
elongate, falcate, serrate on the outer edge, the inner edge ciliate. Fifth pair of feet 
simple, each foot armed with three long dagger-shaped spines on the outer margin and 
two at the apex : both edges of these spines are serrate except near the base : there are 
two plumose setae near the middle of the inner margin, and a plain seta near the base of 
the outer margin of each foot, as shown in fig. 48. 

Hahitat. In a tow-net gatliering from 360 fathoms. Lat. 1° 65' 5" N., long. 5° 55' 5" E., 
collected January 22nd ; and in tow-net gatherings from 185 fathoms and 235 fathoms, 
Station 23, collected February 5th. 

Several specimens of this remarkable species were obtained. They do not agree with 
^gisthus aculeatus, Giesbrecht, — e. y. the fifth pan- of thoracic feet, &c. 

SECOND SERIES. — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VI. 14 


106 ME. T. SCOTT OX ENTOMOSTEACA 

Genus Clytemnestra, Dana. 

Clytemnestra, Dana, Proc. Amer. Acad. Sci. 1849. 
Goniojjsyl/us, Brady, Report ' Challenger/ Copepoda, 1883. 
Goniopelte, Claus, Arb. Zool. Inst. Wien, 1889. 
Saphir, L. Car. 1890. 

Head and first thoracic segment coalescent. Forehead usually subrostrate. The 
joints of the cephalothorax much constricted in front, dilated behind so as to form 
jirominent lateral triangular processes. Anterior antennee 6- to 8-jointed, geniculate in 
the male. Posterior antennae 3(or 4 ?)-jointed ; secondary branch wanting, or very 
small and rudimentary. Mandible slender, apex obscurely digitiform ; the palp absent 
or very rudimentary. Maxillae also rudimentary. Anterior foot-jaw small, clawed at 
the apex. Posterior foot-jaw elongate, 2- or 3-jointed; terminal claw, in the male, long 
and powerful, in the female small. First pair of swimming-feet 2-branched, inner 
branch 3-jointed, the outer with one to three joints. The second, third, and fourth 
pairs nearly alike, 2-branched, both branches 3-jointcd. Feet of fifth pair 1-branched, 
the branches similar and 1-jointed, and the same in both sexes. 

Clytemnestra rostrata (Brady). (PL XII. figs. 47-57 ; PI. XIII. figs. 1-3.) 

188.3. Goniopsyllus rostratus, Brady, Report on the ' Challenger ' Copepoda, p. 107, pi. xlii. figs. 9-16. 

1849. Clytemnestra (?) scuteUata, Dana, Proc. Amer. Acad. Science. 

1860. Clytemnestra (?) tenuis, Lubbock, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxiii. p. 180, pi. xxix. figs. 6, 7. 

1889. (?) Goniopelte gracilis, CLaus, ArlD. Zool. Inst. Wien, t. ix. 

Length about 1-25 mm. The body is usually more or less curved inwards. The fore- 
head is subtruncate, with middle part produced forward so as to form a prominent rostrum. 
Postero-lateral angles of the tirst four thoracic segments extended backward into 
angular jirocesses ; the last thoracic segment smaller than either the preceding one or 
the first al)dominal segment, its postero-lateral angles not produced. Abdomen 5-jointed 
in the male, 4-jointed in the female ; the first abdominal segment in the female composed 
of two coalescent segments, with usually a pellucid spot in the median dorsal line 
(PI. XII. fig. 48). Body, seen dorsally, elongate, narrow, and tapering gradually from 
the head backwards. Caudal stylets short, about as long as the last abdominal segment, 
each furnished with a few short marginal hairs, and in the male with two long plumose 
terminal setse. The plumose setae are wanting in the female and are replaced by two or 
three plain and very small hairs. Anterior antennae in both male and female 7-jointed, 
the proportional lengtlis of the segments being nearly as follows : — 

Male. 12 . 19 . 6 . 22 . 3 . 18 . 25 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 


Female. 12 . 20 . KJ . 15 . 15 . 17 


The anterior antennae of both male and female are sparingly setiferous. There is a 
hair-like filament on the upper margin and near the middle of the third joint in both 
sexes, while the upper distal angle of the fourth segment and the extremity of the last 


FEOM THE GULF OF GUmEA. 107 

bear each two similar filaments or " sensory liairs," one of which on both seg-mcnts is 
longer and stouter than the other. In the male the third (?) and last joints are hinged, 
and the fifth hears a spiuiform ajipendage. The posterior antennte are of moderate length 
and 3-jointed (Clans says 4-jointed, and the hasal joint of some of the ' Buccaneer ' 
specimens has a faint line, requiring the |-inch objective to see it, crossing the basal 
segment near the middle, which may be a pseudo-joint ; hut there are certainly only 
three distinct jo'mts in all of the ' Buccaneer' specimens examined), having at the distal 
end of the first segment a 1-jointed rudimentary branch bearing two long terminal 
plumose setae. The lower margin and the distal half of the surface of the last segment 
of the primary branch is setose ; the upper edge of the same segment hears one, and at 
the extremity five setae. Mandibles small, basal part somewhat dilated, the upper part 
slender, with the extremity furcate or obscurely digitiform; the mandible-palp absent or 
very rudimentary (no palp was observed in any of the ' Buccaneer ' specimens, though 
they were dissected with the greatest possible care). Maxillae rudimentary, bearing two 
terminal spiniforni seta?, and one seta near the middle of the basal part. Anterior foot- 
jaws small ; the end joint with three terminal spiniform setae, the middle one being the 
longest. Thei-e is at the end of the basal segment a lu-oportionally large marginal 
process bearing thi-ee terminal spinif or tn hairs, which imparts to the anterior foot-jaws the 
appearance as if they were 2-branched; a long, slender, marginal hair springs from 
the i^roximal half of the basal joint. Posterior foot-jaws in the male large, composed of 
two long segments and a long, curved, terminal claw, nearly as long as the second 
joint, and forming a powerful prehensile organ ; the upj^er margin of the second 
joint is finely serrate. The jjosterior foot-jaw in the female, which is also 2-jointed 
(PI. XII. tig. 50), is shorter and more slender than that of the male, the terminal claw 
being also short and feeble, the length of the whole ajjpendage being little, if at all, 
longer than the first joint of the male cxppendage (Prof. Brady describes, loc. cit., the 
posterior foot-jaws as possessing a rudimentary third joint, but no such joint was observed 
in the ' Buccaneer ' specimens). First pair of swimming-feet 2-branched, inner branches 
3-jointed, the last joint being the shortest ; outer branches 1-jointed, rather longer than 
the first joint of the iimer branches. All the joints are furnished with long plumose 
hairs ; a single plumose hair springs from the outer margin of the second basal joint. 
Second, third, and fourth pairs nearly alike, also 2-branched, both branches 3-jointed, 
joints subequal ; the outer branches rather shorter than the inner ones, all well furnished 
with long plumose setae. Fifth pair of feet 1-branched, 2-jointed, slender, the second 
joint twice the length of the first, bearing a long, slender, setiferous, terminal spine, and 
a similar one on the iimer margin near the extremity of the joint; four short spinous 
hairs spring at irregular intervals along the outer margin ; there is also a slender hair on 
the outer margin and near the distal end of the first joint. The preceding description 
of the five pairs of feet applies to both sexes. Ova not apparently enclosed in a sac, but 
forming a single cluster somewhat similar to that of Eaclueta marina. 

Habitat. Station 2, surface, January 1st (night tow-netting). Station 9, 50 fathoms, 

14* 


108 ME. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTEACA 

January 10th (day tow-netting). Lat. 1° 55' 5" N., long. 5° 55' 5" E., 460 fathoms, 
January 22nd (day tow-netthig). Station 23, 10, 185, 235 fathoms, February 5th, &c. 
(day tow-nettings, and a surface night tow-netting). 

This interesting species was obtained in 81 tow-nettings, 16 of these being surface and 
15 under-surface collections. One of the surface and 9 of the under-surface tow- 
nettings were day collections, while 15 surface and 6 under-surface were night collections, 
as shown in the formula : — 

r 1 day collection. 
rl6 surface | 15 uigi^t coUections. 

Tow-nettings 31^ . 9 day ditto. 

(^ lo under-surface < •' 

I 6 night ditto. 

The under-surface tow-nettings ranged from 3 to 460 fathoms. 

Clytemnestra rosfrata was of more or less frequent occurrence in nearly all the tow- 
nettings in which it w^as observed. Siiecimens carrying ova were not uncommon in some 
of the collections. 

The form here described, including its real and supposed varieties, has been the 

subject of a good deal of misunderstanding and controversy, due in great part to the 

meagreness and insufficiency of Dana's description and figures. Nevertheless, after 

having carefully dissected and examined a large number of specimens, I have no doubt 

whatever that the species under consideration belongs to Dana's Clytemnestra, and I 

hesitate to ascribe it to his Clytemnestra scutellata only because of the difference in 

number of the joints of the inner branches of the first pair of swimming-feet, which in 

C. scutellata, as described by Dana, are 3-jointcd, but which in the ' Buccaneer' specimens 

are 1-jointed; and also because of the very marked difference in the form of the dorsal 

aspect between the ' Buccaneer ' specimens and Dana's figure of Clytemnestra scutellata. 

Dana's figure represents the thoracic as decidedly broader than the abdominal part of the 

body, whereas the form of the ' Buccaneer ' specimens is elongate-narrow, with the breadth 

gradually diminishing from the head to the last abdominal segment, and in this 

respect they agree with Goniopsyllus rostratus, Brady, and Goniopelte gracilis, Clans. 

Further, the ' Buccaneer' specimens differ from GoniopsyUus rostratus, as, figured and 

described by Prof. Brady in the ' Challenger ' Report, in two important points : first, the 

posterior antennse of the ' Buccaneer ' specimens possess a rudimentary but yet distinct 

secondary branch bearing two plumose hairs, while in Goniopsyllus rostratus the secondary 

branch is wanting, being represented by a single plumose hair attached to the end of 

the basal joint of the primary branch ; second, the inner branches of the first pair of 

swimming-feet in Goniopjsyllus rostratus are described as 3-jointed, whereas in the 

' Buccaneer ' si)ecimens they are only 1-joiuted, and are so in both the male and female. 

On the other hand, the species described and figured by Prof. Claus as Goniopelte gracilis 

agrees, so far as I can make out, in every essential particular with the ' Buccaneer ' 

specimens, so that the ' Buccaneer ' specimens appear to belong to Goniopelte gracilis, 

Claus, rather than to Goniopsyllus rostratus, Brady. 

In an interesting paper by Prof. Claus in the ' Zoologischcr Anzeiger,' No. 378 


FROM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 109 

(Nov. 30, 1891), he discusses somewhat fully the classification of the species now under 
consideration, as well as that of its allied forms, and also the various opinions expressed 
by different writers bearing on tlie same question. In this paper Prof. Clans shows, more 
or less conclusively, that Sai^phir rosti^atus, L. Car., is synonymous with Goniopsyllus 
rostratus, Brady, and also that Chjtemnestra Uendorffi, Poppe, is equivalent to Goniopelte 
gracilis, Claus. In a concluding uote, referring to the likelihood that Goniopelte may 
be synonymous with Goniopsyllus, he says : " But if it is desirable, — which I could not 
advise, taking into account the different points, — that the two forms Goniojjelte and 
Goniopsyllus should be made only different species of the same genus, Clytemnestra, for 
reasons given in my work on Copepods, would not be valid as a generic name. It 
must in that case be Goniopsyllus, Bi'ady." With all deference, however, to W'hat 
Prof. Claus has stated, I prefer meantime to restore Dana's generic name, Chjtem- 
nestra ; for, though his description be imperfect, there need be no uncertainty as to his 
figures. 

{Note. — The jireccding remarks on Chjtemnestra were written at the close of 1891, and 
long before I saw Giesbrecht's Monograph of the Neapolitan Copejjoda.) 


Genus Setella, Dana. 
Setella, Dana, Crust. U.S. Expl. Exped. 1852. 

Setella gracilis, Dana. 

1852. Setella gracilis, Dana, Crust. U.S. Expl. Exped. p. 1198, pi. Ixxxv. figs. 3 a, g. 
1883. Setella gracilis, Brady, Report Chall. Copep. p. 108, pi. 1. figs. 1-10. 

Habitat. — Station 2, 5 fathoms, January 1st (night collection). Station 9, 50 fathoms, 
January 10th (night collection). Lat. 1° 55' 5" N., long. 5° 55' 5" E., 460 fathoms, 
January 22nd (day collection). Station 18, surface, Pebruary 3rd (day collection). 
Lat. 6" 47' 5" S., long. 11" 30' 6" E., surface, February 8th (day collection), etc. 

Setella gracilis was obtained in 85 tow-nettings, 31 of which were surface and 51 
under-surface gatherings. The under-surface gatherings were from various depths, from 
2-| to 460 fathoms. 11 of the surface and 34 of the under-surface tow-nettings were 
collected during the day, and 23 of the surface and 17 under-surface w^ere night collec- 
tions, as shown by the formula : — 

11 day collections. 
34 surface 


{. 


... n^ , l23 nisht ditto. 

Tow-nettmgs 8o ^ r o . i ' t 

( 51 under-surface | 3* "'^^ ^^i^*"- 

1 17 night ditto. 

A considerable proportion of the specimens carried ovisacs. The size of the specimens 
varied sufficiently to lead me to think that there were more than one species of Setella 
in the collection ; but careful dissection showed little, if any, structural diflPerence 
among the specimens, and any structural difference observed was easily accounted for by 
difference in maturity or sex. 


110 MR. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTRACA 


Section II. P(ECIL0ST03fA, Thorell. 

Family COEYCiEID^, Dana. 

Genus Cortc^eus, Dana. 

Corycmiis, Dana, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelpliia, 1845. 

Corijc<eus, Brady, Report ou the Copepoda of the ' Challenger ' Expedition, 1883. 

CoKTC^us VARius, Dana. 

1852. Corycaus varius, Dana, Crust. U.S. Expl. Exped. p. 1211, pi. Ixxxv. figs. 4 a-i. 

1856. Corycaus styliferus, Lubbock, Trans. Entom. Soc. iv. N. S. pi. v. figs. 7, 8. 

1863. Corycatts furcifer, Glaus, Die freilebenden Copep. p. 157, pi. xxiv. figs. 7-12. 

1883. CoryccBus varius, Brady, Report Chall. Copepoda, p. Ill, pi. lii. figs. 1-14. 

Habitat. Station 2, 25 fathoms, January 1st (night collection). Station 9, 50 fathoms, 
January 10th (day collection). Lat. 1° 56' 5" N., long. 5° 55' 5" E., 460 fathoms, 
January 22n(l (day collection). Station 18, surface, February 3rd (day collection). 
Bananah Creek, Congo River, surface, February 7th (day collection), »&c. 

This CoryccEus was obsei'ved in 110 tow-nettings, comprising 48 surface and 62 uuder- 

surface gatherings. The under-surface gatherings ranged in depth from 2 to 400 

fathoms. 23 of the surface and 44 of the under-surface tow-nettings were day collections, 

while 25 surface and 18 under-surface were uight collections, as shown by the annexed 

formula : — 

r 23 day collections. 

... ^_r48 surface { 25 night ditto. 

Tow-nettmgs 110< > ,, , =' ,.^^ 

162 under-surface 1^^ ^^^^ ^^^tto. 
I- 18 night ditto. 

This was the most common species of Corycceus in the collection, both as regards its 
general distribution throughout the area examined and its frequency in the tow-nettings 
in which it occurred. 

Corycaus pellucidus, Dana. 

1852. Cory cceus pellucidus, Dana, Crust. U.S. Expl. Exped. p. 1224, pi. Ixxxvi. fig. G. 

1863. Coryceeus rostratus, Claus, Die freilebenden Copepoden, p. 157, pi. xxviii. fig. 5. 

1883. Cory ccEus pellucidus, Brady, Report Chall. Copep. p. 112, pi. lii. figs. 15-19. 

Habitat. Station 2, 50 fathoms, January 1st (night collection). Station 9, surface, 
25 and 50 fathoms, January 10th (day collections). Lagoon, Sao Thome Island, surface, 
January 27th (one day and one niglit collection). Station 18, surAice, February 3rd 
(day collection). Lat. 7° 38' S., long. 12" 3' 3" E., surface, February 9th (night 
collection), &c. 

This Coryceeus, which was a moderately common species in the collection, occurred 


FEOM THE GULF OF GUINEA. Ill 

in 81 of the tow-nettiugs, wliich comprised 42 surface aud 3i) iinder-surface gatherings. 
The under-surface tow-nettings ranged in depth from 2 to 360 fathoms. 15 of the 
surface and 30 under-surface tow-nettings were day collections, while 27 surface and 9 
under-surface were night collections, as shown in the formula :— 

r 15 day collections, 
r -12 surface { 37 ^^.^ ditto. 

Tow-ncttmgs 81 < ^„^ 1 ■,-,, 

1 39 under-surface / ^0 day ditto. 
(. 9 night ditto. 

The distrihution of Corycceus pelbicidus was co-extensive "with the area examined. 
The long spine-like and strongly setiferous hairs of the posterior foot-jaws form an easily 
recognized character of this species. 

CoRTC^us LIMBATUS, Brady. 

1883. Conjcceus Umbatus, Brady, Report Chall. Copep. p. 114, pi. xlix. figs. 18-22. 

Habitat. Station 2, night collection. January 1st. Station 9, 50 fathoms, January 10th 
(day collection). Station 11, 10 fjxtlioms, January 19th (day collection). Lagoon, Sfio 
Thome Island, surface, January 27th (night collection). Lat. 7° 38' S., long. 12° 3' 3" E., 
surface, February 9th (night collection), &c. 

Corycceus Umbatus was obtained in 25 tow-nettings, 10 of which were surface and 15 
under-surface gatherings. The dejith of the under-surface toAv-nettings ranged from 
2| to 50 fathoms, exclusive of two, one of which was from 260 fathoms and one from 
360 fathoms. 4 of the surface and 10 of the under-surface tow-nettings — including the 
two specially referred to — were day collections, while 6 of the surface and 5 of the under- 
surface were night collections, as shown by the formula : — 

4 day collections. 


f 4 day collect: 
10 surface | 6 night ditto 

{'I 


Tow-nettings 25 , ,^ , 

[15 under-surface f 10 ^^y^^itto. 


5 night ditto. 

This Corycceus, though generally distributed over the area examined, was nevertheless 
a comparatively rare species, only a few specimens at most being observed in any one 
of the tow-nettings in which it occurred. 

CoKYC^us VENUSTUS, Dana. 

1852. Corycmis venusfus, Dana, Crust. U. S. Expl. Exped. p. 1222, pi. Ixxxvi. figs. 4 a-d. 

1883. Corycmis renu.stus,V,xa.Ay, Report Chall. Copep. p. 115, pi. liv. figs. 8-10. 

Habitat. Station 2, surface, January 1st (night collection). Station 9, surface and 
25 fathoms, January 10th (day collections). Lat. 1 55' 5" N., long. 5° 55' 5" E., 30 and 
460 fathoms, January 22nd (day collections). Lat. 6 23' 3" S.,long. 11° 3' 8" E., surface, 
February 8th (day collection). 

This species — one of the rarer of the CorycmidcB in the collection — was obtained in 
24 tow-nettings, 13 of which were surface and 11 under-surface gatherings. The 


112 ME. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTEACA 

svxrface tow-nettings comprised 7 day and G night collections, and the under-surface 
7 day and 1 night collections, as shown in the formula : — 

f 7 day collections. 
,,. ^ J 13 surface ( 6 night ditto. 

Tow-nettmgs 2i< ^„ -, ,.,, 

Ill under-surface (^ ^% ^^^^to. 
1. 4 night ditto. 
The under-surface tow-nettings included four at 10 fathoms, one at 15 fathoms, one 
at 20 fathoms, two at 25 fathoms, one at 30 fathoms, one at 60 fathoms, and one at 160 
fathoms. 

CoRTC^us sPECiosus, Dana. 

1852. Corycfeus speciostis, Dana, Crust. U.S. Expl. Exped. p. 1222, pi. lxxx\'i. figs. 4a-d. 
1883. CoryccBus speciosus, Brady, Report Chall. Copep. p. 115, pi. liv. figs. 8-10. 

Habitat. Station 2, 5, 25, and 50 fathoms, January 1st (night collection). Station 9, 
surface, 25 and 50 fathoms, January 10th (day collections). Lat. 1 55' 5" N., long. 
5° 55' 5" E., 10, 20, 30, 60, 260, 360, and 160 fathoms, January 22nd (day collections : 
the nets were fixed at intervals on a deep-sea line and exposed simultaneously 
from 11 A.M. to 2.23 p.m.). Station 23, surface, 10, 20, 135, 185, and 235 fathoms, 
February 5th (day collections : nets fixed on deep-sea line and exposed simultaneously 
from 11 A.M. to 3.30 p.m.). Lat. T 54' 6" S., long. 12' 11' 7" E., surface, Eebruary 9th 
(day collection), &c. 

This fine and well-marked species was observed in 86 tow-nettings, 32 of which 
were surface and 51 under-surface collections. The depth of the under-surface 
tow-nettings ranged from 2 to 460 fathoms. 17 of the surface and 39 of the imder- 
surface tow-nettings were day collections, while 15 surface and 15 under-surface were 
night collections, as shown in the annexed formula : — 

rl7 day collections, 
r 32 surface 1 15 night ditto. 

Tow-nettings 86 < , ..^ , ,.,, 

1 54 under-surface ( "^^ '^""^ '^^^^''^ 
1 15 nidit ditto. 


"a^ 


o 


Corycceus speciosus was one of the more common species of the Gorycceidce observed 
in the collection, but it was not obtained in any gathering from localities where the 
water was of a decidedly brackish character, as at Bananah Creek. The remarkably 
divergent caudal stylets made this an easily recognized species ; several specimens were 
obtained with ovisacs. 

CoRTC^us OBTUSUS, Dana. 

1852. Corycieus obtusus, Dana, Crust. U.S. Expl. Expcd. p. 1211, pi. Ixxxv. fig. 6. 

1857. V Corycceus angUcus, Lubbock, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vol. xx. pi. xi. figs. 14-17. 

1883. Coryaeus obtusus, Brady, Report Chall. Copep. p. 116, pi. xlvi. figs. 7-9. 

Habitat. Station 2, 50 fathoms, January 1st (night collection). Ofi' Accra, 3 fathoms, 
January 16th (day collection). Lagoon, Sao Thome Island, surface, January 27th (night 
collection). Loanda Harbour, surface, Eebruary 13tli (day collection). 


FKOM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 113 

Corycceus ohtusus Avas observecl in 39 tow-nettings, 23 of which were surface and IG 
under-surfaee gatherings ; 7 of the surface and 10 of the undor-surface tow-nettings 
were collected during the day, while 10 of the surface and 6 of the under-surface were 
night collections, as shown in the annexed formula : — 

j 7 day collections. 

f 23 surface \ -,n „^„k+ a-*.*.^ 

m j-i- on ) 1 1" night ditto. 

Tow-nettings 39 < i. & 

(.10 under-surface { ^^^ '^^y '^it^^- 

1 night ditto. 

The under-surface tow-nettings ranged from 2i to 50 fathoms, and one at 185 fatlioms. 
The hook-like process at the base and on the under surface of the first abdominal 
segment seems to be peculiar to this species and forms one of its distinctive characters. 

Genus Copilia, Dana. -^ 

Copilia, Dana, Proc. Amer. Acad. Sci. 1849; Brady, Report on the Copepoda 
of the ' Challenger' Expedition, 1883. 

Copilia mirabilis, Dana. 

1852. Copilia mirabilis, Dana, Crust. U.S. Expl. Exped. p. 1232, pi. Ixxx. figs. 14 a-g. 
1856. Saphirina styUfera, Lubbock, Trans. Entom. Soc. vol. iv. p. 28, pi. iv. figs. 9, 10 ^ . 
1863. ? Copilia denticulata, Claus, Die freilebcnden Copepoden, p. 161, pi. xxv. figs. 14-20. 
1883. Copilia mirabilis, Brady, Report Chall. Copepoda, p. 117, pi. liii. figs. 1-11. 

Habitat. Station 2, surface and 50 fathoms, January 1st (night collection). Station 9, 
surface and 25 and 50 fathoms, January 10th (day collection). Lat. 1° 55' 5" N., lono'. 
5° 55' 5" E., 10, 20, 30, 60, and 300 fathoms, January 22nd (day collection). Station 23, 
surface, February 5th (day collection). 

Copilia mirabilis was observed in 70 tow-nettings, 21. of which were surface and 46 
under-surface gatherings. The under-surface gatherings ranged in depth from 2 to 300 
fathoms. 12 of the surface and 33 of the under-surface tow-nettings were day collections, 
while 12 surface and 13 under-surface were night collections, as shown by the annexed 
formula : — 

f 12 day collections. 
..• ,^(24 surface 1 12 night ditto. 

Tow-nettings 70 ^ r ^ -, T 

(.46 under-surface P3 '% ^^^^to. 
1 13 night ditto. 

This species was of frequent occurrence in several of the tow-nettings. 
Copilia qladeata, Dana. 

1849. Copilia quadrata, Dana, Proc. Amer. Acad. Boston, vol. ii. 

1866. Sapiiirinella pellucida, Claus, Die Copepoden-Fauna von Nizza. 

1892. Copilia quadrata, Giesbrecht, Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel (Pelagische Copepoden), 

p. 658, pi. 2. fig. 3, pi. 50. figs. 1, 10, 13, 16, 22, 28, 33, 36, 41. 
SECOND SERIES. — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VI. 15 


114i MR. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTEACA 

Uahltat. Station 23 (lat. i^ 26' 7" S., long. 10 1' 8" E.), 30 fathoms, in a tow-net 
slathering collected between 11 a.m. and 3 p.m. A few specimens (male and female) 
were observed ; they were readily distinguished by being larger and much broader in 
proportion to the length than the others. 

? COPILIA DENTICULATA, Claus. 

1863. Copilia denticulata, Claus, Die freilebenden Copepodcn, p. 161, pi. xxv. figs. 14-20. 
One or two specimens ( 2 ) of a Copilia apparently belonging to this species occurred 
in a few of the tow-net gatherings along with Copilia mirabilis. 

Copilia Pultoni, n. sp. (PI. XI. figs. 15-50 ; PL XII. figs. 1-3.) 
Length, including caudal stylets, 5"3 mm. {\j of an inch), the length of the caudal 
stylets is about 1"6 mm. The first cephalothoracic segment is equal to about four-tenths 
of tlie entire length of the animal, including the stylets. Anterior antennae as in Copilia 
mirabilis, Dana, 6-jointed, the proportional lengths of the joints as in the formula : — 

40 . 35^ 17^5^. 17_^ 
1 2 "~3 ^ 5 W 

Posterior antennse and mandibles also nearly as in Copilia mirabilis, except that the 
third joint of the posterior antennse is scarcely two-thirds the length of the preceding 
joint, and tlie marginal spine of the second joint is much smaller than that on the intero- 
distal angle of the first joint (PI. XL figs. 47-48). The maxillfe consist each of a single 
broadly spatulate joint bearing three apical spines (PI. XL fig. 49). Anterior foot- 
jaws stout, 1-joiuted, and provided with two terminal spines and two lateral spiniform 
seta3 (PL XL fig, 50). Posterior foot-jaws 2-jointed and armed with a stout, nearly 
straight claw (PL XII. fig. 1). SAvimming-feet as in Copilia mirabilis. Fifth pair rudi- 
mentary, each consisting of one small joint provided with a terminal spine and two small 
setae. The abdomen is 4-jointed and is about equal to the combined length of the 
last three thoracic segments ; the postero-distal angles of the first a1)dominal segment 
each bear two small spiniform seta?, and the last joint is about equal to the combined 
length of the two preceding joints. The second last thoracic segment only is produced 
into a median dorsal spine. 

Habitat. Station 23, in a tow-net gathering from 30 fathoms, collected February 5th. 
Only three specimens were obtained. 

The comparatively short posterior abdominal segment distinguishes this species at a 
glance from Copilia mirabilis, Dana. It differs from Cojjilia Briicll, I. C. Thompson, 
by the evenly rounded outline of the first body-segment, in the proportional length of 
the joints of the posterior antenna;, in the second last thoracic segment being produced 
into a median dorsal spine, and in the presence of a fifth pair of feet, besides one or two 
other points shown by the drawings. 

In the Report on the ' Challenger ' Copepoda the abdomen of Copilia is, in the 


FEOM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 115 

definition of the genus, stated to eonsist of five segments, and in the drawings of CopUin 
mirahllls the fourth pair of swimming-feet are I'eiJresented as attached to wliat is descrihed 
as the last thoracic segment ; if this he correct, then, shouki a fifth pair of feet he present, 
they would necessarily be attached to the same segment as the fourth pair, which Avould 
be very unusual, the fifth pair only being usually attached to tlie last segment of the 
thorax. In the species now described, if the abdomen be held to consist of five segments, 
the appendages of the first segment are not a fifth pair of feet, and the fourth pair are 
attached to what, in that case, is the last thoracic segment, and a separate segment, for 
the support of a fifth pair of feet, is entirely absent. In these circumstances I prefer 
to consider the abdomen as consisting of four segments and that the fourth pair of 
swimming-feet are appendages of the second last segment of the thorax, and further that 
the rudimentary appendages of the next, or last, thoracic segment are a fifth pair of feet, 
because such an arrangement of the parts is more in harmony witli those of closely 
allied genera. 

Genus Ltjbbockia, Clans. 

Lubbockia, Claus, Die freilebeiulcn CopeiJodcu, 1863 ; Brady, Report on the 
Copepoda of the ' Challenger' Expedition, 1883. 

LUBCOCKIA SQUILLIMANA, Claus. 

1863. Lubbockia squiUimana, Claus, Die freilebenden Copcpodcn, p. 164, jil. xxv. figs. 1-5. 

1883. Lubbockia squiUimana, Brady, Report Chall. Copep. p. 118, pi. liii. figs. 12-16, pi. liv. figs. 1-7. 

Hcdntat. Station 3, 100 fathoms, January 2nd (day collection). Station 9, 25 fathoms, 
January 10th (day collection). Lat. 1° 55' 5" N., long. 5 55' 5" E., 360 fathoms, 
January 22nd (day collection). Station 23, surface and at 10 fathoms, February 5th (day 
collection). Lat. 8° 30' 8" S., long. 12 5' 7" E., surface, February 9th (day collection), &c. 

Luhhockia squilUmana was observed in 39 tow-nettings, 13 of which were surface 
gatherings and 26 under-surface. The under-surface gatherings were from various 
depths from 10 to 360 fathoms ; 3 of the surface and 18 of the iinder-surface tow- 
iiettings Avere day collections, while 10 surface and S under-surface were night collections, 
as in the formula : — 

r 3 day collections. 

..• on f ^'^ '"''^'''''' i 10 night ditto. 

Tow-nettmgs 39 < " 

I 26 under-surface j 18 day ditto. 
I 8 night ditto. 

Though generally distributed throughout the ar(^a represented in this Report, and 
though observed in a considerable number of gatherings, Luhhockia was of less frequent 
occurrence in the tow-nettings in which it was obtained than some other species with a 
more restricted distribution. Specimens of both sexes were collected, but females were 
much more common than males ; several females carrying ovisacs were taken. 

15* 


116 MR. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTRACA 

Genus Onc^a, Philippi. 

Onceea, Philippi, Wiegmana's Arcliiv, 1843. 
Antaria, Dana, Proc. Amer. Acad. Sci. 1849. 

Onc^a obtusa (Dana). 

1843. Onceea venustat, Philippi, Wiegmanu's Archiv, pi. 111. fig. 3. 

1852. Antaria obtusa, Dana, Crust. U.S. Expl. Exped. p. 1230, pi. Ixxxvi. figs. 13 a-c. 

1883. Onceea obtusa, Brady, Report Chall. Copep. p. 120, pi. li. figs. 1-11. 

Habitat. Station 2, surface, 5, 25, and 50 fathoms, January 1st (night collections). 
Station 9, surface, 25 and 50 fathoms, January 10th (day collections). Lat. 1° 55' 5" N., 
long. 5° 55' 5" E., 10, 20, 30, 260, 360, and 460 fathoms, January 22nd (day collections). 
Bananah Creek, Congo River, surface, February 7th (day collection). Loanda Harbour, 
surface, Pebruary 13th (day collection). 

Onccea obtusa was observed in 119 tow-nettings, 60 of wdiich were surface and 59 
under-surface gatherings. The under-surface tow-nettings ranged in depth from 2 to 
460 fathoms. 20 of the surface and 41 of the under-surface gatherings were day col- 
lections ; 34 of the surface and 18 of the under-surface gatherings were night collections, 
as shown by the formula : — 

26 day collections. 


r lb clay collect! 
60 surface \ 3^ ^^„^^ ^j^to 


Tow-nettings 119 , .-, n tm; 

(.59 under-surface P^^^'^y^^^^*^- 
(. 18 night ditto. 

This was one of the most common and most generally distributed species in the 
' Buccaneer ' collection ; many of the specimens carried ovisacs, and though the collection 
had been for several years in spirit a considerable proportion of the OnccBce retained 
much of the vivid coloration so characteristic of the species. 

ONcasA GRACILIS (Dana). (PI. XIII. figs. 4-12.) 

1853. Antaria gracilis, Dana, Crust. U.S. Expl. Exped. p. 1229, pi. Ixxxvi. fig. 11 a. 

Length I'l mm. Cephalothoras narrow, ovate. Abdomen elongate, slender ; the 
breadth of the first abdominal segment is somewhat less than two-thirds its length, and 
one-third the length of the abdomen, exclusive of the stylets ; the second segment is 
scarcely half the length of the first, and equal to the combined length of the next two ; 
the third segment is nearly twice the length of the last, while the caudal stylets are 
somewhat longer than the last abdominal segment (fig. 12). The anterior antenna? are 
similar to those of OnccBa obtusa, but are more slender ; the relative lengths of the joints 

are nearly as in the formula : — 

4 . 4 . 13 . 2 . 1 . 3 

r~2 3 4 5 6' 

The last joint of the posterior antennte about as long as the preceding one, but more 
slender and furnished with four long, stout, ajjical setae, and another seta near the base. 
Mouth-appendages nearly as in Onceea obtusa, except that the last joint of the posterior 
foot-jaw is elongate and armed with a long, powerful, nearly straight terminal claw. 


FEOM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 117 

which is finely serrate on the inner edge (fig. 10). First swimming-feet also similar to 
that species, but more slender, and provided with much longer terminal spines, — the 
terminal spine of the outer branch is equal to about three times the length of the joint 
from which it springs. The terminal spines of the three pairs (both branches) are also 
long. The inner branch of the fourth pair is much shorter than the outer branch, and 
its three joints are nearly equal in length ; the terminal spine is long and setiform. 
Fifth pair of feet as in Onccea obtum. 

Habitat. Station 2, 50 fathoms, collected January 1st, between 7.20 and 8.20 
P.M. Station 9, 50 fiithoms, collected January 10th, during the day. Ofi" Appi * 
(near Porto Novo), surface, collected January 18th (day). Lat. 3° 55' 3" N., 
long. 4° 7' 3" E., 30 fathoms, collected January 20th. Lat. 2° 34' 9" N., long. 5° 22' 2" E., 
20 fathoms, collected January 21st. Lat. 1° 55' 5" N., long. 5° 55' 5" E., 360 fathoms, 
collected January 22nd. Station 23, in two gatherings at 30 and 85 fathoms, collected 
February 5th. All the gatherings except the first one w^ere collected during the day. 

Though I have included this species under Onccea, it nevertheless differs very 
markedly from the very common Onccea ohtusa, Dana. The last joint of the posterior 
antennse is elongate and slender ; the inner branch of the fourth pair of swimming-feet is 
considerably shorter than the outer branch, and consists of three nearly equal joints ; 
the al)domen is long and slender, and the last three segments are much longer, com- 
paratively, than in Onccea obtusa. These differences, taken together, should j^erhaps be 
considered of more than merely specific value, but I prefer meantime to refer the species 
above described to Oncceci. 

Note. — The species described above agrees in several points with Concea rapax, 
Giesbrecht (Mon. Pelag. Copep. of the Gulf of Naples), and should perhaps be ascribed 
to that genus. 

ONCiEA MEDITERRANEA (Claus). (PI. XIII. figS. 13-17.) 

1863. Antaria mediterranea, Claus, Die freilebenden Copepadeu, jj. 159, pi. xxx. figs. 1-7. 

Length '85 mm. (l-30th of an inch). Somewhat like Onccea obtusa in general form, 

but with a proportionally shorter abdomen. Abdomen, including caudal stylets, equal 

to about two-fifths the length of the ccphalothorax ; length of first abdominal segment 

equal to about twice the breadth, and to fully twice the entire length, of the remaining 

segments ; and, togetlier with the caudal stylets, the length of the last abdominal 

segment is rather greater than that of the two iireceding segments added together. 

Caudal stylets about twice as long as broad, and nearly equal in length to the last two 

abdommal segments. Anterior antennse slender ; the pro2)ortional lengths of the joints 

are nearly as shown in the formula : — 

2.3.8.2.1.2 
12 3 4 5 0" 

* Note lij Mr. llattray. — " Appi is a flourishing village, with three French factories. It is the nearest port to 
the inland town of Porto Novo, and communicates with it by a lagoon. The surf at Appi is very heavy, and it is 
impossible to land except in a native boat built for that purpose. The boats are manned by about sixteen negroes 
and propelled by paddles. The beach is steep and sandy." 


lis ME. T. SCOTT ON EXTOIMOSTEACA 

Last, joint of the posterior antennEe fully three-fourths the length of the precetlinp^ 
joint. Mouth-organs similar to those of Oiicaa ohtusa, except that the last joint of the 
posterior foot-jaw is broadly ovate; the fringe of hairs on the inner margin extends 
backwards from the apex nearly three-fourths the length of the joint, and is bounded at 
the proximal end by a small spine (fig. 16). The swimming-feet are similar to those of 
Onccea ohtusa, but the joints, especially of the outer branches of the first pair, are 
jiroportionally longer, and the length of the terminal spines of both branches of all the 
swimming-feet is much greater than those of that species : in the iiist pair the terminal 
spine of the outer branches is equal to the combined length of the second and last joints ; 
in the fourth pair the terminal spines of both branches are equal to the entire length of 
the branches they spring from ; the terminal spines of the inner branches are also serrate 
on both branches. The fifth pair, like those of Onccea ohtusa, are very small and rudi- 
mentary. One or two females only of this species were obtained. 

Habitat. Station 9, 50 fathoms, collected January 10th. Lat. 1^ 55' 5'' N., long. 
5' 55' 5" E., 300 ftithoms, collected January 22nd. 

This species, though closely resembling Onccea ohtusa, appears to be quite distinct 
from it ; the following are some points in which it differs from that species : — the last 
joint of the secondary branch of the posterior antennae is considerably longer ; the joints 
of the outer branches of the first swimming-feet are proportionally longer ; the abdomen 
is shorter, being only equal to about two-fifths of the length of the cephalothorax ; and 
the terminal spines of the swimming-feet, and especially of the fourth pair, are of much 
greater length than those of Onccea ohtusa. Onccea mecliterranea (Claus) seems to agree 
much closer with this species than with Onccea ohtusa (Dana), and I have therefore 
ascribed it to the species described by Dr. Claus. 

Genus Hersiliodes, Canu, 1888. 

Hersilioees LiviNGSTONi, n. sp. (PI. XIII. figs. 31-38.) 

Length, exclusive of tail-setse, 1-03 mm. Viewed dorsally the body is broadly ovate, 
and much constricted near the posterior end ; it is composed of six segments, the first 
being nearly equal to the entire length of the other five ; the fifth segment is short, and 
considerably narrower than that which precedes or follows it ; the breadth of the last 
segment is greatest posteriorly. Forehead rounded. Anterior antennae stout, 7- 
jointed, and bearing numerous setiB; the proportional lengths of the joints are nearly as 

shown in the formula : — 

15 . 25 ■ 12 . 18 . 14 . 11 . 11 

12 3 4 5 6 7 ■ 

Posterior antenniie stout, 4-jointed, the first joint being nearly equal to the 
combined length of the other three; the third joint bears two stout curved spines at the 
exterior distal angle, while the truncate extremity of the last joint is armed with four 
elongate curved sj)ines and a few setse (fig. 33). The mouth is in the form of a small 
conical tube, the margin of which is fringed with cilia. The mandible is armed 
exteriorly with a stout, somewhat curved tooth, having a doul:)le row of scrratures along 


FROM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 11!) 

its inner margin, and interiorly with tliree setiferous spines. Maxillse simple, 
terminating in two very short and rounded spiniferous lohes (tig. 3i). The anterior 
foot -jaws are furnished with a short, stout, and slightly curved terminal claw, which is 
provided Avith several setiferous spines at the base, while two stout setiferous sjiines 
spring from the end of the tirst joint ai\d close to the basal part of the claw. The 
posterior foot-jaws are large ; they arc furnished with several spiniform plumose setae on 
the inner margin, and terminate in stout, elongate, and strongly curved claws, from the 
base of which springs a strong and curved claw-like spine (fig. 35). Both branches of 
the first four pairs of swimming-feet 3-jointed ; joints short and broad. The exterior 
margin of the outer branches of the first pair is furnished with four spines, — one on 
each of the first and second, and two on the last joint. Hound the end and inner margin 
of the last joint there are six long plumose setae, while one long seta, also plumose, 
springs from the inner distal angle of the second joint. The first and second joints of the 
inner branches have no spine on the outer margin ; the outer distal angle of the second 
joint forms a tooth-like process; the last joint is furnished with a stout spine on the 
lower half of the exterior margin, — the margin being hollowed out to receive the base of 
the spine; there are also five plumose setae round the end and inner edge of the last 
joint. The extremities of both branches of the second, third, and fovxrth pairs are 
armed with one long and one short spine ; the long sj)ine of the outer branches is ciliate 
along the inner edge (tig. 37). The foot of the fifth pair consists of a broad foliaceous 
joint, rounded at the extremity, and furnished with one long terminal and three small 
submarginal setse (fig. 38). Abdomen composed of four segments; the first is con- 
siderably dilated, the first, third, and fourth are about equal in length, but the second is 
rather longer. Caudal stylets half as long again as the last abdominal segment, some- 
what divergent, and furnished AA^th two long and three short terminal set£e ; there is also 
a small submarginal spine about one-third the length of the stylet from the extremity 
(fig. 31). 
Habitat. Loanda Harbour ; surface tow-net gathering, collected February 15. 

Genus Pachysoma, Claus. 
Pachysoma, Claus, Die freilebenden Copepoden, 1863. 

Pachysoma punctatum, Glaus. (PI. XIII. figs. 18-21.) 

1863. Pachysoma jMnctatiim, Claus, op. cit. p. 163, pi. xxv. figs. C-11. 

Length 2"5 mm. Body rotund; forehead produced into a small triangular pointed 
rostrum. Anterior antennae very short, stout, 7-jointed, the third and fourth joints 
shorter than the others ; the proportional lengths of the joints are as follows : — 

3 .2.5. 9 .12. 22 . 20 . 1 .5 
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ' 

Posterior antennae nearly as in Liohomolgiis, 1-jointed, the third joint short, the others 
of moderate length and subequal (fig. 20). Mandibles small, stylet-shaped, ciliate along 
one edge ; the maxillae consist of small 1-jointed appendages bearing two long apical 


120 ME. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTE.ACA 

setse. Anterior foot-jaws rudimentary, 1-jointed, with a moderately stout terminal 
claw and a small seta (fig. 23). Basal joint of posterior foot-jaws greatly dilated ; 
second joint stout, bearing two marginal spiniform setae and armed with a strong curved 
terminal claw, which is provided with a small seta near the base and on the inner 
aspect. Swimming-feet nearly as in Lichomolgiis, both branches 3-jointed ; the setse on 
their inner margins are stout and densely plumose ; the inner branches are considerably 
lono-er than the outer (fig. 2\). Eifth pair rudimentary and provided with one small 
marginal and two apical plumose setae. Abdomen short, composed of four segments ; 
first segment large, the next three much shorter and narrower ; in the male the postero- 
lateral angles of the first abdominal segment carry two plumose setse. Caudal stylets 
about equal in length to the first abdominal segment ; apical setse three, and one on the 
outer edge about one-third the length of the stylet from the proximal end. The 
structure of the integument is shown in fig. 18. 

KaUtat. Station 9, in a tow-netting from 25 fathoms. Lat. 2' 34.' 9" N., long. 5' 22' 2" 
E., 20 fathoms. Station 14, in two tow-net gatherings from 10 and 20 fathoms. 
Lat. r 55' 5" N., long. 5° 55' 5" E., 20 fathoms, and lat. 0' 21' 1" N., long. T 0' 33" E., 
20 fathoms. 

Though observed in these six separate tow-net gatherings, very few specimens were 
obtained. 

Genus Lichomolgus, Thorell. 
Lichomolgus, Thorell, Om Krustaceer i Ascidier, p. 74 (1859). 

LiCHOMOLGTJS CONGOENSIS, n. sp. (PL XIII. figs. 39-48.) 

Length fully 1 mm. Cei^halothorax moderately robust. Anterior antennae fully half 
the length of the first cophalothoracic segment, 7-jointed, nearly as in Lichomolgus 
fucicolus; the relative lengtlis of the joints are shown in the formula : — 

12 . 26 . 8 ■ 17 . 18 . 15 . 10 

12 3 4 5 6 7' 

Posterior antennae 4-jointed ; first, second, and fourth joints elongate, subequal ; third 
joint very short and bearing two stout seta3 on the upper distal angle ; the last joint is 
armed with two slender curved terminal spines and two setse ; there is also a small seta 
on the inner margin near the apex (fig. 41). The mandible consists of a comparatively 
broad and apparently abruptly bent process, the truncate apex of which is furnished 
with a comb-like fringe of short setae ; a stout stylet-like appendage, finely crenate on 
the upper edge, springs from the outer distal angle, and is closely applied to the 
anterior edge of the ajipendage, and extends some distance beyond its fringed apex 
(fig. 42). The maxillae are simple 1-jointcd appendages, bearing a few apical setae 
(fig. 43). Eoot-jaws nearly as in Lichomolgus fucicolus, except that the posterior foot- 
jaw is armed with a long curved spine on the inner margin of the proximal half of the 
second joint (fig. 45). The four pairs of swimming-feet are also nearly as in Lichomolgus 
fucicolus, except that there are stout dagger-shaped spines on the exterior margin and 


FEOM THE QVLF OF GUINEA. 121 

apex of the outer branches ; the apex of the inner branches is also provided with similar 
spines ; the inner branch of the fourth pair is 2-jointed (fig. 4G). Fifth pair subquad- 
rangular, rather longer than broad, and furnished with two stout terminal spines. 
Abdomen scarcely equal to half the length of the cephalothorax. Caudal stylets about 
as long as broad, and three-fourths the length of the last abdominal segment. The 
fourth tail-seta, counting from the outside, is stouter and rather longer than the others. 

HahitcU. Bananah Creek, Congo River, in a surface tow-net gathering, collected 
Eebruary 6th. Only two specimens (females) were obtained. 

Genus Pseudanthessius, Claus. 

Pseudanfhessius, Claus, Arb. Zool. Inst. Wien, 1889. 
PSETJDANTHESSITJS PUOPINQUITS, n. sp. (PI. XIII. figs. 49-56; PL XIV. figs. 1, 4.) 
Length 1'3 mm. (l-18th of an inch). Anterior antennae 7-jointed; the formula shows 

the proportional lengths of the joints : — 

12 . 21 . 6 . 12 . 12 . 11 . 8 


12 3 4 5 7 

The short penultimate joint of the posterior antenna3 bears a long slender spine on its 
upper distal angle ; the last joint is provided \vdth a stout curved apical spine and five 
setae. Mandibles somewhat as in Lichomolgus congoensis, but the stylet-like appendage 
is longer and strongly dentate on the upper edge, the basal tooth being much larger 
than the others (PI. XIII. fig. 52). Maxillae armed with three stout terminal spines, 
two of which are serrate on both edges, and a small marginal seta (PI. XIII. fig. 53). 
Anterior foot-jaws stout, 1-jointed, and provided with four strong terminal spines, the 
two larger of which are furnished with several tooth-like processes. Posterior foot-jaws 
in the female short, 3-jointed ; the second joint carries two short, stout, marginal spines, 
and the last joint, which is small, carries one terminal and four lateral seta3 (PL XIII. 
fig. 54). In the male the posterior foot- jaws are more slender; the first and second 
joints are fully twice as long as broad, and the inner margin is fringed with cilia ; the 
last joint is very short and forms the base of a stout, elongate, curved claw, which is fur- 
nished with two small setae near the base. The fourth pair of swimming-feet are nearly 
as in Pseudanthessim Thorelli (Brady), but the margins of the 1-jointed inner branches 
are not ciliate ; a moderately long plumose seta springs from the proximal half of the 
inner edge (?and probably also from the outer edge opposite to the other) (PL XIV. 
fig. 3). The first three pairs of swimmiug-feet are nearly as in Lichomolgus fucicolus. 
The fifth pair consist each of a moderately stout joint, furnished with two apical spines. 
Abdomen, inclusive of stylets, nearly equal to three-foiu'ths the length of the cephalo- 
thorax : in the male the first segment is as long as the next two together ; in the female 
the first segment is rather more than half the length of the abdomen, the remaining three 
segments are as in the male. Caudal stylets once and a half the length of the last 
abdominal segment, and furnished with one seta near the middle of the outer margin and 
four apical setae. 

Habitat. Loanda Harbour, in a surface tow-net gathering, collected February 15th. 
Very few specimens were obtained. 

SECOND SERIES. — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VI. 16 


122 ME. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTEACA 

Genus Saphieina, Thompson. 
Saphirina, Thompson, Zoological Researches, 1829 

Saphieina ovalis, Dana. 

1852. Saphirina oralis, Dana. 

1883. Saphinna ovalis, Brady, Report Chall. Copep. p. 123, pi. xlvii. figs. 1-12. 

Habitat. Station 2, January 1st (night collection). Lat. 1" 55' 5" N., long. 5^ 55' 5"E., 
10 and 30 fathoms, January 22nd (day collections). Station 21, surface, February 4th 
(day collection). Station 2i, surface, February 6th (day collection), etc. 

This Saphirine was obtained in 27 tow-nettings, 10 of wliich were surface and 17 
under-surface gatherings. The uuder-surface tow-nettings ranged from 2 to 50 fathoms, 
with the exception of one which was from 185 fathomxS. 2 of the surface and 13 of the 
under-surface were day collections, while 8 surface and 4 under-surface were night collec- 
tions, as shown in the formula : — 

J 2 day collections, 
f 10 surface. |. g night ditto. 

Tow-nettings 27 . -^3 ^ ^^^^^ 

I 17 under-surface < •' 

K 4 night ditto. 

Only one or at most very few speciniens were observed in any one of the tow-nettings, 
Tlie females of Safhlrlna ovalis were usually readily distinguished from other Saphirines 
by the numerous, circular, opaque white spots scattered somewhat symmetrically over the 
entire dorsal surface, and which imparted a rather elegant appearance to the specimens. 
(It will be understood that the ornamentation described is that of specimens which have 
been several years in spirit.) 

Note. — This appears to be the species described by Giesbrecht as Saphirina stellata 
and = S. ovalis of Dr. Brady's ' Challenger ' Coi)epoda, but not S. ovalis, Dana. 

Saphieina inj^qualis, Dana. (Not S. nlgromaculata, Claus.) 

1852. Saphirina inatqualis, Dana, Crust. U.S. Expl. Exped. p. 1241, pi. Ixxxvii. fig. 7. 

1860. Saphirina elegans ( ? ), Lubbock, Trans. Liuu. Soc. vol. xxiii. p. 12, pi. xxix. figs. 18, ID. 

1883. Saphirina incequalis, Brady, Report Chall. Copep. p. 124, pi. xlviii. iigs. 1-5. 

Ilahitat. Station 9, 25 fathoms, January 10th (day collection). Station 11, 10 fathoms, 
January 19th (day collection). Station 14, 20 fcithoms, January 21st (night collection). 
Station 18, surface, February 3rd (day collection). Station 24, surface, February 6tli 
(day coUection). Lat. 5' 40' 8" S., long. 11 33' 4" E., surface, February 19th (day col- 
lection), &c. 

Saphirina incequalis was observed in 41 tow-nettings, 22 of which were surface and 19 
under-surface gatherings ; 8 of the surface and 14 of the under-surface gatherings were 
day collections, Avhile 11 of the surface and 5 of the under-surface were night collections. 
The under-surface tow-nettings ranged from 2| to 25 fathoms, with the exception of one 
which was from 360 fathoms. 


5 dav collections. 
pO surface 1 5 night ditto. 


FROM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 123 

r 8 day collections, 
r 22 surface 1 11 niilit ditto. 

Tow-nettin£?s 41 < r^ , i tj.^ 

^ I T n I f r I'i' day ditto. 

(_19 under-surface <^ •' 

L 5 night ditto. 
This was the most common of the Saphirines in the ' Buccaneer ' collections. 

Saphirina serrata, Brady. 

188.3. Saphirina serrata, Brady, Report Cliall. Copep. p. 125, pi. xlix. figs. 1, 2. 

Habitaf. Station 9, 25 fathoms, January 11th (day collection). Lat. 1 55' 5" N., long. 
5' 55' 5" E., 200 fathoms, January 22nd (day collection). Station 23, surl'ace and 10 
fathoms, February 5th (day collections). Lat. 5' 40' 8" S., long. 11" 33' 4" E., surface, 
February 19th (day collection), &c. 

This species occurred in 20 tow-nettings, 10 of which were surface and 10 under-surface 
gatherings. The surface comprised 5 day and 5 night collections ; the under-surface 8 day 
and 2 night collections, as shown in the formula : — 

r 

i 5 

Tow-nettings 20 <[ ^ - . 

tlO under-surface 1 8 day ditto. 

I 2 night ditto. 

The under-surface tow-nettings included one at 3 fathoms, three at 10 fathoms, one at 
15 fathoms, two at 20 fathoms, one at 25 fathoms, one at 50 fathoms, and one at 260 
fcxthoms. The distinct, though finely serrate, margins of the abdominal segments 
(except the first) in the female constitute one of the most prominent characters of the 
species. S. serrata was one of the less common of the Saphirines in the collection. 

Saphirina opalixa, Dana. 

1852. Saphirina opalina, Daua, Crust. U.S. Expl. Exp. p. 1254, pi. Ixxxviii. fig. 4. 

1860. Saphirina Thomsoni, Lubbock, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxiii. p. 18(i, pl. xxix. figs. 22, 23. 

1883. Saphirina opalina, Brady, Report Chall. Copep. p. 12G, pl. xlix. figs. 3-G. 

Habitat. Station 9, 25 fathoms, January 10th (day collection). Off' Sao Thome Island 
(lat. 34' K., long. G 30' 4" £.), 10 fathoms, January 23rd (day collection). Station 23, 
20 fathoms, February 5tli (day collection). Lat. T 38' S., long. 12 3' 3" E., surface, 
February 9th (night collection), etc. 

This Saphirine was obtained in 5 surface and 8 under-surface tow-nettings. The 

8 under-surface gatherings comprised two at 10 fathoms, one at 15 fathoms, two at 

20 fathoms, and two at 25 fathoms. The annexed formula shows the number of day and 

night collections : — 

f 1 day collection. 
5 surface 


Tow-nettings 13^ , . , "^ 


j ^ =uxxa^^ ^ ^ ^.gj^^ collections. 

^'^ ^IS under-surface I ^ day ditto. 

1 3 niojht ditto. 


This species was readily distinguished from other Saphirines by the peculiar form of 
the very short caudal stylets. 

16* 


124i MK. T. SCOTT ON EXTOMOSTRACA 

Saphirina opaca, Lubbock. 

1856. Saphirina opaca, Lubbock, Trans. Ent. Soc. vol. iv. p. 27, pi. v. figs. 9-11. 
1883. Saphirina opaca, Brady, Report Chall. Copep. p. 127, pi. xlix. figs. 14-17. 

Habitat. Lat. 3' 58' N., long. 3' 42' W., 25 fathoms, January 13th (day collection). 
Off Sao Thome Island (lat. 0" 46' 6" N., long. 6^ 22' E.), 10 fathoms, January 23rd 
(day collection). Off the Gaboon River (lat. 0' 22' 8" N., long. 8^^ 16' 7" E.), surface, 
January 28th (two night collections). Station 23, 10 fathoms, February 5th (day 
collection) . 

This comparatively large species was obtained in 18 tow-nettings, 7 of which were 
surface and 11 under-surface gatherings. The under-surface tow-nettings included one 
at 2| fathoms, six at 10 fathoms, one at 15 fathoms, one at 20 fathoms, one at 25 fathoms, 
and one at 30 fathoms. 1 surface and 9 under-surface gatherings were collected during 
the day, Avhile 6 surface and 2 under-surface were night collections, as shown by the 
annexed formula : — 

r 1 day collection. 

T ff iQ ( ^ surface | q ^^^^^ collections. 

Tow-nettmgs 18 -^ ^- » 

(.11 under-surface P ^% ^^i^to. 
( 2 night ditto. 

The large size, elongate form, and the produced inner angle of the caudal stylets serve 
to distinguish this from most of the other Saphirines in the collection . A few specimens 
carried ovisacs. 


Saphirina splendens, Dana. 

1852. Saphirina splendens, Dana, Crust. U.S. Expl. Exped. p. 1246, pi. Ixxxvii. fig. 9. 
1883. Saphirina splendens, Brady, Report Chall. Copep. p. 127, pi. xlix. figs. 11-13. 

Rahitat. Station 3, 25 fathoms, January 2nd (day collection). Lat. 4 31' 6" N., long. 
6' 4' 44" W., 50 fathoms, January 11th (day collection). Off the Gaboon lliver (lat. 0^ 
22' 8" N., long. 8 25' E.), surface, January 29th (night collection). Station 23, surface 
and 10 fathoms, February 5th (day collection). Lat. 7° 38' S., long. 12' 3' 3" E., surface, 
February 9th (night collection), &c. 

Saphirina splendens occurred in 16 tow-nettings — 6 surface and 10 under-surface. 
The surface tow-nettings comprised 3 day and 3 night collections, the under-surface 
9 day collections and 1 niglit collection. The under-surface tow-nettings included one 
at 2 1 fathoms, four at 10 fathoms, one at 15 fathoms, two at 25 fathoms, and two at 
50 fathoms. The annexed formula shows the number of day and night collections : — 

{3 day collections. 
o night ditto. 

xuvv -lie L tings xu ^ ® 

.10 under-surface j ^ ^^^y ditto. 

1 night collection. 


FROM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 125 

Saphirina metallina, Dana. (PI. XII. fig. 4.) 

1852. Saphirina metallina, Daua, Crust. U.S. Expl. Exped. p. 1242^ pi. Ixxxvii. fig. 5. 

1860. Saphirina cylindrica, Lubbock, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxiii. p. 184, pi. xxix. figs 13-15. 

1883. Saphirina metallina, Brady, Report Chall. Copep. p. 128, pi. 1. figs. 11-17. 

Rahitat. Station 2, 5, 25, and 50 fathoms, January 1st (night collections). Station 3, 
100 fathoms, January 2ncl (day collection). Lat. 1" 55' 5" N., long. 5' 55' 5" E., 30, 00, and 
360 fathoms, January 22nd (day collections). Station 23, surface, one day and one night 
collection ; also in one at 20, 85, 135, and 235 fathoms, February 5tli, &c. (day collections). 

Saphirina metallina occurred in 29 tow-nettings ; only 4 of these were surface, the 
other 25 being under-surface and ranging in de[)th from 5 to 360 fathoms. The surface 
gatherings comjirised 1 da}- and 3 night collections, and the under-surface 19 day and 6 
night collections, as shown by the annexed formida : — 

J 1 day collection. 

rr .,• on/ ^^^^"^'^^^ 1 3 night collections. 

Tow-nettmgs 29 < ^ o 

I 25 under-surface [ ^^ "^""^ ^^"«- 
i 6 night ditto. 

The form of the caudal stylets in this species makes it readily distinguished from all 
other Saphiriues. A peculiar appendage of the caudal stylets is, by deep staining, brought 
prominently into view. The outline of the appendage may be perceived without staining 
by observing the ditfraction of light around its edges, but it is only by allowing the speci- 
men to be well soaked in the stain (Kleinenberg's hsematoxylin does very well to stain 
with) that the appendage can be seen to advantage. It is then observed to possess a 
narrow oval outline with an acute apex ; a thickened part extends from base to apex 
like the midrib of a leaf. The whole appendage has thus the appearance of a seta 
possessing delicate wing-like expansions. Such a leaf -like aj)pendage {cerGophyllnm) 
has not been noticed in any other species of Saphiri)ia in the 'Buccaneer' collections. 
These cercophylla probably enable the animal to move with greater rapidity through the 
water, and thus to be more successful in the struggle for existence. By possessing greater 
celerity in its movements it would be able to escape more readily from its enemies and 
be more certain of success in attacking its prey. Whether the cercophylla are used as 
an additional motive-power or not is at present conjectural, but the study of the animal 
in the living state should tend to throw some light on the use of these curious organs. 

Saphiiiina sinuicalda, Brady. 

1883. Saphirina sinuicauda, Brady, Report Chall. Copep. p. 129, pi. xlix. figs. 7-10. 

Rahitat. Lat. 23 4 9" N., long. 5° 22' 2" E., 20 fathoms, January 21st (night collection)'. 
Station 21., surface, February 6th (day collection). 

This was one of the rarest of the Saphiriues observed in the ' Buccaneer ' collections, 
and is distinguished from the other species by the form of the inner branch of the second 
swimming-foot and of the caudal lamellse. Only two or three specimens in all were 
obtained. 


126 ME. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTEACA 

Genus Saphirinella, Glaus. 
Saphirinella, Claus, Die freilebendea Oopepodeu, 1863. 

Saphirinella stylifera (Lubbock). 

1856. Saphirina sttjlifera, Lubbock, Trans. Ent. Soc. vol. iv. p. 28, pi. iv. figs. 9, 10. 

1866. Saphirinella stylifera, Claus, Die Copepoden-Fauna von Nizza, p. 17, pi. i. figs. 13, 14. 

Habitat. Station 2, 5, 25, and 50 fatboms, January 1st (uigbt collections). Station 3, 
25, 50, and 100 fatboms day tow-nettings, and 50 fatboms nigbt tow-netting, January 2nd. 
Lat. 1° 55' 5" N., long. 5' 55' 5" E., 10, 20, 30, 60, 260, aud 3C0 fatboms, January 22nd 
(day collections). Station 23, surface, 20, 85, 185, and 235 fatboms, February 5tb 
(day collections). 

Saphirinella stylifera was obtained in 58 tow-nettings, 37 of wbicb were day and 21 
Avere nigbt collections. 47 of tbe collections were under-surface, tbe otbers were surface 
gatberings, as sbown by tbe annexed formula : — 

j 1 dav collections, 
r 11 surface | 7 nigbt ditto. 

Tow-nettings 58 <^ oq i y,, 

1-17 under-surface ( 33 day ditto. 
1 11 nigbt ditto. 

Tbe under-surface tow-nettings included gatherings from 5 to 360 fatboms, in nearly 
all of wbicb Saphirinella was more or less frequent. 

Many specimens of Saphirinella were obtained, but tbey all appeared to belong to the 
one species Saphirinella stylifera (Lubbock). Very few specimens were observed in tbe 
' Challenger ' collections, which is the more remarkable considering the number of 
gatberings and the extensive area represented. 

Note. — Saphirinella : It has been sbown by Dr. Giesbrecbt that Saphirinella is only 
tbe male form of Copilia, and that Saphirinella stylifera, Lubbock, is the male of Copilia 
mirabllis, Dana. 

Saphirella, nov. gen. (Provisional name.) 

Anterior antenna? nearly as in Saphirina, 5-jointed. Posterior antennae 3-jointcd. 
Mandibles stout, each bearing a strong terminal conical tooth, serrate on both margins, 
and a stout plumose terminal spine. Maxilla? broadly subquadrangular and furnished 
with a few terminal seta?. Posterior foot-jaws stout, 3-jointed, and armed with a mode- 
rately strong terminal claw. The swimming-feet arc 2-branched, each branch consists of 
a single broadly foliaceous joint ; fifth pair rudimentary or obsolete. 

Saphirella abyssicola, n. sp. (PI. XIII. figs. 57, 58; PL XIV. figs. 5-10.) 

Length 1'2 mm. Cephalothorax robust ; the first segment, which is about as long as 
broad, is fully two-fifths tbe length of the whole animal ; the triangular postero-distal 
angles of tbe second segment are extended backwards to near tbe end of tbe fourth 


TROM THE GULP OF GUINEA. 1:27 

segment. Anterior antennse nearly as in Saphlrina, short, stout, 5-jointed, the third 
and fourth joints shorter tlian the others ; tlie proportional lengths of the joints are 
shown l)y the annexed formula : — 

12. V. K 10.8 . 12 

1 2 3 4~5 ■ 

Tlie posterior antennae consist of three nearly equal joints, and are furnished with one 
or two marginal and a number of apical setae, two of the apical setae and one subapical 
lieing strongly curved, long, and spiniform (PI. XIII. fig. 58). Mandibles stout, armed 
with a strong terminal conical tooth ; serrate on l)oth edges, and a stout plumose spine ; 
there are also two stout subapical plumose setre (PI. XIV. fig. 6). Maxillse broadly 
subquadrangular, bearing one submarginal and a few terminal setie (PI. XIV. fig. 7). 
The basal joint of the anterior foot-jaws is considerably dilated, and is provided with 
two stout plumose spines on the inner distal angle ; the last joint is small, about once 
and a half longer than broad, and Ijears four spines on its truncate ajjex (PL XIV. 
fig. 8). Posterior foot-jaw stout, 3-jointed, the last joint very small and furnished 
with a moderately strong and nearly straight claw and a long, spiniform, plain seta ; 
the first joint bears three setse on its inner distal angle, and there are two setse near 
the middle of the second joint (PI. XIV. fig. 9). Swimming-feet stout, 2-branched; 
each branch consists of a single broadly foliaceous joint ; the outer liranch of the first 
pair carries four stout dagger-shaped marginal and subterminal spines, serrate on both 
edges, and three terminal plumose setae ; the inner branch carries three similar spines, 
two plain apical setae, and a seta near the base of the inner margin. The second pair 
of feet are like the first, but the three dagger-shaped spines on the inner branch are 
replaced by plumose setae. Only two pairs of feet were observed ; the others wer(^ 
wautiu!?. The last segment of the abdomen is about twice and a half lon<rer than 
l)road. Caudal stylets very short, each bearing a long, slender, sabre-like spine and a 
few very small setae. 

Habitat. Lat. 1" 55' 5" X., long. 5° 55' 5" E., in a tow-net gathering from 260 fathoms, 
collected Januarv 22nd. 


Section III. SIPHONOSTOMA, Thorell. 

Family ARTOTEOGIDJE. 

Cyclopicera, Brady (1872j. 
? Cyclopicera lata, Brady. (PI. XIII. figs. 25-30.) 

1868. Ascomyzon echinicola, Norman, Brit. Assoc. Report, p. 300. 

1872. Cyclopicera lata, Brady, Nat. Hist. Trans. Nortliumb. and Durham^ vol. iv. p. 433, pi. wm. 

figs. 3-8. 
1880. Cyclopicera lata, Brady, Mon. Brit. Copep. vol. iii. p. 56, pi. Ixxxix. fig. VI; pi. xc. figs. 11 -Ul 

Length -7 mm. Body subrotund ; first body-segment shorter than broad and about 


128 ME. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTEACA 

equal to half the entire length of the animal, exclusive of caudal stylets ; forehead 
hroadlv rounded. Anterior antennae slender, shorter than the first hody-segment, 
20-jointed; the second to the ninth joints and also the eighteenth and twentieth, 
which are all of nearly equal length, are shorter than the others, as shown in the 
annexed formula : — 

10. 4. 3. 3. 3. 2. 2. 3. 4. 4. 7. 7. 7. 6. 7. 8. 10. 4. 6. 3 


1 2345678 9 101112 13 1415 16 17 18 19 20 

An olfactory filament springs from the end of the seventeenth joint. Posterior 
antennae and mouth-organs nearly as in Artoti^ogus Boeckii, except that the mandihular 
stylets are considerably longer and their terminal setoe shorter ; the terminal claw of the 
posterior foot-jaws is also longer in the ' Buccaneer ' specimens. The five pairs of 
swimming-feet also resemble those of Artotrogus Boeckii. In the fourth pair (fig. 26) 
a long, stout, plumose seta springs from the extero-distal angle of the first basal joint, 
and the outer distal angle of the second joint of the inner branch is bidentate. The 
abdomen consists of three segments, and the caudal stylets, which are about three times 
as long as broad, are equal in length to the last abdominal segment. 

Habitat. Accra, in a shore gathering, collected January IGth. One or two specimens 
only were obtained. 

Artotrogus, Boeck (1859). 

Artotrogus (pars) and Asterocheres, Boeck, Tvendc nye parasitiske Krebsdyr, 1859. 
Ascomyzon, Thorell, Om Knistaceer i Ascidier, 1859. 

? Artotrogus abyssicolus, n. sp. (PL XII. figs. 5-9 ; PL XIV. figs. 11-18.) 
Female. Length 1"1 mm. Cephalothorax robust ; the first segment, which is con- 
siderably dilated and equal to about four-ninths the length of the entire animal, is 
anteriorly three-lobed ; the two side-lobes are i-ounded, but the middle one is broadly 
triangular ; the last thoracic segment is very small and scarcely so broad as the first 
segment of the abdomen. The abdomen is elongate and slender, and nearly of equal 
breadth throughout ; first segment about equal to the length of the next two together, 
the remaining segments become gradually shorter. Caudal stylets about half the 
length of the last abdominal segment, and furnished with five moderately long setae. 
Anterior antennce short, S-jointed, the last joint longer than any of the others ; a 
long sensory filament springs from the end of the sixth joint ; the relative lengths of the 
joints are shown in the formula : — 

27 . 12 . 6 . 12 . 8 . IS . 10 . 3 4 
T 2 3 4 "5 6 7 8" 

Posterior antenna? 4-jointed, the second and third joints subequal and longer than the 
first or fourth ; the last joint bears three spines — two terminal, one of which is moderately 
long and one short, and a marginal spine ; a small 1-jointed secondary branch springs 
from near the end of the second joint. The mandible consists of an elongate basal 


FROM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 129 

joint furnished with two long, slendei', terminal sette. The first joint of the anterior 
foot-jaws is stout and without sjjiucs or settle ; the apical portion of the foot-jaw is long 
and slender, the proximal half being about four times longer than broad and fijiely 
ciliate on the inner aspect, while the distal half forms a strongly curved claw ; no 
articulation was observed between the claw and tlie broadened basal part. Posterior 
foot-jaw 4-jointed, second joint large, third and fourth much narrower and shorter; 
the second, third, and fourth arc each provided with a small spine on the inner aspect; 
terminal claw equal to fully twice the length of the last joint, stout and slightly curved. 
Swimming-feet nearly as in Artotrogtis (PI. XIV. figs. 17, IS). No fifth pair were 
observed. Siphon as in Artotrogns. 

RaUtat. Lat. 1° 55' 5" N., long. 5° 55' 5" E., in a tow-net gathering from 360 fathoms, 
collected January 22nd. Station 23, in a tow-net gathering from 235 fathoms, collected 
February 5th. 

Several sjiecimens of what may be the male (? immature) of this species occurred in 

the same gatherings ; they diff^ered in the following points : — Body elongate ovate ; 

abdomen long and very slender, and aj)parcntly 6-jointcd, the first segment lieing 

distinctly constricted in the middle (PI. XII. fig. 9). The anterior antenna? consist of 

four moderately stout, short joints, and an extremely long, slender, apical part without 

articulations (PI. XII. fig. 6). The approximate proportional lengths of the basal joints 

and long apical part are as follows : — 

25 ■ 8 ■ 8 . 4 . 270 . 
12 3 4 5 

The posterior foot-jaws are more slender (PI. XII. fig. 8). All the other appendages 
closely agree with the foregoing description. 

Caligus, Mliller. 
Caligus (?) Thtmni, Dana. (PI. XIV. fig. 21.) 
1853. Calii/us Tliijmni, Dana, Crust. U.S. Expl. Expecl. p. 1353, pi. xciv. fig. 3 ff. 

HaMtat. Station 9, in a tow-net gathering from 25 fathoms, collected about midday, 
January 10th. One specimen only. 

This specimen, which is doubtfully referred to Caligus Thymni, Dana, differs from that 
species chiefly in the form and comparative length of the posterior part of the abdomen. 
In the ' Buccaneer ' specimen this part is somewhat narrower and longer proportionally 
than Dana's figure represents Caligus Thymni to be. 

Caligus Murrayanus, n. sp. Provisional name. (PL XIV. fig. 19.) 

Length 3 mm. Prontal plate produced and much narrower anteriorly. Fourth pair 
of feet elongate and rather slender. The first abdominal (genital) segment in the 
female, Avhicli becomes wider posteriorly, is about ouc-and-a-half times longer than it is 
broad at the middle, and equal to aloout half the length of the cephalothorax. The 

SECOND SERIES. — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VI. 17 


130 ME. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTRACA 

posterior part of the abdoineu, exclusive of caudal stylets, is about half as long as the 
genital segment, and the breadth less than half the length. A small sucker-like 
appendage springs from each side of the median ventral line and at the posterior end of 
the genital segment. Caudal stylets very short. 

Habitat. Loanda Harbour, in a surface tow-net gathering, during the afternoon of 
February 15th. One specimen only obtained. 

The outline of the frontal plate, in this species, somewhat resembles an equilateral 
triangle, from the aj)ical part of which a portion equal to about two fifths of the height 
has been cut otf, while the sucker-disks are situated near the middle of what remains 
of each side. The species is named in compliment to Dr. Murray of the ' Challenger ' 
Expedition, who has done so much to foster and encourage the study of marine 
zoology. 

Caligus bengoensis, n. sp. Provisional name. (PL XIV. fig. 20.) 

Length about 2*4 mm. Prontal plate about one fifth of the length of the cephalo- 
thorax, narrower anteriorly. Sucker-disks forming almost a complete circle. The 
length of the genital segment of the abdomen is about equal to one-and-one-third times 
its breadth ; the following segment is shorter than broad, and in length equal to about 
half the breadth of the genital segment ; the last abdominal segment is longer than the 
preceding one, and about as broad as long. Caudal stylets half as long as the last 
abdominal segment. The fourth pair of feet are moderately stout. 

Habitat. Loanda Harbour, in a surface tow-net gathering, but not the same as that in 
which Caligus Murrayanus was obtained. 

Caligtjs DUBiiTS, n. sp. Provisional name. (PI. XIV. fig. 22.) 

'Female. Length 3"G mm. Porehead broadly rounded, sucker-disks comparatively 
shallow. Cephalothorax equal to about four sevenths of the entire length of the animal. 
The genital segment, which becomes wider towards the distal end, is about as long as 
the remaining portion of the abdomen, including caudal stylets ; its breadth at the distal 
end is equal to about three fourths the length, and the postero-lateral angles are rounded. 
The remaining portion of the abdomen, the length of which is about equal to the 
posterior end of the genital segment, is three times longer than broad ; no articulations 
were observed in this part of the abdomen. The length of the caudal stylets is equal 
to twice the breadth, and each is furnished with three moderately short plumose setse. 

Habitat. Loanda Harbour, in two surface tow-net gatherings, collected, one on the 
13th and one on the 15th of February ; also in a surface tow-net gathering collected off 
Appi, January 18th. 

NoGAGUS, Leach. 
NoGAGUS vALiDUs, Dana. (PI. XIV. fig. 23.) 

1853. Nuyayus validus, Dana, Crust. Expl. Exped. p. 13G3, pi. xciv. fig. 9 a-h. 


FROM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 131 

Habitat. Lat. 1° 55' 5" N., long 5' 55' 5" E., in a tow-net gathering from 30 fathoms, 
collected January 22nd. One specimen only was obtained. 

Hessella, Brady. 

Hessella cylindrica, Brady. 

1883. Hessella cyl'indnca, Brady, ' Cliallcnger' Copepoda, p. 13G, pi. Iv. figs. 9-13. 
18G0. ? Baculux elnnyatus, Lubbock, Trans. Linn. Soc. vol. xxiii. p. 190, pi. xxix. fig. 40. 

Habitat. Station 3, in a tow-net gathering from 25 fathoms, collected January 2nd. 
Only one sjiecimen of this interesting species was obtained. 

This appears to be the Baculus elongatm, Lubbock, described by Sir John Lubbock 
in his paper " On some Oceanic Entomostraca collected by Caj)tain Toynbee," and 
imblished in vol. xxiii. of the Transactions of the Linnean Society. If my con- 
jecture is right, Sir John Lubbock's name must take precedence of that of Dr. Brady. 

Incert.e Sedis. 

PONTOPSYLLUS BLONGATTJS, U. g. et sp. (PI. XIV. figS. 24-30.) 

Length 2'23 mm. (1-llth of an inch). Body cylindrical ; first segment four sevenths 
of the whole length of the animal and equal to twice the combined length of the remaining 
three segments, which are subcqual. Abdomen very short, composed of four segments ; 
the two intermediate segments, which are of about equal length, are shorter than the 
first or fourth. Caudal stylets rudimentary and furnished with a moderately stout 
curved plumose terminal seta and three small marginal ones ; the integument of the last 
abdominal segment is covered with minute cilia, and the terminal seta of each of the 
caudal stylets is curved inwards (fig. 24). Anterior antenniB short, 5-jointed, bearing a 
few scattered hairs ; the anterior distal angle of the basal joint is provided with a long 
plain seta that reaches beyond the apex of the antenna. The proportional lengths of the 
joints are as follows : — 

27 -IS . 15. 15 . 1 8 

T 2 3 4 5 ■ 

The posterior antennae are 2-jointed and very short and stout ; a strong curved claw, 
articulated to the exterior half of the truncate apex and opposed by a stout pointed 
tooth, forms a powerful grasping-organ (fig. 20). Mandible and maxiUge rudimentary ; 
the first consists of a simple, somewhat stylet-shaped appendage, the other of two strong 
hooked spines attached to a stout 1-jointed basal part (figs. 27 a, b). Posterior foot-jaws 
large ; the dilated basal joint carries an elongate, slender, apical appendage, the distal end 
of which is clothed with fine cilia, and, becoming gradually attenuated, terminates in a 
small spiral coil of about one-and-a-half turns, as shown in figure. The four pairs of 
swimming-feet are all similar and consist of two short 2-jointed branches ; the exterior 
distal angles of the joints of the outer branches are furnished with stout dagger-shaped 
spines, finely serrate on both edges ; the broad terminal spines, which are more than twice 


132 


MR. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTRACA 


the length of the branches from which they spring, are plain on the inner and serrate 
on the outer margin ; the inner branches have no terminal spine ; both branches are 
provided with several long plumose setse (fig. 29). 

Sabitat. Lat. 1° 55' 5" N., long. 5° 55' 5" E., in a gathering from 360 fathoms, collected 
January 22nd. One specimen only was obtained. 

A form that may be an immature stage of the foregoing was obtained in a surface 
tow-net gathering from Loanda Harbour, collected February 15th, and is represented by 
fig. 58. The anterior antennre are 2-jointed ; the posterior foot-jaws are large and well- 
developed ; the siphon is elongate, with a flattened sucker-like disk at the extremity 
(fig. 30) 

This form is closely analogous to the immature stage of Caligus, formerly described 
as a distinct genus under the name of Chalimus. 


Part II. 
CLADOCERA and OSTRACODA. 


INDEX OF GENERA AND SPECIES. 


Asterope, PhUippi 140 

squamiger, n. sp 140 

Bairdia, M'Coy 136 

inornata, n. sp 136 

Cypria, Zenker 134 

atlantica, n. sp 134 

Cythere, Miiller 137 

multicava, n. sp 137 

radula, Brady . 138 

rimosa, n. sp 138 

sculptilis 137 

thalassiea, n. sp 138 

venusta, n. sp 138 

Cytherella, Jones 144 


Page 

Cytherella africana, n. sp 144 

pumilla, n. sp 144 

Cytheropteron, G. 0. Sars 139 

trilobitos, Brady 139 

Cytherura, G. 0. Sars 139 

simulans, n. sp 139 

Evadno, Loven 133 

Nordmanni, Loven 133 

Halocypris, Dana 141 

aculeata, n. sp 142 

atlantica, Bana 141 

brevirostris, Dana 141 

elongata, ii. sp 141 


Page 

Halocypris punica, n. sp 143 

torosa, n. sp 142 

Penilia, Dana 132 

orientalis, Da^ia 132 

Phlyctenopliora, Brady 135 

africana, n. sp 135 

Pontocjpris, G. 0. Sars 136 

subreniformis, n. sp 136 

trigonella, G. 0. Sars. . . 136 

SarsieUa, No7-man 140 

Murrayana, u. sp 140 

Xestoleberis, G. 0. Sars 139 

margaritea, Brady 139 


CLADOCERA. 

Cladocera were exceedingly rare in regard to the number of species observed, only 
two species having been obtained in the whole of the ' Buccaneer ' collections. They 


FEOM THE GULF OF GUIXEA, 133 

represented, however, two widely prevailing groups — the Calt/ptomera and Ghjnomera ; 
the fii'st is confined almost exclusively to fresh and brackish water, while species belonging 
to the other are to be found in fresh water and also in the open sea. 
The following are the two species referred to : — 


CALYPTOMEBA. 

Family PENILID^, Dana. 

Genus Penilia, Dana (1853). 

Penilia orientalis, Dana. 

1853. PenUia orientalis, Dana, Crust. U.S. Expl. Exped. p. 1270, pi. Ixxxix. fig. 3 a-e. 
SaUtat. Loanda Harbour, in three surface tow-net gatherings, collected February 15th. 
A number of specimens were observed. 

GYMNOMEBA. 
Family POLYPHEMIDiE, Baird. 

Genus Evadne, Loven. 

EvADNE NoEDMANNi, Loven. 

This species was obtained in a number of the tow-net gatherings. 

OSTPvACODA. 

Comparatively few Ostracoda were obtained in the ' Buccaneer ' collections. The 
Ostracoda, with the exception of Halocypris and a few others, live among the weed, or 
on the sand and mud at the bottom of the water, and can be captured only by the dredge 
or other implement suited for collecting bottom material ; dead shells of Ostracods, 
however, may be frequently obtained by carefully examining the sand or other debris on 
the shore. As, therefore, the ' Buccaneer ' collections consisted chiefly of tow-net 
gatherings, pelagic species, as Halocypris, were the only forms observed in. all but a very 
few of the gatherings. 

Several species of Cythere, as well as one or two of other genera belonging both to the 
Cypridse and Cytheridse, were obtained in a surface gathering from a lagoon at Sao 
Thome Island, in another from Loanda Harbour, and in a third collected off the mouth 
of the River Congo. 


1^- ME. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTEACA 

One of the most interesting captures was an Ostracod closely allied to Cypria exsculpta 
(Fischer), which in this Report is named provisionally C]jpna atlantica; it was 
obtained in the gathering collected off the mouth of the River Congo, referred to above, 
at about 40 miles from land. It is well known to students of the Entomostraca that 
several species of the Cypridae, as, for example, Cypria ophthalmica (Jurine), Cypris 
prasina, Fischer, Candona Candida (Milller), &c., though usually or frequently obtained 
in fresh water, are nevertheless occasioually obtained also in water more or less brackish, 
but have not been known to occur in the open sea, except as dead shells ; it is therefore 
interesting to find a species closely resembling a freshwater Cy^ma living in the sea so 
many miles from land. 

It is possible that the fresh water poured into the sea by the River Congo may extend 
to a distance of 40 miles or more from land before it becomes thoroughly mingled with the 
water of the Atlantic, and may thus form a suitable hahUat for a species which possibly 
would not be able to Live in pure sea-water. Whether this be tbe correct explanation 
of the occurrence of a Cypria so far out at sea, or not, it is a subject of some interest as 
bearing on the distribution of species. 

It may he stated in connexion with this that several surface tow-net gatherings were 
collected off the mouth of the Congo, and within a few miles of each other, but the 
Cypria was observed only in the one mentioned under the description of the species. 

Though the Ostracoda described in this Report be comparatively few in number, they 
nevertheless include representatives of three out of the four principal Groups, viz. : — 
the Podocopa, the Myodocopa, and the Platycopa. The following are the descriptions 
of species obtained belonging to these three Groups : — 


I. PODOCOPA. 
Family CYPRID^. 

Cypria, Zenker (1854). 

(?) Cypkia atlantica, n. sp. (PI. XIV. figs. 31-33 ; PI. XV. figs. 16, 20, 21, 25.) 
Shell compressed ; seen from the side, the dorsal margin is considerably arched, 
hio-hest and somewhat angular in front of the middle ; the dorsal margin slopes gently 
backwards from the highest part in a nearly straight line till it joins the broadly curved 
posterior margin ; the front slojie has a greater declivity and is very slightly curved, and 
niero-es in the boldly rounded anterior margin ; ventral margin nearly straight. Greatest 
height equal to two-thirds of the length. Outline seen from above ovate ; sides evenly 
rounded, widest behind the middle ; greatest width equal to about seven sixteenths of 
the leno'th ; extremities acutely angular, but more so in front than behind ; the sides 
also converge more gradually towards the anterior extremity than they do posteriorly. 
Surface of shell ornamented with impressed reticulate lines, having the interspaces 


FEOM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 135 

covered with minute clots that appear to have a linear arrangement when viewed iu 
certain positions. Length of shell '61 mm. (l-41st of an inch). Antennules 7- 
jointed, hasal joint large, the others small ; the formula shoAv s the relative lengths of the 
joints : — 

32 . 10 ■ 11 . 8 ■ 7 . 6 . 9 
1.2.3.4.5.6.7' 

The last tw^o or three joints are provided with several long plain sette ; there are also a 
few scattered sette on the other joints. Antennae 4-jointed; the proportional lengths 
of the joints are as follows : — 

10 ■ 14 ■ 10 . 4 
1.2.3.4' 

Pive long and nearly equal setse spring from the end of the second joint ; the terminal 
claws reach only to about the middle of the setse. Post-abdomen moderately stout, 
armed at the apex with two strong, curved, and nearly equal claws, and a small seta ; a 
small seta also sj)rings from near the middle of the lower margin of the post-abdomen. 

Sabitat. Lat. 5° 53' 0" S., long. 11 31' 1" E., in a surface tow-net gathering collected 
11.30 P.M., February 18th. (Off the mouth of the Ptiver Congo, about 40 miles from 
land.) 

A considerable number of specimens w'ere obtained. The occiu'rence in the open sea 
of a species so closely related to a freshwater Cijpria is of interest as forming another 
link connecting the truly freshwater with the truly marine Ostracoda. 

Pigure 33, PI. XIV., is that of an immature specimen. 

Phltctenophora, Brady (1S80). 

Phlyctenophora africana, n. sp. (PI. XIV. figs. 31, 35 ; PI. XV. figs. 17-19.) 
Shell elongate ovate ; seen from the side the dorsal margin forms a depressed arch, 
rather highest in front of the middle ; ventral margin sinuated in front, gently 
convex behind ; anterior extremity somewhat attenuate and evenly rounded ; posterior 
margin slightly produced and angular below the middle ; greatest height equal to five 
tAvelfths of the length. The outline seen from above is compressed ovate, widest in the 
middle ; greatest width a little more than a third of the length ; sides tapering similarly 
and evenly to both extremities, which are subacute. Length 1 mm. (l-25th of an inch). 
Antennules 7-jointed ; relative lengths of the joints nearly as in the formula : — 

22 . 5 . 5 . .5 . 6 . 4 . 4 
12 3 4 5 6 7' 

The last joint bears a moderately stout and long apical spine ; the other joints are more 
or less setiferous; setse plain. Anteimse 6-jointed, sparingly setiferous ; the first three 
joints large, the last three small, as shown by the relative lengths of the joints given in 
the formula : — 

17 . 16 . 17 . 4 ■ 7 . 3 

1 2 3 4 5 6' 


236 MR, T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTRACA 

A fascicle of about six short seise springs from the side and near the distal end of the 
third joint, while the penultimate joint carries one spine, and the last joint two 
moderately long claw-like spines. Post-abdomen short, stout, and armed with two 
strong terminal claws, setiferous on the lower distal half, and a few small setse. 

Babitat. Loanda Harbour, in a surface tow-net gathering, collected February 13th, 
Several specimens were obtained. 

PoNTOCYPRis, G. O. Sars (1865). 
PoNTOCTPRis TRiGONELLA, G. O. Sars. (PI. XIV. figs. 36, 37.) 

1865. Pontocypris trigonella, G. O. Sars, Oversigt af Norges Marine Ostrac. p. 16. 

1889. Pontocypris trigonella, Brady and Normau, Mou. M. & F.-w. Ostrac. of the N. Atlantic and 

N.W. Europe, p. 109, pi. xxii. figs. 18-25, pi. x.xiii. fig. 6. 
Sabitat. Sao Thome Island, in a surface tow-net gathering from a shore-lagoon, 
collected January 27th. One specimen only was obtained. 

(?) Pontocypris subreniformiSjU. sp. Provisional name. (PI. XIV. figs. 38, 39.) 
Outline of the shell seen from the side subreniform ; dorsal margin considerably 
arched ; extremities similarly and somewhat obliquely rounded ; ventral margin slightly 
concave ; greatest height at the middle scarcely equal to four ninths of the length. 
Seen from above oblong ovate, widest at the middle, tapering at the sides from the 
middle to each end in nearly straight lines; extremities obtusely pointed. Greatest 
width equal to rather more than one third the length. Length 58 mm. 
Sabitat. In the same gathering with the last. 

Family BAIRDIID^. 
Bairdia, M'Coy (1814). 

Bairdia inornata, n. sp. (PI. XIV. figs. 40, 41.) 

Viewed laterally the dorsal margin of the shell is boldly arcuate ; highest a little 
behind the middle ; at the highest the dorsal margin is obtusely angular, and from 
thence it slopes rapidly downwards on both sides, but more so behind than in front, till 
it merges in the evenly rounded extremities ; ventral margin gently sinuated ; greatest 
height equal to two-thirds of the length. The outline of the shell seen from above is 
compressed ovate ; greatest width slightly behind the middle and equal to about five 
twelfths of the length ; the sides curve regularly towards both ends ; extremities sub- 
acute; surface of valves smooth. Length -7 mm. 

Babitat. Lat. 5° 53' 0" S., long. 11 31' 1" E. ; in a surface tow-net gathering collected 
at 11.30 P.M., February 18th. One specimen only obtained : it was in the same gathering 
with Cypria atiantica, already described, and which was taken oflP the mouth of the 
River Congo, at about 40 miles from land. 


FROM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 137 

Pamily CYTHEEID/E. 
Cythere, Miiller (1785). 

Cytheue mtjlticava, n. sp. (PL XIV. figs. 42, 43; PI. XV. figs. 13, 15.) 

Shell elongate, rather tumid ; seen from the side, dorsal margin highest and bluntly 
angular in front of the middle ; thence it slopes gently backwards in a nearly 
straight line to the rounded, obscurely crenate, posterior end ; anterior uiargin oblique, 
interiorly rounded and crenulate, ilatteued al)ove, and sloping posteriorly upward to the 
hinge-prominence. Heigiit rather less than half the length. As seen from above 
oblong, sides nearly parallel, slightly gibbous in front; width about two fitths of the 
length ; posterior extremity broadly rounded at the sides, centrally produced and trun- 
cate ; anteriorly the valves taper gently to the obtusely pointed extremity. Shell 
ornamented with numerous small circular depressions arranged in irregular lines. 
Length '77 mm. 

Antennules 6-jointed, first and second joints long, the others small ; their relative 
lengths ai"e as follows : — 

25 . 27 ■ 10 . 6 . 8 . 10 
I 2 4~5 6' 

A stout spine springs from the exterior distal angle of the third, fourth, and fifth, and 
from the apex of the last joint. 

First and third joints of the antennse elongate, subequal, about three times as long as 
the second joint; last joint very small, aiKl furnished with two apical spines. A long, 
hair-like appendage carried by the second joint is connected by a duct with a (?) poison- 
gland situated at the base of the antennae. 

Habitat. Loanda Harbour, in a gathering collected February 13th. A few specimens 
only were obtained. 

Cytheue sculptilis, n. sp. (PL XIV. figs. 4f, 45.) 

Shell : viewed laterally, the outline of the shell is broad and ol)liquely rounded in front, 
narrow behind ; greatest height in front of the middle equal to fully half the length ; 
dorsal margin forming a sinuous declivity towards the posterior end ; posterior extremity 
subtruncate, somewhat produced below and bluntly dentate ; lower part of anterior 
margin crenate or bluntly toothed, ventral margin shallow concave. Seen from above, 
subquadrangular ; anterior end truncate ; sides subparallel, sinuated ; greatest width 
scarcely equal to half or three sevenths of the length, constricted behind the middle, 
gently rounded and converging posteriorly. Towards the posterior end the edges of the 
valves become flattened and are produced backwards, and terminate in obliquely truncate 
ends as in the figures. Length "54 mm. 

Habitat. With the last in a surface tow-net gathering from a lagoon, Sao Thome 
Island. One specimen only obtained. 

second series. — zoology, vol. VI. 18 


138 ME. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTEACA 

Cythere radula, Brady. 

Cijthere radula, Brady, Report on the ' Challenger ' Copepoda, p. 102, pi. xix. fig. 4 a, b. 

Habitat. Lagoon, Silo Thome Island, in tlie same gathering with the last. A single 
valve evidently belonging to Cythere radula was obtained, but was broken while being 
examined. 

Cythere rimosa, n. sp. (PL XIV. figs. i6, 47.) 

Shell tumid; seen from the side the dorsal margin is highest behind the middle, thence 
it slopes gently in a nearly straight line to the anterior end, but merges behind into the 
boldly and somewhat obliquely rounded posterior margin ; front margin subtrancate, 
the lower part of the shell slightly produced ; greatest height equal to fully half the 
length. The outline seen from above subovate, sides nearly parallel, but somewhat 
wider in front of the middle ; thence they converge in a gently rounded curve to the 
posterior end, which is slightly emarginate; greatest width scarcely equal to half the 
length. Posterior extremity subtriaugular, with the apex truncate. Surface of the 
valve curiously sculptured, with flattened ridges arranged in irregular and more or less 
oblique lines extending across the shell. Length -6 mm. 

Habitat. Lagoon, Sao Thome Island, in a surface tow-net gathering, collected January 
27th, also the same gathering with Gypria atlantica collected off the mouth of the river 
Congo, at about 40 miles from land, February 18th. 

Cythere thalassica, n. sp. (PI. XIV. tigs. 48, 49.) 

Outline of shell, seen from the side, narrow, elliptical, highest at the middle ; greatest 
height scarcely equal to half the length ; dorsal margin gently and evenly arched, ventral 
margin nearly straight ; both extremities similarly and boldly rou.nded. Seen from above, 
ovate, rather widest at the middle, width and height about equal; anteriorly the sides, which 
are slightly rounded, converge gently towards the obtusely jiointed extremity ; posterior 
end l)roadly and moderately convex. Surfaces of valves smooth. Length -85 mm. 

Habitat. In a lagoon, Sao Thome Island, in a surface tow-net gathering, collected 
January 27th. One or two specimens only obtained. 

Cythere venijsta, n. sp. (PI. XIV. figs. 50, 51.) 

Shell, seen from the side, broadly eUiptieal ; greatest height behind the middle, scarcely 
equal to half the length. The dorsal margin is slightly arcuate, middle portion forming 
a nearly straight line, but gently curved in front to where it joins the boldly and evenly 
rounded anterior extremity ; posterior margin moderately and regularly convex ; ventral 
margin slightly concave. Seen from above the shell is broadly ovate, widest behind the 
middle ; greatest width equal to five twelfths of the length ; sides evenly rovinded, con- 
verging gently towards the anterior extremity, but more convex posteriorly ; extremities 
bluntly angular ; valves somewhat unequal, the right being rather smaller than the left. 
Surface of the valves ornamented with flattened and gently curved longitudinal ribs placed 


PROM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 139 

side by side, extending from the posterior extremity, but becoming obsolete towards the 
anterior end, where they run out into shallow circular depressions ; the front margin is 
marked with a number of impressed, short, radiating lines. Length -8 mm. (l-31st of 
an inch). 

Habitat. Loanda Harbour, in a surface tow-net gathering, collected February 13th. 
One specimen only obtained. 

This species closely resembles Cijtlicre costellata, lloemer, an ostracod obtained fossil 
in the Tertiary deposits of England and also in France. 

Xestolebeuis, G. O, Sars (1865). 

Xestolebekis (?) MARGARiTEA (Brady). 

18G5. Cytheridea margaritea, Brady, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. v. p. 370, pi. Iviii. fig. 6, a, b. 

1880. Xestokbtris margaritea, Brady, Report ou the ' Challenger ' Copepoda, p. 127, pi. xxx. fig. 2, a, h. 

Habitat. Lagoon, Sao Thome Island, in a surface tow-net gathering, collected January 
27th ; several species were obtained. 'IlhaXestoleberis now recorded, when viewed laterally, 
differs from X. margaritea described and figured hi the ' Challenger ' Pi-eport in being 
rather more pointed at the anterior end, but otherwise it seems to agree with that 
species ; it also agrees with the figures of the same species in the ' Monograph of the 
Marine and Fresh-water Ostracoda of the North Atlantic and North-western Europe,' 
by Brady and Norman, ji. 246. 

Cytherura, G. O. Sars. 
Cytuerura simulans, n. sp. (PL XIV. figs. 52, 53.) 

Shell, viewed laterally, subovate ; greatest height behind the middle equal to about 
four ninths of the length ; dorsal margin moderately and evenly arched ; ventral margin 
slightly concave ; beak subcentral, obtuse, more prominent than in Cytherura similis, 
G. O. Sars, which the species now described somewhat resembles; anterior extremity 
evenly rounded and slightly oblique ; the outline seen from above is subovate, widest 
behind the middle ; width equal to the height ; sides flattened centrally, converging and 
gently curved ; anterior subtruncate behind, with the middle part shortly produced to a 
blunt pointed apex ; anterior extremity subacuminate. Length •16 mm. 

Habitat. Loanda Harbour, in a surface tow-net gathering, collected February 13th. 
One specimen only obtained. 

Cytheropteron, G. O. Sars (1865). 

Cytheropteron trilobitis, Brady. (PI. XIV. figs. 51, 55.) 

1880. Cytheropteron trilobitis, Brady, On Ostracoda collected by H. B. Brady in South Sea Islands, 
Traus. R. S. E. vol. xxxv. pt. ii. p. 511, pi. iii. figs. 22, 23. 

Habitat. In a lagoon, Sao Thome Island, in a tow-net gathering, collected January 27. 
Only a few valves of this species were obtained ; it differs very little from the ' Challenger ' 
specimen. 

18* 


140 MR. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTEACA 

II. 3IYOBOC0PA. 

Family CYPEIDINID/E, Baird. 

Genus Asterope, Philippi. 
AsTEROPE SQUAMiGEE, D. sji. (PL XIV. figs. 56, 57 ; PI. XV. figs. 14, 22, 23, 26.) 
Female. Shell, seen from the side, subrotundate, highest at the middle, convex and evenly 
rounded in front; dorsal margin nearly straight; extremities evenly rounded; the 
posterior curve slightly oblique, notch well defined, beak subacute, height equal to four 
fifths of the length. Length 1-15 mm. Seen from above ovate, tumid, widest at the 
middle ; width equal to tbree fifths of the length ; sides moderately and regularly convex ; 
posterior extremity obtusely rounded ; valves slightly produced in the middle ; anterior 
extremity emarginate. Surface of shell ornamented with small squamiferous markings. 
Antennules 6-jointed and of moderate length, the second to the fifth joints subequal, 
the last very small and furnished with several slender apical setfe and a slightly hooked 
claw. Secondary branches of antenna) 3-jointcd, ; first and third joints short, the last 
bearing a short seta at its apex. Pirst maxillse nearly as in Astero])e teres, Jones ; post- 
abdomen armed with about six spines, the first large iiud serrate on the j)Osterior edge, 
the next three shorter and plumose and apparently articulated near the l)ase, the others 
very small. 

Habitat. (?) Lagoon, Sao Thome Island, in a surface tow-net gathering, collected 
during night, January 27th. Two specimens only. 

Sarsiella, Norman, 1868. 
Sarsiella Murrayana, n. sp. (PI. XIV. fig. 58 ; PL XV. figs. 24, 28, 29, 31.) 

Male. Shell laterally compressed in front, tumid behind, seen from the side subrotund; 
height equal to three fourths of the length ; dorsal margin slightly convex ; front margin 
boldly rounded and continuous with the anterior end ; posterior extremity produced in 
front into a blunt-pointed, triangular, beak-like process ; dorsal angle at the junction of 
the posterioi" and dorsal margin rounded ; there is a small, tumid, triangular, tooth-like 
process a little behind the dorsal angle (fig. 40). Surface of the shell covered with small 
puncture-like markings. 

Antennules 4-joiiited ; first joint elongate, second and third subequal and shorter than 
the first; last joint fully three fourths the length of the preceding and furnished with 
several apical setse of moderate length ; second joint of natatory branch rather longer 
than the next two joints together ; third to the last joints small, subequal. Post- 
abdomen armed with a long, powerful, terminal claw and four spines of varying length 
on the posterior distal margin. Ovii'erous foot nearly as in Asterope Ilarice (Baird). 
Length •93 mm. 

Kahltal. Lagoon, Sao Thome Island, in a surface tow-net gathering collected during 
night, January 27th. Two specimens only obtained. 


FEOM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 141 

Family CONCHCECID.E. 

Subfamily II A l o c Y p ii i N je, Daua. 

Geuus IIalocypris, Dana (1853). 
Halocypbis brevirostuis, Dana. 

1853. Halocypris hrevirostr'ts, Dana, Crust. U.S. Expl. Exped. p. 1303, pi. xci. fig. 9, a-c. 

Habitat. From the following-, among other localities : — 

January .5th, lat. 5 58' 0" N., long. It' 10' 0" W., surface gatherings. 


„ 10th, 


„ 3° 0' 8" N., 


7° 


13' 0" W. 


50 fathoms (Station 9). 


„ 20th, 


„ 3° 22' 5" X., 


4.° 


11' 8" E., 


30 fathoms. 


„ 21st, 


„ 2°31'9"N., 


5" 


22' 2" E., 


20 fathoms. 


„ 22nd, 


„ 1^ 55' 5" N., 


5' 


55' 5" E., 


20 and 30 fathoms. 


February 5th, 


„ 4°26'7"S., 


10 


1' 8" E., 


20 and 30 fathoms (Station 23) 


The first of these gatherings was collected in Lhe evening after dark, the others during the 
day. The specimens observed in any of the gatherings were comparatively few in number. 

Halocypris elongata, n. sp. (PL XV. figs. 1, 2, 27, 30.) 

Shell, seen from the side, elongate, anterior extremity rounded below the notch and 
continuous with the ventral margin ; ventral and dorsal margins nearly straight, dorsal 
produced posteriorly so as to be considerably longer than the ventral ; posterior margin 
oblique, nearly straight, forming an acute angle at its junction with the dorsal edge; the 
ventral angle obtusely rounded ; shell highest posteriorly, greatest height fully one third 
of the length. Length 3' 2 mm. Seen from above, elongate ovate, widest at the middle, 
width equal to rather less than one third of the length ; from the middle the shell tapers 
and becomes much compressed towards the posterior extremity, which is somewhat 
obtuse ; anteriorly the width decreases more gradually to the base of the rostrum, 
whence the valves rapidly converge to the sharp pointed extremity of the beak ; surface of 
the valves smooth. The setre of the anterior antenna; of the female are four short and one 
long ; the second joint is s(jmewhat shorter than that which precedes or follows ; the last 
joint is very short. The distal part of the tentacle seems to be continuous with the basal 
portion instead of sagittifoi'm as in Halocypris atlaiitica, Lubbock. Natatory branch of 
the posterior antennie slender ; secondary branch small ; first joint somewhat dilated and 
furnislied with two small spines; apical joint small, bearing five setae — two very small, 
two elongate and reaching to near the extremity of the apical seta^ of the primary branch, 
and one about half as lung. 

Habitat. From several localities, among which arc the following : — 

January lOtli, lat. 3" 0' 8" N., long. 7' 13' 0" W., 50 fathoms (Station 9). 
20th, „ 3 55' 3" N., „ 4^ 7' 3" E., 30 fathoms. 
22nd, „ 1' 55' 5" X., „ 6' 55' 5" E., 20, 30, and 35 fathoms. 

February 5th, „ 4^ 20' 7" S., „ 10 1' 8" E., 20 and 30 fathoms (Station 23). 

This species was not observed in any surface toAV-net gathering. 


142 MR. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTEACA 

Haloctpeis torosa, n. sp. (PL XV. figs. 3, 4, 32, 35, 37.) 

Shell tumid ; surface of valves finely reticulated. Seen from the side the dorsal margin 
is nearly straight, slightly sinuate ; a sulcus begins near the middle of the dorsal margin 
and passes obliquely backward across each valve ; the tumidity extends downward, anterior 
to the sulcus, and overhangs the nearly straight ventral margin. A second, though 
very shallow, groove is observed in some of the more robust specimens, between the sub- 
central sulcus and the posterior extremity. Posterior margin truncate, dorsal angle 
slightly produced; at the anterior end the ventral margin rises obliquely in a nearly 
straight line and merges in the small rounded angle below the notch. The beak is a 
hood-like process with broad overhanging sides. Shell highest at the posterior end ; 
height equal to nearly half the length ; length 3"75 mm. Seen from above oblong- 
ovate, widest behind the middle ; greatest width equal to two fifths the length. 
Sides sinuous, posterior extremity rounded, anterior end bluntly angular. Anterior 
antennae with four apical setai and a curved hair- like filament; one of tlie ajiical 
setce is very long and is provided with a fringe of small teeth on a portion of the 
proximal half, similar to Ilalocypris imhricuta ; a small plumose seta springs from near 
the middle of the penultimate joint. The blunt-pointed arrow-like head of the tentacle 
reaches slightly beyond the extremity of the antennae. Secondary branch of the posterior 
antennae furnished with a stout plumose seta on the enlarged basal joint ; the small 
terminal joint benrs an extremely long ringed seta, another about one third as long, and 
five very small setae, as well as a strongly-hooked claw. The first foot consists of four 
moderately long subequal joints, wiiich are sparingly setiferous, and a very small terminal 
joint furnished with three long plumose setae. 

Habitat. The following are some localities where this species was obtained : — 

January 5th, lat. 5° 58' 0" N., long. If 20' 0" W., collected near surface. 

4^ 7' 3" E., 20 and 30 fathoms. 
5° 7' 8" E., 20 fathoms (Station 14). 
5° 55' 5" E., 35 and 460 fathoms. 
6° 36' 6" E., 10 fathoms. 

This species appears to be intermediate between II. atlantka, Lubbock, and H. imbri- 
cata, Brady. 

Halocypris aculeata, n. sp. (PI. XV. figs. 5, 6, 33, 34, 38.) 

Shell seen from the side highest at the middle, height nearly equal to half the length ; 
dorsal margin straight, right valve terminating posteriorly in a short backward- directed 
spine-like process, similar to that at the anterior extremity of the left valve ; ventral 
margin convex, evenly rounded, and forming a continuous curve from the postei'O-dorsal 
spine round to the shallow notch under the beak in front. Seen from above elongate- 
ovate, widest at the middle, evenly rounded, and tapering to the posterior extremity; 
tapering and somewhat sinuate anteriorly. Valves smooth. Length 1 mm. 


5th, 


lat. 


5° 58' 0" N 


20th, 


)9 


3° 55' 3" N. 


21st, 


5) 


2° 20' 2" N. 


22nd, 


3) 


1° 55' 5" N. 


23rd, 


?? 


0° 25' 1" N. 


FllOiX THE GULF OF GUINEA. Ii3 

Antcnnules in the female provided with numerous apical setce of moderate length (fig. 51-). 
The last joint of the male antennule is ahruptly curved and furnished witli a dense sub- 
apical fascicle of short hairs, besides several terminal setre, one of which is of considerable 
length and much longrr than the others ; tentacle very slender and scarcely reaching to 
the extremity of the antennule. 

Secondary bninch of the male antennae nearly two thirds the length of the natatory 
branch and furnished with two apical setae — one extremely long and one about two fifths 
the length of the other. The antcnnal hook, which is sliglitly dentate on the inner 
margin at the distal end, carries one short seta and two elongate ones on the exterior 
edge, immediately behind the geniculation (fig. 55). 

KaUtut. Lat. 19' 2" S., long. T 19' 0" E. This is the nearest observed position to 
where the material containing specimens of this sjiecies was collected. It was a surface 
gathering, collected at 8.45 p.bi. ; the position recorded was taken about 40 minutes 
earlier on February 2nd. 

The drawings of the side and dorsal views are from two specimens which differed some- 
what in size. The length of the spines at the extremities of the dorsal margin varies in 
different specimens. 

Haloctpris punica, n. sp. (PL XV. figs. 7, 8, 39, 40.) 

Shell (male) robust, subcentrally gibbous. Outline as seen from the side : — Dorsal 
margin sinuated ; ventral margin slightly convex, immediately posterior to the subcentral 
gibbosity, then bending up posteriorly in a flattened curve to a little below the horizontal 
middle line of the shell ; thence the posterior extremity recedes upward in a gentle 
slope to the dorsal margin, with which it forms a bluntly-rounded obtuse angle ; the 
anterior margin is boldly convex below the notch, then evenly and gently rounded 
inferiorly, where it merges into the ventral margin. Greatest height fully eqiial to half 
the length. Beak prominent, stout. Seen from above, broadly and rather irregularly 
ovate; greatest breadth, in front of the middle, equal to about half the length ; posterior 
extremity bluntly rounded ; anterior end subacute. Antennules furnished with nine 
apical seta?, the two inner ones abrujitly twice geniculated at the base ; two of the outer 
rather longer than the others, and bearing a double row of small spiniform teeth near 
the middle ; tentacle .slender and extending considerably beyond the apex of the anten- 
nules. Secondary branch of the antennae short and stout, basal part dilated. The upper 
margin with two processes — one narrow and tooth-like, the other larger and bearing two 
small spines ; apical joint furnished with two terminal elongate setae, three small sub- 
marginal filaments, and a small hook ; the hook has the inner margin at the distal end 
slightly crenate or toothed. Several of the plumose seta^ of the natatory brancli are 
thickened or spatulate at the extremity. Length "77 mm. 

Habitat. Station 9 (lat. 3' 0' 8" N., long. 7' 43' 0" W.), 50 fathoms, in a tow-net 
gathering, collected January 10th. A few specimens only were obtained. 


144 ME. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTEACA 

III. FLATYCOPA. 
Pamily CITHEEELLID^, G. O. Sars. 

Genus Cttherella, JoBes (1S49). 

CrXHEBELLA AFRICANA, n. sp. (PL XV. figs. 9, 10, 36, 41, 42.) 

As seen from the side, the valves of the shell are broadly elliptical ; dorsal margin 
flatly and somewhat unevenly rounded ; ventral margin slightly concave, extremities 
boldly convex. Shell rather highest behind the middle ; height fully half the length. 
Seen from above, the greatest breadth is near the posterior end, which is subtruncate ; 
the sides are slightly curved and converge gently towards the anterior extremity, which 
is somewhat emarginate. Surface of valves smooth. Length -86 mm. (l-29th of an inch), 

Anterior antenna? 7-jointed, setiferous, the last joint with three spines fully twice the 
length of the joint ; the secondary branch of the posterior antennae scarcely equal in 
length to the first joint of the larger branch; post-abdominal laminse armed on the 
exterior margin and apex ^\•it]^ several strong divaricate spines ; inner margin with three 
or four smaller spines, having one of the edges setose (fig. 42). 

Habitat. Loanda Harbour, in a surface tow-net gathering, collected Eebruary 13th. 
1886. The form of the shell of this species closely resembles Cytherella scotica, Brady. 
It differs in being scarcely so truncate behind ; seen from above, the sides of the shell 
are more distinctly curved in outline, and the dorsal margin, seen from the side, is slightly 
convex instead of concave. 

(?) Cytherella pumila. (PI. XV. figs. 11, 12.) 

Shell outline, seen from the side, broadly elliptical ; dorsal margin flatly convex and 
obscurely angulated ; greatest height equal to five ninths of the length ; ventral margin 
gently and evenly rounded; extremities also moderately convex, but the anterior end is 
rather narrower than the other and somewhat oblique. Seen from above, ovate ; greatest 
breadth behind the middle and equal to four ninths of the length ; sides evenly rounded ; 
extremities subacute. Length "57 mm. 

Habitat. Loanda Harbour, in a surface tow-net gathering collected Februaiy 13th. 
A single perfect specimen only was obtained and two valves. 

DESCRIPTION OE THE PLATES. 
Plate I. 


Paracalanus pygmcevs (Clans?). 


Fig. 1. Female, lateral view. X 53. 

2. Anterior antenna. x 84. 

3. Posterior antenna, x 165. 

4. Posterior foot-jaw. x 170. 


Fig. 5. Foot of seeond pair, x 125. 

6. Foot of fourth pair, x 125. 

7. Foot of fifth pair. x 250. 

8. Abdomen and caudal stylets, x 125. 


FROM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 


145 


Paracalanus parvus (Claus) 


ig. 9. Female, dorsal view, x 40. 

10. Foot of first pair, x 95. 

11. Foot of fourth pair. x 95. 


Fig. 12. Foot of fifth pair, female, x 190. 

13. Foot of fifth pair, male, x 125. 

14. Abdomen and caudal stylets. x 63. 


Fig. 15. Female, dorsal view, x 10. 
IG. Posterior antenna. x 18. 

17. Mandible, x 13. 

18. Maxilla, x 13. 

19. Anterior foot-jaw. x 23. 


Eucalanus spinifer, n. sp. 


Fig. 20. Posterior foot-jaw. x 13. 

21. Foot of first pair. X 35. 

22. Foot of third pair. X 35. 

23. Foot of fifth pair, x 86. 


Augaptilis longicaudatus (Claus). 


Fig. 24. Female, dorsal view, x 12. 
25. Posterior antenna. X 28. 


Fig. 26. Anterior foot-jaw {a, one of the seta 
more highly magnified). X 35. 


Mecynocera Clausi, I. C. Thompson. 


Fig. 27. Male, dorsal view. X 32. 

28. Female, lateral view. X 32. 

29. Anterior antenna. X 35. 

30. Posterior antenna. X 125. 


Fig. 31. Posterior foot-jaw. X 84. 

32. Foot of first pair, x 100. 

33. Foot of fourth paii-. X 100. 

34. Foot of fifth pair. X 125. 


Calocalanus plumulosim (Claus) . 
Fig. 35. Foot of fifth pair. X 125. | Fig. 36. Abdomen and caudal stylets, x 63. 


Augaptilis hecticus, Giesbrecht. 


Fig. 37. Anterior antenna, male. X 23. 
38. Posterior antenna. X 18. 


Fig. 39. Foot of fifth pair, female, x 86. 


Plate II. 
Augaptilis hecticus, Giesbrecht. 


Fig. 1. Posterior foot-jaw. X 70. 

2. Foot of second pair of swimming-feet. 
X 43. 


Fig. 3. Terminal spine of outer branch of fourth 
pair. X 345. 
4. Fifth pair of thoracic feet, male, x |70. 


Augajjtilis longicaudatus (Claris). 
Fig. 5. Abdomen and caudal stylets, x 23. 


Hemicalanus plumosua, Claus. 
Fig. 6. Posterior foot-jaw. x 32. 


SECOND SERIES. — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VI. 


19 


146 


ME. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTEACA 


Fig. 7. Mandible. X 125. 

8. Anterior foot-jaw, X 165 


Mecynocera Clausi, I. C. Thompson. 

Fig. 9. Abdomen and candal stylets, female. 63 X. 
10. Abdomen and caudal stylets, male. X 63. 


Rhincalanus aculeatus, n. sp. 


Fig. 11. Female, dorsal view. X 12'5. 
13. Female, lateral view, x 12"5. 

13. Anterior antenna. X 12'5. 

14. Posterior antenna. X 20. 

15. Mandible. X 76. 

16. Maxilla, x 17. 

17. Anterior £oot-jaw. x 40. 


Fig. 18. Posterior foot-jaw. X 32. 

19. Foot of first pair. X 38. 

20. Foot of second pair, x 30. 

21. Foot of fourth pair, x 30. 

22. Foot of fifth pair. X 38. 

23. (?) Immature female, x 10. 

24. Foot of fifth pair of same. X 


17. 


Fig. 25. Female, dorsal view. X 9. 

26. Anterior antenna. 

27. Posterior antenna. 

28. Mandible. X 18. 

29. Maxilla. X 18. 

30. Anterior foot-jaw. 

31. Posterior foot-jaw. 

32. Foot of first pair. 


X 


22. 


X 


18. 


X 


28. 


X 


28 


X 


28. 


Aziffaptilis Rattrayi, n. sp. 

Fig. 33. Foot of third pair, x 20. 

34. Foot of fifth pair, x 28. 

35. Rostrum, x 32. 

36. Portion of seta of the posterior foot-jaw 
{aa, " buttons " more highly magni- 
fied). X 380, 

37. Portion of test highly magnified. 


Fig. 38. Male, dorsal view. X 20. 

39. Anterior antenna, female. 

40. Mandible. X 115. 


Augaptilis hecticus, Giesbrecht. 

Fig. 41. Anterior foot-jaw. X 70. 
X 13. 42. Abdomen and caudal stylets, female. 

X 20. 


Heterocalanus serricaudata, n. sp. 


Fig. 43. Female, dorsal view. X 32. 

44. Female, lateral \Aew [a, ovisac more 

highly magnified). X 32. 

45. Posterior foot-jaw. X 190. 


Fig. 46. Foot of fifth pair, female. X 135. 

47. Abdomen and caudal stylets, female. 

X 7G. 

48. Abdomen and caudal stylets, male. X 76. 


Plate III. 


Heterocalanus serricaudatus, n. sp. 


Fig. 1. Antenior antenna, female, x 100. 

2. Right anterior antenna, male, x 76. 

3. Posterior antenna, x 70. 

4. Mandible («, mandible palp), x 190. 


Fig. 5. Anterior foot-jaw. x 250. 

6. One of the swimming-feet, x 128. 

7. Fifth pair of thoracic feet, male, x 150. 


FEOM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 


147 


Plettromma princeps, u. sp. 


Fig. 8. Male, dorsal view, x 4. 

9. Male, lateral view, x 4. 

10. Right anterior antenna {a, nineteenth 

joint more highly magnified), x 8. 

11. Left anterior antenna, x 4. 

12. Posterior antenna, x 9. 

13. Mandible and palp, x 10'5. 


Fig. 14. Maxilla. X 10. 

15. Anterior foot-jaw. x 13'5. 

16. Posterior foot-jaw. X 12. 

17. Foot of first pair. X 13'5. 

18. Foot of second paii'. X 13"5. 

19. Foot of fourth pair, x 13*5. 

20. Foot of fifth pair, x 16. 


Scolecithrix latipes, n. sp, $ . 


Fig. 21. Terminal spine of outer branch of fourth 
swimmiug-foot. x 95. 


Fig. 22. Foot of fifth pair, x 7Q>. 
23. Abdomen and caudal stvlets. 


X 20. 


Scolecithrix major, n. sp. ? . 
Fig. 24. Anterior foot-jaw. x 76. 

25. Terminal spine of outer branch of third swimming-foot. 

26. Foot of fifth pair, x 127. 


X 12/ 


Fig. 27. Male, lateral view, x 27. 

28. Left anterior antenna. X 35. 

29. Anterior foot-jaw. x 18. 


Scolecithrix dubia, Giesbrecht. ^. 

Fig. 30. Terminal spine of outer branch of fourth 
swimming foot. X 127. 

31. Fifth pail- of thoracic feet. X 84. 

32. Abdomen and caudal stylets. X 80. 


Fig. 33. Female, lateral view, x 18. 

34. Anterior antenna. X 22. 

35, Anterior foot-jaw. x 95. 


Scolecithrix tumicla, n. sp. 

Fig. 36. Terminal spine of outer branch of fourth 


swimmiug-foot. X 127. 


37. Fifth pair of thoracic feet. X 127. 

38, Abdomen and caudal stylets, x 27. 


Fig. 39. Male, lateral view, x 20. 

40, Anterior antenna. X 27. 

41, Posterior antenna. X 23. 

42, Mandible. X 47. 


Amallophora typica, n. sp. 

Fig. 43. Maxilla, x 47. 

44. Anterior foot-jaw. x 115, 

45. Posterior foot-jaw, X 35. 

46. Foot of second pair-, x 35. 


Plate IV. 


Fig. 1, Foot of third pair, x 35. 
2. Foot of fourth pair, x 35. 


Amallophora typica, n. sp. 

Fig. 3. Foot of fifth pair, x 57. 

4. Abdomen and caudal stylets, x 

19* 


18. 


148 


MR. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTEACA 


Pig. 5. Female, lateral view. X 10. 

6. Anterior foot-jaw. X 127. 

7. Posterior foot-jaw. x 20. 


Amallophora magna, n. sp. 

Fig. 8. Terminal spine of outer brancli of fourth 
swimming-foot, highly magnified, 
9. Foot of fifth pail'. X 125. 


Pig. 10. Male, lateral view, x 13. 

11. Right anterior antenna. X 20. 

12. Left anterior antenna. X 20. 

13. Anterior foot-jaw. X 95. 

14. Posterior foot-jaw. X G3. 


Amallophora dubia, n. sp. 

Fig. 15. Foot of first pair, x 63. 

16. Foot of fourth pair, x 48. 

17. Fifth pair of thoracic feet, x 40. 

18. Abdomen and caudal stylets. X 27. 


Amallophora dubia, var. similis. 
Fig. 19. Male, lateral view. X 18. 

20. Anterior antenna. X 27. 

21. Terminal sf)ine of outer branch of fourth swimming-foot. 

22. Fifth pair of thoracic feet. X 63. 

23. Abdomen and caudal stylets. x 27. 


X 127. 


Fig. 24. Female, lateral view. X 13, 
. 25. Anterior foot-jaw. X 53. 
26. Posterior foot-jaw. X 53. 


Amallophora robusia, n. sp. 

Fig. 27. Terminal spine of outer branch of fourth 
swimming-foot. X 127. 

28. Fifth pair of thoracic feet. X 95. 

29. Abdomen and caudal stylets, x 27. 


Pig. 30. Male, lateral view, x 22. 

31. Anterior antenna, female. X 37. 

32. Anterior antenna, male. X 37. 

33. Anterior foot-jaw. x 20. 

34. Fifth pair of thoracic feet, female 

X 127. 


Candace intermedia, n. sp. 

Fig. 35. Fifth pair of thoracic feet, male, x 67. 

36. Abdomen and caudal stylets, female. 
X 27. 

37. Abdomen and 
X 27. 


caudal stylets, male. 


Candace varicans, Giesbrecht. 

Fig. 38. Abdomen and caudal stylets, female. X 20. 
39. Abdomen and caudal stylets, male. X 20. 


Fig. 40. Male, lateral view, x 9. 

41. Anterior antenna, female. X 13. 

42. Anterior antenna, male. X 13. 

43. Posterior antenna. X 27. 

44. Mandible, x 27. 

45. Maxilla, x 27. 

46. Anterior foot-jaw. X 63. 

47. Posterior foot-jaw, female. 

48. Posterior foot- jaw, male. 

49. Foot of first pair. X 35. 


Scolecithrix securifrons, n. sp. 

Fig. 50. Foot of second pair, x 27. 

51. Foot of fourth pair. X 20. 

52. Fifth pair of thoracic feet, female. X 40. 

53. Fifth pair of thoracic feet, male, X 20. 

54. Abdomen and caudal stylets, female, 
dorsal view. X 16. 

55. Abdomen and caudal stylets, male, 
dorsal view. X 13. 

56. Abdomen, female, lateral view, x 12, 


X 40, 
X 40, 


FEOM TIIE GULF OF GUINEA. 


149 


Plate V. 

Scolecitkrix securifrons, n. sp. 
Fig. 1. Rostrum, x 27. 


Scolecitkrix ctenopus, Giesbrecht. S • 


Fig. 2. Male, lateral view, x 22. 

3. Riglit anterior antenna, x 23. 

4. Left anterior antenna, x 23. 

5. Anterior foot-jaw. X 150. 


Pig. 6. Posterior foot-jaw. x 127. 

7. Foot of third pair. x 46. 

8. Foot of fifth pair, x 42. 

9. Abdomen and caudal stylets, x 34. 


Scolecitkrix tenuipes, n. sp. (J . 


Fig. 10. Male, lateral \dew. 


11. Right anterior antenna 


X 20. 

X 28. 

12. Left anterior antenna, x 28. 

13. Anterior foot-jaw. x 115. 

14. Posterior foot-jaw. x 115. 


Fig. 15. Foot of second pair, x 73. 

16. Foot of tldrd pair. x 73. 

17. Foot of fourth pair, x 57. 

18. Fifth pair. X 57. 

19. Abdomen and caudal stylets. X 35. 


Scolecitkrix longicornis, u. sp. ? . 


Fig. 20. Female, lateral view, x 27. 

21. Anterior antenna. X 36. 

22. Anterior foot-jaw. X 127. 

23. Posterior foot-jaw. X 85. 

24. Foot of first pair. X 64. 


Fig. 25. Foot of second pair, x 76. 

26. Foot of third pair, x 64. 

27. Foot of fifth pair. X 250. 

28. Abdomen and caudal stylets. 


Scolecitkrix Bradyi, Giesbrecht. 


X 53. 


Fig. 29. Male, lateral %-iew. x 18. 

30. Anterior antenna, female. X 48. 

31. Anterior antenna, male. X 53. 

32. Posterior antenna, x 95. 

33. Mandible. X 63. 

34. Anterior foot-jaw. X 170. 

35. Posterior foot-jaw. X 95. 


Fig. 36. Terminal spine of outer branch of one of. 
the swimming-feet, x 170. 

37. Fifth pair of thoracic feet, male. X 53 

38. Abdomen and caudal stylets, female. 

X 40. 

39. Abdomen and caudal stylets, male. X 32. 


Scolecitkrix latipes, n. sp. ? . 


Fig. 40. Female, lateral dew. x 12. 
41. Anterior antenna. X 18 


Fig. 42. Anterior foot-jaw. x 25. 
43. Rostrum, x 27. 


Fig. 44. Female, lateral view. 


Scolecitkrix major, n. sp. 
X 18. I Fig. 45. Abdomen and caudal stylets. X 20. 


Fig. 46. Male, lateral view, x 13. 

47. Anterior antenna. X 13. 

48. Posterior antenna. X 23. 


Calanus comptus, Dana. ^ . 

Fig. 49. Mandible, x 35. 
50. Maxilla, x 35. 


150 ME. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTEACA 

Plate VI 

Calanus comptus, Dana. ^ . 

Fig. 1. Posterior foot-jaw. X 56. 

2. Foot of first pair. X 35. 

3. Termiaal spine of outer brancli of first swimming-foot, greatly magnified. 

4. Foot of fourth pair. X 23. 

5. Foot of fifth pair. X 23. 

Hemicalanus plumosus, Clans. 
Fig. 6. Anterior foot-jaw. X 27. 

Calocalanus plumulosus (Claus) . 
Fig. 7. Female, lateral view. X 35. | Fig. 8. Anterior antenna. X 53. 

Calocanus pavo (Dana). 
Fig. 9. Female, dorsal view. X 53. | Fig. 10. Fifth pair of thoracic feet. X 115. 

Pleuromma gracile, Claus. 

Fig. 11. Male, dorsal view. X 17'5. 

12. Right anterior antenna of the same. X 23. 

13. Left anterior antenna of the same. X 35. 

14. 14th joint of left anterior antenna. X 415. 

Euchirella messinensis (Claus). 
Fig. 15. Male, dorsal view, x 7-6. | Fig. 16. Posterior antenna. X 20. 

Euchata barbata, Brady. 
Fig. 17. Male, dorsal view. X 6*5. 

Euchceta hebes, Giesbrecht. 
Fig, 18. Male, lateral view. X 13. | Fig. 19. Fifth pair of thoracic feet. X 26. 

Euchceta hebes, var. valida. 

Fig. 20. Male, lateral view. X 5-8. 

21. Terminal spine of outer branch of fourth swimming-feet. X 63. 

22. Fifth pair of thoracic feet. X 13. 

Euchceta australis, Brady. 
Fig. 23. Female, dorsal view. X 9. 

Euchceta (?) Hessei, var. similis. 
Fig. 24. Male, lateral view. X 18. | Fig. 25. Fifth paii- of thoracic feet, x 53. 

Phyllopus bidentatus, Brady. 

Fig. 26. Male, dorsal view, x 10. 

27. Mouth as seen from the side (a, outline, seen from above), highly magnified. 

28. Fifth pair of thoracic feet. X 43. 


J 


PEOM THE GFLF OP GIJINEA. 
Pontellopsis villosa, Brady. 


151 


Kg. 29. 
30. 
31. 


Male, dorsal view, x 13. 
Anterior antennaj male, x 20. 
Posterior antenna, x 26. 


Fig. 32. Fifth pair of thoracic feet, female. x63. 

33. Fifth pair of thoracic feet, male, x 53. 

34. Abdomen and caudal stylets, x 35. 


Phaenna spinifera, Claus. 
Fig. 35. Male, lateral \'iew. x 13. 

Labidocera detruncata, var. intermedia. 


Pig. 36. 
37. 


Fig. 39. 
40. 


Fig. 43. 
44. 

45, 


Posterior foot-jaw. x 41. 

Fifth pair of thoracic feet, female, x 76. 


Fig. 38. Fifth pair of thoracic feet, male, X 34. 


Labidocera Darwinii (Lubbock). 


Posterior foot-jaw. X 50. 

Fifth pair of thoracic feet, female. X 63. 


Fig. 41. Fifth pair of thoracic feet, male. X 50. 
42. Abdomen and caudal stylets, female. 
X 38. 


Pontella mediterranea, Claus. 


Female, dorsal view. X 13. 

Anterior antenna, female (and rostrum). 

X 27. 
Hinged joints of right anterior antenna, 
male. X 63. 


Fig. 46. Posterior foot-jaw. X 48. 

47. Fifth pair of thoracic feet, female 

(? immature), x 100. 

48. Fifth pair of thoracic feet, mael. X 63. 


Plate VII. 

Phaenna spinifera, Claus. 
Fig. 1. Anterior foot-jaw. x 95. | Fig- 2. Fifth pair of thoracic feet. X 50. 

Labidocera detruncata, var. intermedia. 
Fig. 3. Female, lateral view, x 13. | Fig. 4. Anterior antenna, male. X 20. 


Labidocera Darwinii (Liibbock). 


Fig. 5. Male, dorsal view, x 18. 


Fig. 6, Hinged joints of right anterior antenna, 


male. X 50. 


Candace varicans, Giesbrecht. 


Fig. 7. Anterior antenna, female, x 24. 

8. Eight anterior antenna, male, x 24. 


Fig. 9. Fifth pair of thoracic feet, female. X 95. 
10. Fifth pair of thoracic feet, male. X 95. 


Mormonilla phasma, Giesbrecht. 


Fig. 11. Female, lateral view, x 27. 

12. Anterior antenna, x 32. 

13. Posterior antenna, x 63. 

14. Mandible. X 50. 

15. Maxilla. X 50. 

16. Anterior foot-jaw. x 76. 


Fig. 17. Posterior foot-jaw. X 95. 

18. Foot of first pair, x 95. 

19. Foot of second paii'. x 95. 

20. Foot of fourth pair. X 76. 

21. Abdomen and caudal stylets. 


X 53. 


152 


ME. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTEACA 


Acartia plumosa, n. sp. 


-Fig. 23. Female, dorsal view, x 32. 

23. Anterior antenna, female. X 63. 
. 34. Right anterior antenna, male. X 63. 

25. Hinged joints of male right anterior 

antenna, x 253. 

26. Foot of first pair. X 95. 

27. Foot of fourth pair, x 7Q. 

28. Fifth pair of thoracic feet, female (front 

view). X 153. 


Fig. 29. Foot of fifth pair, female (side view). 
X 153. 

30. Fifth pair of thoracic feet, male. 

X 153. 

31. Abdomen and caudal stylets, female. 

X 50. 

32. Abdomen and caudal stylets, male. 

X 50. 


Acartia Clausi, Giesbrecht. 


Fig. 33. Male, dorsal view. X 32. 

34. Anterior antenna, female. X 63. 

35. Right anterior antenna, male («, hinged 

joints more magnified) . X 63. 

36. Foot of fourth pair, x 95. 

37. Fifth pair of thoracic feet, female. 

X 125. 


Fig. 38. Fifth pair of thoracic feet, male. 
Xl53. 

39. Abdomen and caudal stylets, female, 

X 50. 

40. Abdomen and caudal stylets, male. 

X 50. . 


Paracartia dubia, n. sp. 


Fig. 41. Left anterior antenna of male. X 63. 


Fig. 42. Fifth pair of thoracic feet, male. 
X 127. 


Plate VIII. 

Paracartia spinicaudata, n. sp. ? . 


X 40. 
X 63. 
X 127. 
X 127. 


Fig. 1. Female, dorsal view 

2. Anterior antenna. 

3. Posterior antenna. 

4. Mandible and palp. 

5. Maxilla, x 127. 

6. Anterior foot-jaw. X 127 


Fig. 12. Male, dorsal view. X 27. 

13. Right anterior antenna, x 63 


Fig. 7. Posterior foot-jaw. x 127. 

8. Foot of first pail-, x 127. 

9. Foot of fourth pair, x 95. 

10. Fifth pair of thoracic feet. 

11. Abdomen and caudal stylets. 


X 127. 
X 95. 


Paracartia dubia, n. sp. (J . 

Fig. 14. Foot of fourth pair. X 95. 
15. Abdomen and caudal stylets. 


X 63. 


radius armiger, Giesbrecht. 


Fig. 16. Female, dorsal view, x 20. 

17. Male, lateral view. X 21. 

18. Anterior antenna. X 21. 

19. Posterior antenna, x 23. 

20. Mandible and palp. X 38. 

21. Anterior foot-jaw. X 47. 


Fig. 22. Posterior foot-jaw. x 39. 

23. Foot of first pair, x 57. 

24. Foot of second pair. X 57. 

25. Foot of fourth pair, x 42. 

26. Fifth pair of thoracic feet, x 85. 

27. Abdomen and caudal stylets, x 39. 


J 


PROxM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 


153 


Clausocalanus latipes, n. sp. ^ . 


Fig. 28. Riglit anterior antenna. X 59. 

29. Mandible and palj). X 115. 

30. Anterior t'oot-jaw. X 115. 

31. Posterior foot-jaw. X 115. 

32. Foot of first pair. X 86. 


Fig. 33. Foot of seeond pair. X 86. 

34. Foot of tliird pair. X 86. 

35. Foot of fonrth pair. X 86. 

36. Fifth pair of tlioracic feet. X 2-30. 

37. Abdomen and caudal stylets. X 57. 


Clausocalanus urcuicoriiis, Dana, cj . 


Fig. 38. Male, lateral view, x 23. 

39. Anterior antenna. X 35. 

40. Posterior antenna. X 23. 

41. Mandible palp. X 85. 

42. Maxilla. X 113. 


Fig. 43. Anterior foot-jaw 


X 276. 

44. Posterior foot-jaw. X 172. 

45. Foot of first pair. X 115. 

46. Fifth pair of tlioracic feet. 


X 115. 


47. Abdomen and caudal stylets. X 57. 


Temoropia inaijtiinbaetisis, n. sp. 
Fig. 48. Right anterior antenna of male. X 88. i Fig. 49. Mandible and palp. X 63. 


1. 


Male, dorsal view. 


X 53. 


2. 


Posterior antenna. 


X 83. 


3. 


Maxilla. X 95. 


4. 


Anterior foot-jaw. 


X 190. 


5. 


Posterior foot-jaw. 


X 63. 


6. 


Foot of first pair. 


X 152. 


Plate IX. 

Temoropia mayumbaensis, n. sp 
Fi 


7. Inner branch of seeond thoracic feet. 
X 95. 


8. Fifth pair of tlioracic feet, female. X 95. 

9. Fifth pair of thoracic feet, male. X 95. 

10. Abdomen and caudal stylets, female, 

dorsal view. X 63. 

11. Abdomen of female, lateral view. x63. 

12. Abdomen and caudal stylets, male. x63. 


Temora Jongicornis (M tiller). 
Fig. 13. Fifth pair of thoracic feet, male. X 95. 


Oithona minuta, n. sj). 


Fig. 14. Female, dorsal view, x 72. 

15. Anterior antenna, female, x 169. 

16. Anterior antenna, male, x 230. 

17. Posterior antenna, x 230. 

18. Mandible, x 270. 

19. Mandible palp, x 2.30. 

20. Anterior foot-jaw. X 230. 
SECOND SERIES. — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VI. 


Fig. 21. Posterior foot-jaw. X 345. 

22. Foot of first pair. X 230. 

23. Foot of fourth pair. X 2.30. 

24. Abdomen and caudal stylets, female 

(a, fifth pair of feet). X 127. 

25. Abdomen and caudal stylets, male. 

X 200. 

20 


154 


ME. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTEACA 


Fig. 26. Female, lateral view. X 42. 

27. Anterior autenua, female. X 230 

28. Posterior anteuua. X 127. 

29. Mandible and palp. X 35. 

30. Anterior foot-jaw. X 253. 

31. Posterior foot-jaw. X 253. 


Fig. 36. Female, lateral view, x 53. 

37. Anterior antenna. X 460. 

38. Posterior antenna. X 170. 

39. Anterior foot -jaw. X 460. 

40. Posterior foot-jaw. X 345. 


Ectinosoma Chry stall, n. sp. 

Fig. 32. Foot of first pair of swimming-feet. 
X 138. 

33. Foot of fourth pair of swimming-feet. 
X 127. 

34. Foot of fifth pair. X 190. 

35. Last abdominal segments and caudal 
stylets. X 95. 

Bradya brevicornis, n. sp. 

Fig. 41. Foot of first pair. X 190. 

42. Foot of fifth pair. X 190. 

43. Last abdominal segments and caudal 
stylets. X 95. 


Fig. 44. Female, lateral view. X 63. 
45. Anterior antenna. X 190. 


Amymone Andreun, n. sp. 


Fig. 46. Posterior antenna. X 190. 
47. Anterior foot-jaw. X 380. 


Plate X. 

Amymone Andrewi, n. sp. 
Fig. 1. Posterior foot-jaw. X 253. 


Fig. 2. Female, lateral view. X 53. 

3. Anterior antenna. X 253. 

4. Posterior antenna. X 190. 

5. Mandible and palp. X 380. 

6. Maxilla. X 190. 

7. Anterior foot-jaw. X 253. 


Fig. 13. Female, lateral view. X 53. 

14. Anterior autenua. X 253. 

15. Posterior antenna. X 380. 

16. Mandible aud palp. X 380. 

17. Maxilla. X 500. 
18 Anterior foot-jaw. X 253. 


Stenhelia accraensis, n. sp. 

Fig. 8. Posterior foot-jaw. X 253. 
9. Foot of first pair. X 152. 

10. Foot of fourth pair. X 152. 

11. Foot of fifth pair. X 126. 

12. Last abdominal segments and caudal 
stylets. X 63. 

Laophonte hnr/ipes, n. sp. 

Fig. 19. Posterior foot-jaw. X 190. 

20. Foot of first pair. X 190. 

21. Foot of fourth pair, x 190. 

22. Foot of fifth pair. X 190. 

23. Last abdominal segments aud caudal 
stylets. X 95. 


Laophonte pygmasa, n. sp. 


Fig. 24. Female, lateral view, x 53. 

25. Anterior antenna. X 253. 

26. Posterior foot-jaw. X 253. 
27 Foot of first pair. X 253. 


Fig. 28. Foot of fourth pair. X 253. 

29. Foot of fifth pair. X 253. 

30. Last abdominal segments and caudal 

stylets. X 127. 


PEOM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 


155 


Laophonte brevicornis, ii. sp. 


Fig. 31. Female, lateral view. x 53. 

32. Anterior antenna, x 253. 

33. Posterior foot-jaw. x 253. 

34. Foot of first pair, x 253. 


Fig. 38. Female lateral view, x 33. 

39. Anterior antenna, x 190. 

40. Posterior foot- jaw. x 253. 

41. Foot of first pair. x 190. 


Fig. 35. Foot of fourth pair, x 253. 

36. Foot of fifth pair, x 253. 

37. Last abdominal segments and caudal 

stylets. X 126. 


Dactijlopus lut'qws, n. sp. 


Fig. 42. Foot of fifth pair. x 127 
last ab( 
stylets. X G3. 


43. Last abdominal segments and caudal 


Dactylopus propinquus, n. sp. 


Fig. 44. Female, lateral view. x 53. 

45. Anterior antenna, female. x 190. 

46. Anterior autenuaj male. x 253. 

47. Posterior antenna, x 253. 

48. Posterior foot-jaw. x 253. 


Fig. 49. Foot of first pair, x 190. 

50. Foot of fifth pair, female, x 190. 

51 . Foot of fifth pair, male, x 190. 

52. One of the appendages of first abdominal 

segment, male, x 190. 


Plate XI. 

Badylopus propinquus, u. sp. 

Fig. 1. Foot of second pair of swimming-feet, male, x 190. 

2. Foot of third pair of swimming-feet, male, x 190. 

3. Last abdominal segments and caudal stylets, x 95. 

Ilyopsyllus affinis, n. sp. 


Fig. 4. Female, dorsal view, x 60. 

5. Female, lateral view, x 60. 

6. Anterior antenna, female. X 250. 

7. Anterior antenna, male. X 250. 

8. Posterior antenna. X 330. 

9. Mandible and palp, x 380. 

10. Maxilla and (?) oral aperture. X 500. 


Fig. 11. Anterior foot-jaw. x 500. 

12. Posterior foot-jaw. x 330. 

13. Foot of first pah-. x 190. 

14. Foot of third pair. X 152. 

15. Foot of fifth pair, female, x 500. 

16. Abdomen and caudal stylets, x 95. 

17. Rostrum, x 300. 


Mir acta minor, n. sp. 


Fig. 18. Female, lateral view, x 53. 

19. Anterior antenna, female. X 152. 

20. Anterior antenna, male. X 190. 

21. Posterior antenna. X 190. 

22. Posterior foot-jaw, female. X 253. 

23. Posterior foot jaw, male. X 253. 

24. Foot of first pair. X 108. 


Fig. 25. Foot of second pair, female, x 108. 
2Q. Foot of second pair, male, x 108. 

27. Foot of third pair, x 108. 

28. Fifth pair of thoracic feet, female. 

X 95. 

29. Foot of fifth pair, male, x 190. 

30. Abdomen and caudal stylets, x 76. 

20* 


156 


MR. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTKACA 


^gisthus longirostris, n. sp. 


Fig. 31. Female, dorsal view. X 20. 

32. Female, side view. X 18. 

33. Anterior antenna, female. X 53. 

34. Anterior antenna, male. X 32. 

35. Posterior antenna, x G3. 

36. Mandible. X 190. 

37. Maxilla. X 140. 


Fig. 38. Anterior foot-jaw. X 190. 

39. Posterior foot-jaw, female. X 95. 

40. Posterior fout-jaw, male. X 95. 

41. Foot of first pair, x 40. 

42. Foot of fourth pair. X 40. 

43. Fifth pair of thoracic feet. X 53. 

44. Extremity of one of the stylets. X 


190. 


Fig. 45. Adult dorsal view. X 10"7. 

46. Anterior antenna. X 63. 

47. Posterior antenna. X 40. 


Copilia Fultoni, n. sp. 


Fig. 48. Mandible. 


9- 


01 . 


49. Ma.xilla. X 190. 

50. Anterior foot-jaw. X 253. 


Plate XII. 

Cojiilia Fultoni, n. sp. 

Fig. 1. Posterior foot-jaw. X 20. 

2. Foot of fourth pair of swimming-feet, x 63. 

3. Abdomen and caudal stylets {a, fifth foot). X 26. 

Saplmina metalUna, Dana. 
Fig. 4. One of the caudal stylets with leaf-like appendages (cercophijlla). X 125. 


(?) Artotrogus abyssicolus, n. sp. (?) d , 


Fig. 5. Adult, dorsal view. X 27. 

6. Anterior autenna. X 63. 

7. Posterior antenna. X 253. 


Fig. 8. Posterior foot-jaw. X 253. 

9. Abdomen and caudal stylets. X 84. 


Longipedia minor, T. & A. Scott. 

Fig. 10. Male, lateral view, x 53. 

11. Foot of second pair. X 84. 

12. Fifth pair of thoracic feet and appendages of first abdominal segment. 

13. Last abdominal segments and caudal stylets. X 153. 

Euterpe gracilis, Claus, var. annata, n. var. 


X 190. 


Fig. 14. Female, lateral view, x 53. 

15. Anterior antenna. X 190. 

16. Anterior antenna. X 190. 

17. Mandible. X 190. 

18. Maxilla. X 190. 


Fig. 24. Female, lateral view, x 53. 

25. Anterior antenna. X 190. 

26. Foot of first pair, x 153. 


Fig. 19. Anterior foot-jaw. x 190. 

20. Posterior foot-jaw. X 253. 

21. Foot of first pair. X 190. 

22. Foot of fourth pair. X 190. 

23. Fifth pair of thoracic feet. X 190. 


Laophonie serratu, Claus. 


Fig. 27. Foot of fifth pair, x 127. 

28. Last abdominal segments and caudal 
stylets. X 95. 


FEOM THE GULF OF GUI^VEA. 
Cletodes linearis, Cliius. 


157 


Fig. 29. Female, lateral view, x 53. 

30. Anterior auteuna, female. x 190. 

31. Foot of fifth pair, female. x 153. 


Fig. 32. Fifth pair of thoracic feet (a), and ap- 
pendages [b) of first abdominal seg- 
ment. X 153. 


Thalestris forficula, Clans. 


Fig. 33. Female, lateral view, x 53. 

34. Anterior antenna, x 190. 

35. Posterior antenna, x 190. 

36. Anterior foot-jaw. x 253. 

37. Posterior foot-jaw. x 253. 


Fig. 38. Foot of first pair. x 153. 

39. Foot of fonrth pair, x 153. 

40. Foot of fifth pair, x 153. 

41. Last abdominal segments and caudal 

stylets. X 127. 


Harpacticus chelifer, Midler, var. 


Fig. 42. Male, lateral view, x 20. 

43. Posterior foot-jaw. x 76. 

44. Foot of first pair, x 50. 


Fig. 45. Foot of second pair, x 50. 
46. Foot of fifth pair. x 127. 


Clytemnestra rosiraia (Brady). 


Fig. 47. Female, lateral view. x 32. 

48. Female, dorsal view, x 32. 

49. Male, dorsal view, x 32. 

50. Anterior antenna, female, x 95. 

51. Anterior antenna, male. x 95. 

52. Posterior antenna, x 127. 


Fig. 53. Jlandible and palpi, x 253. 

54. Maxilla. x 380. 

55. Anterior foot-jaw. x 253. 

56. Posterior foot-jaw, female, x 127. 

57. Posterior foot-jaw, male. x 95. 


Plate XIII. 

Clytemnestra rostra fa (Brady). 

Fig. 1. Foot of first pair of swimming-feet, x 95. 

2. Foot of second pair of swimming-feet. x 95. 

3. Foot of fifth pair of swimming-feet, x 127. 


Fig. 4. Female, dorsal view. x 53. 

5. Anterior antenna, x 53. 

6. Posterior antenna, x 84. 

7. Mandible, x 153. 

8. Maxilla, x 153. 


Onccea gracilis (Dana). 


Fig. 9. Anterior foot-jaw. x 127 

10. Posterior foot-jaw. x 95 

11. Foot of fourth pair, x 95. 

12. Abdomen and caudal stylets [a, fifth 

feet). X 50. 


OncdRa mediterranea (Claus). 


Fig. 13. Female, dorsal view, x 53. 

14. Anterior antenna, x (53. 

15. Posterior antenna, x 100. 


Fig. 16. Posterior foot-ja^v. x 95. 
17. Foot of fourth pair, x 127. 


158 


MR. T. SCOTT ON ENTOMOSTEACA 


Fig. 18. Adult, dorsal view, x 18. 

19. Anterior antenna. x 48. 

20. Posterior antenna. x 63. 

21. (?) Mandible, x 190. 


Fig. 25. Male, dorsal view, x 53. 

26. Anterior antenna, x 100. 

27. Mandible, x 190. 


Pachysoma punctata, Claus. 


Fig. 22. (?) Maxilla, x 153. 

23. (?) Anterior foot-jaw. x 253. 

24. Foot of fourth pair, x 50. 


Cyclopicera lata, Brady. 


Fig. 28. Maxilla, x 153. 

29. Foot of fourth pair, x 100. 

30. Foot of fifth pair, x 190. 


Hersiliodes Liviriffstoni, n. sp. 

Fig. 31. Female, dorsal view. x 27. 

32. Anterior antenna, x 127. 

33. Posterior antenna, x 95. 

34. ??i.. Mandible ; w.r., Maxilla; Mouth. 

X 127. 


Fig. 35. Anterior foot-jaw. Posterior foot-jaw. 
X 127. 

36. Foot of first pair, x 76. 

37. Foot of fourth pair. x 76. 

38. Foot of fifth pair, x 48. 


Fig. 39. Female, dorsal view, x 35. 

40. Anterior antenna. x 127. 

41. Posterior antenna, x 127. 

42. Mandible. x 253. 

43. Maxilla. x 253. 


Lichomolyus congoensis, n. sp. 

Fig. 44. Anterior foot-jaw. x 253. 

45. Posterior foot-jaw. x 190. 

46. Foot of fourth pair. x 135. 

47. Foot of fifth pair, x 190. 

48. Abdomen and caudal stylets. 


X 84. 


Fig. 49. Male, dorsal view. 

50. Anterior antenna. 

51. Posterior antenna. 

52. Mandible, x 190. 

53. Maxilla, x 253. 


Pseudaiithessius propinquus, u. sp. 


x 35. 
x 170. 
X 135. 


Fig. 54. Posterior foot-jaw, female, x 84. 

55. Foot of first pair. x 135. 

56. Abdomen and caudal stylets, female. 

X 40. 


Saphirella abysslcola, n. sp. 
Fig. 57. (?) Adult, dorsal view, x 25. | Fig. 58. Posterior antenna, x 125. 


Plate XIV. 

Pseudanthesshis jjropinrjuus, n. sp. 


Fig. 1. Anterior foot- jaw. x 190. 

2. Posterior foot-jaw, male, x 53. 


3. Foot of fourth pair of swimming-feet. 

X 135. 

4. Foot of fifth pair, x 127. 


FEOM TILE GULF OF GUINEA. 


159 


Saphirella abyssicola, n. sp. 


Fig. 5. Anterior antenna, x 125. 

6. Mandible, x I'JO. 

7. Maxilla. X 152. 


Fig. 8. Anterior foot-jaw. X 190. 
9. Posterior foot-jaw. X 170. 
10. Foot of first pair of swimming- feet, x 95. 


Arlrotrogus abi/ssicohis, n. sp. 


Fig. 11. Female, dorsal view, x 35. 

12. Anterior antenna, x 127. 

13. Posterior antenna. x 135. 

14. Mandible, x 253. 

15. Anterior foot-jaw. x 152. 


Fig. 16. Posterior foot-jaw. X 152. 

17. Foot of first pair of swimming-feet. 

X 100. 

18. Foot of fourth pair of swimming-feet. 

X 95. 


Caliyus Murrayanus, n. sp. 
Fig. 19. Adult, ventral view, x 17. 

Caliyus bengoensis, n. sp. 
Fig. 20. Adult, ventral \ievi. x 19. 

(?) Caligus Thymni, Dana. 
Fig. 21. Adult, ventral view, x 8. 

Caligus dubiiis, n. sp. 
Fig. 22. Adult, ventral view, x 12-5. 

Nogagus validus, Dana. 
Fig. 23. Adult, ventral view, x 7-5. 

Pontojisyllus elongatus, n. g. et sp. 


Fig. 24. Adult, dorsal view. X 20. 

25. Anterior antenna. X 135. 

26. Posterior antenna. X 84. 

27. jNIandible (w.) and maxilla (»2cr.). X 190. 

28. One of tlie foot-jaws, x 125. 


Fig. 29. Foot of fourth pair of swimming-feet. 
X 95. 
30. (?) Immature form ; (*.) sucking-disk. 
X 60. 


Cypria atlantica, n. sp. 


Fig. 31. Shell seen from the side, x 40. 
32. Shell seen from above. X 40. 


Fig. 33. Shell seen from the side (young), x 46. 


Phlyctenophora afncana, n. sp. 
Fig. 34. Shell seen from the side. X 27. | Fig. 35. Shell seen from above. X 27. 

Pontocypris trigonella, G. O. Sars. 
Fig. 36. Shell seen from the side. X 27. I Fig. 37. Shell seen from above. X 27. 


Pontocypris subreniformis, n. sp. 


Fig. 38. Shell seen from the side. X 44. 


Fig. 39. Shell seen from above. x44. 


160 ME. T. SCOTT ON ENIOMOSTEACA 

Bairdia inornata, n. sp. 
Fig. 40. Shell seen from the side. X 37. | Fig. 41. Shell seen from above. X 37. 

Ctjthere multicatxi, n. sp. 
Fig. 42. Shell seen from the side. X 32. | Fig. 43. Shell seen from above. x32. 

Cijthere sculptU'is, u. sp. 
Fig. 44. Shell seen from the side. X48. | Fig. 45. Shell seen from above. x48. 

Gythere rimosa, n. sp. 
Fig. 46. Shell seen from the side. x40. | Fig. 47. Shell seen from above. X40. 

Cythere thalassica, n. sp. 
Fig. 48. Shell seen from the side. X 30. | Fig. 49. Shell seen from above. X 30. 

Cythere venusta, u. sp. 
Fig. 50. Shell seen from the side. x28'5. | Fig. 51. Shell seen from above. x28'5. 

Cytherura simulans, n. sp. 
Fig. 52. Shell seen from the side. X 54, | Fig. 53. Shell seen from above. X 54. 

Cytheropteron trilobites, Brady. 
Fig. 54. Shell seen from the side. x40'5. | Fig. 55. Shell seen from above. x40"5. 

Asterojje squamiger, n. sp. 
Fig. 56. Shell seen from the side. X 22. | Fig. 57. Shell seen from above. X 22. 

Sarsiella Murrayana, n. sj). 
Fig. 58. Shell seen fi'om the side. X 27. 

Plate XV. 

Fig. 1. Halocypris elungata, n. sp. Shell seen from the side. X 8'5. 

2. „ ,, n. sp. Shell seen from above. X 8"5. 

3. „ torosa, n. sp. Shell seen from the side. X 7. 

4. „ ,, n. sp. Shell seen fi'om above. X 7. 

5. „ aculeata, n. sp. Shell seen from the side. X 30. 

6. ,, „ u. sp. Shell seen from above. X 30. 

7. „ jnmica, n. sp. Shell seen from the side. X 32. 

8. „ ,, u. sp. Shell seen from above. X 32. 

9. Cytherella africana, n. sp. Shell seen from the side. X 28"5. 

10. ,, „ n. sp. Shell seen from above. X 28'5. 

11. „ pumila, n. sp. Shell seen from the side. X 40. 

12. „ „ n. sp. Shell seen from above. X 40. 

13. Cythere multicava, n. sp. Antennule. X 95. 

14. Asterope squamiger, u. sp. Antennule. X 54. 

15. Cythere multicava, n. sp. Antenna. X 95. 


FKOM THE GULF OF GUINEA. 161 

Fig. 16. Ci/jjria utlanlica. Shell structure higlily magiiififd. 

17. Phlijctcnopliora africana, n. sp. Oue ol' the auteunules. X 95. 

18. „ ,, n. sp. One of the antennae, x 127. 

19. ,, „ n. sp. The post-abdomen, x 95. 

20. Cypria atlantica, ii. sp. One of the anteunie. X 127. 

21. „ ,, n. sp. Oue of tlie antcnuules. x 95. 

22. Asterope squamiger, n. sp. One of the antenna;. X 5i. 

23. „ „ n. sp. The post-abdomcu. X 27. 

24. SaraleUa Miirrayanu, w. s[i. One of the antcnuules. X 54. 

25. Cypria ai/anticti, n. sp. The post-abdomcu. X 127. 

20. Asterope squamiger, u. sp. One of the first maxilhe. X 54. 

27. Halocypris cloiigutu, u. sp. One of the autcuua;. 

28. Sarsiella Murrayana, u. sp. Ovigerous foot, x 190. 

29. ,, „ n. sp. One of tlie auteuuic. X 80. 

30. Halocypris eloiigata, u. sp. One of tlie antcnuules. 

31. Sarsiella Murray ana, u.s^. The post-abdomen, x 127. 

32. Halocypris torusa, n. sj). Oue of the antcnuules. x 13. 

33. „ aculeatu, n. sp. Oue of the autcuuules (female), x 54. 

34. „ „ n. sp. Oue of the autenuaj. X 27. 

35. „ torosa, u. sp. First foot. x 13. 

30. Cytlierella africana, n. !ip. One of the anterior antciui;e. X 95. 

37. Halocypris torosa, u. sp. One of the antenuic. X 13. 

38. „ «c'«/('a/«, n. sp. One of the antcnuules (male), x 40. 

39. .., pmiica, n. sp. One of the autenuulcs. x 51. 

40. „ „ n. sp. Oue of the autcuuffi. x 54. 

41. Cytfierella a/ricana, n. up. Oue of the posterior autennie. X 95. 

42. „ „ u. sp. The post-abdomen, x 95. 


SECOND SERIES. — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VI. 21 


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LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 


MEMORANDA CONCEllNING TJIANSACTIONS. 


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2nd Ser. ZOOLOGY.] 


[VOL. VI. PAB,T 2. 


THE 


G^^-L 


TRANSACTIONS 


OF 


A 


THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON. 


THE SUBTERRANEAN CRUSTACEA OF NEW ZEALAND; 

WITH SOMK GENERAL REMARKS ON THE FAUNA 
OP CAVES AND WELLS. 


BY 


CHAULES CHILTON, M.A., D Sc, F.L.S., 

RECTOR, DISTRICT HIGH SCHOOI., PORT CHALMERS, NEVf ZEALAND. 


LONDON 


PRINTED FOE, THK LINNEAN SOCIETY 

BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET. 

SOLD AT THE SOCIETY'S APARTMENTS, BURLINGTON-HOUSE, PICCADILLY, W., 
AND BY LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO., PATERNOSTER-ROW. 

■^ 3I(nj 1894. 


[ 163 ] 


II. The Subterranean Crustacea of New Zealand: with some general Remarks on the 
Fauna of Caves and Wells. By Charles Chilton, M.A., B.Sc., F.Z.S., Rector, 
District High School, Port Chalmers, Neto Zealand. 

Eead 20th April, 1893. 

(Plates XVI.-XXIII.) 
Contents. 

Page 

I. Introduction 163 

II. Historical Sketch 165 

III. History, Distribution, and Occurrence ol the New Zealand Subterranean Crustacea 180 

IV. Detailed Descriptions of the New Zealand Subterranean Crustacea 185 

Isopoda. The Genus Phreatoicus : P. assiinilis, sp. nov. ; P. ti/picus, Chilton ; Comparison 
of the three known species of Phreatoicus ; Special points in the structure of 

Phreatoicus ; Affinities of Phreatoicus 185 

The Genus Cruretjens : C. fontanus, Chilton 209 

Amphipoda. The Genus Crangonyx : C. compactus, Chilton 218 

The Genus Oammarus : G. frufjilis, Chilton 226 

The Genus Calliopiiwi : C. siibtcrrancrts, Chilton 2.33 

Summary of the more important points in Part IV 244 

V. The General Fauna of the Subterranean Waters of Canterbury 246 

VI. The Canterbury Plains and their Underground Waters 248 

VII. Origin of the Subterranean Crustacea 253 

VIII. The Special Characteristics of the Subterranean Pauna : 

Colour ; Loss of Eyes ; Compensation for Loss of Eyesight ; Food : Arrested Development ; 

Habits 259 

IX. Bearing.s of the Phenomena of Subterranean Life on the Theory of Descent 266 

X. Conclusion 272 

XI. Bibliography 273 

XII. Explanation of the Plates 281 

I. Introdijction. 

In the following paper an attempt is made to give a fuller account than has yet been 
published of the Blind Crustacea found in the underground waters of the Canterbury 
Plains in the South Island of New Zealand. The existence of siroilar Crustacea in 
the caves and wells and in the deep waters of lakes in Europe and North America 
Las long been known, and has attracted much attention, both because of the inherent 
interest of the subject, and because of the bearing that the facts have on some general 
questions of Biology connected with the Theory of Descent, particularly on the effects 
of use and disuse, and on the influence of the environment on the animals. 

SECOND SERIES. — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VI. 22 


164 DE. C. CHILTON ON THE SUBTEERANEAN 

The existence of these animals in New Zealand was first recorded by me [22] about 
eleven years ago, but the original descriptions, though fairly accurate so far as they go, 
were yery short and meagre, and the figures were rough and crude, and many points 
were left on which fuller and more complete information was much to b3 desired. 
Moreover, during the time that has elapsed since they were first discovered, much 
additional information has been gathered as to their occurrence and distribution, and 
no connected account of these has as yet been published. During tha same time, too, 
some important works on the Blind Subterranean Crustacea of other parts of the world 
have appeared, particularly Packard's work on the Cave Fauna of North America [83], 
and Wrzesniowski's very important memoir on "Three Subterranean Amphipoda" [12i]. 

If we consider the peculiarities of the New-Zealand fauna and flora, and remember 
that New Zealand forms by itself a distinct zoological province, which has long been 
more or less ^lerfectly isolated from other provinces, we should naturally expect that 
the Subterranean Crustacea of New Zealand would present us with some new interesting 
facts, and that they would differ largely from the similar Crustacea found elsewhere. 
This proves to be the case. The Subterranean Crustacean fauna is peculiarly rich, and 
much more varied than that of either Europe or North America ; so far as at present 
known, it consists of six distinct species, three Amphipods and tlii*ee Isopods, belonging 
to five different genera. Of these genera Crangonijx is already known from the 
subterranean waters of Europe and North America, but none of the others have been 
recorded from underground habitats elsewhere, though one, Gammariis, is more or less 
allied to the blind Niphargus of Europe, the species of which were indeed originally 
assigned to Oamniarus, and are still so assigned by some writers. Two genera are 
new : one, Cruregens, belongs to a family, the Anthur'ulx, no members of which were 
previously known to inhabit underground waters, and the other, Phreafolous, which 
now contains three species (two from the subterranean waters of New Zealand, and 
one freshwater one from the top of the Mt. Kosciusko plateau in Australia), is so peculiar 
that it forms the type of a new and very remarkable family of the Isopoda. 

In the following pages I give a full detailed description of the external anatomy of 
each of these six species, in addition to the brief specific diagnoses and, usually, a 
discussion on the characters of the genus. I have given what is known of their occurrence 
and distribution, of their habits, and of the p:^culiarities which they present in common 
with or in addition to other Subterranean Crustacea ; their probable origin is discussed 
at some length. I have given also a short historical introduction showing the growth 
of our knowledge on t!ie subject of Cave and Well Sessile-eyed Crustacea; and have 
concluded with some remarks on the bearing of the facts presented by them on the 
general questions of Biology. 

For their kindness in providing me with material, I have to record my best thanks 
to Mr. E.. M. Laiug, of the Christchurch Boys' High School, Mr. E. Wilkinson, of the 
School of Agriculture, Lincoln, Messrs. J. B. Mayne and W. W. Smith of Ashburton, 
Mr. D. L. luwood and Miss Young of Winchester. Mr. W. P. Hciy of Irvington, 
Indiana, U.S.A., lias kindly supplied me Avith specimens of some North-American 
Subterranean Crustacea. Mr. Smith, of Ashl)urt<)u, has been particulai-ly zealous and 


CEUSTACEA OF NEW ZEALAND. 1G5 

iiiiwctiiyiiig in liis efforts to obtain specimens for me, and I am much indebted to 
])im tor additional knowledge on their distribution and on the general question of 
the underground -waters of the plains. My friend and fellow-worker, Mr. G. M. 
Thomson, Science Master of tlie Dunedin High Schools, has assisted me in many ways 
by his advice and criticism, and by bis kindness in supplying me with works from 
his library that I could not otherwise have obtained. To many writers I am 
indebted for copies of their various papers, particularly to Professor A. S. Packard 
and to Dr. E. Monicz, wlio have sent me copies of important works by them on the 
subterranean fauna of their respective countries; while, in common with all other 
workers on the Amphipoda, I am greatly indebted to the Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing for the 
very full and valuable Bibliographical Introduction to his Report on the ' Challenger ' 
Amphipoda. Situated as I am at the Antipodes, far from tlie chief biological libraries 
of Europe and America, to which one would have Hked to have recourse, I can perhaps 
appreciate the full ^alue of this introduction better than those who are more favourably 
circumstanced in this respect. 

II. Historical Sketch. 

The following historical sketch of the growth of our knowledge of the Sessile-eyed 
Crustacea inhabiting caves and wells is in many respects very imperfect, for I am 
unable to consult many of the original papers and works quoted; it contains, however, 
1 trust, references to most of the more important works on the subject. In its 
compilation I have derived much assistance from Alois Humbert's paper on Niphargus 
indemms, var. Fovelu [62], Professor Packard's paper on the " Cave Fauna of North 
America" [83], from Wrzesniowski's work on " Three Subterranean Amphipoda" [121], 
and fiom the bibliographical introduction to Stebbing's " Report on the ' Challeno"er ' 
Amphii oda " [108]. 1 have endeavoured to include the Subterranean Isopoda as well 
as the Ami)hipoda, but the parts bearing on them are, I fear, much more incomplete 
than those on the Amphipoda, as there is no general bibliography on the Isopoda at all 
comparable to that which Stebbing has compiled with so much care and labour for 
the Amphipoda. 

Feanz von I'abla Schkank, in his account of Gammarus pidex [98, p. 535] says, "Habitat in aquis, 
rivis,fontibns ; albissimu.s dum iicitat." From the -Nvorils " in fontibus ; albissimus dum natat " Stebbing 
[108, p. 31] thinKs it is fair to infer that Scbrank had seen one of the well-shrimps. I£ this be so it 
would appear that we have in this work of Schrank (1781) the first mention of Subterranean Crustacea. 

W. E. Leach [72]. The first undoubted reference to "well-shrimps" ajjpears to have been made 
bj Leach. In the article " Crustaceology " in the ' Edinburgh Encyclopaedia,' published probably in 
1813-1814, after Gaviiitarus pulex a species is mentioned [72, p. 403] which is not numbered but 
" which Mr. Leach considers to be different from pulex." It came from a well in London. " It 
diflers principally from Gummarus imkx in having the upper process of the tail much longer. The 
colour, when alive, was cinereous, but so translucent that the eyes could not be distinguished. It 
stimds in Mr. Leach's cabinet under the specific name subterraneus." It is evident from this brief 
description that the animal in question is not a true Guvnnarus, but is a subterranean species, probably 
a Nipfiargus. Stebbing [108, [>. 84] thinks it is probably identical with Niphargus aquilex, Schiodte, 

22* 


166 DR. C. CHILTON ON THE SUBTERRANEAN 

and it is assigned to tliis species also by Spence Bate and Westwood [4, p. 316]. Wrzesniowski [121', 
p. 6021 thinks that the description given is scarcely sufficient to enable us to decide whether the animal 
belongs to Niphargus aquilex, Schiodte, or Crangowjx compactus, Spence Bate ; but in the latter 
species the terminal uropoda are not very long, and, as Leach specially mentions that they are long in 
his specimen, it appears more likely that it is a Niphargus. 

I. C. Zenker. From a remark made by Zenker in connection with Gammarus pulex, Leydig infers 
[73, p. 245], and according to Wrzesniowski [124, p. 602] with good reason, that Zenker had met 
with Niphargus puteanus in Thuringia. 

Paul Gervais, in 1835, in a paper [46] describing the freshwater Gammarids of Paris, after giving 
the two species Gammarus pulex, Fabr., and G. Roeselii {=G. fluviatills, Roesel), says: "There is also 
found in the environs of Paris, but only in the water from wells, a third kind of shrimp, remarkable 
for its small size, which does not in fact exceed 3 or 4 mm." He considers this simply a " variete de 
sejour," and draws attention to its slender appearance — " est constamment etiolee " — and to the fact 
that its eyes are without pigment and not apparent. He names it Gammarus pulex minutus [46, p. 127]. 
This name he afterwards altered to Gammarus lacteus, but without giving any further description of 
any value [47, p. 488] . 

C. L. Koch [69]. About the same time Koch described a species under the name Gammarus 
puteanus from wells at Ratisbon (" Regensburg "), giving the following diagnosis: " G. diaphano- 
albus, lateribus suboehraceis, testis caudse iuermibus ; articulo penultimo pedum 4 anteriorum 
quadrato." He does not describe it as blind, but says "Die Augen sind gelb" [69, h. 5, n. 2]. 
Wrzesniowski gives the species under the provisional name Niphargus ratisbonensis ? [124, p. 673]. 
Later on Koch describes a variety found " in den Brunnen der Stadt Zweibriicken," differing from the 
specimens from Ratisbon in colour and in the shape of the hands of the guathopoda [69, h. 36, n. 22] . 
KocVs work was issued in parts, and it appears to be very difficult to determine the exact date at 
which each part appeared. See Stebbing [108, p. 158] . 

H. Milne-Edwards, in 1840, describes Gammarus pungens [77, iii. p. 47], from " les eanx thermales 
du Mont Cassini en Italic," as having " le petit appendice terminal des dernieres fausses pates 
tout-k-fait rudimentaire, et le grand appendice ti-es-poilu et il peine epineux." Spence Bate [5, p. 217, 
& 4, p. 314] and Stebbing [108, p. 253] consider this a Niphargus. At the same time Milne-Edwards 
also describes another species, Gammarus Ermannii \77, iii. p. 49], from warm springs of Kamtschatka; 
Spence Bate, who saw the specimen preserved in the Museum of the .Tardin des Plantes, afterwards 
placed this species under the genus Crangonyx [5, p. 179]. 

Theodor G. Tellkampf, in 1844, in describing some new species of Arthropoda from the Mammoth 
Cave of Kentucky, gives, under the head of " Crustacea, Malacostraca," the species Triura cavernicola 
[109, pp. 321, 322, pi. 18]. Schiodte and afterwards Boeck suggested that the species belonged to the 
Amphipoda, and Dana (Choristopoda, p. 306), in a note says : — "Genus Triura, Tellkampf, Rhoeee 
forsan affinis." Stebbing [108, p. 208], after giving a portion of TellkarapPs description, gives also a 
copy of his figure, and says that it will suffice to show that tiic animal cannot belong to the Amphipoda. 
A. S. Packard, junr., had, moreover, already shown in 1871 that the animal is not a Crustacean at all, 
but belongs to the Thysanurous Neuroptera, and that it is probably the same as Marhilis variabilis, 
Say : Tellkampf's erroneous reference of the animal to the Crustacea having been caused by his 
mistaking the labial and maxillary palpi for feet, and regarding the nine pairs of abdominal spines as 
feet [82, p. 14] . 

J. C. Schiodte, in 1847, briefly communicated to the Academic des Sciences dc Copeuhague the 
results of his researches on the fauna of the caves of Carniola and Istria, and gives a short diagnosis of 
Gammarus stygius [93, p. 81]. In a later work, published 1849-51, he minutely described the species, 
figured it, and formed for it the new genus Niphargus [91, pp. 26-28]. According to Humbert [62, 
p. 283] he did not notice the great resemblances between his species and Gammarus puteanus, Koch. 


CRUSTACEA OF NEW ZEALAND. 167 

In the same paper, Schiiidtc also describes with great fulness, and figures, Pherusa alba, Koch, an 
isopod belonging to the OniscidiE. As the name Pherusa was preoccupied, he renames the species 
Titanethes albus, placing it in " Ordo Isopoda — Familia 0«/sc('— Tribus Oniscini." Owing to Koch's 
use of the name Pherusa, earlier employed among the Anijjhipoda, it appears that Schiodte's Titanethes 
has itself been spoken of as an Amphipod. With regard to this species, Spence Bate [4, ii. p. 440] gives 
the reference "' Herrich Schaffer, Contin. of Panzer,' fasc. 180, pi. 24," and this, together with the 
above quoted from Stebbing [108, p. 24], is all the informatiou I can gather on this species. 

HoBERT Caspary [19], in 1849, gave a full account with figures of Gammarus puteanus, Koch, from 
specimens found at Elberfeld. He was not able to discover eyes, although he examined more than 30 
specimens. The small size of his specimens (4-6 mm.) and the absence of eggs from the brood-pouches 
of the females show, says Wrzesniowski [124, p. 603], that he had to deal with very young specimens. 
He considers the mouth-parts, but, according to Wrzesniowski [124, p. 603], gives an incorrect figure 
of the palp of the first maxillae. 

In his list [15] giving the synonymy of Asellus sieboIdU, de Rougemont { = A. cavaticus, Schiodte), 

Bovallius gives a reference to this pa])er by Caspary, as follows : — " 1849 Fulilrott. (Caspary), in 

Verhandl. des naturh. Vereins dcr preuss. llheinlande uud Westfalens, Jahrg. 6, fig. ; " thus without 
mentioning any name as used by Caspary. I am unable to consult Caspary's paper, and therefore cannot 
say what information, if any, he gives on Asel/ns cavaticus. Accoi-ding to Packard [83, p. 146], Caspary 
gives a " figure, without name, of Asellus cavaticus, Leydig." The next entry in Bovallius's list of 
synonyms is under the date 1871 [15, p. 11]. 

A. Hosius [61], in 1850, sets forth very fully the characters which separate the three species, Gam- 
marus pulex from running waters, Gammarus fluviatilis ( = G. Roselii, Gervais) from still or weakly 
flowing waters, and Gammarus puteanus from wells. He compares the three species as regards the 
maxillae, and gives two drawings of the maxilhe of G. puteanus, taken from Caspary, and retaining the 
erroneous figuring of the palp. The incorrectness was also pointed out by Spence Bate and Westwood 
[4, i. p. 311]. 

A. Costa [32], in 1851, gives, among others in his list of Amphipoda, Gammarus lomjicaudatus from 
the drinking-water of Naples, and G. montanus from the Lago del Maltese. Afterwards he admitted 
that the two were the same, and the first as " Gammarus longicaudata," A. Costa, appears alone in his 
Catalogue [see Stebbing, 108, p. 249]. Wrzesniowski gives the species under Nipharyus [124, 
p. 696-7]. Spence Bate and Westwood, without comment, give it as a synonym of Niphargus aquilex, 
Schiodte [4, i. p. 316]. 

J. 0. Westwood [120], in April 1853, communicated to the Linneau Society the discovery of a well- 
shrimp in a well near Maidenhead, England. This was at the time referred to Niphargus stygius, 
Schiodte, hut was afterwards separated under the name Niphargus aquilex by Schiodte [95, pp. 349- 
351]. Bate and Westwood point out that Schiodte has been misled into describing it with " dorso 
carinato " by examining dried specimens, but they retain his name Niphargus aquilex on other grounds 
[4, i. p. 317]. 

In an anonymous paper on some Crustacea [57], quoted by Stebbing thus : — "Anonymous (? Halli- 
day)," Latin diagnoses of the genus Niphargus and the two species iV. sti/gius and A'^. aquilex are given. 
The full account of the former is given in English as applying equally well to the latter, except for the 
differences mentioned in the diagnoses. As these amounted to little more than applying a smooth 
back to A^. stygius, and by mistake a keeled one to N. aquilex, Spence Bate was, he says, misled by this 
to assume the identity of the two species. 

Adam White [121] in Lis ' Popular History of British Crustacea,' in 1857, omits the Gammarus 
subterraneus. Leach, which he had previously suggested might be " Gammarus pulex, var. jun. ?." He 
changes Niphargus stygius, Westwood, into Niphargus aquilex, Schiodte, and asks whether this may not 
be the Gammarus subterraneus of Leach [see 108, p. 305]. 


168 DR. C. CHILTON ON THE SUBTEREANEAN 

A. DE LA Valette St. George [112], ill 1857, publislied a very minute account of tlie external and 
internal anatomy of the well-sbrimps found at Cologne and Munich. He calls the species examined by 
him Gammarus imteanus, but they are referred by Bate and Westwood to Niphargus aquilex, Schiiidte 
[4, i. p. 315]. His work is illustrated by fine figures, and among other points he draws attention to the 
sense-organs found on the autenuse, remarking, howevei', that the caleeoli increase in size towards the 
end of the antennse, which, as Stebbing points out [108, p. 304], is certainly not the case iu all 
Ampliipoda. 

C. Chyzer, iu 1858 [28, p. 4], announces Toth's finding Gammarus puteanus and G. fossarwm, Koch, 
" im Orczy-Garten zu Pest." 

C. Spence Bate [6] in 1859, in a paper on the genus Niphargus, Schiodte, establishes two new 
species, A^. fontanus and N. Kochianus, and also describes a new genus, Crangony.r, with the species 
C. subterraneus. Some discussion on the genus Crangonyx will be found further on (pp. 215-326). 

R. M. Bruzelius [17], in 1859, established the new genus Eriupis, vi'\t\x the species E. elongata, 
" habitat in loeis profundis maris Bohusise." The genus Eriopis is evidently very close to Niphargus, 
Schiodte, with which it was identified by Boeck. Stebbing also accepts this view; Wrzesniowski, how- 
ever, retains it as a separate genus, but alters the name to Eriojjsis, as Eriojns was preoccupied [124, 
p. 634]. 

A. R. HoGAN [59 and 60], in 1859, published a paper on the habits, food-supply, and habitat of the 
species described by Spence Bate, viz., Niphargus Kochianus, N. fontanus, and Crangomjx subterraneus. 
In his notice of this paper Stebbing mentions that specimens of Niphargus aquikw, from a well near 
Tunbridge Wells, lived in his (Stebbing's) room from January 1886 till March 3rd, 1880, wheu they all 
died at about the same time, perhaps from the coldness of the night. Although they were very active 
in walking aljout the bottom of their jar, Stebbing never saw them attempt to swim. Another set of 
about a dozen were placed in a small jar on June 15th, 1880. Two were females with eggs ; these died 
within a couple of days, surrounded by some rapidly developed parasitic growth ; the others lived on for 
a considerable time, the last not dying until November 24th, 1880 [108, p. 310]. Wrzesniowski [124, 
p. 604] refers to these observations on the habits of Niphargus aquilex in captivity as though they had 
been made by Hogan — a mistake natural enough, considering the way in which they are incorporated 
with the notice of Hogan's paper. Hogan published another paper on the same subject in 1801 [00]. 

Johannes Lachmann [71], in 1859, describes parasites found in the intestine of the well-shrimp {Gam- 
tuarus puteanus) , the name being, however, misspelt "Grammarus" throughout the paper. The parasites 
are said to belong to the puzzling group of the Gregarines. (Quoted from Stebbing [108, p. 317].) 

Joseph Schobl [92] in 1800 published an elaborate monogra^ih, illustrated by 10 plates, on " Typhlo- 
niscus — eine neue bliude Gattuug der Crustacea Isopoda," in which he describes the new species Typhlo- 
niscus Steinii. This species, which belongs to the Oniscidse, is not an inhabitant of wells or caves, but 
lives, like Platyarthrus, iu ants' nests. It, however, resembles cave-species in the want of eyes, colour of 
the body, &c., and has been often mentioned as a blind Isopod along with Titanethes albus. This 
species was afterwards referred to Platyarthrus Huffmannseggii by Budde-Lund [18, p. 199]. 

Victor Sill [100], in 1861, repeats Koch's description of^ Gammarus puteanus, but without adding 
anything new. 

Spence Bate, in the 'Catalogue of the Amphipoda in the British Museum,' published iu 1862 [5], 
gives the following subterranean species, all of which have been already referred to : — Niphargus stygius, 
SeliiiJdte, with which he combines N. aquilex, Schiodte (though on further examination this was retained 
as a separate species) ; N. fontanus, Spence Bate; N. Kochianus, Spence Bate; N. puteanus, Koch; Cran- 
qonyx subterraneus, Spence Bate; and C. Ermannii= Gammarus Ermannii, M.ilne-l!ldwa,rd&. He leaves 
Gammarus pungens, Milne-Edwards, under the genus Ganmiarus, but adds as a footnote, " This species 
appears closely to resemble a Niphargus " [5, p. 217]. 


CEUSTACEA OF NEW ZEALAND 169 

Bate and Westwood [4]. The parts of the' History of the British Sessile-eyed Crustacea,' by these 
authors, wliich contained the account of the subterranean forms, apjieared in 1862 [Stebbing, 108, 
p. 340], though the titlepage of volume i. bears the date 1863. A fuller account of the species already 
mentioned is given, there is a sliort account of some of the previous works on the subject and of the 
habits of some of the species, and Nipkiirr/iis aquilc.r, Schiodte, is reinstated as a separate species distinct 
from N. stijfjius, Schiodte. Under N.fontaniis, the authors say : — " Professor Westwood thinks that this 
species may be identical with the iV. sfi/ffius of Schiiidte, since both agree in the more robust form of 
the animal and the shape of the hands; there are, however, other important differences ; as, for instance, 
the form of the second and third segments of the tail, which, together with the diversity of liabitat, 
will probably prove to be of specific value" [t, i. p. 322]. Again, under N. Kochianus they say : — 
"We are inclined to think this species identical with the specimens captured at Bonn, described and 
figured by Caspary and Hosius, referred to in the synonyms under JSf. aquUe.v, but want of specimens 
from tliat locality prevents our determining this point" [4, i. p. 325]. 

In speaking of the three species N. af/ni/ce, iV. fontanus, and N. Kochianus, Alois Humbert very 
shrewdly remarks : — -"A n'en juger que par les descriptions et par les figures intercalees dans le texte 
ces trois especes semblent etre bien tranchees et faciles a distinguer, mais dans la pratique la determina- 
tion n'est pas facile " [62, p. 287]. 

De Rougemont has, indeed, united N. font anus and N. Kochianus, as well as Cranqonyj: subtcrraneus 
with Gammarus puteanus,}Loc\\; but, as will be seen from the remarks below, his identifications can 
hardly all be accepted. Stebbing says, in connection with this point that " the matter, perhaps, is not 
yet ripe for final determination" [108, p. 312]. 

It is strange that so little has been written on the Subterranean Crustacea of England : thus I know of 
no special work on them since the publication of the ' History of the British Sessile-eyed Crustacea ; ' 
this is the more peculiar when we remember that many points in connection with them were left uncer- 
tain {Cramiomjx suhterraneus, for instance, being described from a single specimen), and that they are 
widely distributed in England and Ireland, and probably abundant. 

Camil Heller [58] , in his list of the freshwater Amphipoda of South Europe, says that they all belong 
to the genus Gammams, Fabric., of which he makes Crangonyx and Niphargus subgenera. He omits 
Costa's G. Jongicaudatus, and unites Gammarus puteanus, Caspary, Niphargus stygius, Schiiidte, and 
N.aquilex, Schiiidte, but, according to Wrzesniowski, without giving good reasons for so doing [124, 
p. 604]. 

Among the freshwater Crustacea mentioned by Heller is Crangonyx recurvus, Grube, which had been 
found by Grube in 1861 in the Vrana lake in the Island of Cherso, on the Illyrian coast, and described 
under the name Gammarus recurvus, and was afterwards redescribed by him and placed under Vranqonyx. 
I regret that I have been unable to get a description of this species, as it would have been interesting to 
see what relation it bears to the various Subterranean Crustacea of Europe. 

Pratz [88], in 1867, described under the name Gammarus Caspary a new species from a well at 
Munich, and mentions several remarkable differences between the male and female. In view of the 
" caracteres contradictoires " presented by this species, and the " polymorphisme " of the Gammari 
found in the same town by de Rougemont, Moniez tliinks [78, p. 18] that it is very desirable that the 
Gammari of the wells at Munich should be re-studied. 

W. CzERNiAvsKi [33] , in 1868, described a new species of Niphargus, from the Black Sea, under the name 
N. ponticns. This species differs from the usual species of Niphargus in the presence of well-developed 
eyes, in the colour, the gnathopoda, &c. ; and from the small size (2'1 millim.), and the small number 
of joints in the flagella of the antennae, it is probable that the single specimen obtained was, as 
Wrzesniowski points out [124, p. 605], a young specimen, and further information regarding the sjiecics 
is desirable. 

F. Plateau [86] . in his researches on the freshwater Amphipoda of Belgium, inakes special mention of 


170 DR. C. CHILTON ON THE SUBTEREANEAN 

the well-shrimps which he had taken at Ghent, and which had also been collected by Professor Bellynck at 
Namur. He calls his specimens Gaminarus puteanus, Koch, and states that they have triangular, 
pigmentless eyes. Plateau appears to have been acquainted only with Koch's work on Niphargus, and 
ignores the works of later writers. 

GusTAV Joseph [65], in 1868, recorded the finding of a new species of Niphargus, N. orcinus, in the 
brooks of the hill- grottoes of Carniola, "which probably from these reaches the lake of Zirlenitz [Zirk- 
nitz], where it can be freely gathered. It comes to the surface after sunset in calm weather." — See 
Stebbing [108, p. 384]. The full description of this species was not given till 1882. 

F. A. FoREL [38J, in 1869, indicated for the first time the existence of blind Gammarids from the 
deep waters of the Lake of Geneva. Afterwards, in 1873, similar animals were found in the Lake of 
Neuchatel. 

BoECK [14], in his work published in 1870, gives the genus Niphargus, Schiodte, for the single 
marine species Eriopis elongatus, Bruzelius. 

Paul Godet [48, p. 153], in 1871, described three specimens of a Gammarus found in a well at 
Neuchatel, pointing out the characters by which they differ from Gammarus fluviaiilis, and comparing 
them with G. puteanus, Koch, and G. puteanus, La Valette. Stebbing says that, judging by the figui'C, 
it cannot be far removed from Niphargtis aquilex, Schiodte [108, p. 1630]. 

A notice of Godet's observations on these well-shrimps had been previously communicated to the 
Societe des Sciences natureUes de Neuchatel, by P. Coulou, in 1867. See Wrzesniowski [124, 
p. 605] . 

S. I. S.vuTH [102], in 1871, among other Crustacea dredged from Lake Superior, in North America, 
describes Crangonyx gracilis. Smith, n. s., and says that it much resembles C. recurvatus [yecurvus^, 
Grube, " in the form of the antennulte, antennae, gnathopoda, &c., while it differs much in the ultimate 
pleopoda and in the form of the telson." It is important to note the occurrence of this species, though 
not blind, in connection with the question of the distribution and origin of the subterranean forms. 

A. S. Packard, Jun. [81], 1871, iu describing the Crustaceans and Insects of the Mammoth Cave, 
describes an Isopod as a new genus and species under tlie name Ccecidotea stygia. This species was 
described from imperfect specimens, and its structure and affinities were consequently completely 
misunderstood. In point of fact it has nothing whatever to do with Idotta, but comes very close to 
Asellus, with which it is indeed united by Forbes [41, p. 11]. It will be further noticed in the account 
of Packard's larger work on the ' Cave Fauna of North America ' [83]. 

E. D. Cope [30, pp. 6 and 14], in 1872, found iu a cave adjoining the Wyandotte Cave an Isopod 
which he refers to the genus Ccecidotea, previously established by Packard, but describes it as a new 
species, C. microcephala. He gives a description and figure of the species, but owing to imperfect 
specimens his account is even more unsuccessful than Packard's : thus he describes and figures the 
uropoda as " egg-pouches full of eggs." This is the species which had been referred to by Cope in a 
previous paper as an " unknown Crustacean with external egg-pouches " [29] . Packard has since 
united it with his Ctecidotea stygia [83, p. 29]. 

In the same paper [30, pp. 8 and 17] Cope also describes a blind Amphipod under the name Stygo- 
bromus vitreus, nov. gen. et sp. He says that his genus is nearer to the true Gammarus than to 
Niphargus, Schiodte ; but his description is very unsatisfactory, and gives no assistance in the attempt to 
ascertain the true position of the animal. S. I. Smith afterwards referred this species to Crangonyx 
under the name C. vitreus. Cope, and it appears under this name in Packard's larger work [83, 
p. 34]. 


CRUSTACEA OF NEW ZEALAND. 171 

AltLougli tlescribcd iu Cope's paper " Ou the Wyandotte Cave and its Fauna," this species is not from 
that cave, but from the Mammoth Cave, and had been referred to as a " Gammaroid Crustacean " iu an 
earlier paper by Cope [29] . 

F. Leydig [74, p. 2G9] had, in 1871, i-ecorded the existence of Asellus cavaticus in the Falkenstein 
Cave. This species is usually referred to as Asellus cavaticus, Schiodte, and consequently was, I presume, 
first mentioned under that name by Schiodte ; but, unfortunately, the works at my disposal do not enable 
me to say where Schiodte mentions it, or what information, if any, he gives about it. Bovallius, in his 
"Notes on the Family Asellidae," in his list of synonyms of the species, gives no reference to any paper 
on the subject by Schiodte, and says, " As Schiodte never has given a diagnosis of A. cavaticus, and 
none of the following authors, using that name, did describe the animal, the name A. cavaticus must be 
rejected, and substituted by A. Sieboldii, Ph. de Rougemont" [15, p. 11]. 

A. Fkic [42, p. 246, fig. 95], in 1872, recorded the existence of Gammarus puteamis in wells at 
Prague, Bohemia; but, according to Wrzesniowski [124, p. 605], his observations on the subject are of 
little value, the third uropods, for example, being represented as seven-jomted ! 

R. WiEDERSHEiM [122] fouud iu 1873, in a small lake in the Falkenstein Cave, about 600 ft. from 
the mouth, an eyeless Gammarid which he does not describe, but believes to be the same as Gammarus 
puteamis from wells at Tiibingen. 

Apparently also in the same paper he gives an account of the habits of Asellus cavaticus. See Packard 
[83, p. 149]. 

S. Fries [43], in 1874, also studied the fauna of the same cave, but found only one example of 
a bHnd Gammarid. lie thinks this to be the descendant of the eyed Gammarus jjule.i: Vw'mg in the 
neighbourhood outside the cave, and strengthens his opinion by observations on Gammarus fossarum 
kept during the winter in the dark, which lost pigment and whose eyes paled ; but, as Humbert points 
out, Fries does not appear to have been acquainted with the genus Nipliart/us and tlie characters bv 
which it is distinguished from the true Gam/narus. Sec Humbert [62, p. 289]. Fries also appears to 
have referred in his paper to Asellus cavaticus, Schiodte. 

F. A. FoREL, in a series of works on the deep-water fauna of the Lake of Geneva, repeatedly mentions 
an interesting crustacean under the name Gammarus ccecus. This, I presume, is the species afterwards 
fully described by Humbert under the name Niphargus puteanus, var. Forelii [<i2]. 

Eugene Simon [101], in 1875, enumerates and shortly describes several species of Crustacea living 
in caves, among them " Nipliaryus subterraneus [Letich) =putea)rus (C. Koch), aqullex, and stygius, 
(Schiodte), Carniola, also in wells." (Dr. von Martens, ' Zoological Record' for 1875.) 

Ph. de Rougemont [89], in 1875, published an exhaustive paper on Gammarus puteanus, Koch. He 
had found five different forms in a well at Munich and a sixth form at Neuehatel, the last having been 
previously described by Godet. He fully describes the various sense-organs, recognizes the olfactory 
cylinders on the flagellum of the upper antcunte as organs of smell, and explains the fact that they 
are longer in the blind Gammarus jmteanus and Asellus from wells than in Gammarus pulex and Asellus 
aquaticus as a natural compensation made to the former for their want of sight. 

De Rougemont was astonished to find five different forms so nearly allied living together iu a 
single well, and at not finding any small forms similar to the larger kinds ; consequently he came to the 
conclusion that all these five kinds as well as the large one from Neuehatel are simply difl'erent stages 
in the life-history of the one species, and he states that he has seen individuals pass at the moulting 
of the exoskeleton from the first form [Crangonyx subterraneus) to the second {Niphargus Kochianus), 
and that he has seen the transformation also from the fourth form into the fifth. He concludes there- 
fore that the genera Crangonyx and Niphargus ought not to be separated, since they represent different 

SECOND SERIES. — ZOOLOGY, VOL. VI. 23 


172 DK. C. CHILTON ON THE SUBTEEEANEAN 

states of the same species, and further lie proposes to suppress the genus Niphargus, as he considers it 
only a modification of Gammarus pulex. To the single species Gammarus piiteanus, Koch, he therefore 
refers all the following forms : — I. Form : Gammarus minutus, Gervais ; Crangonyw subterraneus, Spence 
Bate. II. Form : Niphargus Kochianus, Spence Bate. III. Form : Gammarus puteanus, Caspary : 
Gammarus puteanus, Hosius ; Wiphargus fontarius, Spence Bate. IV. Form : Gammarus puteanus, 
Koch. V. Form : Niphargus stygius, Schiodte ; Gammarus puteanus, Koch, La Valette St. George, 
and Plateau. A^I. Form : a colossal specimen, 33 millim. long, from Neuchatel. 

These conclusions arrived at by de Rougemont have been very fully criticized by Alois Humbert [62, 
])p. 294^296], Wrzesniowski [124, pp. 687-694], and others, who have shown that, in addition to the 
inherent improbability of some of de Rougemont's assertions, there are so many inaccuracies, incon- 
sistencies, and contradictions in his own worlv and such neglect to notice points of special importance, as, 
for example, the difference between the undivided telson of Crangonyw and the deeply-cleft telson of 
Niphargus, that de Rougemont's views cannot be seriously accepted. It is therefore unnecessary to 
discuss the subject further, and I need only say that I feel quite convinced of the justice and truth of 
the remarks made on the matter by Humbert and Wrzesniowski. It is of course quite possible that some 
of the various subterranean species described under Nip ha?-g us [Gammarus) are not entitled to full specific 
rank, but should rather be looked upon as local varieties, which, indeed, we might naturally expect to 
arise owing to isolation ; but certainly we cannot admit that all the forms mentioned by de Rougemont 
are modifications due to age, and if Crangonyx subterraneus, Spence Bate, can change at a single moult 
into Niphargus KocManus, Spence Bate, it will be useless to attempt to classify Araphipoda into genera 
and species at all. The existence of five different forms in the single well at Munich, if this really was 
the case, is not so strange or so unprecedented as de Rougemont seems to have thought it, for the space in 
which they li^c is of course not merely the well itself, but the subterranean waters connected therewith, 
which may be very extended ; and Spence Bate had previously recorded the three species Niphargus 
fontanus, N. Kochianus, and Crangonyx subterraneus from the same well at Ringwood, England, while 
Wrzesniowski lias since recorded the two species Niphargus tatrensis and Boruta tenebrarum living together 
in one well ; and I have taken from a single well at Eyretoii the three Amphipods Calliopius subterraneus, 
Gammarus fragilis, and Crangonyx coinpactus, as well as the two Isopods Cruregens fontanus and 
Phreatoicvs typicus. 

A year later, in 1876, de Rougemont published a French translation of his paper on Gammarus 
puteanus under the title " Etude de la Faune des eaux privees do la lumiere," and this contained in 
addition a description of the Isopod Asellus Sieboldii, which Bovallius identified with the A. cavaticus, 
Schiodte, of earlier writers, though he retains de Rougemont's name, as he was the first to describe the 
species [15, p. 11]. 

S. I. Smith, 1874, in a work on the Crustacea of the fresh waters of the United States [103], describes 
both sexes of Crangonyx gracilis, Smith, an eyed species that has been already mentioned. He also 
mentions Crangonyx vitreiis, Packard, giving under protest Stygobromus vitreus, Cope, as a synonym ; 
Packard, however, in his last work keeps the two separate [83, p. 34] . 

Smith also describes Crangonyx tenuis, u. s., " a slender, elongated species with very low epimera, 
resembling more in form the species of Niphargus than the typical species of Crangonyx." 

In 1875, S. I. Smith [104], in a paper on the Crustaceans of the Caves of Kentucky and Indiana, 
states that Crangonyx (Stygobromus) ritreus, Cope, is very different from Crangonyx vitreus, Packard, 
of which he had previously, as above stated, given it as a synonym under protest. The latter species is, he 
says, closely allied to C. gracilis. Smith, from Michigan, Lake Superior, &c., differing principally in the 
structure of the eyes. In his account of this paper, Stebbing adds, " Since Packard's species in any 
case must yield its specific name, one is led by Professor Smith's account to regard it as a synonym of 
Crangonyx gracilis " [108, p. 451]. Packard afterwards refers to the species as C. Pachardii, Smith ; but 
I am unable to find when this name was assigned to it. 


CEUSTACEA OF NEW ZEALAND. 173 

S. A. Forbes [41] , in 187G, desCTibes an Amphipod found in a well at Normal, Illinois, under 
the name Cranyonyx inucronatus. This species is, he says, perhaps entitled to rank as the type 
of a new genus, but for want of material for a more general study of its relations it is left with its 
nearest allies in the genus Crangonyx. The difl'erences between the sexes are given, the most 
remarkable being in connection with the telson, which is very largely developed in the male. (See 
below, pp. 218-219.) 

AiiOis Humbert [62] published his description of Niphargus puteanus, var. Forelii, in 187G. Besides 
a very careful and minute description of this variety, and of another named oncsiensis, this work contains 
much important information on the general subject of blind subterranean Crustacea. After some 
introductory remarks he gives an historical sketch of previous works on the subject, in the course of 
which he fully criticizes de Rougemont's views as already stated, and pointed out that liis own 
observations do not at all correspond with those of de Rougemont : thus among the specimens handed 
to him by Professor Forcl were some very small, only 2 millim. long, which should therefore correspond 
with de Rougemont's first form, and belong to Crangonyx subterraiieus, Spence Bate; but these, 
Humbert says, already had the characters well niarked, the two gnathopods already having the form of 
the adult and the telson being deeply cleft. Humbert then considers the characters of the genus 
Niphargus, and gives a new definition of it. He discusses the jjlace in the genus of his own varieties, 
and compares them with the species previously described by other authors. He distinguishes two 
varieties, Niphargus puteanus var. Forelii, from the deep waters of the Lake of Geneva, and N. puteanus 
var. onesiensis, from a well at Onex near Geneva, and gives at length the minute differences between 
the two. In considering the origin of the Niphargus found in the Lake of Geneva, he gives good reasons 
for believing that it is not merely a modification of Ganimarus jnilex, and concludes that it is probably 
descended from an ancient genus now extinct ; he is inclined to think the Niphargi of the lakes come 
fi'om those in the subterranean waters. This point was afterwards fully considered by Professor Forel, 
who finally came to the same conclusion as Humbert, though he had previously thought otherwise [40. 
pp. 170-18.}]. 

In the detailed description of Niphargus puteanus, var. Forelii, that follows;, Humbert pays special 
attention to the various organs of sense. On the head and on the first segments of the pereion, on the 
dorsal portion, are found " capsules sensitives," and on the upper antennae " cylindres olfactifs," 
" batonnets hyalins," " soies auditives," and also " capsules sensitives " like those on the head, &c. 
The females are said to be distingiiished from the males by their smaller size, the brood-plates, and the 
shorter length of the terminal ui'opoda. 

P. GoDET [49], in 1878, was induced by Humbert's criticism of de Rougemont's work to rectify his 
measurements of the large specmien from Neuchatcl, as his measurements previously given had not 
corresponded with those given by de Rougemont. In connection herewith de Rougemont stated that he 
still held to his opinions previously published. 

J. D. Catta [20], in 1878, described a new species of Amphipod, Gammarus rhipidiophorus, found only 
in a well at La Ciotat (Bouches-du-Rhone, France), a hundred yards or so from the Mediterranean; the 
water in the well becomes brackish in summer. He considers that the genus Niphargus should be given 
up, as the various diflerences between them are more or less bridged over by different species. In 
connection with this question, howevei', Wrzesniowski pointy out [121, p. 007] that Catta says nothing 
about the mouth-parts, in which arc found some of the most prominent marks of distinction ; and 
Stebbing also says : — " The discovery of transition-forms between two genera will always cause some 
difficulty, but as such forms have j)i'obably existed in innumerable cases where they have not been 
discovered, it is a question how far the discovery of them should be allowed to interfere with well- 
established distinctions either of genera or species. When Niphargus aquilex and Gammarus pulex are 
side by side, it is rather the difierencc of i\\e fades than the likeness which attracts attention " [108, 
p. 475]. It may here be added, the differences originally laid down between Niphargus and Crangonyx 

23* 


174. DR. C. CHILTON ON THE SUBTERKANEAN 

have to some extent been bridged over in the same way by species subsequently described, but that still 
the differences between Gammarus, Nipharr/us, and Cranyonyx are much greater thau those between 
many other genera of the Amphipoda. The main interest in the discussion is its bearing on the 
question — Have all the species classed under, say, Niphargus, arisen from the parent genus, whatever it 
may be, by one common oriu:in, or have some of them arisen independently in different localities in 
which they have been isolated ? 

Franz Leydig [73], 1878, in his remarks on the anatomy &c. of Amphipoda and Isopoda makes a 
good many references to the subterranean forms. With regard to the plumose bristles called " capsules 
sensitives " by Humbert, he says that they may be sensitive, but they are not capsules, they are modified 
pores. " In view of the very varying statements of authors on the eye of Gammarus puteanus, he made 
investigations from which he determines that the optic ganglion is present, but not the eye, though 
pigment-spots mimicking the eye have led some observers to believe that an eye existed in fact" (quoted 
from Stebbiug [108, p. 481]). In connection with this point I may add that I have occasionally 
observed similar pigment-spots in the New-Zealand species, in none of which can I find any external 
trace of eyes except in Crangomjx compactus, which has two or three imperfect lenses ; some of the cave- 
inhabiting species of Crangomjx from North America also have imperfect external eyes. It seems 
probable that there may be great differences in the amount of degeneration of the eyes in different 
species, and perhaps also in individuals of the same species from different localities. 

In remarking on the distribution of and distinctions between Gammarus pulex, de Geer, Gammarus 
fluviatUis, Rosel, and Gammarus (Niphargus) puteanus, Koch, Leydig adopts the view of de Rougemont, 
that Gammarus pulex minutus, Gervais, is identical with Koch's G. puteanus, which may, of course, be 
correct enough, while de Eougemont's other observations are unreliable. 

F. A. FoREL [39], in 1878, in an account of the fauna of the Swiss Lakes, mentions Gammarus 
puteanus, var. Forelii, Humbert, as being found in " die tie/e Region " in the Lake of Geneva. 

Gtjstav Joseph [66], in 1879, discovered Niphargus puteanus at Venice, and states that their intro- 
duction into these carefully-covered wells is best explained by the transport of water from the mainland 
to replenish these wells in the dry season. 

S. Fries [43], in 1879, discusses the occurrence of Well Shrimps in the slightly brackish wells of 
Heligoland, &c., and advocates the view that they must have existed in these localities before the islands 
were separated from the mainland. He examined specimens from these wells of Heligoland, from the 
Falkenstein Caves, from tlie springs running out of the caverns, from the Hilgerhausen Caves, and from 
the depths of the Lake of Geneva, and finds no greater differences than would justify the naming of 
varieties. He therefore follows de Rougemont in uniting them all under the name Gammarus puteanus. 
From this it appears probable that at any rate some of the described species of Niphargus are to be 
looked upon merely as local varieties of one and the same species ; but this in no way justifies de Rouge- 
mont's inclusion of Crangonyx subterraneus, Spenee Bate, with the others, and does not support his 
statement as to the elaborate series of metamorphoses passed through by the specimens examined by him. 
In the same paper Fries also discusses the blind Isopod, Asellus cavaticus, Schiodte. He had 
uniformly found this in company with Gammarus puteanus, which, according to de Rougemont, is its 
mortal foe. He agrees with do Rougemont that Asellus cavaticus is related to A. aquaticus, very much 
as Gammarus puteanus is to G. pulex. Judging, however, from the scanty descriptions of Asellus 
cavaticus that I have been able to consult, the connection between the first two appears much closer than 
that between the last two. 

Fries's remarks lead de Rougemont to repeat that he is still of the same opinion [90], 

Professor Giebel [50], iu 1879, mentions the finding of Niphargus puteanus in Halle-a.-S. 

Oscar Grimm [51], in 1880, described a new species of Niphargus — N caspius — found in the Caspian 


CEU8TACEA OF NEW ZEALAND. 175 

Sea at a depth of 35 to 90 fatlioms. The species may, he says, be identical with N. ponticus, Czer- 
niavski, but he is not able rightly to determine this species, as Czerniavski's description appears to be 
very defective. He points out that " N. caspius differs in many respects from the other species of 
Niphargus, and, indeed, from N. ptiteanus, as in its shorter autenu;e, the differently formed hand of the 
last pair of limbs, &c. ; so that our species may perhaps be regarded as tlie representative of a new 
gemis between Niphargus and Gammams." He also remarks that N. caspius is very probably the 
" extinct Gammarid " from which the other species of Niphargus have arisen. 

Professor Aspek [1], in 1880, met in some of the Swiss Lakes a Gammarid which strikingly reminded 
him of the common Gammarus pulvx. " The lake-form, however, was smaller and of a glassy 
transparency. Specimens from depths of 140 and of GO metres possessed beautiful organs of vision, 
with clearly observed crystal-cones. At Wadensweil, at a depth of 10 metres, along with seeino- forms 
■were found blind specimens agreeing in the smallest detail with 'Niphargus Forelii' from the 
Lake of Geneva. Specimens from Oberrieden Dr. Aspen regards as intermediate forms between 
Gammarus pidex and the 'Forelii' variety oi Niphargus." (See Stebbing [108, p. .508].) Forel, 
however, though admitting that these are modified so far as the colour and the eyes are concerned 
states that they are not " des Niphargiis avec des yenx, des Niphargus incompletement modifies," that 
the hands of the gnathopods and the third uropods are not modified, so that " ils out le type Gammarus 
et non le type Niphargus" [40, ]). 180]. 

C. Parona [85], in 1880, discovered blind "Shrimps" in the cave of Monte Fencre, Val Scsia, 
Piedmont. He considers his form to come very close to Niphargus puteatius, var. Forelii, Humbert. 
He gives a general history of the species, strongly supporting de Rougemont's views. One female 
specimen with short terminal uropoda