SYNONYMY OF THE

BRITISH NON-MARINE

MOLLUSCA

SYNONYMY OF THE

BRITISH NON-MARINE
MOLLUSCA

{REGENT AND POST-TERTIARY)

COMPILED AND ANNOTATED BY

A. S. KENNARD, A.L.S.

AND

B. B. WOODWARD, F.L.S.

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LONDON :

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1926

{All rights rcservtd)
Issued 27 March, 1926]

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PKEFACE

This careful aad critical compilation of the synonymy of the
British Non-marine Mollusca by Messrs. A. S. Kennard and B. B.
Woodward should have the effect of saving other malacologists
much time and trouble. The species are placed under those
names which, in the opinion of the authors, most nearly accord
with the requirements of the rules of nomenclature.

The index has been prepared by Mr. J. C. Vickery : the Greek
and Latin derivations have been checked by Mr. G. C. Robson,
M.A., who has followed Liddell and Scott's Lexicon (Ed. 7)

for the Greek accents.

C. Tate Regan

(Keeper of Zoology).
British Museum {Natural History),
March, 1926.

INTRODUCTION

The object of this work is to furnish a list of all the various
names under which, at one time or another, the several species
of the British Non-marine MoUusca, Recent and Post-Tertiary,
have been known. The term " name " is here used to designate
the combination of the generic (with sometimes the subgeneric,
but not sectional) and specific names.

The work also serves as an Index, so far as the included species
are concerned, to all the more important manuals dealing with
the British MoUusca, as well as such of the older foreign ones
that have a direct bearing on the subject matter, a list of which
is appended (p. ix). In all other cases the first occurrence only
of a given name is recorded. Important synonyms have been
added from all available sources, but no attempt has been made,
nor could any such be successful, to include all the innumerable
names founded, chiefly by continental writers, on forms which
are of mere varietal value, if that. Names of doubtful identity,
preceded by a " ?," have been introduced when they have been
cited as correct by subsequent writers. Similarly varietal names
elevated into specific by some later author have been included.
An " * " is prefixed to those, fortunately few, entries of which
it has not been possible to see the original, and supplied informa-
tion is enclosed in " [ ]". A " -j- " is prefixed to the names of
extinct species.

Citations of papers that have appeared in serial publications
or as parts of larger works, are made direct to the serial or work
in question, the titles of the papers or contributions themselves
being given in the appended " Bibliography." Every care has
been taken to make all the references correct, but it is too much
to expect that no errors have crept in, and kind indulgence is
craved for any such.

Inevitably, of course, some of the synonyms are to a certain

vili INTRODUCTION

extent " paper " ones. Misidentifications are not always easily
traceable, so that it is frequently necessary to accept a synonym
on the ipse dixit of an author who may or may not be correct.

The species recognized by the compilers are placed under those
names, which in their opinion, most nearly accord with the
requirements of the International Rules of Zoological Nomen-
clature (Monaco edition). The Synonymy of each is ranged in
chronological order. The earliest recorded occurrence in the
British Islands of each species is noted, as well as its geological
range.

The systematic order adopted is based on the conclusions of
trustworthy workers in molluscan morphology, allowance being
made for conflicting opinions sometimes displayed by members
of the anatomical school.

Although primarily designed for the use of students of British
Mollusca, the work should prove of value to malacologists
generally, since most of the genera have a more or less world-
wide distribution, while nearly all the species are palaearctic and
not a few circumpolar in their range. Moreover, it is hoped that
it may have some weight with the ordinary collector and those
writers, concerned mainly with the anatomical or palaeontological
side of the subject, who are given to undervalue the niceties of
nomenclature, not perhaps fully realizing that results correct
in themselves but based on inaccurately named specimens must
in the end infallibly lead to faulty if not absolutely misleading
conclusions, correct systematic determination being the ultimate
basis of all zoological science.

Many friends have kindly assisted in the compilation, more
especially are we indebted and would return our sincere thanks
to C. Davies Sherborn, of " Index Animalium " fame, to A. E.
Salisbury for many bibliographical researches, and to H. W.
England, Dr. B. D. Jackson (General Secretary of the Linnean
Society), G. C. Robson, J. R. le B. Tomlin, and W. J. Wintle.
The late R. Bullen Newton, I.S.O., also gave us valuable help.

A. S. Kennard.

B. B, Woodward.

March, 1926.

LIST OF THE BRITISH MANUALS, ETC., AND SUCH
EARLY FOREIGN WORKS AS ARE INDEXED SO
FAR AS THE BRITISH NON-MARINE SPECIES ARE
CONCERNED.

1758. Linnaeus (C), Systema Nalurm, ed. 10.
1767. LINN.EUS (C), 0. c, ed. 12.

1774. MQller (0. F.), Vermium terrestrium et jluviatilium
Historia, ii.

1777. Pennant (T.), British Zoology, ed. 4, iv. 4to. and 8vo.

1778. Costa (E. M. Da), Historia Naturalis Testaceoruvi

Britannia;.
1791. Gmelin (J. F.), C. Linne . . . Systema Natures, ed. 13,
i, pt. 6.

1799. PuLTENEY (R.), Catalogues of the Birds, Shells, and . . .
Plants of Dorsetshire.

1813. PuLTENEY (R.), 0. c. With additions [by T. Racketx].

1801. Draparnaud (J. P. R.), Tableau des Mollusques terrestres

et fluviatiles de la France.
1805. Draparnaud (J. P. R.), Histoire naturelle des Mollusques

terrestres et fluviatiles de la France.

1803-(08). Montagu (C), Testacea Britannica (& Supplement).

1807. Maton (W. G.) and Rackett (T.), A Descriptive Cata-
logue of the British Testacea (Trans. Linn. Sac. Lond.,
viii).

1817. DiLLWYN (L. W.), A Descriptive Catalogue of Recent Shells.

1821-8. Pfeiffer (C), Naturgeschichte Deutscher Land- und

Siisswasser-MollusTcen.
1823. Brown (T.), " Conchology " in Encyclopcedia Britannica,

ed. 6.

1826. Risso (A.), Histoire naturelle . . . de I'Europe ineridionale,

iv.

1827. Brown (T.), Illustrations of the Conchology of Great Britain

and Ireland.

[1837-]44. Brown (T.), o. c, ed. 2.

1830-33. Jeffreys (J. G.), A Synopsis of the Testaceous Pneu-
monobranchous Mollusca of Great Britain {Trans. Linn.
Soc. Land., xvi).

X LIST OF THE BRITISH MANUALS, ETC.

1831. TuRTON (W.), A Manual of the Land and Fresh-water

Shells of the British Islands.
1840. TuRTON (W.), o. c. New edition ... by J. E. Gray.
1857. TuRTON (W.), ibid.
1845. Brown (T.), Illustrations of the Land and Fresh Water

Gonchology of Great Britain and Ireland.
1849-52. Forbes (E.) and Hanley (S. C. T.), A History of

British Mollusca.
1852. Leach (W. E.), Molluscorum Britannice Synopsis.
1855-6. Moquin-Tandon (A.), Histoire naturelle des Mollusques

terrestres et fluviatiles de France.

1862. Jeffreys (J. G.), British ConcJwlogy, i.

1863. Reeve (L.), The Land and Freshwater Mollusks, indigenous

to, or naturalized in, the British Isles.

1894^. Taylor (J. W.), Monograph of the Land and Freshwater
Mollusca of the British Isles.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX

[A t is prefixed to the names of extinct species.]

Phylum: MOLLUSCA.

Class: GASTROPODA

(Sub-class : Streptoneura) .......

Order: ASPIDOBRANCHIA
(Sub-order : RHIPID0GL0S8A)

Fam. :NERITIDiE

Genus : 1. Theodoxus, Montfort, 1810 . .

1. T. fluviatilis (Linne) 2

2. fT. cantianus, Kennard & B. B. W. . 4

Order: PECTINIBRANCHIA 4

(Sub-order : Tcenioglossa) 4

Fam. :POMATIIDiE 4

Genus : 1. Pomatias, Studer, 1789 ... 4

1. P. elegans (Miiller) 5

Fam.: ACMEID^ 6

Genus : 1. Acme, Hartmann, 1821 ... 6

1. A. lineata (Draparnaud) .... 7

Fam.: VIVIPARID^ 9

Genus : 1. Viviparus, Montfort, 1810 . . 9

1. V. viviparus (Linne) 9

2. fV. diluvianus (Kunth) .... 11

3. V. fasciatus (Muller) 12

4. fV. gibbus (Sandberger) .... 13

5. fV. glacialis (S. V. Wood) .... 14

SYSTEMATIC INDEX

PAGE

Fam. :PALUDESTRINIDiE . . . . 14

(Sub-fam. : BITHYNIIN^) 14

Genus : 1. Bithynia, Leach, 1818 ... 14

1. B. tentaculata (Linne) .... 14

2. B. leachii (Sheppard) 17

(Sub-fam.: PALUDESTRININiE) .... 18

Genus : 2. Paludestrina, Orbigny, 1840 . 18

1. P. ventrosa (Montagu) .... 18

2. P. jenkinsi (Smith) 20

Genus : 3. Peringia, Paladilhe, 1874 . . 20

1. P. ulvse (Pennant) 21

Genus : 4. Belgrandia, Bourguignat, 1869 . 22

1. IB. marginata (Michaud) .... 23

Genus : 5. Bythinella, Moquin-Tandon,

1856 [Melius Bithynella] ... 23

1. fB. steinii (Martens) 24

(Sub-fam. : LITHOGLYPHIN.E) .... 24

Genus : 6. Pseudamnicola, Paulucci, 1878 . 24

1. P. confusa (Fauenfeld) .... 24

Genus : 7. Amnicola, Gould & Haldeman,

1841 26

1. A. taylori (Smith) 26

(Sub-fam. : STENOTHYRINiE) ..... 26

Genus : 8. Nematurella, Sandberger, 1875 . 26

1. fN. runtoniana, Sandberger ... 26

Fam. :VALVATID^ 27

Genus : 1. Valvata, MuUer, 1774 ... 27

1. V. piscinalis (Miiller) 27

2. fV. antiqua, Morris 29

3. fV. andreana, Menzel 29

4. V. macrostoma (Steenbuch MS.),

Morch 2£

5. fV. naticina, Menke 30

6. fV. goldfussiana, Wiist 30

7. V. cristata, Miiller 31

SYSTEMATIC INDEX XUl

Fam. : ASSIMINEID.E ""32

Genus : 1. Assiminea, (Leach MS.) Fleming,

1828 32

1. A. grayaua, (Leach MS.) Fleming . 33

Fam. : TIARID^E. [OZm Melaniid*.] . . 34

Genus : 1. Paladilhia, Bourguignat, 1865 . 34

1. fP. radigueli (Bourguignat) ... 34

2. fP- deani (Kendall) 34

(Sub-class : Euthyneura) 35

Order: PULMONATA 35

(Suh-OTder: BAS03I3IATOPHORA) 35

Fam. :ELLOBIIDiE 35

Genus: 1. Carychium, Miiller, 1774 ... 35

1. fC. ovatum, Sandberger .... 35

2. C. minimum, Miiller 35

Genus : 2. Phytia, Gray, 1821 .... 37

1. P. myosotis (Draparnaud) ... 38

Genus : 3. Leuconia, Gray, 1840 ... 40

1. L. bidentata (Montagu) .... 40

Fam. :LIMN^ID^ 41

Genus : 1. Limn^a, Lamarck, 1799 (em.) . 41
(Sub-gen. : Limncea, s.s.)

1. L. stagnalis (Linne) 43

(Sub-gen. : Radix, Montfort, 1810)

2. L. auricularia (Linne) 46

3. L. lagotis (Schrank) 48

4. L. pereger (Miiller) 48

(Sub-gen. : Galba, Schrank, 1803)

5. L. palustris (Miiller) 56

6. L. truncatula (Muller) 59

(Sub-gen. : LeptoUmnea, Swainson, 1840)

7. L. glabra (Miiller) 61

(Sub-gen. : Cycloli»uicea, Dall, 1905)

8. L. burnetti (Alder) 63

9. L. involuta, (Harvey MS.) Thompson 63
10. L. praetcnuis, Bowell 64

SYSTEMATIC INDEX

PAGE

Fain. : LIMN^IDiE {continued)

Genus : 2. Myxas, (Leach MS.) Sowcrby, 1822 64

1. M. glutinosa (Miiller) 65

Fam. :PLANORBID.E 66

Genus : 1. Planorbis, Geoff roy, 1767 . . 66
(Sub-gen. : Planorbis, s.s.)

1. P. planorbis (Linne) 69

2. P. carinatus, Miiller 71

(Sub-gen. : Planorbarius, Froriep, 1806)

3. P. corneus (Linne) 73

(Sub-gen. : Gyraulus, (Agassiz MS.) Char-
pentier, 1837)

4. P. albus, Muller 75

5. P. Isevis, Alder 77

6. fP- arcticus (Beck MS.), Moller . . 78

7. P. acronicus, Ferussac .... 78

8. P. crista (Linne) 79

9. P. dilatatus, Gould 81

(Sub-gen. : Spiralina, (Hartmaim MS.)

Martens, 1899)

10. P. vortex (Linne) 81

11. P. vorticulus, Troschel .... 83

12. P. spirorbis (Linne) 83

13. P. leucostoma. Millet 85

(Sub-gen. : Bathyomphalus, (Agassiz MS.)
Charpentier, 1837)

14. P. contortus (Linne) 86

(Sub-gen. : Hippeutis, (Agassiz MS.)
Charpentier, 1837)

15. P. complanatus (Linne) .... 87
Genus : 2. Segmentina, Fleming, 1818 . 89

1. S. nitida (Muller) 90

Fam. :ANCYLID^. . 92

Genus : 1. Ancylus, Geoffroy, 1767 ... 92

1. A. lacustris (Linne) 92

Genus : 2. Ancylastrum, Bourguignat, 1853 94

1. A. fluviatilis (Miiller) 94

SYSTEMATIC INDEX XV

P&GE

Fam. :PHYSIDiE 96

Genus : 1. Physa, Draparnaud, 18UL ... 96

1. P. fontinalis (Linue) 97

2. P. rivalis (Turton) 99

Genus : 2. Aplexa, Fleming, 1820 ... 100

1. A. hypnorum (Linnc) 100

(Sub-order: STYLOMMATOPHORA) 103

(Division : Orthurethra) 103

Fam.: PUPILLID^ 103

Genus : 1. Pyramidula, Fitzinger, 1833 . . 103

1. P. rupestris (Draparnaud) . . . 103

Genus : 2. Abida, Leach, in Turton, 1831 . 105

1. A. secale (Draparnaud) .... 106

Genus : 3. Lauria, Gray, in Turton, 1840 . 107

1. L. cylindracea (DaCosta) .... 108
(Sub-gen. : Leiostyla, Lowe, 1852)

2. L. anglica (Ferussac) 110

Genus : 4. Pupilla, Leach, in Turton, 1831 . 112

1. P. muscorum (Linne) 112

Fam.: VERTIGINID^ 115

Genus : 1. Vertigo, Miiller, 1774 .... 115

1. V. pusilla, Muller 116

2. V. antivertigo (Draparnaud) . . . 117

3. V. substriata (Jeffreys) .... 119

4. V. pygmsea (Draparnaud) . . . 119

5. fV. parcedentata (Al. Braun) . 121

6. V. mouliusiana (Dupuy) .... 122

7. V. lilljeborgii, Westerlund . . . 123

8. V. alpestris, Alder 123

(Sub-gen. : Vertilla, Moquin-Tandou, 1856)

9. V. angustior, Jeffreys 124

Genus : 2. Truncatellina, Lowe, 1852 . . 125

1. T. cylindrica (Ferussac) .... 126

2. T. britannica, Pilsbry (em.) ... 128

SYSTEMATIC INDEX

Fam. : VERTIGINID^E {continued)

Genus : 3. Columella, Westerlund, 1878

1. C. edentula (Draparnaud) .

2. fC. columella (Benz)

Fam.: VALLONIID^

Genus

1.

2.
Genus

1.

2.

3.

4.

; 1. AcANTHiNULA, Beck, 1847
A. aculeata (Miiller)
A. lamellata (Jefireys)
2. Vallonia, Risso, 1826 .
V. pulchella (Miiller) . .
V. exceutrica, Sterki .

fV. tenuiUmbata (Sandberger)
V. costata (Miiller) . .

Fam. -.COCHLICOPID^. . . .

Genus : 1. Cochlicopa, Ferussac, 1821
1. C. lubrica (Miiller) ....

Fam. : AZECIBM

Genus : 1. Azeca, (Leach MS.) Fleming,
1. A. goodalli (Ferussac) .

Fam. :ENIDiE

Genus : 1. Ena, Leach, in Turton, 1831

1. E. montana (Draparnaud)

2. E. obscura (Muller)

(Division : Sigmurethra)

1828

Fam.: ENDODONTIDiE . . . .
Genus : 1. Punctum, Morse, 1864

1. P. pygmseum (Draparnaud) .
Genus : 2. Goniodiscus, Fitzinger, 1833 (em

1. G. rotundatus (Miiller)

2. fG. ruderatus (Studer MS., Ferussac)

Fam. :ARIONIDiE

Genus : 1. Arion, Ferussac, 1819 .
(Sub-gen. : Arion, s.s.)

1. A. ater (Linne) 158

SYSTEMATIC INDEX XVli

PAGE

Fam. : ARIONID^E (continued)

(Sub-gen. : Prolepis, Moquin-Tandon, 1855)

2. A. subfuscus (Draparnaud) . . 160

3. A. hortensis, Ferussac 161

(Sub-gen. : Carinella, Mabille, 187U)

4. A. circumscriptus, Johnston . . . 163
(Sub-gen. : Ariunculus, Lessona, 1881)

5. A. intennedius, Normand . . . . 164
Genus : 2. Geomalacus, Allman, 1843

1. G. maculosus, Allraan 165

Fam.: M ACR CHL AM YD ID iE ... 166

Genus : 1. Petasina, Beck, 1847 .... 166

1. P. fulva (Miiller) 167

Fam.: ZONITIDiE 169

(Sub-fam. : ARIOPHANTIN^) 169

Genus : 1. Zonitoides, Lehmann, 1862 . . 169

1. Z. nitidus (Miiller) 170

2. Z. excavatus (Bean MS., Alder) . . 172
(Sub-fam.: ZONITIN^E) 172

Genus : 2. Helicella, Ferussac, 1821 . . 173
(Sub-gen. : Helicella, s.s.)

1. H. draparnaldi, Beck 173

2. H. cellaria (Muller) 175

3. H. rogersi (B. B. Woodward) . . 176

4. H. alliaria (Miller) 177

(Sub-gen. : Retinella, (Shuttleworth Ms.)
Fischer, 1877)

5. H, nitidula (Draparnaud) . . . . 178

6. H. pura (Alder) 180

7. H. radiatula (Alder) 181

Genus : 3. Vitrea, Fitzingcr, 1833 ... 183

1. V. crystallina (Miiller) 183

N.-M. MOLL. 6

SYSTEMATIC INDEX

PAGE

Fam. : V I T R I N I D ^ 185

Genus : 1. Vitrina, Draparnaud, 1801 . . 185
(Sub-genus : Vitrina, s.s.)

1. V. pellncida (Miiller) 186

2. V. major (Ferussac) 188

(Sub-gen. : Semilimax, Stabile, 1859)

3. V. pyrenaica (Ferussac) .... 189

Fam. : L I M A C I D iE 189

Genus : 1. Limax, Linne, 1758 .... 189
(Sub-genus : Limax, s.s.)

1. L. maximus, Linne 190

2. L. cinereo-niger, Wolf 192

(Sub-gen. : Malacolimax, Malm, 1868)

3. L. tenellus, Miiller 195

(Sub-gen. : Litnacus, Lehmann, 1864)

4. L. flavus, Linne 196

(Sub-gen. : Lehmannia, Heynemann, 1863)

5. L. arborum, Boucbard-Chantereaux . 198

Incerta Sedis

f Limax ? modioliformis, Sandberger . . 199

Genus : 2. Agriolimax, Morch, 1865 . . . 199
(Sub-gen. : Agriolimax, s.s.)

1. A. agrestis (Linne) 200

(Sub-gen. : Malino, Gray, 1855)

2. A. lee vis (Miiller) 202

Genus : 3. Milax, Gray, 1855 204

(Sub-gen. : Milax, s.s.)

1. M. gagates (Draparnaud) .... 204
(Sub-gen. : Tandonia, Lessoua & Polonera,

1882)

2. M. sowerbii (Ferussac) .... 206

Fam. :EULOTIDiE 208

Genus : 1. Eulota, Hartmann, 1840 . . . 208

1. E. fruticum (Muller) 208

Fam. : H E L I CI D ^ 210

(Sub-fam. : HELICIN^) 210

Genus : 1. Cernuella, Schliiter, 1838 . . 210

1. C. virgata (DaCosta) 210

SYSTEMATIC INDEX XIX

Fam. : HELICIDiE {continued)

Genus : 2. Xeeophila, Held, 1837 ... 213

1. X. itala (Linne) 214

2. X. neglecta (Draparnaud) . . . 216
Genus : 3. Helicopsis, Fitzinger, 1833 . . 217

1. H. striata (Muller) 218

Genus : 4. Candidula, Kobelt, 1871 . . . 218

1. fC. crayfordensis (Kennard & B. B. W.) 219

2. C. caperata (Montagu) .... 219

3. C. gigaxii (Charpentier MS., Pfeifier) 221
Genus : 5. Xeroclivia, Monterosato, 1892 . 223

1 X. elegans (Gmelin) 223

Genus : 6. Cochlicella, Ferussac, 1821 . . 225

1. C. acuta (Muller) 225

Genus : 7. Theba, (Leach MS.) Risso, 1826 . 227

1. T. cartusiana (Muller) 228

2. T. cantiana (Montagu) .... 230
Genus : 8. Ashfordia, Taylor, 1917 ... 232

1. A. granulata (Turton MS., Alder) . 232

Genus : 9. Fruticicola, Held, 1837 ... 234

(Sub-gen. : Zenohiella, Gude & B. B. W.,
1921)

1. F. subrufescens (Miller) .... 235
(Sub-gen. : Fruticicola, s.s.)

2. F. odeca (Locard) 236

(Sub-gen. : Gapillifera, Honigmann, 1906)

3. F. Uberta (Westerlund) .... 237

4. F. hispida (Linne) 239

5. F. striolata (C. Pfeiffer) .... 242
(Sub-gen. : Ponentina, Hesse, 1921)

6. F. subvirescens (Bellamy) . . 244

7. fF. montivaga (Westerlund) . . 245
Genus : 10. Helicodonta, Ferussac, 1821 . 245

1. H. obvoluta (Muller) 246

Genus : 11. Ghilotrema, Leach, in Turton,

1831 247

1. C. lapicida (Linne) 248

SYSTEMATIC INDEX

PAGE

Fam. : HELICID^ (continued)

Genus : 12. Arianta, Leach, in Turton, 1831 250

1. A. arbustorum (Linne) .... 251

Genus : 13. Helix, Linne, 1758 .... 253
(Sub-gen. : Helix, s.s.)

1. H. poniatia, Linne 254

2. H. aspersa, Miiller 256

(Sub-gen. : Cepcta, Held, 1837)

3. H. nemoralis, Linne 258

4. H. hortensis, Muller 260

Genus : 14. Euparypha, Hartmann, 1844 . 262

1. E. pisana (Muller) 262

Fam. :CLAUSILIIDiE 264

(Sub-fam. : CLAUSILIIN^) 264

Genus : 1. Balea, Gray, 1824 264

1. B. perversa (Linne) 265

Genus : 2. Laciniaria, Hartmann, 1844 . . 267

1 . L. biplicata (Montagu) .... 267

Genus : 3. Clausilia, Draparnaud, 1805 . 269

1. C. rugosa, Draparnaud .... 270

2. C. dubia, Draparnaud 272

3. tC- parvula, (Studer) Ferussac . . 274

4. tC. pumila, (Ziegler MS.) C. Pfeiffer . 275

5. fC. ventricosa, Drajoarnaud . . . 275

6. C. rolphii. Leach in Turton . . . 276
(Sub-fam. : MARPESSINiE) 277

Genus : 4. Marpessa, Gray, 1821 .... 277

1. M. laminata (Montagu) .... 278

Fam. :ACHATINID^ 280

(Sub-fam. : FERUSSACIINiE) 280

Genus : 1. Cecilioides, Ferussac, 1814 . . 280

1. C. acicula (Muller) 281

SYSTEMATIC INDEX XXI

PAGB

Fam. : TESTACELLID^ 283

Genus : 1. Testacella, Lamarck, 1801 . . 283

1. T. haliotoides, Lamarck .... 284

2. T. europsea, Roissy 284

3. T. scutulura, Sowerby 286

(Division : Heterurethra) 287

Fam.: SUCCINEIDiE 287

Gemis : 1. Succinea, Draparnaud, 1801 . . 287

1. S. putris (Linne) 287

2. S. pfeifferi, Rossmiissler .... 290

3. S. elegans, Risso 291

4. S. arenaria, Boucliard-Chantereaiix . 292

5. S. oblonga, Draparnaud .... 293

Class : PELECYPODA 295

Order: EULAMELLIBRANCHIA 295

(Sub-order : SUBMYTILACEA) 295

Fam.: DREISSENSIID^ 295

Genus : 1. Dreissensia, Van Beneden, 1835

(em.) 295

1. D. polymorpha (Pallas) .... 296

Fam. : C Y R E N I D iE 298

Genus : 1 . Corbicula, Megerle von Miihlfeld,

1811 298

1. fC. fluminalis (Muller) 298

Fam.: SPHiERIIDiE 300

Genus : 1. Sph^rium, Scopoli, 1777 . . . 300

1. S. rivicola (Leach) 300

2. tS. radleyense, Kennard & B. B. W. . 302

3. fS. buUeni, Kennard 302

4. S. corneum (Linne) 302

5. tS. dickinii, Clessin 304

6. S. lacustre (Muller) 305

7. S. pallidum, Gray 307

SYSTEMATIC INDEX

Fam. : SPH^EEIIDiE (continued)

Genus : 2. Pisidium, C. Pfeiffer, 1821

1. P. amnicum (Miiller) .

2. fP. astartoides, Sandberger

3. P. cinereum, Alder

4. P. nitidum, Jenyns

5. P. personatum, Malm .

6. P. pusillulum, B. B. Woodward

7. P. milium, Held ....

8. P. pulchellum, Jenyns

9. P. subtruncatum, Malm .

10. P. henslowanum (Sheppard) .

11. P. supinum, A. Schmidt .

12. P. moitessierianum, Paladilhe

13. P. tenuilineatum, Stelfox .

14. P. steenbuchii (Moller) . .

15. P. iilljeborgii, Clessin .

16. P. bibernicum, Westerlund

17. P. obtusalastrum, B. B. Woodward

18. ?P. conventum, Clessin

Fam. : U N I N I D ^

B

ourguig

Genus : 1. Anodonta, Lamarck, 1799

1. A. cygnea (Linne)

2. A. anatina (Linne)

Genus : 2. Pseudanodonta,
1876

1. P. mimima (Millet)
Genus : 3. Unio, Retzius, 1788

1. U. pictorum (Linne)

2. U. tumidus, Retzius

3. fU. cantianus, Kennard & B. B. W.

4. fU. prestwichi, Kennard & B. B. W

5. fU. littoralis, Cuvier ....
Genus : 4. Margaritifera, Schumacher,

1. fM. auricularia (Spengler) .

2. M. margaritifera (Linne) .

nat,

1816

SYSTEMATIC INDEX

INTRODUCTIONS, NOT ESTABLISHED, BUT ItEPRE-
SENTED BY A FEW LIVING EXAMPLES.

PAGE

Fam. :CYCLOPHORID^ 346

Genus : L Cochlostoma, Jan, 1830 . . . 346
(Sub-gen. : Cochlostoma, s.s.)

1. C. septemspirale (Razoumowsky) . 346
(Sub-gen. : Auritus, Westerlund, 1883)

2. C. patulum (Draparnaud) .... 347

Fam. : P H Y S I D iE 348

Genus: 1. Physa, Draparnaud, 1801 . . . 348

1. P. acuta, Draparnaud 348

2. P. gyrina, Say 349

Fam.: PUP ILL ID ^ 349

(Sub-fam. : GASTROCOPTIN^) .... 349

Genus : 1. Chrondrina, Reichenbach, 1828 . 349
(Sect. Solatopupa, Pilsbry, 1917)

1. C. similis (Bruguiere) 349

(Sub-fam. : CHONDRULIN^) 350

Genus : 2. Chondrula, Beck, 1837 . . . 350

1. C. quadridens (Miiller) .... 351

(Sub-fam. : PLEURODISCIN^E) .... 352

Genus : 3. Pleurodiscus, Wenz, 1919 . . 352

1. P. flavidus (Rossmassler) .... 352

Fam. :ENDODONTIDiE 352

Genus: 1. Helicodiscus, Morse, 1864 . . 352

1. H. parallelus (Say) 352

Fam.: ZONITID^ 353

(Sub-fam. : ARIOPHANTIN/E) 353

Genus: 1. Zonitoides, Lehmann, 1862 . . 353

1. Z. minusculus (Binney) .... 353

SYSTEMATIC INDEX

PAGE

Fam. : H E L I C I D ^ 354

(Sub-fam. : HBLICINiE) 354

Genus: 1. Xeroclivia, Monterosato, 1892 . 354

1. X. pyramidata (Draparnaiid) . . 354

Genus : 2. Fruticicola, Held, 1837 ... 355

(Sub-gen. : CapilUfera, Honigmann, 190G)

1. F. umbrosa (Partsch) 355

Fam.: ACHATINID^ 356

(Sub-fam. : STENOGYRINiE) 356

Genus: 1. Subulina, Beck, 1837 .... 356

1. S. octona (Bruguiere) 357

Genus : 2. Leptinaria, Beck, 1837 . . . 358

1. L. urichi (Smith) 358

Genus : 3. Opeas, Albers, 1850 .... 358

1. 0. clavulinum (Potiez & Michaud) . 359

2. 0. pumilum (Pfeiffer) 359

Genus : 4. Rumina, Risso, 1826 .... 360

1. R. decoUata (Linne) 360

SYNONYMY OF THE BRITISH
NON-MARINE MOLLUSCA

Class: GASTROPODA.

(Sub-class : Streptoneura.)
Order : ASPIDOBRANCHIA.

(Sub-order : RHIPIDOGLOSSA.)

Fam.: NERITID^.

Genus : 1. THEODOXUS, Montfort.

Etym. : — Gr. (9eos + So^a, glory of the Creator.

Type : — Theodoxus lutctianus, Moutfort = Nerita fluviatilis,

Linnaeus.
{Nerita, vett. auctt.)

1806. Neritarius [pars] : Froriep, ia Dumerirs Analyt. ZooL,

pp. 165 & 339.
1810. Theodoxus: Montfort, Conch. Syst., ii, p. 351. [By

error under figure on p. 350, Theodoxis.]

1815. Laphrostonia : Rafinesque, Analyse Nature, p. 144.

1816. Neritina : Lamarck, Tabl. Encyclop. <& Method., Vers,

iii, pi. cccclv, and Liste des Objels representes,
p. 11. [The usual reference to Phil. ZooL,
1809, is incorrect, the name only occurs there
in the vernacular, " Neritine."]

1833. Elea : Ziegler, in Fitziuger, Beitr. Landesk. Oesterr.,
iii, p. 116 in synon.

1848. Chernites : Gistel, Naturg. Thierreichsf. Schulen, p. 168.

1854. Neritella, Humphrey : H. & A. Adams, Genera Moll., i,
p. 380. [Humphrey's Mus. Calonn. is not
accepted for nomenclatorial purposes.]

1854. Lamprostoma [err. pro Laphrostonia], Rafin. : H. & A.
Adams, Genera Moll., i, p. 381. [No7i
Lamprostoma, Swainson, 1840. J

N.-M. MOLL. B

i NERITID.5E

1854. Vilki, Klein, subg. of Neritclla : H. & A. Adams, Genera
Moll., i, p. 382. [Klein was a pre-Linnean
writer.]

1912. Theodoxis, de Montfort : Connolly, Ann. S. Afiic. Mus.,

xi, p. 270.

1913. Tiieodoxia, D. dc Montfort : Germain, Moll. France, ii,

p. 324.

1. Theodoxus fluviatilis (Linnaeus).

Etyni. : — Lat. Jluviatilis, pertaining to rivers.

1758. Ncrita fluviatilis : Linn^us, Sysf. Nat., ed. 10, p. 777,

no. 632.
1767. Nerita fluviatilis : Linn^us, o. c, ed. 12, p. 1253, no. 723.
1774. Nerita fluviatilis : Muller, Verm. Hist., ii, p. 194.

1777. Nerita fluviatilis, Linn. : Pennant, Brit. Zool., ed. 4,

iv, 8vo, p. 141 ; 4to, p. 122, pi. Ixxxvii, f. ] 42.

1778. Nerita fluviatilis : DaCosta, Test. Brit., p. 48, pi. iii, f. 8.
1791. Ncrita fluviatilis : Gmelin, in Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 13,

i, pt. 6, p. 3676, no. 29.

1798. Ncrita cardinalis : Bolten, Mus. Bolt., ii, p. 16, no. 189.

1799. Ncrita fl'uvialilis : Pulteney, Cat. Dorset., p. 50.

1801. Nerita fluviatilis, Linn. : Draparnaud, Tahl. Moll.

France, p. 36.
1803. Nerita fluviatilis, Lin. : Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 470.

1805. Nerita fluviatilis, Linn. : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll.

France, p. 31, pi. i, f. 1-4.

1806. N critari'us fluviatilis, L. : Froriep, in Dumeril's Analyt.

Zool, pp. 165 & 339.

1807. Ncrita fluviatilis, Linn. : Maton & Rackett, Trans.

Linn. Soc, viii, p. 225.
1810. Theodoxus lutetianus : Montfort, Conch. Syst., ii, p. 351.
1813. Nerita fluviatilis : Rackett, in Pulteney, Cat. Dorset.,

ed. 2, p. 57, pi. xvi, f. 17 & 18.
1815. Nerita fontinalis : Brard, Hist. Coq. Paris, p. 196,

pi. vii, f. 11 & 15.
1817. Nerita fluviatilis, Linn. : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii, p. 988.

1820. Neritina fluviatilis, L. : Schweigger, Handb. Natunj.,

p. 733.

1821. Nerita fluviatilis, Linn.: C. Pfeiffer, Natiirg. Deutsch.

Moll, i, p. 106, pi. iv, f. 37-39.

1822. Neritina fluviatilis, Linn. : Lamarck, Hist. Anim. s.

Vert., vi, pt. 2, p. 188.

1823. Ncrita fluviatilis : [Brown], Ency. Brit., ed. 6, vi, p. 462.

1827. Neritina fluviatilis. Lam. : Brown, Illust. Conch. Brit.,

ed. 1, pi. xliii, f. 4 & 5.

1828. Neretina [sic] fluviatilis : Fleming, Brit. Anim., p. 321.
1831. Neritina fluviatilis, Linn. : Michaud, Compl. Hist. Nat.

Moll. France Drap., p. 102.

TUEODOXUS O

1831. Nerilina fluviatilis, Lam. : Turton, Manual, p. 138,

f. 124.
"1833. Nerilina variabilis : Hecart, Mern. Soc. Af/ric. Valenc,

i, p. 146.
1836. Nerilina Dalmalica, Partsch : Sowerby, Conch. IllusL,

f. 57.

1840,\ Nerilina jluvialilis, Lian. : Gray, in Turton's Manual,

Apr. / new ed., p. 83, pi. x, f. 124.

Post "1

Q , [ N erilina fluviatilis, Turton : Brown, Illust. Conch. Brit.,

jgPJ- 1 ed. 2, p. 26, pi. xiii, f. 4 & 5 and xviii, f. 1-3.

1841. Nerita (Theodoxus) zebrina (Nobis) : Recluz, Rev. Zool.

Soc. Cuv., 1841, p. 341.

1842. Nerita (Nerilina) Millreana : Recluz, Rev. Zool. Soc.

C%w., 1842, p. 181.
1845. Nerilina fluviatilis, Turton: Brown, Illust. L. cb F.-W.

Conch. Brit., p. 1, pi. i, f. 1-3 and xxiv, f. 16.
1848. Cherniles fliiviatilis : Gistel, Naturg. Thierreichs f.

Schulen, p. 168.
1850. Nerilina fluviatilis, Linnajus : Forbes & Hanley', Brit.

Moll, iii, p. 3, pi. Ixxi, f. 1 & 2.

•p, V ' ■ Nerilina Europaia : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop., p. 181.

1852. Nerilina Bourguignati, Nobis : Recluz, Journ. de

Conchyl., ii, p. 293.
1854. Nerilella (Villa) fluviatilis, Linn. : H. & A. Adams,

Genera Moll, i, p. 383.

1856. Nerita fluviatilis, Linn. : Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll.

France, ii, p. 549, pi. xlii, f. 1-43.

1857. Nerilina fluviatilis, Linn. : Gray', in Turton's Manual,

new ed., p. 46, pi. x, f. 124.

1862. Nerilina fluviatilis, Linne : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i,

p. 53; V, pi. iv, f. 1.

1863. Nerilina fluviatilis, Linna?us : Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., p. 203, figs.
1866. Theodoxus fluviatilis, Linneo : Issel, Mem. Soc. Ilal.

Sci. Nat. Milano, ii, no. 1, p. 33.
1886. Nerilina (Theodoxus) fluviatilis, Lin. : Westerlund,

Fauna Paldarct. Region, vi, p. 149.

1913. Theodoxia fluviatilis, Linne: Germain, Moll. France, ii,

p. 325, f. 375 & 376.

1914. Theodoxis fluviatilis (Linne) : Kennard & Woodward,

List of British Non-^narine Moll., p. 11.

[Germain (Moll. France, ii, p. 325) considers as varieties
often scarcely distinct ■.—Theodoxia dilalala (Moq.-
Tand.) Locard; T. Reyniesi, Paladilhe; T. Pen-
chinati, Bourg. ; T. thermalis, Boubee; T. Mittrei,
Recluz ; and T. boelica, Lamk.]

t POMATIID^

First recorded as British in 1678, by M. Lister (Hist.

Anim. Angl, p. 136, pi. ii, f. 20).
British Distribution in Time : Holocene and Recent.

2. tTheodoxus Cantianus, Kennard & Woodward.
Etym. : — Lat. Cantiuni, the county of Kent.

190U. NerUina Jluvialilis : Stoves, Journ. Anthrop. Inst., xx'ix,

p. 302. [Non Linne.]
1903. Neritina ijrateloujpiana, Fer. : Kennard & Woodward,

Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., v, p. 320 [on the

identification of Dr. 0. Boettger]. [Non

Ferussac]
1911. Theodoxis crenulatiis, Klein ; Kennard & Woodward,

List of British Non-marine Moll., pp. 4 & 11

[on later advice from Dr. Boettger]. [Non

Klein.]
1924. Theodoxus cantianus, n. sp. : Kennard & Woodward,

Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., xvi, p. 130, figs.

First recorded as British in 1900, by H. Stopcs, as Neritina

fluviatilis. (Sec ref. above.)
British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene.

Order: PEGTINIBRANCIIIA.
(Sub-order : T.ENIOGLOSSA.)

Fam. : POMATIID^.

Genus : 1. POMATIAS, Studer.

Etym. : — Gr. Trw/xa, a lid.
Type : — Nerita cle/jans, Miiller.
(Nerita, Turbo, Cyclostoma, vett. auctt.)

1789. Pomatias : Studer, in Coxe, Trav. in Switzerld., iii,

p. 388.
1801. Cyclostoma [pars] : Draparnaud, Tahl. Moll. France,

p. 37.
1810. Cyclostomus : Montfort, Conchyl. Syst., ii, p. 287.
1830. Cochlocycla, subg. 2 of Cyclostoma : Jan, Co)ispcct.

Method. Test., p. 6.

1847. Licina, Brown[e], subg. of Cyclostoma : Beck, Amtl.

Ber. 24. Versamml. Deutsch. Naturf., 1846
(1847), p. 123.

1848. Ericia, Moq. MS., subg. 3 of Cyclostoma : Partiot, Mem.

s. Cyclostomes, p. 24.
1904. Ericia [as a genus] : Kobelt, in Rossmiissler, Icon.,
N.F. X, p. 71.

1. Pomatias elegans (Miillcr).
Etyiii. : Lat. rlrgans, neat.

1774. Nrrila elegans: Muller, Verm. Hist., ii, p. 177.

1777. Turbo tumidus : Pennant, Brit. Zool., ed. 4, iv, 8vo,

p. 128; 4to. p. Ill, pi. Ixxxii, f. 110.

1778. Turbo striatus : DaCosta, Test. Brit., p. 86, pi. v, f. 9.
1789. Pomatias elegans (Miill.) : Studer, in Coxe, Trav. in

Switzerld., iii, p. 388.

1791. Tiirbo elegans: Gmelin, in Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 13, i,

pt. 6, p. 3606, no. 74.

1792. Turbo rejlexus ? Linn. : Olivi, Zool. Adriat., p. 170.
1799. Turbo elegans : Pulteney, Cat. Dorset., p. 45.

1801. Cydostoma elegans, Mnll. : Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll,

France, p. 38.
1803. Turbo elegans, Gmel. : Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 342.
1805. Cydostoma elegans. Mull. : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll.

France, p. 32, pi. i, f. 5-8.
1807. Turbo elegans : Maton & Rackett, Trans. Linn. Soc,

viii, p. 167.
1810. Cydostomus elegans, Roissy : Montfort, Conch. Syst.,

ii, p. 287.
1813. Turbo elegans : Rackett, in Pulteney, Cat. Dorset., ed. 2,

p. 50, pi. xxi, f. 9.
1817. Turbo elegans : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii, p. 863.
1821. Cydostoma cleqans, Miill. : C. Pfeiffer, Naturg. Deutsch.

Moll, i, p. 74, pi. iv, f. 30 & 31.
1823. Turbo elegans : [Brown], Ency. Brit., ed. 6, vi, p. 456.

1826. Cydostoma elegans, Gmel. : Risso, Hist. Nat. Europ.

merid., iv, p. 103.
182G. Cydostoma a ffinis,'^. [pars]: Risso, <. c, p. 104. [Teste
Bourguignat and Caziot.]

1827. Cydostoma elegans. Lam. : Brown, Illust. Conch. Brit.,

od. 1, pi. Ixi, f. 28.
?1829. Cydostoma marmorea : Brown, Edinh. Jo^irn. Nat. d-
(leogr. Sci., i, p. 12, pi. i, f. 10 & 11.

1830. Cydostoma elegans, Miill. : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc,

xvi, p. 362.
18.30. Cydostoma (Cochlocyda) elegans, Drap. : Jan, Conspect.
Method. Test., p. 6.

1831. Cydostoma elegans, Drap. : Turton, Manual, p. 93,

f. 75.
1840, "( Cydostoma elegans, Miiller : Gray, in Turton's Manual,
Apr. J now ed., p. 275, pi. vii, f. 75.

o . I Gyclostoma eleqans, Drapernaud : Brown, Illust. Conch.
j^J,; I Brit., ed. 2, p. 34, pi. xiv, f. 28.

Soot ' Gy^-^^^fo^^^f^ marmorea. Brown : Brown, o. c. p. 34,
1840./ pi. xiv, f. 15.

6 ACMEID^

1845. Cydostoma clegans, Drapernaud : Brown, Illust. L. &

F.-W. Conch. Brit., p. 26, pi. iv, f. 10 & 11

and pi. xxiv, f. 24.
?1845. Cydostoma marmorea, Brown : Brown, o. c, p. 27, pi. iv,

f. 13 & 14 [16 on pi.].
1847. Cydostoma (Licina) elegans : Beck, Amtl. Ber. 24.

Vcrsamml. Deutsch. Naturf., p. 123.
1849. Cydostoma (Ericia) elegans, Drap. : Partiot, Mem. s.

Cydostomes, p. 27.
1852,1 Cydostoma elegans, Miill. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.,
Feb. / p. 203.

1852,^ Cydostoma elegans, Miiller : Forbes & Hanley, Brit.
Sept./ Moll, iv, p. 201, pi. cxxii, f. 3.

1856. Cydostoma (Ericia) elegans, Miill. : Moquin-Tandon,

Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 496, pi. xxxvii,
f. 3-23.

1857. Cydostoma elegans, Miiller : Gray, in Turton's Manual,

new ed., p. 19, pi. vii, f. 75.

1862. Cydostoma elegans, Miiller : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i,

p. 304; V, pi. xviii, f. 5.

1863. Cydostoma elegans, Muller : Reeve, L. <& F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., p. 177, figs.
1903. Ericia elegans, Miill. : Kobelt, in Rossmassler, Icon.,
N.F. X, p. 71.

[Germain (Moll. France, ii, p. 274) cites as synonyms : —
Cydostoma suhdegans, Bourg. ; C. physetum, Bourg. ;
and C. lutetianum, Bourg.]

First recorded as British in 1674, by M. Lister [Phil.
Trans., ix, p. 99, pi. ii, f. 2).

British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

Fam. : ACMEIDiE.

Genus : 1. ACME, Hartmann.

Etym. : — Gr. aKixr), a point.

Type : — Bulimus lineatus, Draparnaud.

(Helix, Bulimus, Turbo, Auricula, Carychium, vett. auctt.)

1817. AuriceUa [pars] : Jurine, Helvet. Ahnanach, 1817, p. 34.
1821. Acicula : Hartmann, Neue Alpina, i, p. 205. \Non

Renier, 1807 (Vermes).]
1821. Acme : Hartmann, in Sturm's Deutschl. Fauna, vi, hft. 5,

p. 37.
1837. Pupula, Ag. (Msc.) : Charpentier, Neue Denkschr. Allg.

ScJnveiz. Gesell., i [no. 2], p. 22.
1856. Plalyhu subg. 2 of Acme : Moquin-Tandon, Hisl. Moll.

France, ii, p. 509,

ACME I

1. Acme lineata (Draparnaiul).

Etym. ; — Lat. lincatus, marked with lines.
1789. Helix cochlea, a new species : Studer, in Coxe's Tmv.

in Switzeiid., iii, p. 386. [Norn, nud.]
1801. Bulimus limatus : Draparnaud, Tahl. Moll., France,

p. 67.
1801. Turbo m.uscorwn, Linn. : Donovan, Brit. Shells, iii,

pi. Ixxx. [Non Linnaeus.]
1803. Turbo fu.mi:<i. Walk.:' Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 330.

I Walker & Boys described and figured, but

did not name this.]
1805. Auricula lineata : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. France,

p. 57, pi. iii, f. 20 & 21.
1807. Carichium acicularis : Ferussac, Essai method. Conchyl.,

p. 53.
1807. Turbo fuscu.s. Walker : Maton & Rackett, Trans. Linn.

Soc, viii, p. 186.
1817. Auricella lineata : Jurine, Helvet. Almanack, 1817, p. 34.
1817. Carychium acicularis, de Ferus. : Blainville, Diet. Sci.

Nat., vii, p. 188.

1820. Carycliium cochlea, mihi : Studer, Naturiv. Anz. Allg.

Schweiz. Gesell., iii, p. 89. (In reprint,
" Syst. Verzeichn.," p. 21.)

1821. Carychium lineatmn, nobis: Ferussac, Tabl. syst.

Liniagons, Jan. ed., p. 104 (June ed., p. 100).

1821. Acicula lineata, Drap. : Hartmann, Neue Alpina, i,

p. 215.

1822. " Cyclostoma lineatum, Fer., Diet. Class. d'Hist. Nat., ii,

p. 90." [A fictitious reference sometimes
cited in synonymy. Ferussac never gave the
name; he merely observed: " Selon les
observations du docteur Verdat de Delemont
. . . I'animal du Carych. lineatum serait
opercule, et devrait par consequent etre place
parmi les Cyclostomes."]

1823. Acme lineata, mihi : Hartmann, in Sturm's Deutschl.

Fauna, vi, hft. 6, no. 2.
1827. Bulimus lineatus, Turton : Brown, Ulust. Conch. Brit.,
ed. 1, pi. xli, 25.

1827. Bulimus minutus, Brown's MSS. : Brown, o. c, pi. xli,

f. 26.

1828. Carychium lineatum, Drap. : C. Pfeiffer, Nature].

Deutsch. Moll., iii, p. 43, pi. vii, f. 26 & 27.
1828. Carychium fuscum, Walk. : Fleming, Hist. Brit. Anim.,
p. 270.

1830. Carychium fuscwn. Walker : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn.

Soc, xvi, p. 364.

1831. Bulimus lineatus, Drap. : Turtox, Manual, p. 83,

f. 66.

1837. Pupula lineata, mihi : Charpentier, Neue Denkschr.
Alhj. Schveiz. Gesell, i [no. 2], p. 22.

1837. Acmefusca (Walker), B. : Beck, Index Moll., p. 101.

1838. Cydostoma ? lineatum, Drap. : PoRRO, Malac. Comasca,

p. 76, pi. i, f. 5.

1839. Bnlimus suhdiaphaniis, N. : Bivona, Giorn. Sci. Lett.

Palermo, Ixiv (altered in MS. to Ixvi)
p. 233.

1840. Pupula (Acicularis) lineata : Hartmann, Erd- & Silssw.-

Gasterop., p. i, pl. i. [Referred on the plate

to Truncatella.]
1840, \ Acmefusca, Boys & Walker : Gray, in Turton's Mamial,
Apr. / new ed., p. 223, pl. vi, f. 66.

Post!

Q , I Acme fusca : Brown, Illust. Conch. Brit., ed. 2, p. 34,

1840'. j P'- ^^^' ^- 25-

Post ]

Sept. V Acme minuta. Brown : Brown, o. c, p. 35, pl. xiv, f. 26.

1840.)

1843. Cydostoma fuscum : Moquin-Tandon, Hist. & Mem.

Acad. Sci. Toulouse, vi, p. 180.
1845. Acmefusca: Brown, Illust. L. d- F.-W. Conch. Brit.,

p. 28, pl. iv, f. 15.
1845. Acme minuta, Brown : Brown, o.c, p. 29, pl. iv, f. 16

[14 on pl.].

1847. Acmea fuscus : Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847,

p. 180.

1848. Cydostoma (Acme) fuscum, Moq. : Partiot, Mem. s.

Cydostomes, p. 16.
1852. Acme lineata, Hartmann : Forbes & Hanley, Brit.

Moll, iv, p. 204, pl. cxxv, f. 7.
1852. Acicula fusca (Turbo), Walker : Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneu-

mon. Viv., p. 4.
1856, ) Acicula fusca. Walker : H. & A. Adams, Genera Moll.,
Mar. / ii, p. 312.

1856, "I Acme (Auricdla) lineata, Drap. : Moquin-Tandon, Hist.
Apr. / Moll. France, ii, p. .509, pl. xxxviii, f. 4-7.
185Q.\ Acme (Platyla) fusca. Walk. & Boys: Moquin-Tandon,
Apr. / t.c, p. 509, pl. xxxviii, f. 8-16.

1857. Acicula fusca. Boys & Walker : Gray, in Turton's

Manual, new ed., p. 39, pl. vi, f. 66.

1862. Acme lineata, Draparnaud : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i,

p. 308; V, pl. xviii, f. 6, as A. fusca.

1863. Acme lineata, Draparnaud : Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., p. 179, figs.
1870. Acicula (Pupula) fusca. Walker : Betta, Atti Accad.

Agric. Verona, xlvii, mem., p. 102.
1885, Acme (Acicula) lineata, Drap. : Westerlund, Fauna

Paldarct. Region, v, p. 97.

VIVIPARUS 9

[Germain {Moll. France, ii, p. 282) cites as synonyms : —
Acme Dupiiyi, Paladilhe; A. Locardi, Boiirg. ; and
A. trigorioslomn, Paladilhe]

First recorded as British in 1784, by Boys & Walker
{Test, minut. rar., p. 12, pi. ii, f. 42).

British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

Fam.: VIVIPARIDiE.i

Genus: 1. VIVIPARUS, Montfort.

Etym. : — Lat. viviparus, bringing forth its young alive.
Type : — Viviparus jluviorum, Montfort = Helix vivipara, Lin-
naeus.
{Helix, Nerita, Cochlea, Bulimus, Cyclostoma, Nalica, vett. auctt.)

min (Viviparus: Montfort, Conch. Syst., ii, p. 246.
^ ' - [Lamarck in 1809, in Phil. Zool., used the

^' [ vernacular " Vivipare."']

*1810, ) Henterum : Huebner, Epist., i {Teste Menke, Zeitsch. f.
Nov. / Malak., v, 1848, p. 56).

1812. Pahtdina, Lam. : Ferussac, Ann. Mxis. Hist. Nat. Paris,
xix, p. 253. [Lamarck in 1812, in Extr.
' Cours Zool., used the vernacular " Palu-
(Ziwe."]
1815. Viviparella : Rafinesque, Analyse Nature, p. 144.

1817. Paludinum : Jurine, Helvet. Almanach, 1817, p. 34.

1818. Vivipara : Fleming, Suppt. 4-6th ed. Ency. Brit., iii,

p. 313.

1. Viviparus viviparus (Linnjeus).

Etym. : — Lat. viviparus, bringing forth its young alive.

1758. Helix vivipara : Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 772,

no. 603.
1767. Helix vivipara : Linnaeus, o.c, ed. 12, p. 1247, no. 690.
1774. Nerita vivipara : Muller, Verm. Hist., ii, p. 182.
?1777. Helix vivipara [pars] : Pennant, Brit. Zool., ed. 4, iv,

8vo, p. 137; 4to, p. 119. [His figure is of

V . fasciata.]
1778. Cochlea vivipara [pars] : DaCosta, Test. Brit., p. 81,

pi. vi, f. 2.
1791. Helix vivipara: Gmelin, in Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 13, i,

pt. 6, p. 3646, no. 105.
1799. Helix vivipara [pars] : Pulteney, Cat. Dorset., p. 48.

. ' Bulimus viviparus, Lin. : Poiret, Cnq. Aisue, p. 61.

• For Note on the Recent Britisli Species, See Kennard & Woodward,
Froc. Malar. Soc. Lond., xiv, 1920, p. 88.

10 VIVIPARID^

1801,} Cydostoina achatinum. : Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll.

July, j France, p. 40.

1803. Helix vivipara, Lin. [pars] : Montagu, Test. Brit.,

p. 386.
1805. Cyclostoma viviparuin : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll.

France, p. 34, pi. i, f. 18. [Errore in explan.

" 16 & 17."]
1807. Helix vivipara, Liun. : Maton & Rackett, Trans. Linn.

Soc, viii, p. 205.
1810. Vivijxtrusfluviorum: Montfort, Conch. Syst., ii, p. 247,

fig. p. 246. .

1812. Palmlina vivipara : Ferussac, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat.

Paris, xix, p. 253.

1813. Cyclostoma achatinum, Drap. : Millet, Moll. Maine <&

Loire, p. 7.
1813. Helix vivipara [pars] : Rackett, in Pulteney, Cat.

Dorset., ed. 2, p. 54.
1813? Lymncca vivipara: Fleming, Edinh. Ency., vii, p. 77.

1815. Cyclostoma viviparum : Oken, Lehrb. Naturg., iii, abth. 1,

p. 259.

1816. Paludina achalina : Lamarck, Ency. Method., Vers,

pi. cccclviii, f. 1, Liste des objets representes,
p. 12.

1817. Helix vivipara, Limi. : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii, p. 939.
1817. Paludinum viviparum : Jurine, Helvet. Almanack, 1817,

p. 34.

1820. Paludina achatina, Drap. : Studer, Natunv. Anz. Ally.

Schweiz. GeselL, iii, p. 91. (Reprint, " Syst.
Verzeichn.," p. 22.)

1821. Paludina {Vivipara) vulgaris : Gray, Lond. Med. Repos.,

XV, p. 239.

1822. Paludina achatina : Lamarck, Hist. Anim. s. Vert., vi,

pt. 2, p. 174.

1823. Helix vivipara : [Brown], Ency. Brit., ed. 6, vi, p. 460.
?1823. Turbo achatinus : Sheppard, Trans. Linn. Soc, xiv,

p. 152. [The author states that it is the
Cyclostoma achatinum of Draparnaud, but
not whether he followed the latter's figure
or his description.]

1827. Paludina vivipara. Lam. : Brown, Blust. Conch. Brit.,

ed. 1, pi. xli, f. 68 & 69.

1828. Paludina achatina. Lam. : C. Pfeiffer, Naturg. Deutsch.

Moll., iii, p. 44, pi. viii, f. 3.
1831. Paludina achatina, Drap.: Turton, Manual, p. 134,

f. 119.
1833. Paludina achatinum [sic], Lam. : Millet, Actes Soc.

Linn. Bordeaux, vi, p. 135.
1840,) Paludina achatina, Drap. : Gray, in Turton's Manual,
Apr. / new ed., p. 91, pi. x, f. 119.

VIVIPARUS 11

Post

Sept.
1840,

Paludiiia acJialina, Lamarck : Brown, Illust. Conch.
Brit., ed. 2, p. 26, pi. xiv, f. 68 & 69.

1845. Paludina achatina, Lamarck : Brown, Illust. L. & F.-W.

Conch. Brit., p. 4, pi. 1, f. 6 & 7.
1847. Paludina efasciata : Pickering, Zoologist, v, p. 1787.
1847. Viviparus Linnm, Beck : Beck, Anitl. Ber. 24. Ver-

samml. Deutsch. Naturf., p. 123.
18.50. Paludina viviparn, Linneeus : Forbes & Hanley, Brit.

Moll., iii, p. 11, pi. Ixxi, f. 14 & 15.

1851. Vivipara fasciata : Dupuy, Hist. Moll. France, p. 540,

pi. xxvii, f. 6.

1852. Paludina vulgaris : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop., p. 207.
1854. Vivipara fasciata : Millet, Ann. Soc. Linn. Maine &

Loire, i, p. 305.

1856. Paludina vivipara, Linn. : Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll.

France, ii, p. 535, pi. xl, f. 25.

1857. Paludina vivipara, Linn. : Gray, in Turton's Manual,

new ed., p. 31, pi. x, f. 119.

1862. Paludina vivipara, Linne : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i,

p. 58; V, pi. iv, f. 3.

1863. Paludina vivipara, Linnseus : Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., p. 195, figs.
1870. Paludina fasciata : Millet, Faune Invert. Maine &

Loire, i, p. 58.
1880. Vivipara paludosa : Bourguignat, Recense Vivipara

E'urop., p. 20.

First recorded as British in 1686, by M. Lister {Hist.

Conch., ii, pi. cxxvi, f. 26).
British Distribution in Time : Holocene to Recent.

2. fViviparus diluvianus (Kunth).

Etym. : — Lat. diluvium, a flood. Named in reference to its
occurrence in strata referred to the Diluvial Period.

1865. Paludina diluviana : Kunth, Zeitschr. Deutsch. Geol.
Gesell., xvii, p. 331, pi. vii, f. 8 a-d.

1872. Paludina Claclonensis, S. Wood : Wood, Crag Moll.
{Pal. Soc. Monog.), Suppt. i, p. 69, pi. i,
f. 4 a-b.

1901. Vivipara clactonensis, S. V. Wood : Kennard & Wood-
ward, Proc. Geol. Assoc, xvii, p. 239.

1901. Vivipara diluviana: Kennard & Woodward, t.c,
p. 251.

First recorded as British in 1872, by S. V. Wood, as

Paludina Clactonensis. {See ref. above.)
British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene,

12 VIVIPARIDiE

3. Viviparus fasciatus (Muller).
Etym. : — ha.t.fasciatuf:, banded.

1774. Neritafasciata : Mut.ler, Yerm. Hist., ii, p. 182.

1777. Helix vivipara, Linn. : Pennant, Brit. Zool., ed. 4, iv,

8vo, p. 137; 4to, p. 119, pi. Ixxxiv, f. 132.
[Non Linne.]

1778. Cochlea vivipara [pars] : DaCosta, Test. Brit., p. 81.
1791. Helix fasciata : Gmelin, Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 13, i, pt. 6,

p. 3646, no. 106.
1799. Helix vivipara [pars] : Pulteney, Cat. Dorset., p. 48.
1801. Cyclostoma viviparum : Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll.

France, p. 40.
1803. Helix vivipara, Lin. [pars] : Montagu, Test. Brit.,

p. 386.
1805. Cyclostoma achatinum, : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. France,

p. 36, pi. i, f. 16 & 17. [Errore explan. " 18."]
1807. Helix vivipara [pars] : Maton & Rackett, Trans. Linn.

Soc, viii, p. 205.
1813. Helix viinpnra [pars] : Rackett, in Pulteney, Cat.

Dorset., ed. 2, p. 54, pi. xvii, f. 2.
1813. Cyclostoma contectum : Millet, Moll. Maine & Loire, p. 5.
1813? Lymncea vivipara [pars] : Fleming, Edinb. Ency., vii,

p. 78.
1817. Helix fasciata, Miill. : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii, p. 940.

1820. Faludina vivipara, Drap. : Studer, Naturw. Anz. Ally.

Schweiz. GeselL, iii, p. 91. (Reprint, " Syst.
Verzeichn.," p. 22.)

1821. Paludina (Vivipara) crystallina : Gray, Lond. Med.

Repos., XV, p. 239.

1821. Paludina vivipara, Linn. : C. Pfeipfer, Naturg. Deutsch.

Moll, i, p. 103, pi. iv, f. 42 & 43. [Non
Linne.]

1822. Paludina vivipara : Lamarck, Hist. Anim. s. Vert., vi,

pt. 2, p. 173.
?1823. Turbo achatinus : Siieppard, Trans. Linn. Soc, xiv,

p. 152. [The author says that it is the

Cyclostoma achatimim of Draparnaud, but

does not state whether he followed that

naturalist's figure or the description.]
1827. Paludina achatina. Lam. : Brown, Hlust. Conch. Brit.,

ed. 1, pi. xli, f. 71 & 72. [Errore in explan.

" 70 & 71.'"]
1831. Paludina vivipara, Drap. : Turton, Manual, p. 133,

f. 118.
1833. Paludina vivipara, Lam. : Millet, Actcs Soc. Linn.

Bordeaux, vi, p. 134.
1834? Paludina achatina : Sowerby, Genera Moll., no. xli,

I'aludina, f. 1,

VIVIPARUS 13

1838. Paludiiia fascialu, Mull. : Deshayes, in Lamarck, Hist.

Anim. s. Vert., ed. 2, viii, p. 513 note.
1840, ) Paludina vivipara, Linn. : Gray, in Turton's Manual,
Apr. / new ed., p. 90, pi. x, f. 118. [Non. Linne.]

Q , [ Paludina vivipara, Lamarck : Brown, Illust. Conch.
jgj^" I Brit., ed. 2, p. 26, pi. xiv, f. 71 & 72.

1815. Paludina vivipara, Lamarck : Brown, Illust. L. c6 F.-W.

Conch. Brit., p. 3, pi. i, f. 4 & 5; xxiv,

f. 19-21.
1847. Viviparus lacuslris, Beck : Beck, Amtl. Ber. 24. Ver-

samml. Deutsch. Naturf., p. 123.

1850. Paludina Listeri, Forbes & Hanley, Forbes & Hanley,

Brit. Moll, iii, p. 8, pi. Ixxi, f. 16.

1851. Vivipara vulgaris : Dupuy, Hist. Moll. France, p. 537,

pi. xxvii, f. 5.

1852. Paludina achatina, Drap. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.,

p. 208.
1854. Vivipara vulgaris. Lam. : Millet, Ann. Soc. Linn. Maine
& Loire, i, p. 304.

1856. Paludina contecta, Millet : Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll.

France, ii, p. 532, pi. xl, f. 1-24. [Cites in
error in synonymy " Vivipara communis,
Dupuy."]

1857. Paludina crystallina, Gray : Gray, in Turton's Manual,

new ed., p. 30, pi. x, f. 118.
1862. Paludina contecta, Millet : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i,
p. 56; V, pi. iv, f. 2.

1862. Vivipara vera : Frauenfeld, Verhandl. zool.-bot.

Gesell. Wien, xii, p. 1161; and xiv, 1864,
p. 658.

1863. Paludina contecta. Millet : Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., p. 194, figs.

[Germain (Moll. France, ii, p. 285) cites as synonyms : —
Vivipara hrachya, Bourg. ; V. communis, Bourg. ;
and V. paludosa, Bourg.]

First recorded as British in 1674, by M. Lister {Phil.
Trans., ix, p. 99, pi. ii, f. 17).

British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

4. tViviparus gibbus (Sandberger).
Etym. : — Lat. gibbus, humped.

1872. Paludina contecta, Millet : S. V. Wood, Crag Moll. (Pal.

Soc. Monog.), 1st Suppt., p. 69, pi. i, f. 6.

[Non Millet]
1872. Paludina vivipara, Linne : S. V. Wood, t.c, p. 70, pi. i,

f. 5. {Non Linne.]

14 PALUDESTRINID^

1880. Paludina gibha, Sandb. : Sandberger, Palaeontogr.

xxvii (N.F. vii), p. 97, pi. xii, f. 2, 2 a.
1914. Vivipara gibha (Sandberger) : Kennard & Woodward,

List Brit. Non-mar. Moll., p. 11.

First recorded as British in 1872, by S. V. Wood, as

Paludina contecta, Millet. {See rcf. above.)
British Distribution in Time : Cromerian.

5. fViviparus glacialis (S. V. Wood).

Etym. : — Lat. glacialis, icy (because found in beds attributed
to the Glacial Period).

1872. Paludina ? glacialis, S. Wood : S. V. Wood, Crag Moll.
{Pal. Sac. Monog.), 1st Suppt., p. 68, pi. iv,
f. 14, pi. vii, f. 25.

1899. Vivipara glacialis (S. V. Wood) : Kennard & Wood-
ward, Proc. Malac. Soc. Land., iii, p. 199.

First described as British in 1872, by S. V. Wood, as

Paludinal. {See ref. above.)
British Distribution in Time : Pliocene and Cromerian.

Fam. : PALUDESTRINID^E.
(Sub-fam. : Bythinin.e.)

Genus : 1. BITHYNIA, Leach.

Etym. : — Named after Bithynia. a province in Asia Minor.

Type : — Helix tentaculata, Linnaeus.

{Helix, Nerita, Turbo, Cyclostoma, Paludina, vett. auctt.)

1818. Bithynia : Leach, in Abel's Narrative of a Journey in

. . . China, p. 362.
1821. Bithinia, subg. of Paludina : Gray, Lond. Med. Repos.,

XV, p. 239.
1850. Bijthinia, Gray : Stein, Lehend. Schneck, <£• Musch.

Berlins, p. 92.
1856. Elona, subg. of Bythinia : Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll.

France, ii, p. 527.
1870. Bytinia : Millet, Faune Invert. Maine-ct-Loire, i, p. 56.
1870. Grayana, subg. of Bithinia : Betta, Atti Accad. Agric.

Verona, xlvii, mem. p. 113.

1. Bithynia tentaculata (Linnaeus).

Etym. : — Low Lat. tentaculum, a feeler.

1758. Helix tentaculata : Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., cd. 10, p. 774,

no. 616.
1767. Helix tentacxdata : Linn.eus, o. c, cd. 12, p. 1249, no. 707.

BITHYNIA 15

17G7. Nerila tentaculata, Linn. : Geoffroy, Traitc Coq. Paris,

p. 114.
1774. Nerita jaculalor : Muller, Venn. Hist., ii, p. 185.

1777. Helix tentaculata, Linn. : Pennant, Brit. Zool., ed. 4,

iv, 8vo, p. 140; 4to, p. 122, pi. Ixxxvi, f. 140.

1778. Turbo nucleus : DaCosta, Test. Brit., p. 91, pi. v, f. 12.
1791. Helix tentaculata : Gmelin, in Linn. Syst. Nat., cd. 13,

i, pt. 6, p. 3662, no. 146.
1799. Helix tentaculata: Pultenev, Cat. Dorset., p. 49.

. ' Bulimus tentaculata, Liu. : Poiret, Coq. Aisne, p. 61.

1801, ) Cyclostoma impurum : Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll. France,

July / p. 41.

1801 Turbo janitor : Vallot, Exer. Hist. Nat., p. 6.

1803. Nerita Jaculatrix : Schrank, Fauna Boica, p. 290.

1803. Helix tentaculata, Lin. : Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 389.

1805. Cyclostoma impurum : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. France,

p. 36, pi. i, f. 19 & 20.
1807. Cyclostoma jaculator, Miill. : Ferussac, Essai method.

Conch., p. 66.
1807. Helix tentaculata, Linn. : Maton & Rackett, Trans.

Linn. Soc, viii, p. 220.

1812. Paludina impura, Drap. : Ferussac, Ann. Mus. Hist.

Nat. Paris, six, p. 253.

1813. Helix tentaculata : Rackett, in Pulteney, Cat. Dorset.,

ed. 2, p. 56, pi. xxi, f. 12.
1813? Lymncea tentaculata: Fleming, Edinb. Ency., vii, p. 78.
1817. Helix tentaculata, Linn. : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii,

p. 968.

1817. Paludinum impurum : Jurine, Helvet. Almanach, 1817,

p. 34.

1818. Bithynia tentaculata, Linn. : Leacii, in Abel's Narr.

Journ. in China, p. 362.

1820. Paludina jaculator : Studer, Naturw. Anz. Ally. Schveiz.

Gesell., iii, p. 91. (In reprint, " Syst.
Verzeichn.," p. 22.)

1821. Paludina impura, Drap. : C. Pfeiffer, Naturg. Deutsch.

Moll, i, p. 104, pi. iv, f. 40 & 41.
1823. Helix tentaculata : [Brown], Ency. Brit., ed. 6, vi, p. 461.
1823. Turbo toitaculatus : Sheppard, Trans. Linn. Soc, xiv,

p. 152.
1826. Bithynia jaculator. Mull. : Risso, Hist. Nat. Europ.

merid., iv, p. 100.

1826. Valvata minuta (Drap.): Risso, t.c, p. 101. [Teste

Caziot.]

1827. Paludina impura. Lam. : Brown, Illust. Co)ich. Brit.,

ed. 1, pi. xli, f. 72 & 73.

1828. Paludina tentaculata : Fleming, Brit. Anim., p. 315.
1831. Paludina impura : Turton, Manual, p. 134, f. 120.

16 PALUDESTRINID^

1840, '^ Bithinia tentaculata, Linn. : Gray, in Turtou's Manual

Apr. / new ed., p. 93, pi. x, f. 120.

Post \

o , I Paludinaimpura,ha,m3iTGk: Brown, Illust. Conch. Brit.'

^gP^ I ed. 2, p. 27, pi. xiv, f. 72 & 73.

1845. Paludina impura, Lamarck : Brown, lllust. L. & F.-W.

Conch. Brit., p. 4, pi. i, f. 8 & 9.
1850, ) Bithinia tentaculata, Linn. : Forbes & Hanley, Brit.
Mar. / Moll, iii, p. 14, pi. Ixxi, f. 5 & 6.

1850. Bylhinia tentaculata, Linn. : Stein, Lehend. Schneck. <&

Musch. Berlins, p. 92, pi. iii, f. 3.
1852. Bithynia jaculator : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.,

p. 209.

1856. Bythinia {Elona) tentaculata, Linn. : Moquin-Tandon,

Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 528, pi. xxxix,
f. 23-44.

1857. Bithinia tentaculata, Linn. : Gray, in Turton's Manual,

new ed., p. 26, pi. x, f. 120.

1862. Bythinia tentaculata, Linne : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch.,

i, p. 60 ; V, pi. iv, f. 4.

1863. Bythinia tentaculata, Linmieus : Reeve, L. c£ F.-W.

Moll. Brit. Is., p. 189, figs.
1870. Bythinia {Grayana) tentaculata, Linn. : Betta, Atti

Accad. Agric. Verona, xlvii, mem. p. 115.
1870. Bytinia [sic] tentaculata, Linn. : Millet, Faune Invert.

Maine-et-Loire, i, p. 56.
1882. Bythinia sebethina, Blanc : Coutagne, Ann. Soc. Linn.

Lyon, xxviii, p. 24.
1884. Bythinia gravida : Ray, Bull. Soc. Malac. France, i, p.

155.
1884. Bythinia ardussonica : Ray, t. c, p. 156.
1886. Bythinia {Elona) allopoina, West. : Westerlund, Fauna

Paldarct. Region, vi, p. 15.
1886. Bythinia gravida, Ray: Westerlund, t.c, p. 16.
1893. Bythinia Stramicensis : Locard, ^change, ix, p. 4.

(Figd. in Rev. Suisse Zool., ii, pi. v, f. 16.)

[Teste Germain.]
1893. Bylhinia potamica, nov. sp. : Locard, Coq. Eaux douces

France, p. 73. (Also in Ann. Soc. Agric.

Lyon, i, 1894, p. 73.) [Teste Germain.]

1893. Bythinia parva, nov. sp. : Locard, t.c, p. 74. (Also

in Ann. Soc. Agric. Lyon, i, 1894, p. 74.)
[Teste Germain.]

1894. Bythinia decipiens, Millet : Locard, Rev. Suisse Zool.,

ii, p. 84, pi. V, f. 6. [Nan Millet.]

First described as British in 1674, by M. Lister {Phil.

Trans., ix, p. 99, pi. ii, f. 19).
British Distribution in Time : Pliocene to Recent.

BITHYNIA 17

2. Bithynia leachii (Sheppaid).

Etyni. : — Named in honour of the naturalist W. E. Leach.

1821. Paludina (Bithinia) ventricosa : Gray, Lond. Med. Repos.,

XV, p. 239. [No)ii. nud.]

1823. Turbo Leachii : Sheppard, Trans. Linn. Soc., xiv, p. 152,

1827. Paludina ventricosa, Brown's MSS. : Brown, Illust.

Conch. Brit., ed. 1, pi. xli, f. 74 & 75.

?1828. Paludina acuta (Drap.) : Fleming, Hist. Brit. Anim.,

p. 315.

1831. Paludina similis, Drap. : Turton, Manual, p. 135,

f. 121. [iVon Drap.]

?1831. Paludina viridis, Drap. : Turton, o.c, p. 135.

1835. Paludina Kickxii, nob. : Westendorp, Bull. Acad. Sci.

Bruxelles, ii, p. 337, pi. iv, f. 1.

1840. Paludina ventricosa. Gray : Gray, in Turton's Manual,

new ed., p. 94, pi. x, f. 121 & 128.

Post \

q , [ Paludina ventricosa. Leach : Brown, Illust. Conch. Brit.,

jgPJ- I ed. 2, p. 27, pi. xiv, f. 74 & 75.

1843. Paludina decipiens : Millet, Mag. Zool., Classe V, pi.

Ixiii, f. 2.
1845. Paludina inflata, n. s. : Hansen, Ofvers. K. Vet. Akad.

Forhandl. Stockholm, ii, p. 254. [Fide Morch].
1845. Paludina ventricosa, Leach : Brown, Illust. L. & F.-W.

Conch. Brit., p. 5, pi. i, f. 10 & 11.
1845. Paludina Michaudii, Duval : Duval, Eev. Zool. Soc. Cuv.,

1845, p. 211.
1849. Bithinia Kickxii, "West. : Dupuy, Cat. Extramar. Gall.

Test. [p. 1], no. 41.

1849. Bithinia Michaudii, Duv. : Dupuy, o. c. [p. 1], no. 43.

1850. Bithinia Leachii, Sheppard : Forbes & Hanley, Brit.

Moll, iii, p. 16, pi. Ixxi, f. 7 & 8.
[These authors received examples of this species from
Philippi under the name of Paludina Troscheliana.]
1852. Bithynia Leachii, Shop.: Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop., p. 209.

1856. Bylhinia {Fiona) Leachii, Shepp. : Moquin-Tandon,

Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 527, pi. xxxix,
f. 20-22.

1857. Bithinia ventricosa. Gray : Gray, in Turton's Manual,

new ed., p. 26, pi. x, f. 121 & 128.

1862. Bythinia Leachii, Sheppard : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch.,

i, p. 61 ; V, pi. iv, f. 5.

1863. Bythinia Leachii, Sheppard : Reeve, L. cC F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., p. 190, figs.
1870. Bythinia (Grayana) ventricosa. Gray : Betta, Atti Accad.

Agric. Verona, xlvii, mem. p. 114.
1870. Bytinia [sic] ventricosa. Gray : Millet, Faune Invert.

Maine ct Loire, i, p. 56.

N.-M. MOLL. C

18 PALUDESTRINID.^

First described as British in 1821, by J. E. Gray, as

Paludina ventricosa. {See ref. above.)
British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

(Sub-fam. : Paludestrinin^.)

Genus : 2. PALUDESTRINA, Orbigny.

Etyra. : — Lat., from paludesler, marshy.

Type : — Cydostoma acutum, Draj^arnaud = Turbo vcntrosus,

Montagu.
{Turbo, Cydostoma, Paludina, etc., vett. auctt.)

182] . Hydrobia : Hartmann, Neue Alpina, i, p. 258. [Genus
defined in Sturm's Deutsdil. Fauna, vi, lift. 5,
1821, p. 47.] [Non Hydrobius, Leach, 1817
(Coleop.).]

1827. Pyramis [pars] : Brown, Illust. Condi. Brit., ed. 1,

pi. 1, explan. [Non Bolten, 1798; nee
Schumacher, 1817; ncc Otto, 1821 (Medus.).]

1828. Cinrjula [pars] : Fleming, Brit. Anim., p. 305. [When

originally established in 1818 (Suppt. 4-6th

ed. Ency. Brit., iii, p. 311) the genus did not

include shells of this group.]
1840. Paludestrina : Orbigny,- Voy. Amer. merid., v, pt. 3,

Moll., p. 381.
1847. Sabanwa [pars] : Leach (MS. 1818, published by J. E.

Gray) Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., xx, p. 270.
1851. Subulina : A. Schmidt, Verhandl. NatnrJi. Vcr. Preuss.

Rheml. d Wcsfphal, viii, p. 332. [Non

Beck, 1837 (Achatin.).]

1. Paludestrina ventrosa (Montagu).
Etyni. : — Lat. vcit/rosus, bellying out.

?17G5. Tiirho sfar/iialis : Baster, Ofusc. Subscc, ii, p. 77, pi. vii,
f. 4. [Both description and figure are in-
adequate for determination. It has been
identified with the Turbo ulvce of Pennant,
but the sole species present to-day at the
type locality (Zierikzee, near the mouth of
the Scheldt) is P. ventrosa (Mont.). Linne
included it in the 12th ed. of his Systema,
Naturre (p. 1248, no. 697) as Helix staf/ncdis.
Afterwards, noticing that he had already used
the name (= Limneeastaynalis), he altered it
in manuscript in his own copy to Helix
Basleri. Gmelin, in Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 13
(i, pt. 6, 1791, p. 3653, no. 119), changed the
trivial name to stayiiornin.]

PALTJDESTRINA 19

Turbo ventrosus : Montaou, I'e.st. Brit., p. 317, pi. xii, f. 13.
Cyclosloma acutum : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. France,

p. 40, pi. i, f. 23.
Turbo ventrosus, Montagu : Maton & Rackett, Trans.

Linn. Soc., viii, p. 164.
I'urbo muriaticus : Beudant, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat.

Paris, XV, p. 201. [Fide Alder.]
Turbo ventrosus : Rackett, in Pultenoy, Cat. Dorset.,

ed. 2, p. 49, pi. xviii, f. 12, A.
1817. Turbo ventrosus, Mont. : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii, p. 840.
1817. Helix stagnorum, Gmelin : Dillwyn, t. c, p. 952.
1821. Hydrobia acuta, Drap. : Hartmann, Neue Alpina, i,

p. 258.
1821. Paludina (Bithinia) ventricosa : Gray, Loud. Med.

Repos., XV, p. 239.
Paludina oclona, Linn. : Nilrson, Hist. Moll. Svec,

1822 [i.e. 1823], p. 92. [Non Linne.]
Paludina acuta. Nob. : Des Moulins, Bull. Soc. Linn.

Bordeaux, ii, p. 67.
Pyramis ventrosus, Montagu : Brown, Illust. Conch.

Brit., ed. 1, pi. Ii, f. 27 & 59.
Civfjula ventricosa : Fleming, Hi.'it. Brit. Anim., p. 307.
Paludina stagnorum : Turton, Manual, p. 136, f. 123.

l^Rissoa ventricosa, Fleming : Brown, Ulust. Conch. Brit.,
ed. 2, p. 12, pi. viii, f. 27 & 59.

1840. Littorina muriatica, Linn. : Gray, in Turton's Manual,

new ed., p. 88. [Non Linne.]
1843. Rissoa muriatica : Macgillivray% Hist. Moll. Aberdeen,

p. 148.
1843. Rissoa ventrieosa : Macgillivray', I. c.
?1844. Cingula pellucida. Bean MS. : Thorpe, Brit. Mar.

Conch., p. xliii.
1847. Sabanwa ventrosa, Mont. : Leach [MS. 1818], published

by Gray, Ann. & Marj. Nat. Hist., xx,

p. 270.

1850. Ris.wa ventrosa, Montagu': Forbes & Hanley, Brit.

Moll, iii, p. 138, pi. Ixxxvii, f. 1, 5, 6, & 7.

1851. Subulina acuta, Drap. : Schmidt, Verhandl. Naturh. Ver.

Preuss. Rhcinl. <£• Weslphal., viii, p. 332.

1852. Sabanwa eburna, Adams : Leach, Moll. Brit. Sijnop.,

p. 149.
[The Turbo eburneus (Jacobs MS.) Kanmacher, in Adams'
Essays, here adopted by Leach, was probably a
marine shell.]

1856. Bythinia acuta: Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll. France,

ii, p. 506.

1857. Littorina muriatica, Linn. : Gray, in Turton's Manual,

new ed., p. 24. [Non Linne.]

20 PALUDESTRINID^

1862. Hydiohia vcntrosa, Montagu : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i,
p. 66 ; V, pi. iv, f. 7.

1912. Hydiohia sfagnalis, Baster : Dollfus, Jouni. de Conchyl.,

lix, p. 238, pi. V, f. 1-4.

1913. Paladestrina acuta : Germain, Moll. France, ii, p. 305.
1917. Paludestrina tninuta (Totten) : Kennard & Woodward,

Proc. Malac. Sac, xii, p. 124. [Non Totteu.]

[Germain {Moll. France, ii, p. 305) cites as synonyms : —
Paludestrina procerula, Palad. ; P. Coutagnei, Bourg. ;
P. Moitessieri, Bourg. ; P. spiroxia, Bourg. ; P.
aciculina, Bourg. ; P. graciUima, Bourg. ; P. soluta,
Bourg. ; P. curyomfhala, Bourg. ; P. Panescorsei,
Bereug. ; and P. Azami, Bereng.]

First recorded as British in 1784, by Boys & Walker
(Test, minut. rar., p. 10, pi. ii, f. 36).

British Distribution in Time : Pliocene to Recent.

2. Paludestrina jenkinsi (Smith).

Etym. : — Named in honour of Mr. A. J. Jenkins, who redis-
covered it.

1852. Rissoa ventricosa, var. : Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll.,

iv, p. 266, pi. cxxxiii, f. 7.
?1859. Rissoa castanea ? Jeff. [MS.] : Sowerby, Illust. Index

Brit. Shells, pi. xiv, f. 11. \^Sine descr.'\
?1862. Rissoa castanea : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i, p. 69.
1862. Hydrobia Ferussina : Jeffreys, I. c.
1889. Hydrobia jenkinsi : Smith, Journ. of Conch., vi, p. 142.
1889. Hydrobia ventrosa, var. carinata : Marshall, Journ. of
Conch., vi, p. 141.

1891. Hydrobia jenkinsi : Smith & Crouch, Essex Natural., iv,

p. 10; figured on p. 12.

1892. Paludestrina jenJdnsi, Smith : B. B. Woodward, Ann.

& Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. VI, vol. ix, p. 378.

First described as British in 1852, by Forbes & Hanley,

as Rissoa ventricosa, var. (See ref. above.)
British Distribution in Time : Holocene to Recent.

Genus : 3. PERINGIA, Paladilhe.

Etym. : — Named in honour of a family of London friends.

Type : — Turbo ulvcc, Pennant.

(Turbo, Helix, Pyramis, Cingula, Rissoa, Hydrobia, vett. auctt.)

1828. Cingula [pars] : Fleming, Brit. Anim., p. 305. [When
the genus was originally established in 1818
(Suppt. 4-6th ed.^Ency. Brit., iii, p. 311) the
present group v/as not included.]

PERINGIA 21

1842. Sahinca : G. B. SowERBY (II), Conch. Manual, ed. 2,

p. 250. [Non Owen, 1835 (Crust.).]
1847,1 Sabanoea [pars] : Leach [MS. 1818], published by Gray,
Oct. j Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., xx, p. 270.

1847 f ^"^''"'"' " ^^^^^^^ ^^SS-' 1S19' ^^^- 1^*2 " as a subg. of
■^T 'I Hydrohia : Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,

y XV, p. 151.

1852. Sahanwa [pars] : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop., p. 148.
1874. Peringia : Paladilhe, Ann. Sci. Nat. (Zool.), Ser. VI,
torn, i, art. 2, p. 7.

1. Peringia ulvse (Pennant).

Etyni. : — Lat. itlva, an aquatic plant, a name subsequently
applied to a genus of Algse.

[For note concerning the identification of this species with
Easter's Turbo stagnalis, See under Paludestrina
ventrosa.]

1777. Turbo ulva; : Penxaxt, Brit. Zool., ed. 4, iv, 8vo, p. 132 ;

4to, p. 114, pi. Ixxxvi, f. 120.

1778. Turbo ulva; (Penn.) : DaCosta, Te^t. Brit., p. 105.
1799. Helix ulvce : Pultexey, Cat. Dorset., p. 49.
1803. Turbo ulvce : Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 318.

1807. Turbo ulvce, Pennant : ^Matox & Rackett, Trans. Linn.

Soc, viii, p. 164.
1813. Turbo tdva; : Rackett, in Pulteney, Cat. Dorset., ed. 2,

p. 49, pi. x-viii, f. 12.
1817. Turbo ulvce, Penn. : Dillwyx, Cat. Shells, ii, p. 840.
1824. Helix Jeverana : Megerle, Verhandl. Gesell. Naturf.

Freunde Berlin, i, st. 4, p. 215.

1827. Pyramis ulvce. Brown's MSS. : Browx, Ilhtst. Conch.

Brit., ed. 1, pi. 1, f. 9, 14, 15 & 41.

F b ' I P^^'^^^^^ ulvce, Penn. : Forbes, Malac. Monen^is, p. 18.

1828. Cingula ulva, Penn. : Fleming, Brit. Anim., p. 308.
1828. Helix ieverensis, Schroter : Menke, Synop. Moll., p. 23.
1834. Rissoa subumbilicata : Berkeley, Zool. Journ., v, p. 430,

pi. xix, f. 5.

Pre 1
T>r I Rissoa ttlvcB, Montagu : Brown, Illust. Conch. Brit.,

jg3^ I ed. 2, p. 12, pi. ix, f. 9, 14, 15 & 41.

1842. Littorina ulvce : Johnston, Hist. Berwick Club, i, pt. 9,

p. 269.
1842. Sahinea ulvce : G. B. Sowerby (II), Conch. Manual,

ed. 2, p. 250.
1845. Melania Charreyi, spec. nov. : Morelet, Descr. Moll.

Port., p. 97, pi. vii, f. 5.
1847, \ Rissoa Barleei : Jeffreys, Ann. <& Mag. Nat. Hist.,
July, j xix, p. 310.

22 • TALUDESTRINID.^

1847, \ Sahancva uIikp, Mont. : Leach [MS. 1818], published by
Oct. j Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., xx, p. 270.

1847,^ Ilydrobia (Sahinea) Ulva [sic] : Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Nov./ Lond., xv, p. 151.

1850. Rissoa ulvce, Pennant : Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll.,
iii, p. 141, pi. Ixxxvii, f. 2 & 8.

1852. Sahanma ulvce, Penn. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Syjiop.,

p. 153.

1853. Paludina slagnalis, Baster : Kuester, in Martini &

Chemnitz, Syst. Conch. Cab., new ed., Bd. i,

abth. 21, Paludina, p. 69, pl. xii, f. 27-30.
1855. PaludincUa ulvce : Jeffreys, in Clark, Ann. <£• Mag.

Nat. Hist., Ser. II, vol. xvi, p. 120.
1863. Hydrohia ulvce, Penn. : Prauenfeld, Verhandl. k. k.

zool.-bot. Gcsell. Wicn, xiii, p. 1019.
1867,) Assiminea c/aUica : Paladilhe, Rev. & Mag. Zool., Ser.
Feb. / II, torn, xix, p. 40, pl. xx, f. 1-6.

1867. Hydrohia ulvce. Pennant : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., iv,

p. 52 ; v, pl. Ixix, f . 1-3.
1874. Peringia ulvce, Penn. : Paladilhe, Ann. Sci. Nat. (Zool.),

Ser. VI, torn, i, art. 2, p. 7.
1874. Peringia pictorum : Paladilhe, t. c, p. 9, pl. iii, f. 29-30.
1874. Peringia Giradoti: Paladilhe, t.c., p. 11, pl. iii, f. 31

&32.
1874. Peringia Margaritce : Paladilhe, t. c., p. 24, pl. iii, f. 33

&34.
1877. Hydrohia stagnalis, Baster: Clessin, Dcutsch. Exciir.

Moll. Fauna, p. 322, f. 176.
1877. Hydrohia halthica, Nilson [sic] : Clessin, o. c, p. 323,

f. 177.
1901. Paludestrina stagnalis (Bastci-) : Conchological Society

Journ. of Conch., x, p. 18.

[Germain {Moll. France, ii, p. 306) cites as synonyms : —
Peringia Sequanica, Bourg. ; P. enhalia, Mab. ; P.
Fagoti, Mab. ; P. Deyrollei, Mab. ; P. subumhilicata,
Palad. ; P. Bourguignati, Mab. ; P. girundica, Mab. ;
P. nansoutiana, Bourg. ; P. Dupuyi, Mab. ; P.
Perrieri, Bourg. ; P. micropleura, Bourg. ; P. micro-
stoma, Bourg. ; P. ohesa, Mab. ; P. maritima, Mab.]

First recorded as British in 1777, by T. Pennant as Turho
ulvce. (See ref. above.)

British Distribution in Time : Pliocene to Recent.

Genus : 4. BELGRANDIA, Bourguignat.

Etym. : — Named in honour of the French engineer, E. Belgrand.
Type : — Cyclostoma gihbum, Draparnaud.
(Cyclostoma, Paludina, Hydrohia, vett. auctt.)

BELGRANDIA AND BYTHINELLA 23

1869. BeJfjrandia : Bourguignat, Cat. Moll, envir. Paris, p. 14.
1878. Thermhydrohia : Paulucci, Mat. Faune Malac. Ital,

p. 48. [The sole species cited is " T. ihenn-
alis (Turbo) Linne " ; but Dolifus [Journ. de
Conchyl, lix, 1912, p. 215) selects as type
Paludina marginata, Michaud.]

1. fBelgrandia marginata (Michaud).
Etyrn. : — Lat. manjinalux, bordered.

1831. Paludina marginata : Michaud, Compl. Hist. Moll.

France Drap., p. 98, pi. xv, f. 58 & 59.
1839. Paludina minuta (Strickland) : Murchison, Silurian

System, p. 555. [Norn, nud.]
1856. Bythinia {BythincUa) marginata, Mich. : Moquin-Tan-

DON, Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 518, pi. xxxviii,

f. 29-32.
1858. Paludina minuta, Strickl. : Jardine's Memoirs of H. E.

Strickland, pp. 96 & 97.

1870. Belgrandia marginata : Paladilhe, Ann. Malac, i,

p. 232.

1880. Belgrandia nana, Sandb. : Sandberger, Palaeonlogr.,

xxvii (N.F. vii), p. 99, pi. xii, f. 5-5 b.

1881. Hydiobia {BythineUa) marginata, Mich. : Kobelt, Cat.

Euro]}. Binnenconch., ed. 2, p. 141.
1886. Paludinella (Belgrandia) marginata, Mich. : Wester-

LUND, Fauna Palaarct. Region, vi, p. 47.
1912. Thermhydrobia marginata, Michaud : Dollfus, Journ.

de Conchyl., lix, p. 215.

First recorded as British in 1839, by Murchisou. (See

ref. above.)
British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene.

Genus : 5. BYTHINELLA, Moquin-Tandon.

Etym. : — Dimin. of Bythinia [i.e. Bithynia] a genus of mollusks.

Type : — Cyclostoma viride (Poiret) Draparnaud. [Dollfus selected
the Bulimus viridis of Poiret, but the identity of this is
uncertain. Draparnaud's interpretation is here accepted.]

(Bulimus, Cyclostoma, Turbo, Paludina, Bithynia, Hydrobia, vett.
auctt.)

1826. Leachia [pars] : Risso, Hist. Nat. Europ. merid., iv,
p. 102. [Non Lesueur, 1821 (Cephal.).]

1856. BythineUa, subg. of Bythinia : Moquin-Tandox, Hist.
Moll. France, ii, p. 516. [The reference
usually given is to Journ. de Conchyl., ii,
1851, p. 239 note; but the name appears
there only in the vernacular.]

24 PALUDESTEINID.^

1878. FrauenfeJdia : Clessin, Nachrbl. Deutsch. Malak. Gesell,

X, p. 130.
?1902. Pannonia, subg. of Hydrohia : Lorenthey, Palaeonfoc/r.,
xlviii, p. 229.

1914. Bithynella : Kennard & Woodward, List. Brit. Non-
mar. Moll, p. 11.

1. tBythinella steinii. Martens.

Etym. : — Named in honour of the German malacologist,
J. P. E. F. Stein.

1858. Hydrohia Steinvi : E. v. Martens, Arch.f. Naturg., xxiv,
p. 183, pi. V, f. 5.

1864. Paludinella Steini, v. Mart. : Frauenfeld, VerhandJ.
h. k. zool.-hot. Gesell. Wien, xiv, p. 648.

1873. Hydrohia {Bythinella) Steini, v. Mart. : Westerlund,
Fauna Moll. Svec, p. 468.

1877. Bythinella Steinii, v. Martens : Clessin, Deutsch. Exeur.
Moll. Fauna, p. 326, f. 178.

1886. Paludinella {Hydrohia) steini, Mts. : Westerlund,
Fauna Paldarct. Region, vi, p. 38.

1914. Bithynella steinii, von Martens : Kennard & Wood-
ward, List Brit. Non-mar. Moll., p. 11.

First recorded as British in 1880, by C. L. F. von Sand-

berger (Palaeontographica, xxvii (N.F. vii), j). 98).
British Distribution in Time : Cromerian.

(Sub-fani. : Lithoglyphinje.)
Genus : 6. PSEUDAMNICOLA, Paulucci.

Etym.: — Gr. t/zci'S?;?, iahe -\- Ainnicola ; resembling the genus

Am ni col a.
Type : — Bythinia lucensis (Stab.) Issel.
{Cyclostoma, Turho, Paludina, Bythinia, Amnicola, etc., vett.

auctt.)

1878. Psetid amnicola : Paulucci, Materiaux Faune Malac.
Ital., p. 48, in text.

1. Pseudamnicola confusa (Frauenfeld).

Etym. : — Lat. confusus, confused [with something else].

?1805. Cyclostoma anatinum : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. France,

p. 37, pi. i, f. 24 & 25.
?1810. Turho muriaticus : Beudant, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat.

Paris, XV, p. 201. [Fide Lamarck.]
?1821. Paludina anntina : Hartmann, Neue Alpina, i, p. 258.

PSEUDAMNICOLA 25

?1S23. Paludina halthica : Nilsson, Hist. Moll. Svec, 1822

[i.e. 1823], p. 91.
?1826. Paludina nmrialica : Blainville, Diet. Sci. Nat.,

xxxvii, p. 303.
1840. Litforina anatina, Drap. : Gray, in Turtoii's Manual,

new ed., p. 87.
1850. Russoa anatina, Draparnaud : Forbes & Hanley, Brit.

Moll, iii, p. 134, pi. Ixxxvii, f. 3 & 4.
U852,\ Bithynia inflata : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop., p. 210.
Feb. / [Teste Gray 1857.]

1852. Paludina similis, Draparnaud : Kuster, in Martini

Conch. Cab., Puliulina, p. 55, pi. x, f. 25

& 26. [Teste Fraiienfeld.]
?1856. Bythinia anatina, Drap. : Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll.

France, ii, p. 506.
1857. Littorina anatina, Drap. : Gray, in Turton's Manual,

new ed., p. 24.
1862. Hydrohia similis, Draparnaud : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch.,

i, p. 64; V, pi. iv, f. 6.
[According to Jeffreys (I. c.) Cyclostoma anatinum, Drap.
= Turho ulvce. Pennant.]
1863,\ Bythinia similis, Draparnaud : Reeve, L. (& F.-W.
Jan. j Moll. Brit. Is., p. 188, figs.

^ I Amnicola confusa : Frauenfeld, Verhandl. k. k. zool.-
jggg I hot. Gesell. Wien, xiii, p. 1029.

1884. Hydrohia (Psetidamnicola) similis, Drap. : Nevill, Hand

List Indian Mus., ii, p. 55.
?1886. Paliulinella (Pseudamnicola) anatina, Drp. : Wester-

LUND, Fauna Palaarct. Region, vi, p. 69.
?1902. Pseudamnicola anatinum, Drp. : Westerlund, Rad.

Jugoslav. Akad., cli, p. 129.
1902. Paludestrina confusa (Frauenfeld) : Conch. Soc, List.

Brit. Mar. Moll., p. 11.
?1913. Amnicola anatina, Draparnaud : Germain, Moll. France,

ii, p. 291.
1914. Pseudamnicola confusa (Frauenfeld) : Kennard &
Woodward, List Brit. Non-mar. Moll.,
p. 11.

[Germain {Moll. France, ii, p. 291), under Amnicola
anatina, cites as synonyms : — A. Emiliana,
Palad. ; A. saraha;. Pal.; and A. spirata, Palad. =
A. subproducta, Palad.

According to Jeffreys {Brit. Conch., v, p. 151)
Bythinia Baudoniana, Gassies, is also a synonym.]

First described as British in 1840, by J. E. Gray, as
Littorina anatina, Drap. {See ref. above.)

British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

26 PALUDESTRTNID^

Genus : 7. AMNICOLA, GJoiild & Haldeman.

Etym. : — Lat. anwicoJa, (Iwelliiig by a river.
Type : — Paludina porata, Say.
{Cyclostoma, Paludina, vett. auctt.)

1840. Amnicola : Gould & Haldeman, in Haldeman, Monog.
Limniades, i, wrapper p. iii and viii, 1845,
p. 4. (Cf. also Gould, Repf. Invert. Massa-
chusetts, Moll, 1841, p. 228.)

1. Amnicola taylori, Smith.

Etym. : — Named in honour of its discoverer, Mr. Fred Taylor.

1901. Paludestfina Taylori, n. sp. : Smith, Ann. & Mag. Nat.

Hist., Ser. VII, vol. vii, p. 192.
1914. Amnicola taylori (Smith) : Kennaed & Woodward,

List Brit. Non-mar. Moll, p. 11.

First described as British in 1901, by E. A. Smith, as

Paludcstrina. {See ref. above.)
British Distribution in Time : Recent.

(Sub-fam. : Stenothyrin^.)

Genus : 8. NEMATURELLA, Sandberger.

Etym. : — Dimin. of Nematura, a genus of mollusks.
Type : — Neinaturella flexilahris, Sandberger.

1875. Nematurclla : Sandberger, Land- & SUssiu. -Conch. Vor-
ivelt, p. 575.

1. fNematurella runtoniana, Sandberger.

Etym. : — Named after Runton, Norfolk, the place of its
occurrence.

1880. Nematurella Runtoniana, Reid [MS.] : Sandberger,

Palaeontoyr., xxvii (N.F. vii), p. 98, pi. xii,

f. 6-6 h.
1890. Hydrohia runtoniana : Reid, Pliocene Depos. Brit. (Mem.

Geol. Surv.), p. 156.
1890. Nematura runtoniana: Reid, o.c, p. 183 (& p. 229).
1890. Nematuna runtoniana, Sandb. : Reid, o. c, pi. v, f. 10,

explan.
1901. Nematorclla stenostoma, n. sp. : Nordmann, Medd.

Dansk Geol. Fwen., viii, p. 27, figs. 4-6.

First described as British in 1840, by Sir C. Lyell (Lond.

& Edinh. Phil. Mag., Ser. Ill, vol. xvi, p. 363) as

" spec, allied to Turbo ulva>.'"
British Distribution in Time ; Cromerian,

27

Fam. : VALVATID^.

Genus : 1. VALVATA, Miiller.

Etym. : — Lat. valvalus, having a folding door (i.e. operciihim).
Type : — Valvata cristata, Miiller.
{Nerita, Ttirbo, Cyclostoma, vctt. auctt.)

1774. Valvata: Muller, Verm. Hist., ii, p. 198.
180G. Valvearius : Froriep, in Dumeril, Analyt. ZooJ., p. 165.
"=1810. Cincinna : Huebner, Epist., i {Teste Menke, Zeitschr.

f. Malak., V, 1848, p. 56.)
1833. Gyrorbis : Fitzingek, Beitr. Landesk. Oesterr., iii, p. 117.

[Non Moquin-Tandon, 1856.]
1838. PhnelJa, as subg. of Valvata : Schlueter, Kurz. Syst.

Verzeichn., p. 13.
1854. Concinna, Hueb. : H. & A. Adams, Genera Moll., i,

p. 343, in synon.
1864. Tropidina, Ad., as subg. of Valvata : Morch, Vidensk.

Meddel. Naturh. Foren. Kjobenhavn, 1863

(1864), p. 320. [Non Adams, 1854; nee

Westerlund, 1886.]
1864. Cincinna, Hiibner, as subg. of Valvata : Morch, t. c,

p. 321.
1870. Valvatinella, subg. of Valvata :\Betta, Atti Accad. Agric.
1870, Planorbitina,siihg.oi Valvata:} Verona, xlvii, mem., p.

127.

1. Valvata piscinalis (Muller).

Etym. : — Lat. fiscinalis, jiertaining to a pond.

1774. Nerita piscinalis : Muller, Ferm. //i's^., ii, p. 172.
1789. Nerita obtusa : Studer, in Coxe, Trav. in Sivitzerld., iii,

p. 391.
1791. Helix piscinalis: Gmelin, in Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 13,

i, pt. 6, p. 3627.

1799. Turbo fontinalis : Pulteney, Cat. Dorset., p. 45.

'1801 1

■ . ' ■ Turbo cristata : Poiret, Coq. Aisnc, p. 29.

1801,) Cyclostoma obtusum : Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll. France,
July./ p. 39.

1803. Turbo fontinalis, Pult. : Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 348.
1805. Cijclostoma obtusum: Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. France,

p. 33, pi. i, f. 14.
1807. Valvata piscinnalis [sic], Miill. : Ferussac, Essai method.

Conch., p. 75.
1807. Nerita valvata, Geoff. : G. Hartmann, Alpina, ii, p. 234.

[Geoffroy did not give a Latin name to this

species.]

28 VALVATID^.

1807. T who font inalis : Maton & Rackett, Trans. Linn. Soc,
viii, p. 168.

1812. Helix fascicularis, Geoffroy : Alten, Syst. Ahhcmdl.,

p. 74, pi. viii, f. 16. [Non Geoffroy.]

1813. T'lirho fonfinalis : Rackett, in Pulteney, Cat. Dorset.,

ed. 2, p. 50, pi. xviii, f. 3 & 4.
1813? Lytnncea fontinalis : Fleming, Edinh. Ency., vii, p.

78.
1815. Valvata ohtusa : Brard, Hist. Coq. Envir. Paris, p. 190,

pi. vi, f. 17.
1817. Turbo thermalis : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii, p. 852.
1821. Valvata ohtusa, Drap. : C. Pfeiffer, Naturg. Deutsch.

Moll, i, p. 98, pi. iv, f. 32.
1822, \ Valvata piscinalis : Lamarck, Hist. Anini. s. Vert., vi,
Apr. j pt. 2, p. 172.

1822, \ Valvata piscinalis: Fleming, Suppt. 4-6tli ed. Ency.
May. / Brit., v, p. 576.

1826. Cyclostoma obtusum, Drap. : Risso, Hist. Nat. Europ.

merid., iv, p. 104.

1827. Valvata piscinalis. Lam. : Brown, Hlust. Conch. Brit.,

ed. 1, pi. xli, f. 62-65.

1831. Valvata ohtusa, Drap. : Turton, Manual, p. 130, f. 114.

1840,) Valvata piscinalis, Miiller : Gray, in Turton's Manual,

Apr. / new ed., p. 97, pi. x, f. 114.

Post 1 . . .

Q , I Valvata piscinalis, Lamarck : Brown, Hlust. Conch. Brit.,

jgP^ r ed. 2, p. 27, pi. xiv, f . 62-65.

1845. Valvata piscinalis, Lamarck : Brown, Hlust. L. & F.-W.
Conch. Brit., p. 6, pi. i, f. 14-17 and pi. xxiv,
f. 18.

1850. Valvata piscinalis, Miiller : Forbes & Hanley, Brit.

Moll., iii, p. 19, pi. Ixxi, f. 9 & 10.

1851. Valvata Moquiniana, Reyn. MS. : Dupuy, Hist. Moll.

France, p. 586, pi. xxviii, f. 15.

1852. Valvata fontinalis, Mont. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.,

p. 206.
1852. Valvata alpestris, Blauner MS. : Kuester, in Martini &

Chemnitz, Conch. Cah., ed. 2, bd. i, abth. 21,

Paludina, p. 86, pi. xiv, f. 7 & 8.
1856. Valvata piscinalis, Miill. : Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll.

France, ii, p. 340, pi. xli, f. 1-25.

1856. Valvata Mouquiniana, Reyn.: Moquin-Tandon, t.c,

p. 343, pi. xli, f. 29-31.

1857. Valvata piscinalis, Miiller : Gray, in Turton's Manual,

new ed., p. 34, pi. x, f. 114.

1862. Valvata piscinalis, Miiller : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i,

p. 72 ; v, pi. iv, f . 8.

1863. Valvata piscinalis, Miiller : Reeve, L. <& F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., p. 198, figs.

VALVATA 29

1864. Valvata {Chiciiiiia) fisciimlis, Miill. : Morch, Sytiop.

Moll. Daniw, p. 59.
187U. Valvata (VahatincUa) piscinalis, Mull.: Betta, Atti

Accad. Afjric. Verona, xlvii, mem., p. 127.
1877. Valvata {Cominna) piscinalis, Miiller : Clessin, Deutsch.

Excur. Moll. Fauna, p. 302, f. 162.
1877. Valvata {Coihciima) alpestris, Blauncr : Clessin, o. c,

p. 303, f. 163.
1884. Valvata {Ciiicinna) alpestris, Blaunor : Clessin, o.c,

ed. 2, p. 456, f. 313.

[Germain {Moll. France, ii, p. 320) cites as synonyms : —
Valvata (jallica, Locarcl; and V. meretricis, Bourg.]

First recorded as British about 1702-11, by J. Petiver
{GazophiL, pi. xviii, f. 2).

British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

[The records from earlier strata are incorrect.]

2. t Valvata antiqua, Morris.
Etym. : — Lat. antiquus, ancient.

1838. Valvata antiqua : Morris, Mag. Nat. Hist., N.S. ii,
p. 544, f. 26 (p. 547).

[Although cited by some authors this species does not

occur on the Continent.]
First recorded as British in 1838, as above.
British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene.

3. fValvata andreana, Menzel.

Etym. : — Named in honour of the German naturalist, A.
Andreae.

1904. Valvata {Cincinna) andreana, n. sp. : Menzel, Nachrbl.
Deutsch. Malak. Gesell, 1904, p. 77.

First recorded as British in 1917, by A. S. Kennard &
B. B. Woodward (Proc. Geol. Assoc, xxviii, table
facing p. 190) as V. andreceana.

British Distribution in Time : Cromerian and Pleistocene.

4. Valvata macrostoma (Steenbuch MS.), Morch.

Etym. : — Gr. yuuK/jos, orig. long, second, extended in any
direction, hence largo + (rTo'/x,a, a mouth.

1789. Valvata pulchella, u. sp. : Studer, in Coxe's Trav. in
Switzerld., iii, p. 391. [Norn, nud.^

1820. Valvata pulchella, Drap. [stc] : Studer, Naturw. Anz.
Allg. Schivciz. Gesell., iii, p. 91. (Reprint,
" Syst. Vcrzeichn.," p. 23.) [Non Drapar-
naud. Nom. nvd.]

30 VALVATID.^

1847. VaJmta macrostoma, Steenbuck [sic] : Beck, Amtl. Ber.

24. Versaimnl. Deutsch. Nalurf., p. 123.

[Norn, nud.]
1864. Valvata macrostoma, Steeubuch : Morch, Synop. Moll.

Danicp, p. 59.
1875. Valvata {Tropidina) macrostoma, Stcenbuch : Sand-

BERGER, Land- & Silssiv. -Conch. Vorwelt,

p. 775, pi. xxxiii, f. 17 a-c.

First recorded as British in 1910, by A. S. Kennard &

A. W. Stelfox {Proc. Malac. Sac. Loml, ix, p. 123).
British Distribution in Time : Cromerian and Recent.

5. fValvata natieina, Menke.

Etym. : — Lat. dimin. of Natica, a genns of mollusks.

1845. Valvata natieina, m. : Menke, Zeitschr. f. Malak., ii,

p. 129.
1863. Valvata Menkeana : Jelski, Journ. de Conchi/l., xi,

p. 136, pi. vi, f. 4.
1875. Valvata (Cincinna) natieina, Menke : Sandberger,

Land- & Silssw.-Conch. Vorwelt, p. 773,

pi. xxxiii, f. 15 a-d.
1877. Valvata (Concinna) natieina, Menke : Clessin, Deutsch.

Excur. Moll. Fauna, p. 306, f. 166.
1884. Valvata {Cincinna) natieina, Menke : Clessin, o. c.,

ed. 2, p. 459, f. 316.

First recorded as British in 1901, by A. S. Kennard
(Proc. Malae. Soc. Lond., iv, p. 186), as V. piseinalis,
var. natieina.

British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene.

6. fValvata goldfussiana, Wiist.

Etym. : — Named in honour of the German malacologist, 0.
Goldfuss.

1880. Valvata jluviatiUs, Colbeau : Sandberger, Pahcontogr.,
xxvii (N.F. vii), p. 100, pi. xii, f. 4-4 6.
[Non Colbeau.]

1900. Valvata {Cincinna) Goldfussiana, Wiist. nov. form. :
Wuest, Abhandl. Naturf. Gesell. Halle, xxiii,
1901, p. 236 (Separate, 1900, p. 220), pi. i,
f. 43-46.

1911. Valvata woodwardi, n. sp. : Kfii-fNARD, Proc. Malae. Soc.
Land., ix, p. 324, fig.

First recorded as British in 1880, by C. L. F. von Sand-
berger as V. fluviatilis, Colb. ((See ref. above.)
British Distribution in Time : Cromerian.

VALVATA 31

7. Valvata cristata, Miillcr.

Etyni. : — Lat. cristalus, crested, in allusion to its conspicuous
plumed gill.

1774. Valvata crislata : MCiller, Venn. Hist., ii, p. 198.
1791. Nerita valvata: Gmklin, in Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 13, i,

pt. 6, p. 3675.
1801. Valvata planorhis : Draparnaud, Tahl. Moll. France,

p. 42.
1803. Helix crislata, Muller : Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 460,
vign. 1, f. 7 & 8.
[According to Jlontagu (Test. Brit. Suppt., p. 147) this
species occurred in the Portland Collection under
the name of Helix cornea minime.^
1805. Valvata spirorbis : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. France,

p. 41, pi. i, f. 32 &33.
1805. Valvata planorhis: Draparnaud, o.c, p. 41, pi. i, f. 34
&35.

1805. Valvata minuta : Draparnaud, o. c, p. 42, pi. i, f. 36-38.

1806. Valvearius cristatus, Muller : Froriep, in Diimeril's

Analyst Zool., p. 165.

1807. Nerita valvata, L. : G. Hartmann, Alpina, ii, p. 234.
1807. Tiirho cristatus : Maton & Rackett, Trans. Linn. Soc,

viii, p. 169.
Tarho cristatus, Miill. : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii,

p. 883.
Valvata hranchiata : Gruithuisen, Nova Acta Acad.

Lcop.-Carol., x, p. 439.
Valvata spirorbis, Drap. : C. Pfeiffer, Naturcj. Deufsch.

Moll., i, p. 100, pi. iv, f. 34.
Valvata crislata, Miill. : C. Pfeiffer, i.e., p. 101, pi. iv,

f. 35.
Turbo cristatus: [Brown], Ency. Brit., ed. 6, vi, p.

457.
Helix nana : Megerle von Muhlfeld, Verhandl. Gcscll.

Naturf. Freunde Berlin, i, stk. 4, p. 220.
Valvata planorhis, Draj). : Risso, Hist. Nat. Europ.

merid., iv, p. 101.
Valvata cristata. Brown's MSS. : Brown, Hlust. Conch.

Brit., ed. 1, pi. xli, f. 66 & 67.
Valvata spirorbis, Drap. : Turton, Manual, p. 131,

f. 115.

Valvata planorhis, Drap. : Turton, o. c, p. 132, f. 1 16.

Valvata minuta, Drap. : Turton, o.c, p. 132, f. 117.

Gi/rorhis, spirorbis, niilii : ] r^ n ■. t i i

n ,. T I 1- 1 • l^iTZiNGER, Beitr. Landesk.

(jiirorbis plaporbis, mini: - ^ , '... ^-,„
f<',.,. ..7,- f • I u- Oesterr., m, p. 117.

('yrorbis nil nut us, mini: | ' 'f

Valvata (Planelh) cristata, in. (I\Iiill.) : Schlueter, Kurz.

Verzeichn. Syst., p. 13.

32 ASSIMINEID^

Post
Sept.
1840.

Miiller : Gray, in Turton's Manual,
Apr. / new ed., p. 98, pi. x, f. 115-117.

Valvata cristala, Miiller : Brown, lUust. Conch. Brit.
ed. 2, p. 28, pi. xiv, f. 66 & 67.

1845. Valvata cristata, Miiller : Brown, Illust. L. & F.-W.

Conch. Brit., p. 7, pi. i, f. 18 & 19.
1850. Valvata cristata, Miiller : Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll.,

iii, p. 21, pi. Ixxi, f. 11-13.
1852. Valvata Mulleri : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synojj., p. 205.

1856. Valvata cristata, Miill. : Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll.

France, ii, p. 544, pi. xli, f. 32-42.

1857. Valvata cristata, Miiller : Gray, in Turton's Manual,

new ed., p. 36, pi. x, f. 115-117.

1862. Valvata cristata, Miiller : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i, p. 74 ;

V, pi. iv, f. 9.

1863. Valvata cristata, Miiller : Reeve, L. d F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., p. 200, figs.

1864. Valvata [Tropidina) minuta, Drp. : Morc:h, Synop. Moll.

DanicB, p. 58.
1870. Valvata {Planorhitana) cristata, Miill. : Betta, Atti

Accad. Agric. Verona, xlvii, mem., p. 127.
1870. Valvata {Planorhitana) spirorhis, Drap. : Betta, I. c.
1877. Valvata {Gyrorhis) cristata, Miiller : Clessin, Deutsch.

Excur. Moll. Fauna, p. 309, f. 169.

[Germain [Moll. France, ii, p. 323) cites Valvata pilanor-

bulina, Paladilhe, as a synonym.]
First recorded as British in 1784, by Boys & Walker

(Test, minut. rar., p. 5, pi. i, f. 18 & 19).
British Distribution in Time : Pliocene to Recent.

Fam. : ASSIMINEID^.
Genus : 1. ASSIMINEA (Leach MS.), Fleming.

Etym. : — Uncertain, but not improbably intended in honour of
the celebrated oriental scholar Joseph Simon Assemani,
Leach's handwriting being misread by Fleming and Gray.

Type : — Assiminea Grayana (Leach MS.), Fleming.

1821. tSyncera, subg. of Nerita : Gray, Lond. Med. Repos., xv,

p. 239.
1828. Assiminea (Leach MS.) : Fleming, Hist. Brit. Anim.,

p. 275.
1835. Assiminia : Gray, PJiil. Trans. Roy. Soc, cxxv, y>. 303.
1839. Assaminia : Gray, in Zool. Becehey's Voy., p. 141.
1851. Syncera, Gray : S. P. Woodward, Manual Moll., p. 137.
1900. Asseinania : Knight, Joarn. of Conch., ix, p. 276.

ASSIMINEA 33

1. Assiminea grayana (Leach MS.), Fleming.
Etyiu. : — Nuiiicd ia honour of Dr. J. E. Gray.

1821. Nerita (Syncera) Hepatica : Gray, Loud. Med. Repos.,

XV, p. 239. [Norn, mid.]
1828. Assiminea Grayana (Leach MS.) : Flemixg, Hist. Brit.

Anim., p. 275.
1830. Limncus Grayanus, Leach : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn.

Soc, xvi, p. 378.
1835. Assiniinia Grayana : Gray, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc, cxxv,

p. 303.

1838. Paludina Grayana, nobis : Potiez & Michaud, Gall.

Mull, i, p. 251, pi. XXV, f. 23 & 24.

1839. Assanii)iia Grayana, Flem. : Gray, in Zool. Beechey's

Voy., p. 141.
1840,) Assiniinia Grayana, Leach MS. : Gray, in Turton's
Apr. / Manual, new ed., p. 86, pi. xi, f. 127.

Q , I Assiniinia Grayana, Leach MSS. : Brown, Illust. Conch.
jgPJ- j Brit., ed. 2, p. 27, pi. xviii, f. 3 & 4.

1845. Assiniinia Grayana, Leach MSS. : Brown, Illust. L. &
F.-W. Conch. Brit., p. 6, pi. i, f. 12 & 13;
and pi. xxiv, f. 17.

1850. Assiniinia grayana, Jeffreys : Forbes k Hanley, Brit.

Moll, iii, p. 70, pi. Ixxi, f. 3 & 4, and pi. HH,
f. 6.

1851. Syncera hepatica : S. P. Woodward, Manual Moll,

p. 137.

1852. Assiminia Grayana : Leach, Moll Brit. Synop., p. 155,

pi. ix, f. 4 & 5.
1855. Truncatclla Grayana, Nobis : Clark, Ann. <& Mag. Nat.

Hist., Ser II, vol. xvi, p. 115.
1857. Assiminia Grayana, Leach MS. : Gray, in Turton's

Manual, new ed., p. 22, pi. xi, f. 127.
1863. Assiminia Grayana, Leach : Reeve, L. <& F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., p. 183, figs.
1869. Assiminea Grayana, Leach ; Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., v,

p. 99.
1903. Assemania grayana. Leach : B. B. Woodward, Journ.

of Conch., X, p. 356.

First recorded as British in 1821, by J. E. Gray, as

Nerita Syncera hepatica. (See ref. above.)
British Distribution in Time : Holocene and Recent.

K.-M. moll.

34

Fam. : TIARID.'E (olim Melaniidjl .

Genus : 1. PALADILHIA, Bouiguignat.

Etyiii. : — Named in liouour of the French malacologist, A.

Paladilhf.
Type : — Paladilhia pleuroloma, Bourguiguat.

1865. Paladilhia : Bourguignat, Mouog. n. gen. Franc.

" Paladilhia," p. 5 (diagn. p. 15).
1869. Latdia : Bourguignat, Cat. Moll, envir. Paris, p. 17.
1874. Micromelania : Brusina, Foss. Binnen-MoU. Dahnatien,

p. 133.
1874. Guniochilus : Sandberger, Land- <& Siissw.-Conch.

VonveJt, p. 689, pi. xxxi, f. 16.

1. fPaladilhia radigueli (Bourguignat).

Etym. : — Named in honour of a M. Radiguel.

(Formerly mistaken for a variety of Paludestrina ventrosa.)

1869. Lartetia Radigueli : Bourguignat, Cat. Moll, envir.

Paris, p. 16, pi. ii, f. 44-46.
1912. Paladilhia Radigueli : Dollfus, Journ. de Conchyl.,

lix, p. 200.

First recorded as British by J. Pickering in 1855 as a
" Paludina or Rissoa very like the one found at
Grays " {Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, xi, p. 110).

British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene.

2. fPaladilhia deani (Kendall).

Etym. : — Named in honour of Mr. J. Davy Dean, of the
National Museum of Wales, Cardiff.

1913. Paludestrina deani, s-p. nov. : l\EisDAhh, Journ. of Conch.,

xiv, p. 90, figs.
1923. Paladilhia deani (Kendall) : Kennard & Woodward,

Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Ixxix, p. 630, in

table.

First recorded as British in 1913. {See ref. above.)
British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene.

CAKYCIIIUM 35

(Sub-class : Euthyneura.)

Order: PULMONATA.

(Sub-order : BASOMMA TOPIIURA .)

Fain. : ELLOBIID^.i

Genus : 1. CARYCHIUM, Muller.

Etyiu. : — Gr. Kapv$, Doric for Kr/pvi, a herald ; because in

ancient times they used a shell as a trumpet.
Monotype : — C. minimum, Miiller.

1771. Carychium : Muller, Verm. Hist., ii, p. 125.

1807. Carichium [pars] : Ferussac, Essai method. Conch.,

p. 36 (table).
1821. AuriceUa [pars] : Hartmann, Neue Alpina, i, p. 215.

[Non Jurine 1817.]
1826. Saraphia : Klsso, Hist. Nat. Europ. Mcrid., iv, p. 83.
1856. Auriculina, subg. of Carychium : Moquin-Tandon,

Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 646. [Proposed in

lieu of AuriceUa on p. 413.]

1. fCarychium ovatura, Sandberger.
Etym. : — Lat. ovutus, egg-shaped.

1880. Carychium, ovatum, Sandb. : Sandberger, Palaeontog.,
xxvii (N.F. vii), p. 102, pi. xii, f. 12-12 h.

First recorded as British in 1880 as above.
British Distribution in Time : Cromerian.

2. Carychium minimum, Miiller.
Etym. : — Lat. minimus, smallest.

1774.' Carychium minimum: Muller, Veryn. Hist., ii, p. 125.
1791. Helix carychium: Gmelin, in Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 13,

i, pt. 6, p. 3665.
1801. Auricula minima : Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll. France,

p. 54.
1803. Turbo carychium, Muller : Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 339.
1805. Auricula minima : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. France,

p. 57, pi. iii, f. 18 & 19.
1807. Carichium minimum, Mtill. : Ferussac, Essai method.

Conch., p. 54.

' For discussion ou the generic uanics, -Sec Kennaed & Woodwajrd,
Proc. JIalac. Hoc. Land., xiii, 191U, p. 13(j.

36 ELLOBIID.E

18U7. Helix carychium, L. [Ginel.] : G. Hartmann, Alpina, ii,

p. 233.
1807. Turbo carychium : Maton & Rackett, Trans. Linn.

Soc, viii, p. 184.
1813. Turbo carychium : Rackett, in Pulteney, Cat. Dorset.,

ed. 2, p. 52, pi. xix, f. 13.
1813 ? Odostomia carychium : Fleming, Edinb. Ency., vii, p. 76.

1817. Turbo carychium, Mont. : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii,

p. 88U.

1818. Auricula carychium, milii : Klees, Dissert. Test. Tubin-

gen, p. 30.

1819. Carychium minimum, Miill. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.

(proofs), p. 133.
1821. Auricclla carychium : Hartmann, Neue Alpina, i, p. 215.
1821. Carychium minimum, Miill. : C. Pfeiffer, Natury.

Deutsch. Moll, i, p. 69, pi. iii, f. 40 & 41.
1823. Auricclla carychium, Juriue : Hartmann, in Sturm,

Deutschl. Fauna, vi, lift. 6 [p. 1]. [Non

Juriue.]
1823. Turbo carychium : [Brown], Ency. Brit., ed. 6, vi, p. 457.

1826. Saraphia tridentata (N) : Risso, Hist. Nat. Europ. merid.,

iv, p. 84.

1827. Carychium minimmn, Pfeiffer : Brown, Illust. Conch.

Brit., ed. 1, pi. xli, f. 10.

1830. Carychium minimum, Miill. : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn.

Soc, xvi, p. 365.

1831. Carijchium minimuin, Drap. : Tuhton, Manual, p. 96,

f. 77.

1836. Carychium pygmcnim, Mich. : Holandre, Faune Dept.

Moselle, p. 38. [Non Michaud.]

1837. Carychium minutissimum. Per. : Beck, Index Moll.,

p. 103 in synon. [Non Ferussac]
1839. Auricula {Carychium) nanum, Kiister : Anton, Verzcichn.

Conch., p. 48.
1840,\ Carychium minimum, Mont. : Gray, Turtou's Manual,
Apr. J new ed., p. 221, pi. vii, f. 77.

Post 1

Sept. >

Carychium minimum, Miiller : Brown, Illust. Conch.
-|Q.-) I Brit., ed. 2, p. 34, pi. xiv, f. 10; xviii, f. 15.

1841. Carychium nanum, mihi : Ki'tster, Syst. Conch. Cab.,

Auriculacea, p. 5, pi. i, f. 10 [as var. of

mi'}iimum.'\
1841. Carychium elongatum. Villa : A. & J. B. Villa, Disp.

Syst. Conch., p. 59.
1845. Carychium minimum, Miiller : Brown, Illusi. L. &

F.-W. Conch. Brit., p. 28, pi. iv, f. 8 & 9

[* on pi.].
1852,"^ Carychium minimum. Mull. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.,
Feb. / p. 95.

rnYTiA 37

1852,) Carycliium minimum, Miillor : Forbes & Hanley, Brit.
July./ Moll, iv, p. 198, pi. cxxv, f. 6.

1856. Carychiwn (Auricella) minimum, Miill. : Moquin-Tan-

DON, Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 413, pi. xxix,
f. 15-26. [Altered on p. 646 to Aunculina.]

1857. Carychkim minimum, Miiller : Gray, Turton's Manual,

new ed., p. 190, f. 45, pi. vii, f. 77.

1862. Carycliium minimum, Miiller : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i,

p. 300; V, pi. xviii, f. 4.

1863. Carycliium minimum., Miiller : Reeve, I,. & F.-W. Moll.

Brit. 1.9., p. 127, figs.

[Germain (Moll. France, ii, p. 266) cites C. Rayi, Bourg. ;

and C. sianicum., Caziot, as synonyms.]
First recorded as British in 1784, by Boys & Walker

{Test, minut. rar., p. 14, pi. ii, f. 51).
British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.
[The records from earlier strata are incorrect.]

Genus : 2. PHYTIA, Gray.

Etym. : — Probably an anagram of Pytliia, although Agassiz
derives it from ^wVtos (procreans) : there is no evidence as
assumed by Beck and subsequent authors that it was a
misspelling.

Type : — Valuta denticulata, Montagu.

(Voluta, Auricula, Carychium, Turbo, vctt. auctt.)

1807. Carichium [pars] : Ferussac, Essai method. Conch.,

p. 54.
1817. Auricella [pars] : Jurine, Helv. Alman., p. 34.
1819. Alexia: Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop. (proofs), p. 135.
1821. Phytia : Gray, Lond. Med. Repos., XV, ]). 231. [Cited

as a good name in synonymy by H. & A.

Adams and Jeffreys.]
1827. Jaminia [pars] Bruguiere : Brown, lUust. Conch. Brit.,

ed. 1, p. iv. {Non Risso, 1826. The name

was not used by Bruguiere.]

1839. Phitia, Gray [pars] : Sowerby, Conch. Mamial, p. 81.

1840. Ovatella, Bivona : Gray, Turton's Manual, new ed.,

p. 225. [Non Bivona.]
1847. Alexia, Leach MSS. : Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., xv,

p. 179. [Non Stephens, 1835 (Coleopt.).]
1900. Kochia, sect, of Alexia : Pallary, Jourh. de Conchyl.,

xlviii, p. 239. [Non Freeh, 1891.]
1906. Myosotella : Monterosato, Nat. Sicil., xviii, p. 126.

[Founded for Auricula myosotis, Drap., its

synonym, A. denticulata, being left under

Alexia.]
1920. Nealexia : Wenz, Senckenbergiana, ii, p. 190.

38 ELLOBIIPiE

1. Phytia myosotis (Draiiarnaud).

Etym. : — Gr. /xvs, a mouse -|- oSs (gen. ti-ros), au ear.

1801. Auricula myosotis : Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll. France,

p. 53.
1803. Volutadenticulata : Montagv, Test. Brit., -p. 23i; Siippt.,

pi. XX, f. 5.
1805. Auricula myosotis : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. France,

p. 56, pi. iii, f. 16 & 17.
1807. Carichium myosotis, Drap. : Ferussac, Essai method.

Conch., p. 54.
1807. Voluta denticulata. Walker : Matox & Rackett, Trans.

Linn. Soc, viii, p. 130.
1813. Voluta denticulata : Rackett, in Pulteney, Cat. Dorset.,

ed. 2, p. 44, pi. xviii, f. 1.
1817. Auricella ynyosotis : Jurine, Helv. Alman., p. 34.
1817. Carychium myosotis : Blainville, Diet. Sci. Nat., vii,

p. 188.
1817. Voluta denticulata, Mont. : Dillwyx, Cat. Shells, i,

p. 506.
1819. Voluta ringens : Turton, Conch. Diet., p. 250. [Fide

Gray.]
1819. Voluta reflexa : Turton, o. c, p. 251. [Fide Gray.]
1819. Alexia denticulata, Mont. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.

(proofs), p. 135.
1 091 '\
nyr "^ ' T Phytiu dcnticulata : Gray, Loud. Med. Repos., xv, p. 231.

1821. Auricella myosotis, Drap. : Hartmann, Neue Alpina, i,

p. 215.
1823. Turbo denticulatus : [Brown], Ency. Brit., ed. 6, vi,

p. 4.55.

1826. Auricula myosotis, Drap. : Risso, Hist. Nat. Eiirop.

merid., iv, p. 93.

1827. Jaminia denticulata (Mont.) : Brown, Ulust. Conch.

Brit., ed. 1, p. iv, pi. li, f. 6.

1827. Jaminia quinquidens, n. sp. : Brown, 0. c, p. iv, pi. li,

f. 11.

1828. Aeteon denticidattis : Fleming, Hist. Brit. Anim., p. 337.
1830. Auricula denticulata, Mont. : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn.

Soc, xvi, p. 367.

1830. Auricula tenella, m. : Menke, Synop. Moll, ed. 2, p. 131.

1831. Carychium myosote, Drap. : Michaud, Complem. Hist,

Moll. France Drap., p. 73.
1831. Carychium personatum, nobis : Michaud, 0. c, p. 73,

pi. XV, f. 42 & 43.
1833. Auricula multivolvis, Jeffreys : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn.

Soc, xvi, p. 518.
1837. Pythia denticulata (Mtc;.), Grav : Beck, Index, Moll.

p. 103.

PHYTIA 39

1837. Fi/tlna myosoth (Drix), B. : Beck, o. c, p. 104.

1838. Auricula personata, Mich. : Potiez & Michaud, Gal.

Moll. Douai, i, p. 205.
1840, ~| Conovulus {Ovatella) denticulatus, Mont. : Gray, Turton's
Apr. / Manual, new ed., p. 255, pi. xii, f. 144.

q , I Jat)iinia denticulata, Montagu : Brown, Illust. Conch.
^gP^ j Brit., ed. 2, p. 22, pi. viii, f . 6.

Q.I Jaminia quinquedens. Brown : Brown, o. c, p. 22, pi. viii,

1840.J ^- ^^•

1842. Conovulus myosotis, Drap. : Wood, Ann. & Mag. Nat.

Hist., ix, p. 462.
1847. Alexia denticulata : Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., xv,

p. 179.
1852,\ Alexia denticulata, Mont. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.,
Feb. / p. 97.

isr9 ( Conovidus denticulatus, Montagu, and var. myosotis:
l^^j '- Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll, iv, p. 194,

■'' \ pi. cxxv, f. 3-5.

1856. CarycJiium {Ovatella) denticulatum, Mont. : Moquin-

Tandon, Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 415,
pi. xxix, f. 27-29.

1857. Conovulus {Ovatella) denticulaius, Mont. : Gray, Turton's

Manual, new ed., p. 192, f. 46, pi. xii, f. 144.
1863. Conovidus denticulatus, Montagu : Reeve, L. & F.-W.

Moll. Brit. Is., p. 129, figs.
1863. Conovulus jyiyosotis, Draparnaud : Reeve, o.c, p. 130,

figs.
1869. Mclainpus myosotis, Drap. : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., v,

p. 106, pi. xcviii, f. 2.
1878. Alexia myosotis, Drap. : Nevill : Hand List Moll.

Indian Mus., i, p. 227.
1900. Alexia {Kochia) denticulata, Montagu : Pallary", Journ.

de Conchyl., xlviii, p. 239.
1902. Alexia (s.s.) denticulata, Mont. : Westerlund, Bad

Jugoslav. Akad., cli, p. 117.
1902. Alexia {Phytia) myosotis, Drp. : Westerlund, t. c,

p. 117.
1904. Phytia myosotis, Drap. : Korelt in Rossmiissler, Icon.,

N.F. xi, p. 237.
1906. Myosotella myosotis, Drap. : Monterosato, Nat. Sicil.,

xviii, p. 126.

[Germain {Moll. France, ii, p. 267) cites as synonyms : —
Alexia Hiriarti, Folin & Berillon ; A. hiassnletina,
Kiister; and A. parva, Locard.]

First recorded as British in 1784, by Boys & Walker
{Test, niinuf. rar., p. 14, pi. ii, f. .50 & .53).

British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

40 • FLLoriiiD.T;

Genus : 3. LEUCONIA, Gray.

Etym. : — Gr. XevKos, white.

Type : — Valuta hidentafa, Montagu.

{Voluta, Auricula, vett. auctt.)

1819. laminia : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop. (proofs), p. 134.
1827. Jaminia, Bruguiere [pars] : Brown, Illust. Conch. Brit.,

ed. 1, p. iv, \No)i Risso, 1826. The name

was not used by Bruguiere.]
1840. Lcuconia, sect, of Conovulus : Gray, Turton's Manual,

new ed., p. 227.
1847. Jaminea [sic]. Leach MSS. : Gray, Proc. Zool. Sac. Land.,

XV, p. 179.

1. Leuconia bidentata (Montagu).

Etym. : — Lat. hidentatus, having two teeth,

1808. Voluta hidentafa : Montagu, Test. Brit., Suppt., p. 100,

pi. XXX, f. 2.
1817. Voluta Udentata, Mont. : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, i, p. 507.
1819. Voluta alha : Turton, Conch. Diet., p. 250. [Fide Gray.

Nan Montagu.]
1819. laminia hidentata, Mont. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.

(proofs), p. 134.
1821. Auricula hidentata, Montagu : Ferussac, Tahl. syst.

Limagons, Jan. ed., p. 107 (June ed., p. 103).

1827. Jaminia hidodata, Mont. : Brown, Illust. Conch. Brit.,

ed. 1, p. iv, pi. li, f. 7.

1828. Volvaria alha [pars] : Fleming, Brit. Anim., p. 333.
1828. Acteon hidentatus : Fleming, o. c, p. 337.

1830. Auricula hidentata, Mont. : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc,

xvi, p. 368.
1830. Auricula erosa : Jeffreys, (. c, p. 369.
1830. Auricula alba : Jeffreys, t. c, p. 369.
1835. Auricula duhia, nobis : Cantraine, Bull. Acad. Sci.

Bruxclles, ii, p. 383.
1840,) Conovulus {Lcuconia) hidentatus, Mont. : Gray, Turton's
Apr. J Manual, new ed., p. 227, pi. xii, f. 145.

1840,\ Conovulus [Leuconia) cdbus, Mont. : Gray, o. c, p. 227,
Apr. / pi. xii, f. 146.

Post )

q , I Jaminia hidentata, Montagu : Brown, Illust. Conch,

jg^Q r Brit., ed. 2, p. 22, pi. viii, f. 7.

1841. Auricula Micheli : Mittre, Bev. Zool, 1841, p. 66.
1847. Leuconia (Jaminea) hidentafa: Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc.

Lond., XV, p. 179.
1852,) laminia hidentafa, Mont. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.,
Feb. / p. 97.

i.imn;ea 41

1852, 1 Conovulus hidentahis, Montagu : Forbes & Hanley,
July- J Brit. Moll, iv, p. 191, pi. cxxv, f. 1 & 2.

1855. Leuconia hidentata, Mont. : H. & A. Adams, Genera Moll,

ii, p. 248.

1856. Car ych turn {Phylia) myosotis, Drap. : Moquin-Tandon,

Hist. Moll France, ii, p. 417, pi. xxix, f. 33-
39; XXX, f. 1-4.

1857. Conovidiis {Leiiconia) Indentatus, Mont. : Gray, Turton's

Manual, new ed., p. 195, pi. xii, f. 145 & 146.
1863. Conovulus hidentatus, Montagu : Reeve, L. d F.-W.

Moll Brit. Is., p. 13L figs.
1869. Melanipus hidentatus, Montagu : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch.,

V, p. 104, pi. xcviii, f. 1.
1903. Ovalclla hidentata {Mont.) : B. B. Woodward, Journ. of

Conch., X, p. 355.

First recorded as British in 1808, by G. Montagu, as

Volula hidentata. (See ref. above.)
British Distribution in Time : Pliocene and Recent.

Fam. : LIMN^EIDiE.

Genus : 1. LIMN^A, Lamarck (cm.).

[Non Linino'a of Poli, a non-binomial author.]
Etym. : — Gr. Xifivr), a jiool of standing water.
Genotype -.—Helix staynalis, Linne. (Selected by Flemine,
1818.) ^

illclix, Buccinum, Turho, Bulimus, vett. auctt.)

'Lamarck, Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, i,

p. 75. [The " ce " was a typographical

1799. Lymnoeak. error and occurs in several other words in

Lymnaa : ' the early part of the paper. This was

rectified in the latter portion of the paper

l^and the concluding " Table."]
1801. Limneus : Draparnaud, Tahl Moll. France, p. 47.
1807. Lymnea : Link, Beschreih. Nat. Samml Univ. Rostock,

p. 138. [Non Rafinesque, 1815 (Pisces).]
1810. Lymnus : ]Vft)NTFORT, Conch. Syst., ii, p. 262.
1812. Lymneus : Ferussac, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, xix,

p. 252.
1817. Lymnmis : Cuvier, Reyne Anim., ii, p. 412.
1819. Lymnula : Rafinesque, Journ. Phys. Paris, Ixxxviii,

p. 423.
1821. Limna:us : C. Pfeiffer, Naturg. Deutseh. Moll, i

pp. 14 & 84.
1823. Lvnna;a: Blainville, Diet. Sci. Nat., xxvi, p. 449.
1828. Limnea : Fleming, Brit. Anim., p. 273.

42 LIMN.T;iDiE

1831. Lymnccus : Michelin, Mag. Zoo!., i, Moll., p. 22 & pi.
1833. Limnophysa : Fitzinger, Bcitr. Landeslc. Oesterr., iii,

p. 112.
1833. Liimiceus : Fitzinoer, t. c, p. 113.
1872. Limnoeus : Shuttleworth, Snum. Plantes & Moll. terr.

Corse, p. 28.
1889. Limnoea : Gourdon, Cat. Moll. Vail, de la Pique, p. 70.
1913. Lymno'ea : Suter, Manual New Zealand Moll., p. 604.

Sub-gen. Limnsea, s.s.

1799. Lyinnwa : Lamarck, Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris,

i, p. 75.
1810. Lymnns : Montfort, Conch. Sysf., ii, p. 262.
1819. Starjnicola [pars] : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.

(proofs), p. 140.
1831. Stagnicola [pars] : Leach, in Turton's Manual,

p. 121, in synon. [Non Brehm, 1830

(Aves).]
1833. Leachia, Risso : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc., xvi,

p. 520. [Non Risso.]
1875. Eulinnieus : Sandbercer, Land- d- Siissw.-Conch.

Vorwelt, p. 787.
1881. Stagnaliana : Servian, Hist. Malac. Lac Balaton,

p. 44.
1903. Limnus : Dybowski, Bull. Acad. imp. Sic. St.

Petersb., xviii, p. 113.

Sub-gcn. Galba, Schrank.

Etym. : — Lat. galba, a fat paunch.

Type : — G. pusilla, Schrank = Buccinum Iruncatulum, Miiller,
Teste Fitzinger.

1803. Galba : Schrank, Fauna Boica, iii, pt. 2, pp. 262

& 285.
1819. Stagnicola [pars] : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.

(proofs), p. 140.
,Qop. [ Stagnicola: Leach, in Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc,
1^"^^'- xvi, p. 376. [Non Brehm, Dec. 1830

^^^ay- 1^ (Aves).]

1833. Lymnophysa : Fitzinger, Beitr. Landesl: Oesterr.,

iii, p. 112.

1880. EntochUius : Sandberger, Palacontographica, xxvii

(N.F. vii), p. 101.

1881. Corvusiana : Servain, Hist. Malac. Lac Balaton,

p. 59.
1881. Palustrisiana : Servain, o. c, p. 61.
1881. Truncatuliana : Servain, o. c, p. 63.
1885. Fossaria : Westerlund, Fauna Paldarct. Rer/ion,

V, p. 24,

LIMN^A 43

Sub-gen. Leptolimnea, Swainson.

Etym. : — Gr. Xctttos, slcndor + Limnaja.

Type : — Limnea elongata, Sow. = Buccinum fjlabrum, Miiller.

1819. Slagnicola [pars] : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.

(proofs), p. 140.
1831. Stagnicola [pars]: Leach, in Turton's Manual,

p. 122, in synon. [Non Brehm, 1830

(Aves).]
1838. Omphiscola, Rafq. : Beck, Index Moll, p. 110.

[Non Rafinesque, 1819.]
1840. Leptolimnea : Swainson, Treat. Malac, p. 338.
1875. Leptolimneus : Sandberger, Land- & Silssio.-

Conch. Vonvelt, p. 787.
1881. Glahriana : Servain, Hist. Malac. Lac Balaton,

p. 63.

Sub-gen. Radix, Montfort.
Etym. : — Lat. radix, a root.
Type : — Helix auricularia, Linne.

1810. Radix : Montfort, Conch. Syst., ii, p. 266.

1827. Lutea [pars] : Brown, Illust. Conch. Brit., ed. 1,

expl. pi. xlvi.
1831. GnJnaria : Leach, in Turton's Manual, p. 117, in

synon.
1855. Neritostoma, Klein : H. & A. Adams, Genera

Moll., ii, p. 253. [Klein was a pre-Linnean

writer.]
1881. Auriculariana : Servain, Hist. Malac. Lac Balaton,

p. 49.
1881. Limosiana : Servain, o. c, p. 52.
1881. Peregriana : Servain, o.c, p. 56.

Sub-gen. Cyclolimnsea, Dall.

Etym. : — Gr. kvk\o<;, circle + Limnasa.
Type ■.—Limncca involuta, Harvey.

1905. Cyclolimna;a : Dall, Harriman Alaska Exped.,
xiii, p. 64.

1. Limnsea (s.s.) stagnalis (Linne).

Etym. : — Lat. stagnum, pool of stagnant water.

1758. Helix stagnalis: Linn.^us, Syst. Nat., cd, 10, p. 774,

no. 612.
1758. Helix fragilis : Linn.eus, o. c, no. 613.
1767. Helix' stagnalis : Linn.^^.us, o. c, ed. 12, p. 1249, no. 703.
1767. Helix fragilis : Linnaeus, o. c, no, 704.

44 LTMNZEID^

17G7. B}iccimmi slagnalis, Linn. : Geoffroy, Traite Coq.

Paris, p. 72.
1774. Buccinmn stagnale : Muller, Verm. Hist., ii, p. 132.

1777. Helix stagnalis, Linn. : Pennant, Brit. Zool., ed. 4,

8vo. p. 138; 4to. p. 120, pi. Ixxxvi, f. 136.

1778. Turbo stagnalis : DaCosta, Test. Brit., p. 93, pi. v,

f. 11.
1789. Buccimim fragile, n. sp. : Studer, in Coxe, Trai'. in

Sivitzerld., iii, p. 389.
1789. Bvlinius stagnalis, nob. : Bruguiere, E^iey. method.,

Vers, i, p. 303.
1791. Helix .stagnalis: Gmelin, in Linn. Sysf. Nat., cd. 13,

i, pt. 6, p. 3657, no. 128.
1791. Helix fragilis : Gmelin, f. c, p. 3658, no. 129.
1799,) Lymncea & Lymncea stagnalis, Lin. : Lamarck, Mem.
May./ Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, i, p. 75.

1799. Helix stagnalis : Pulteney, Cat. Dorset, p. 48.
1799. Helix fragilis : Pulteney, t. c, p. 48.
1801. Limneus stagnalis: Draparnaud, Tahl. Moll. France,

p. 49.
1803. Bnccinum stagnale, Miiller : Wolf, in Sturm's Dcutschl.

Fauna, vi, lift. 1.
1803. Buccimim roseo-lahiatum, milii : Wolf, I. c.
1803. Helix stagnalis, Lin. : Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 367,

pi. xvi, f. 8.
1803. Helix fragilis, Lin. : Montagu, o. c, p. 369, pi. xvi, f. 7.
1803. Buccinum. atrum : Schrank, Fauna Boica, p. 288.
1805. Limneus stagnalis, Linn. : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll.

France, p. 51, pi. ii, f. 38 & 39.
1807. Helix stagnalis, Linn. : Maton & Rackett, Trans. Linn.

Soc, viii, p. 214.
1807. Helix fragilis, Linn. : Maton & Rackett, t. c, p. 215.
1810. Lymnus stagnalis : Montfort, Conch. Syst., ii, p. 263,

fig. p. 262.
1813. Helix stagnalis : Rackett, in Pulteney, Cat. Dorset.,

ed. 2, p. 55, pi. xxi, f. 11.
1813? Lymneva stagnalis : Fleming, Edinh. Ency., vii, p. 77.
1813? Lymncea fragilis : Fleming, Z. c.

1816. Lymnma jugular is : Say, art. " Concliology," Nicholson's

Brit. Ency., [Amer. ed.], iv [no pagination] :
[See reprint of ed. 3 in " Complete Writings,"
cd. by Binney, 1858, p. 46.]

1817. Helix stagnalis, Linn. : Dillv/yn, Cat. Shells, ii, p. 962.

1817. Helix fragilis, Linn. : Dillwyn, t. c, p. 963.

1818. Lyninea stagnalis : Fleming, Sujipt. 4-6tli ed. Ency.

Brit., iii, p. 312.

1819. Stagnicola elegans : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop. (proofs),

p. 144.
1819. Stagnicola vulgaris : Leacii, o. c, p. 145.

LIMN^A 45

1820. Limneus locn.slris, niihi : Studer, Naturw. Anz. Allg.

Schweiz. Gesell., iii, p. 92. (Reprint, " Syst.
Verzeichii.," p. 27.)

1821. Liiunwus sta(/nalii>, Liuu. : C. Pfeiffer, Natiirg. Deulsch.

Moll, i, p. 86, pi. iv, f. 19.

1821. Lyinncus appressus : Say, Jowrn. Acad. Nat. Sci. PhiUtd.,

ii, p. 168.

1822. Buliiiias fracfilis : Lamarck, Hist. Anim. s. Vert., vi,

pt. 2, p. 123.

1823. Helix stagnalis : [Brown], Ency. Brit., ed. 6, vi, p. 461.
1823. Helix frag His : [Brown], i. c.

1827. Limncea stagnalis. Lam. : Brown, Illust. Conch. Brit.,

cd. 1, pi. xlii, f. 19-21 & 33.
1827. Limnwafragilis, Brown's MS. : Brown, o. c, pi. xlii, f. 22

& 23.

1830. Limneus major: Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc, xvi,

p. 375.

1831. Limneus stacjnalis, Drap. : Turton, Manual, p. 121,

f. 104.
1831. Limneus fragilis, Lam. : Turton, o. c, p. 121, f. 105.
1831. Stagnicola vulgaris : Leach, iu Turton's Manual, p. 121,

in synon.

1831. Stagnicola elegans : Leach, o. c, p. 122, in synon.

1840,\ Limnaius {Radix) stagnalis, Linn. : Gray, in Turton's

Apr. J Manual, new ed., p. 237, pi. ix, f. 104.

Post 1

o , I Lymnwa stagnalis, Lamarck : Brown, Ulust. Conch.

jglQ J Brit., ed. 2, p. 28, pi. xv, f. 19-23 & 33.

1845. Ly)nnwa stagnalis, Lamarck : Brown, Illust. L. & F.-W.

Conch. Brit., p. 8, pi. i, f. 21-25; ii, f. 9;

xxiv, f. 44.
1847. Limncea {Stagnicola) stagnalis, Lam. : Beck, Amtl. Ber.

24. Versamml. Deutsch. Naturf., p. 123.

■n, , ■> Stagnicola elegans : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop., p. 104.

•El 1 ■ r Stagnicola vulgaris : Leach, o. c, p. 105.

1852,\ Limnaius stagnalis, Linna3us : Forbes & Hanley, Brit.
July.]" Moll, iv, p. 174, pi. cxxiv, f. 4 & 5.

1856. Linuuca {Lgmnus) stagnalis, Linn. : Moquin-Tandon,

Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 471, pi. xxxiv,
f. 17-20.

1857. Limncmis {Radix) stagnalis, Linn. : Gray, in Turton's

Manual, new ed., p. 206, pi. ix, f. 104.
1862. Limntca stagnalis, Linne : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i,

p. Ill ; V, pi. vii, f. 5.
1862. Limncea borcalis : Bourguignat, Rev. cO Mag. Zool,

1862, p. 96.
1862. Limncea dophila : Bourguignat, t. c, p. 97.

46 hlMNMI'DM

1862. Limncp.a raphidia : Bourguignat, t. c, p. 98.

1862. Limncea coljtodia : Bourguignat, t. c, p. 99.

1862. Limnma doriana : Bourguignat, t. c, p. lUO.

1863. LimncBa stagnalis, Linnaeus : Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., p. 160, figs.
1875. Limneus {Eulimneus) stagnalis, L. : Sandberger, Land-

& Silssw.-Conch. Vorwelt, p. 787.
1881. Limnma (Stagnaliana) fragilis, Fleming: Servain, Hist.

Malac. Lac Balaton, p. 44.
1881. Limnwa {Stagnaliana) stagnalis, Lamarck : Servain,

0. c, p. 44.
1903. Limnwa {Limnus) lagorii, m. : Dybowski, Bull. Acad.

imp. Sci. St. Petersh., xviii, p. 113, figs.

[Germain {Moll. France, ii, pp. 232-3) cites as synonyms
of the type, or of forms here considered identical,
the following : — Limncea bodamica, Clessin ; L.
helvetica, Servain; L. effusa, Kiister; L. Locardi,
Coutagne; L. Westerlundi, Locard; L. variegata,
Hazay ; L. turgida, Menke ; L. helophila, Bourg. ;
L. Coutagni, Locard ; L. psilia, Bourg. ; L. debilis,
Bourg. ; L. Moitessieri, Bourg. ; L. Thommasellii,
Menegazzi; L. arenaria, Colbeau; to which may
probably be added from Locard : — L. vagoritana,
Bourg.]

First recorded as British in 1674, by M. Lister {Phil.
Trans., ix, p. 99, pi. ii, f. 22).

British Distribution in Time : Cromerian to Recent.

2. Limnsea (Radix) auricularia (Linne).
Etym. : — Lat. auricula, an ear.

1758. Helix auricularia : Linn^us, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 774,

no. 617.
1767. Helix auricularia : Linnaeus, o. c, ed. 12, p. 1250, no. 708.
1767. Buccinum auricularia, Linn. : Geoffroy, Traite Coq.

Paris, p. 78.
1774. Buccinum auricula : Muller, Verm. Hist., ii, p. 126.

1777. Helix auricularia, Linn. : Pennant, Brit. ZouL, ed. 4,

8vo, p. 139; 4to, p. 121, pi. ixxxvi, f. 138.

1778. Turbo patuhis [pars] : DaCosta, Test. Brit., p. 95.^
1789. Bulimus auricularius, nobis : Bruguiere, Ency. method.,

Vers, i, p. 304.
1791. Helix auricularia : Gmelin, in Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 13,

i, pt. 6, p. 3662, uo. 147.
1799. Helix auricularia : Pulteney, Cat. Dorset., p. 49.
1801. Limneus auricularius : Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll. France,

p. 48.
1803. Helix auricularia, Lin. : Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 375,

pi. xvi, f. 2.

LIMNiEA 47

1805. Limneus auricularius : Drapaunaud, Hist.. Moll. France,

p. 49, pi. ii, f. 28 & 29.
1807. Lymnea auricularia : Link, Beschreib. Nal. Samml.

Univ. Rostock, p. 138.
1807. Helix auricularia, Linn. : Maton & Rackett, Trans.

Linn. Soc, viii, p. 221.
1810. Radix auriculatus : Montfort, Conch. Sijst., ii, p. 267,

fig., p. 266.
1813? Lynincea curicularia : Fleming, Edinh. Ency., vii, p. 77.
1813. Helix auricularia : Rackett, in Pulteney, Cat. Dorset.,

ed. 2, p. 56, pi. xxi, f. 17.
1817. Helix auricularia, Linn. : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii, p. 969.
1819. Gulnaria auricularia, Linn. : Leach, ilfoW. Brit. Synop.

(proofs), p. 148.
1821. Limnceus auricularius, Linn. : C. Pfeiffer, Naturg.

Deutsch. Moll, i, p. 85, pi. iv, f. 17 & 18.
1823. Helix auricularia : [Brown], Ency. Brit., ed. 6, vi, p. 461.
1827. Limncea auricularia. Lam. : Brown, Ulust. Conch. Brit.,

ed. 1, pi. xlii, f. 29-32.

1830. Limneus auricularius, Linn. : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn.

Soc, xvi, p. 372.

1831. Limneus auricularius, Drap. : Turton, Manual, p. 117,

f. 100.
1831. Gulnaria auricularia : Leach, in Turton's Manual,

p. 117, in synon.
1837. Limnoia {Gulnaria) auricularia (L.) Lm. : Beck, Index

Moll, p. 115.

1840,"\ LimncEus (Radix) auricularius, Linn. : Gray, Turton's

Apr. / Manual, new ed., p. 232, pi. ix, f. 100.

Post 1

Q , [ Lyinmca auricularia, Lamarck : Brown, Ulust. Conch.

jgPJ- 1 Brit., ed. 2, p. 29, pi. xv, f. 29-32.

1841. [Limnaius) Gulnaria Monardii : Hartmann, Erd- &
SiXssw.-G aster op., p. 71, pi. xviii.

1845. Lyinnwa auricularia, Lamarck : Brown, Ulust. L. cfe
F.-W. Conch. Brit., p. 11, pi. ii, f. 11-14.

1851. Limna'a canalis. Villa MS. : Dupuy, Hist. Nat. Moll
France, p. 482, pi. xxii, f. 12.

1852, \ Gulnaria auricularia, Linn. : Leach, MoU. Brit. Synop.,

Feb. J p. 107.

1852,\ Limnmus auricularius, LinntTjus : Forbes & Hanley,

July./ Brit. Moll, iv, p. 169, pi. cxxiii, f. 1 & 2.

1855. Limncea (Ncritosto)na) auricularia, Linn. : H. & A.

Adams, Genera Moll, ii, p. 253.

1856. Limncea (Gulnaria) auricularia, Linn. : Moquin-Tandon,

Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 462, pi. xxxiii,
f. 21-31.

1857. Limnceus (Radix) auricularius, Linn. : Gray, Turton's

Manual, new ed., p. 201, f. 48, pi. ix, f. 100.

48 LIMN^ID^

1859. Limna'a auricula [sic], Linn. : Sowerby, Illusf. Index
Brit. Shells, pi. xxi, f. 5 & 6.

1862. Liinna:a auricularia, Linne : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch.,

i, p. 108 ; V, pi. vii, f. 4.

1863. Liiiviwa auricularia, Linnceus : Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., p. 159, figs.
1881. Limiicca {Auriculariana) auricularia, Dupuy : Servain,
Hist. Malac. Lac Balaton, p. 49.

[Germain {Moll. France, ii, p. 234) gives as synonyms : —
L. Hartmanni, Studcr ; L. am/pla, Hartniann ;
L. Trenquelleoni, Gassies ; L. ampulla, Kiister ;
L. multizona, Bourg. ; L. regularis, Locard ; and
L. stricta, Locard. Some of these, however, may be
referable more probably to L. perec/er.]

First recorded as British in 1777, by T. Pennant, as
Helix auricularia. (See ref. above.)

British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

3. Limnsea (Radix) lagotis (Schrank).
Etym. : — Gr. Aaycus, a hare.

1803. Buccinum lagotis : Schrank, Fauna Boica, iii, p. 290.
1830. Limneus acutus : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc, xvi,

p. 373.
1835. Linnceus vulgaris, Pf. : Rossmassler, Icon., Hft. 1, p. 97,

pi. ii, f. 53. [Non C. Pfeiffer.]
1847. Limncca {Gulnaria) acuta, Jeffr. : Beck, Amtl. Ber. 24.

Versamm. Deutsch. Naturf., p. 123.
1871. Limncca vulgaris, Rossm. : Kobelt, Cat. Europ. Binnen-

conch., p. 54. [Non C. Pfeifi'cr.]
1881. Limncea (Gulnaria) lagotis, Schrank : Kobelt, Cat.

Europ. Binneconch., ed. 2, p. 118.
1881. Limncea lagotis, Schrank : Benoit, Cat. Conch. Sicilia,

p. 125.
1904. Livinrea (Radix) lagotis, Schrank : Kobelt, in Ross-
massler, Icon., N.F. xi, p. 239.

[Martens (Jahresh. St. Gall. Naturw. Gesell, 1889-90
(1891), p. 126) states that this species appears in
Hartmanu's collection as L. gracilis.]
■ First recorded as British in 1830, by J. G. Jeffreys, as

Limneus acutus. (See ref. above.)

British Distribution in Time : Pliocene to Recent,

i

4. Limnaea (Radix) pereger (Miiller). *
Etym. : — Lat. pereger, a traveller. [There is no Latin ad- [

jective pereger-ra, -rum, and that form should, therefore,
not be used.]

LIMN^A 49

1774. Buccinum peregrum : Muller, Verm. Hist., ii, p. 130.
1777. Helix putris, Linii. : Pennant, Brit. ZooL, cd. 4, iv,

8vo, p. 139, 4to, p. 121, pi. Ixxxvi, f. 137.

[Non Linne.]

1777. Helix Iccvigatum ? Linn. : Pennant, t. c, 8vo, p. 140,

4to, p. 121, pi. Ixxxvi, f. 139. [Abnormal
specimen.]

1778. Turho trianfractus : DaCosta, Test. Brit., p. 92, pi. v,

f. 13.
1778. Turbo patulus [pars] : DaCosta, o. c, p. 95, pi. v, f. 17.
1789. Bulimus peregrus [sic], nob. : Bruguiere, Ency. ineth.,

Vers, i, p. 301.
1791. Helix percger, Miill. : Gmelin, in Linn. Syst. Nat.,

ed. 13, i, pt. 6, p. 3659.
1791. Helix, inflata : Gmelin, t. c, p. 3666.
1791. Helix teres : Gmelin, t. c, p. 3667.
1801, r Bulimus obscurus : Poiret, Coq. Aisne, p. 35.
Apr. \ Bulimus limosus : Poiret, o. c, p. 39.
1801, ( Limneus pereger : Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll. France,
July.\ p. 48.

J I r Lmuieus aunculus, var. b : Draparnaud, o. c, p. 48.

1803. Helix peregra, Gmel. : Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 373,

pi. xvi, f. 3.
1803. Helix lutea : Montagu, o. c., p. 380, pi. xvi, f. 6.
1803. Helix limosa, Lin. : Montagu, o. c., p. 381, pi. xvi, f. 1.
1805. Limneus ovatus : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. France,

p. 50, pi. ii, f. 30 & 31.
1805. Limneus pereger, Mull. : Draparnaud, o. c, p. 50, pi. ii,

f. 32-37.
1807. Helix putris, Pennant : Maton & Rackett, Trans. Linn.

Soc, viii, p. 219, pi. v, f. 8.
1807. Lymnea linwsa : Link, Beschreib. Nat. Samml. Univ.

Rostock, p. 138.
1813? Lyijiu'va putris : Fleming, Edinh. Ency., vii, p. 77.
1813 ? Lyinncca lutea : Fleming, I. c.
1813. Helix putris : Rackett, in Pulteney, Cat. Dorset., ed. 2,

p. 56, .pi. xix, f. 30; xxi, f. 13.

1817. Helix pereger, Miill. : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii, p. 965.

1818. Helix limosa : Brown, Mem. Wernerian Soc., ii, p. 530,

pi. xxiv, f. 11.

1819. Gulnaria pereger, Miill. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.

(proofs), p. 146.

1819. Gulnaria lacustris : Leach, o. c, p. 147.

1820. Limneus fontinalis, mihi : Studer, Naturw. Am.

Schweiz. Gesell., iii, p. 93. [Reprint, " Syst.
Verzeichn.," p. 27.]
1820. Limneus Harlmunni, mihi: Studer, I.e., p. 93. [Re-
print, " Syst. Verzeichn.," p. 27.]

N.-M. JIUI.L. E

50 LIMN.T^IDJE

1820. Limneus acronicus, mihi : Studer, t. c, p. 93. [Reprint,

" Syst. Verzeichu.," p. 28.]

1821. Limnccus ovaius, Drap. : C. Pfeipfer, Naturg. Deutsch.

Moll, i, p. 89, pi. iv, f. 21.
1821. Liumwus vulgaris : C. Pfeiffer, t. c, p. 89, pi. iv, f. 22.

1821. Limnams pcreger, Miill. : C. Pfeiffer, t. c, p. 90, pi. iv,

f. 23 & 24.

1822. Lynmcea ovata, Drap. : Lamarck, Hist. Anim. s. Vert.,

vi, pt. 2, p. 161.

1822. Lynmcea intermedia, ex D., Daudebard : Lamarck, t. c,

p. 162.

1823. Lynmcea succinea : Nilsson, Hist. Moll. Svec., 1822

[i.e. 1823], p. 66.

1823. Helix putr is : [Brown], Ency. Brit., ed. 6, vi, p. 461.

1823. Helix lutea : [Brown], t. c., p. 461.

1826,\ Limneus Scaturiginuni, Drap. : Turton, Zool. Journ.,

Apr. / ii, p. 565.

[Draparnaud {Tahl. Moll. France, 1801, p. 53 : Hist.
Moll. France, 1805, p. 56, pi. iii, f. 14 & 15) under
the genus Physa gave this name to a small dextral
shell, which Michaiid {Compl. Hist. Moll. France
Drap., 1831, p. 85) stated was the young of Achatina
folliculus, Lamk. Fleming {Brit. Anim., 1828,
p. 274) surmised that Turton 's shells were the
young of L. octona [= glabra], whilst Jeffreys {Trans.
Linn. Sac, xvi, 1833, p. 519) referred them to L.
stagnalis ; but Turton's figure {Manual, 1831, fig.
102) is very clearly that of a young L. peregcr.]

1826,1 Lyiimea pereger, Drap. : Risso, Hist. Nat. Eurnp. merid.,

Nov.] iv, p. 95.

1826 1

1^ ' f Lymnea auncularia (N.) : Risso, t. c, p. 95.

1827. Limncea pereger. Lam. : Brown, Ulust. Brit. Conch.,
ed. 1, pi. xlii, f. 8, 9, 36 & 38.

1827. Liimuca ovata, Drap. : Brown, o. c, pi. xlii, f. 10 & 11.

1827. Limncea limosa, Linn. : Brown, o. c, pi. xlii, f. 39 & 40.

1827. Limncea auricularia, var. : Brown, o. c, pi. xlii, f. 37.

1827. Lijimcea lacustris. Brown's MS. : Brown, o. c, pi. xlii,
f. 24 & 25.

1827. Lutea suhpcllucida, Brown's MS. : Brown, o. c, pi. xlvi, j

f. 50 & 51. [Nom. nov. for Helix lutea, j
Montagu.] I

1828. Limnea limosa : Fleming, Hist. Brit. Anim., p. 274. I
1830,\ Limnceus Partschii, Fitz. : Menke, Synop. Moll., ed. 2, |
Apr. j p. 38, in synon. |
1830,) Limneus pcreger, Miill. : Jeffreys, Trans. Litm. Soc, I
May. / xvi, p. 374. j
1831. Liiimeus pereqrr, Drap. : Turton, Mcmual, p. 118,

f. 101.

LIMNiEA 51

1831. Limneus Scaiuriqinum, Drap. : Turton, I. c, p. 119,

f. 102. [-See note above under 1826 Turton.]
1831. Guhiaria ferecjer : Leacii, in Turton's Manual, p. 118,

in synon.
1831. Gulnaria lacustris : Leach, o. c, p. 119, in synon.
1831. Limnea intermedia, nobis : Michaud, Compl. Hist. Moll.

France Drap., p. 86, pi. xvi, f. 17 & 18.
1831. Limnea marqinata, nobis : Michaud, o. c, p. 88, pi. xvi,

f. 15 & 16.
?1833. Limnea ihermalis, nob. : Boubee, Bull. Hist. Nat.

France, p. 20.

1834. Limnea lineata : Bean, May. Nat. Hist. (Loudon), vii,

p. 493, f. 62.

1835. Limneus ampuUaceus : Rossmassler, Icon., i, hft. 2,

p. 19, f. 124.
1837. Limnma (s.s.) geisericola, Bk. : Beck. Index Moll., p. 114.

1837. Linmcea {Gulnaria) ovata, Drp. : Beck, o. c, p. 114.

1838. \ LimncjEUs membranaceus, Porro : Poero, Malac. Comasca,
Aug. / p. 90, pi. ii, f. 9.

1838,) Limncea lacustris, noh. : Potiez & Michaud, Gall. Moll.,
Oct. / i, p. 219, pi. xxii, f. 11 & 12.

1839. Limnosa peregrina (Drap.) : Mauduyt, Tahl. Moll.

Vienne, p. 95.

1840,\ Limmvus {Radix) pereger, Miiller : Gray, Turton's

Apr. j Manual, new ed., p. 233, pi. ix, f. 101.

Post \ Limnwa pereger, Lamarck : Brown, Illust. Condi. Brit.,

Sept. \ ed. 2, p. 29, pi. x, f. 50 & 51 ; pi. xv, f. 8-11,

1840.) 36-40; pi. xviii, f. 17 & 18.

Post \

q , I Amphipeplea lacustris. Leach : Brown, o. c, p. 30, pi. xv,

1840:[ f-2*<^25.

1841. {Limnccus) Gulnaria ampla : Hartmann, Erd- & SUssw.-

Gasterop., p. 69, pi. xvii.
1841. {Limnwus) Gulnaria Hartmanni : Hartmann, o.c,

p. 72, pi. xix.
1845. Limncea pereger, Lamarck : Brown, Illust. L. <& F.-W.

Conch. Brit., p. 11, pi. ii, f. 15-23.
1845. Amphipeplea lacustris. Leach : Brown, o. c, p. 14,

pi. iii, f. 5 & 6.
1847. Limncea {Limnophysa) pereger, Nilss. : Beck, Amtl. Ber.

24. Versamml. Deufsch. Naturf., p. 123.
1847. Limncea {Limnophysa) intermedia, Lam. : Beck, t. c,

p. 123.
1847. Limna'a {Linuiophysa) ijeisericola. Beck : Beck, t. c,

p. 123.
1849,\ Limncea glacialis, Dup. : Dupuy, Cat. Extramar. Gallice

Feb. / Test. [p. 4], no. 199.

1849, \ Limna'a Trcncalensis : Gass
Mar. / p. 163, pi. ii, f. 1.

1849, "» Liinnaxi Trcncalensis : Gassies, Tahl. Moll. Argcnais,

52 LIMN^ID^

1 QACi "\

1^ ' ' Limncca Nouletiana : Gassies, o. c, p. 166, pi. ii, f. 2.

1^ ' Lynmceus ovatus, Drap. : Zelebor, Ber. Mitthl. Freund.

^oKr\{ Natunv. Wien, vii, p. 226.

■XT ' - LymncBUS fontinalis, Studer : Zelebor, t. c, p. 226.

■^■'* '[ LymncEa Hookeri : Reeve, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud., xviii,

ir'i p-^9-

1851. Limncea nitida, Ziegl. : Dupuy, Hist. Moll. France,

p. 473.
1851. Limncea consobrina, Ziegl. : Dupuy, o. c, p. 473.
1851. Limncea opaca, Ziegl. : Dupuy, o. c, p. 473.
1851. Limncea fuliginosa, Ziegl. : Dupuy, o. c, p. 473.
1851. Limncea callosa, Ziegl. : Dupuy, o. c, p. 473.
1851. Limncea fulva, Ziegl. : Dupuy, o. c, p. 473.
1851. Limncea solemia, Ziegl. : Dupuy, o. c, p. 473.
1851. Limncea bilahiata, Hartm. : Dupuy, o. c, p. 473.
1851. Limncea diaphcma, Parr. : Dupuy, o. c, p. 473.
1851. Limncea cornea, Ziegl. : Dupuy, o. c, p. 473.
1851. Limncea Blauneri, Shuttl. : Dupuy, o. c, p. 473.
1851. Limncea Boissii : Dupuy, o. c, p. 479, pi. xxv, f. 9.
1851. Limncea canalis. Villa: Dupuy, o.c, p. 482, pi. xxii,

f. 12.

1852,) Gulnaria jmrger, Miill. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.,

Feb. / p. 106.

1852 \

■pi' Gulnaria frag His : Leach, o. c, p. 107.

1852,) Limnceus pereger, Miiller : Forbes & Hanley, Brit.

July./ Moll, iv, p. 165, pi. cxxiii, f. 3-7.

1853. Limncea teres : Bourguignat, Cat. Moll. Saulcy, p. 58.

1855. Limncea limosa, mihi : Malm, Goiheb. K. Vet. <& Vitt.

Samhdlles HaiidL, N.F. iii, p. 142.
1855,) Limncea {N eritosloma) pereger, Miill. : H. & A. Adams,
Nov. / Genera Moll., ii, p. 254.

1856. Limncea (Gulnaria) limosa, Linn. : Moquin-Tandon,

Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 465, pi. xxxiv,
f. 11 & 12. [Non Linne.]

1856. Limncea {Gulnaria) pereger. Mull. : Moquin-Tandon,

t. c, p. 468, pi. xxxiv, f. 13-16.

1857. Limnaus (Radix) pereger, Miiller : Gray, Turton's

Manual, new ecL, p. 202, pi. ix, f. 101.

1861. Lymnccus glutinosus : Porter, Geol. Peterborough, pi. ii,

explan. f. 5.

1862. Limncca pereger, Miiller : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i,

p. 104 ; V, pi. vii, f . 3.

1863. Limncca limosa, Linnaeus : Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., p. 157, figs.
1867. Lymnwa (Ncritostonui) vulgaris, C. Pfr. : Brusina, Rad
Jugoslav. Akad., i, p. 25.

LIMN^A 53

1867. Lymmca {Neritosloma) intermedia, Lara. : Brusina t c

p. 25.
1872. Limnoeus ovatus, Drap. : Siiuttleworth, Mnum. Plantes

<& Moll. ten. Corse, p. 28.
1872. Limnoeus pereger, Drap. : Shuttleworth, I. c.
1877. Limncea 'profunda, m. : Clessin, Malak. Bldtt., xxiv,

p. 171, pi. iii, f. 8. [Teste Roszkowski.]

1877. Limncca Foreli, m. : Clessin, t. c, p. 172, pi. iii, f. 2-4.

[Teste Roszkowski.]

1878. LimncBa Stecnstrupii : Clessin, Malak. Bldtt., xxv

p. 79, pi. iii, f. 16.
1881. Limnrra {Limosiana) vulgaris, C. PfeifE. : Servain, Hist.

Malac. Lac. Balaton, p. 52.
1881. Limncca (Peregriana) pereger, Lamk. : Servain, o c

p. 56.
1889. Limnoca limosa, Linnoeus : Gourdon, Cat. Moll. Vail.

de la Pique, p. 71.
1889. Limncea glacialis, Dupuy : Gourdon, ^ c.
1894. Limncca (Gulnaria) ovcda, Drap. : Weiss, Nachrbl.

Deutsch. Malak. GeselL, xxvi, p. 159.
1894. Limncca {Limnophysa) pereger, Miill. : Weiss, t. c, p. 159.
1904. Limncca (Radix) ovata, Drap. : Kobelt, in Rossmiissler's

Icon., N.F. xi, p. 239.
1913. Limncca {Limnus) Yungi, nov. sp. : Piaget, Journ. de

Conchyl, Lx, p. 209, pi. ix, f. 1. [Teste

Roszkowski.]

[LocARD {Coq. Eaux douces France, 1893 : re-issued in
Ann. Sac. Agric. Lyon, Ser. VII, torn, i, 1894)
includes : —

" Groupe du L. mucronata "' (pp. 25-26) :

L. mucronata, Held, his, xxix, 1836, col. 278.
L. alpestris, Clessin, Deutsch. Excur. Moll. Fauna,

1877, p. 370.
L. albescens, Clessin, Corr. Bldtt. Ver. Regensb.,

xxvii, 1873, p. 73.
L. Mongazoncc, Servain, Bull. Soc. Malac. France,

iv, 1887, p. 241.
L. marginala, Michaud, Compl. Hist. Moll. France

Drap., 1831, p. 88.
L. slricta, Locard, n. sp.

" Groupe du L. ampullacea " (pp. 26-29) :

L. ampullacea, Rossiniissler, Icon., i, 1835, p. 19

f. 124.
L. subampulacea, Bourg., in Servain, Hist. Mahc.

Lac Balaton, 1881, p. 54.
L. dolioliformis, Kiister, Conch. Cab., 1869, p. 10,

pi. ii, f. 9-11.
L. tumida, Held, Isis, xxLx, 1836, col. 278.

54 LIMN^IDiE

L. microcephala, Kiister, Conch. Cab., 1869, p. 9,

pi. ii, f. 7 & 8.
L. Nouletiana, Gassics, Moll. Agenais, 1849, p. 166,

pi. ii, f. 2.
L. glacialis, Dupuy, Cat. Extramar. Gallim Test.

[p. 4], no. 199.
L. mammillata, Bourg., in Servain, Hist. Malac.

Lac Balaton, p. 54.
L. memhranacea, Porro, Malac. Comasca, 1838,

p. 90, pi. ii, f. 9.
L. physella, Servain, Hist. Malac. Lac Balaton,

1881, p. 72.
L. hemispherica, Menke, in Kiister, Conch. Cab.,

1862, p. 53, pi. xi, f. 32-34.
L. Sandriformis, Bourg., in Servain, Hist. Malac.

Lac Balaton, 1881, p. 57.

" Groupe dii L. limosa " (pp. 29-31) :

L. limosa, Linne, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, 1758, p. 774.

L. litnosina, Locard, ^change, viii, 1892, p. 18.

L. Deana, Tassy [MS.].

L. hydroriga, Martin [MS.].

L. conglobata, Locard, ^change, viii, 1892, p. 18.

L. putriformis, Locard, t. c, p. 18.

L. IcBta, Locard, t. c, p. 18.

L. opressa, Locard, t. c, p. 18.

L. canalis. Villa, in Dupuy, Hist. Moll. France,

1851, p. 482, pi. xxii, f. 12.
L. obtusa, Servain, Hist. Malac. Lac Balaton, 1881,
p. 51.

" Groupe du L. intermedia " (pp. 31-32) :

L. intermedia, Michaud, Compl. Hist. Moll. France

Drap., 1831, p. 86, pi. xvi, f. 17-18.
L. Millieri, Bourguignat [MS.]
L. augustana, Milliere [MS.]. !

L. Ataxiaca, Locard, n. sp. ''

L. Michaudi, Locard, n. sp.
L. biformis, Kiister, Conch. Cab., 1862, p. 57,

pi. xii, f. 13 & 14.

" Groupe du L. vulgaris " (pp. 32-34) :

L. vulgaris, C. Pfeiffer, Naturg. Deutsch. Moll, i,

p. 89, pi. iv, f. 22.
L. Rochi, Fer., 1807, teste Bourguignat in Servain,

Hist. Malac. Lac Balaton, 1881, p. 51.
L. crassa, Bourguignat, in Servain, t. c, p. 51.
L. lacustrina, Clessin, Corr. Bldtt. Ver. Regensb.,

xxvii, 1873, p. 73.

LIMN^A 55

L. nuhiijena, Boiirguignat, Amen. Malac, i, 1S5G,

p. 'l45, pi. vii, f. 13-15.
L. rosea, Gallenstein, in Clessiu, Deutsch. Excur.

Moll. Fauna, 1877, p. 369, f. 218.
L. succinea, Nilsson, Hist. Moll. Svecice, 1822,

p. 66.
L. rubella, Clcssin, Corr. Bldtt. Ver. Regensherg,

xxvii, 1873, p. 73.
L. Balthica, Linnc, Fauna Suec, ed. 2, 1746,

p. 532; Sysf.. NaL, cd. 10, 1758, p. 775.

" Groiipe du L. pereger " (pp. 35-38) :

L. pereger, Miiller, Venn. Hist., ii, p. 130.

L. subsolida, Locard, noin. nov. for solida, Villa
in Strobcl.

L.frigida, Charpentier [MS.]

L. plagiostoma, Bourguignat, in Servain, Hist.
Malac. Lac Balaton, 1881, p. 55.

L. Cenisia, Martin, in Servain, Hist. Malac. Lac
Balaton, 1881, p. 56.

L. cryomphila, Martin, in Servain, o. c p. 56.

Ij. crymceca, Martin, in Servain, o. c, p. 52.

L. Maureliana, Bourguignat, in Servain, o. c,
p. 57.

L. prolaia, Locard, n. ST[). \ These two probably

L. meridional is, Locard, u. sp. j refer to his psiiiec
on the Moll, of Saint-Martin-de-Lantosque, iu
Mem. Soc. Sci. Nat. Cannes, viii, 1879,
pp. 146-147.

L. nivalis, Bourguignat, " 1880, S. Martin-Lent.,
p. 7."

L. Longsdorffi,, Bourguignat, " 1880, S. Martin-
Lent, p. 8."

L. apricana, Bourguignat, in Servain, Hist. Malac.
Lac Balaton, 1881, p. 55.

Ij. stenostoma, Bourguignat, in Servain, o. c, p. 59.

L. Ullipitschi, Westerlund, Nachrhl. Deutsch.
Malac. Gesell, vii, 1875, p. 85 (= L. Raihlensis,
Servain, Hist. Malac. Lac Balaton, p. 58).

" Groupe du L. tliermalis " (pp. 38-39) :

L. thermalis, Boubee, Bull. Hist. Nat. France,

1833, p. 20.
L. humilis, Locard, n. sp.
L. Reynesi, Paladilhe, Ann. Sci. Nat. (Zool.), Ser.

VJ, torn, ii, art. 8, 1875, p. 4.
L. Putoni, Bourguignat, in Servain, Hist. Malac.

Lac Balaton, ISSl, p. 59 (= i. thermalis,

Puton non Boubee).

56 LIMNiEID^E

L. Sabaiida, Locard, n. sp.
//. parvula, Locard, n. sp.

First recorded as British in 1674, by M. Lister

{Phil Trans., ix, p. 99, pi. ii, f. 20).
British Distribution in Time : Pliocene to Recent.

5. Limnaea (Galba) palustris (Miiller).
Etym. : — Lat. paluster, marshy.

1774. Buccinum palustre : Muller, Venn. Hist., ii, p. 131.
1789. Helix crassa : Razoumowsky, Hist. Nat. Jorat, i, p. 276.
1789. Bulinms palustris, Nob. : Bruguiere, Ency. method.,

Vers, i, p. 302.
1791. Helix palustris, Miill. : Gmelin, in Linn. Syst. Nat.,

ed. 13, i, pt. 6, p. 3658.
1791. Helix corvus : Gmelin, t. c, p. 366.5.
1799. Helix palustris : Pulteney, Cat. Dorset., p. 48.
1801. Limneus palustris : Draparnaud, Tahl. Moll. France,

p. 50.
1803. Helix fragilis, Linn. : Donovan, Brit. Shells, v, pi. clxxv,

f. 1. [Non LimiL'.]
1803. Helix fontinalis : Donovan, /. c, pi. clxxv, f. 2.
1803. Helix palustris, Gmel. : Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 370,

pi. xvi, f. 10.
[According to Montagu {Test. Brit. Suppt., p. 138) this
species occurred in the Portland collection under
the name of Helix fragilis.]
1803. Buccimum danuhiale : Schrank, Fauna Boica, p. 286.
1805. Limneus palustris, Mull. : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll.

France, p. 52, pi. ii, f . 40-42 ; iii, f. 1 & 2.
1807. Lymnea palustris : Link, Bcschreih. Nat. Samml. Univ.

Rostock, p. 139.
1807. Helix 2)alustris : Maton & Rackett Trans. Linn. Soc,

viii, p. 216, pi. V, f. 8.
1813. Helix palustris : Rackett, in Pulteney, Cat. Dorset.,

ed. 2, p. 55, pi. xviii, f. 18.
1813? Lymncea palustris : Fleming, Edinb. Ency., vii, p. 77.
1817. Helix palustris, Miill. : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii, p. 963.
1819. Slaynicola communis : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop. (proofs),

p. 142.
1821. Limnaus palustris, Dia,p. : C. Ffeivfer, Nattirg. Deutsch.

Moll, i, p. 88, pi. iv, f. 20.
1821. Limnceus fuscus : C. Pfeiffer, t. c, p. 92, pi. iv,

f. 25.
1821. Limneus corvus : Hartmann, Neue Alpina, i, p. 249.
1821, 1 Ly)aneus elodes : Say, Journ. Acad. Nut. Sci. Philad.,
Nov./ ii, p. 169.

1823. Helix palustris : [Brown], Ency. Brit., ed. 6, vi, p. 461.

LIMN^.A 57

1826. Lymnca leachiana (N.) : Risso, Hisi. Nat. Europ. merid.,

iv, p. 95, pi. iii, f. 32.

1827. Liinnwa palustris, Lam. : Brown, Illust. Conch. Brit.,

ed. 1, pi. xlii, f. 4, 6, 7, 11, 14-18, 26 & 33.
1830. Limneus communis. Leach MS. : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn.

Soc, xvi, p. 376.
1830. Stagnicola communis. Leach MS. : Jeffreys, t. c, p. 376,

in synon.

1830. Stagnicola tinctus : Jeffreys, t. c, p. 378.

1831. Limneus palustris, Drap. : Turton, Manual, p. 123,

f. 107.
1831. Slatjnicola communis: Leach, in Turton's Manual,
p. 123, in synon.

1833. Limnophysa palustris, mihi : Fitzinger, Beitr. Landesk.

Oesterr., iii, p. 112.

1834. Limnwus paluster : Tkoschel, De Limnceaceis, p. 57.
?1834. Limnceus cinctus : Troschel, o. c, p. 58.

1837. Limrupa {Limnophysa) palustris (0. MiilL), Drp. : Beck,
Index Moll, p. 110.

1840.^1 Limna'us [Stagnicola) palustris, Miiller : Gray, Turton's
Apr. j Manual, new ed., p. 239, pi. ix, f. 107.

Post ] Linnncva palustris, Lamarck : Brown, Illust. Conch.

Post I Lt/mnrva palustris, Lamarck : Brown, Illust. Conch.
Sept. \ ' Brit., ed. 2, p. 28, pi. xv, f. 4, 6, 7, 11, 14-18,

1840.) 26 & 33.

1841. Limncra elodes, Say : Gould, Invert. Mass., p. 221,

f. 146-7.
1841. Lymnea NultaUiana : Lea, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, ii,

p. 33.

1841. Limncra plehia, Gould [MS.] : Adams, Amer. Journ. Sci.,

xl, p. 268.

1842. Limnea fragilis, Lin. : Haldeman, Mon. Limniades,

p. 20, pi. vi, f. 1-11. [Non Linne.]
1842. Limnea expansa, Hald. : Haldeman, o. c, p. 29, pi. ix,
f. 6-8. [Monstros.]

1844. Lymnea communis : Loudon, Glimpses of Nature, p. 162,

fig. (reversed).

1845. Lymnwa palustris, Lamarck : Brown, Illust. L. & F.-W.

Conch. Brit., p. 9, pi. ii, f. 1-8 & 10.
1847. Lymnea Vogcsiaca, nobis : Puton, Essai Moll. Voges,

p. 58.
1847. Lymnea disjuncta ? nobis : Puton, o. c, p. 60.
1849. Limmea corvus, Gmel. : Dupuy, Cat. Extramar. Gallico

Test. [p. 2], no. 195.

■R h' \ 'S''f'</'"co/a communis : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop., p. 103.

1852,/ Limnwus palustris, Linnaeus [sic] : Forbes & Hanley,
July.\ Brit. Moll, iv, p. 180, pi. cxxiv, f. 2.

1851. Limncea variabilis. Millet : Millet, Ann. Soc. Linn,
depl. Maine tC Loire, i, p. 299.

58 LiMjsriEiD.1:

1856. Limnccus (Limmis) falustris, Miill. : Moquin-Tandon,
Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 475, pi. xxxiv,
f. 25-35.

1856. Lymncra proxima : Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.,

viii, p. 80.

1857. LimncEUs {Stagnicola) palustris, Miiller : Gray, Turton's

Mamial, new ed., p. 208, f. 51, pi. ix, f. 107.

1858. Lrjmnea Haydenii : Lea, Pioc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.,

1858 (1859), p. 166.

1862. Limncea pahistns, Miiller : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i,

p. 113; V, pi. vii, f. 6.

1863. Limncra palustris, Miiller : Reeve, L. cfc F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., p. 162, figs.

1867. Limnoca pseudostagnalis, Nobis : Malzine, Mem,. Soc.
Sci. Hainaut, Ser. Ill, torn, i, p. 362, pi. ii,
f. 5 & 6.

1872. Limnceus palustris, Drap. : Shuttleworth, Enumera-
tion Plantes & Moll. terr. Corse, p. 28.

1874. Limncea ahyssicola, m. : Brot, Bull. Soc. Vaudoise Sci.
Nat., xiii, p. 112, pi. iii, f. 5 & 6. [Teste
Roszkowski.]

1880. Limneus (Entochilius) labio, Sandb. : Sandberger,

Pcdaeontograph., xxvii (N.F. vii), p. 101, pi.
xii,f. 11-116.

1881. Limncea (Corvusiana) corvus, Gmelin : Servain, Hist.

Malac. Lac Balaton, p. 51.
1881. Limna'a (Palustrisiana) palustris, Fleming: Servain,

0. c, p. 61.
1881. Limncea {Palustrisiana) corviformis, Bourguignat [MS.] :

Servain, o. c, p. 61, in synon.
1883. Limncea (Limnophysa) palustris, Miill. : Retowski,

Malak. Blaft., N.F., vi, p. 29.

1888. Limncea corvina, Nob. : Chatenier, Cat. Moll. Drome,

p. 36.

1889. Limncea palustris, Miiller : Gourdon, CcU. Moll. Vcdl.

de la Pique, p. 73.

[Germain {Moll. France, ii, jjp. 239-242) includes under
the sub-genus Stagnicola the following synonyms,
all of which are also in Locard : — Limncea fuscula,
Fagot ; L. hcemastoma, Bourg. ; L. opisthostoma,
Bourg. ; L. ligerica, Bourg. ; L. muriatica, Bourg. ;
L. limhata, Ziegl. in Moq.-Tand. ; L. vulnerata
Kiister ; L. turricttlata. Held ; L. Renoufi., Servain ;
L. contorta, Bourg. ; L. pcecila, Servain ; L. corvi-
formis, Bourg. in Locard ; L. strangulata, Locard.]

First recorded as British in 1674, by M. Lister {Phil.
Trans., ix, p. 99, pi. ii, f. 21.)

British Distribution in Time : Cromerian to Recent. [The
record from the Pliocene is due to misidentificatiou.]

LIMN^A 59

6. Limnaea (Galba) truncatula (Miiller).

Etym. : — Lat. dimin. from Iruncatus, maimed or shortened.

1774. Buccinum truncatulmn : Muller, Verm. Hist., ii, p. 130.
1789. Buccinum fossarum, n. sp. : Studer, in Coxe, Trav. in

Switzerld., iii, p. 389. [Nom. nud.']
1789. Bulimus truncatus, nobis : Bruguiere, Ency. method.,

Vers, i, p. 310. [Non PfeifEer.]
1791. Helix Inmcatula : Gmelin, in Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 13,

i, pt. 6, p. 3659.
1801, ^ Bulimus ohscurus : Poiret, Coq. Aisne, p. 35. [Non
Apr. / Muller.]

1801, \ Limneus minuta [sic] : Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll. France,
July. J p. 51.

1803. Galha pusilla : Schrank, Fauna Boica, p. 285. [Teste

Fitzinger.]

1803, 1 Ugiiy-fossaria : Moxtagu, Test. Brit., p. 372, pi. xvi, f. 9.

1805. Limneus minulus : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. France,

p. 53, pi. iii, f. 5-7.
1807. Helix fossaria, Montagu : Maton & Rackett, Trans.

Linn. Soc., viii, p. 217, pi. v, f. 9.
1813. Helix fossaria : Rackett, in Pulteney, Cat. Dorset., ed. 2,

p. 56, pi. xviii, f. 17.
1813? Lymncea fossaria : Yl^ming, Edinb. Ency., vii, -p. 71.
1817. Helix fossaria, Mont. : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii, p. 964.

1817. Helix truncatula, Miill. : Dillwyn, t. c, p. 967.

1818. Lymnea fossaria : Fleming, Suppt. 4-6tli ed. Ency. Brit.,

iii, p. 312.

1819. Stagnicola minuta, Drap. : Leach, MoU. Brit. Synop.

(proofs), p. 143.
1821. Limnaius minutus, Drap. : C. Pfeipfer, Naturg. Deutsch.

Moll., i, p. 93, pi. iv, f. 27.
1823. Helix fossaria : [Brown], Ency. Brit., ed. 6, vi, p. 461.

1826. Lymnea minuta, Drap. : Risso, Hist. Nat. Europ. merid.,

iv, p.- 95.

1827. Limnaea rivulus. Brown's MS. : Brown, Illust. Conch.

Brit., ed. 1, pi. xli, f. 27.
1827, Limncea fossaria, Brown's MS. : Brown, t. c, pi. xlii,

f. 12 & 13.
1830. Limneus truncatulus, Miill. : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn.

Soc, xvi, p. 377.

1830. Limneus sahulatus, nobis : KiCKX, Synop. Moll. Brabant.,

p. GO, figs. 13 & 14.

1831. Limneus fossarius, Mont. : Turton, Manual, p. 124,

f. 108.
1831. Stagnicola minuta : Leach, in Turton 's Manual, p. 124,

in synon.
1833. Limnophysa minuta, milii : Fitzinger, Beitr. Landesk.

Oesterr., iii, p. 113.

GO LIMN^ID^

?1835. LymncBa gingivata : Goupil, fhst. Moll. Sarlhe, p. 63,

pi. i, f. 8-10. [Germain considers this to be

the young of L. glabra.]
1837. Limncva (Limnophysa) truncaliila (0. MlilL), Jeff. : Beck,

hidex Moll, p. 112.
, Q j/-> [ LimncBus (Stagnicola) truncatnlus, Miiller : Gray,
. 'I Turton's Manual, new ed., p. 240, pi. ix,

^P^- 1 f. 108.

Post i Lymncca mvmda, Drapernaud : Brown, Illust. Conch.
Sept.i Brit., ed. 2, p. 28, pi. xiv, f. 27; xv., f. 12

1840. [ & 13.

1841. Linmcea ferruginea : Haldeman, Monog. Limniadcs,

no. 3, p. iii of wrapper; no. 4, 1842, p. 49,

pi. xiii, f. 19 & 20.
1845. Lymncea ininuta, Drapernaud : Brown, Illust. L. &

F.-W. Conch. Brit., p. 9, pi. i, f. 26 & 27.
1847. Lymnea ohlonga ? : Puton, Essai Moll. Vosges, p. 60.
1852,) Stagnicola minuta, Drap. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.,
Feb. / p. 104.

1852,^ Limnwus truncatulus, Miiller : Forbes & Hanley, Brit.
July./ Moll, iv, p. 177, pi. cxxiv, f. 3.

1852. Limnaa microstoma, Drouet [M)S.] : Baudon, Mem.. Soc.

Acad. Oise, ii, p. 102.
1856. Linmcea (Lymnus) truncatula, Miill, : Moquin-Tandon,

Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 473, pi. xxxiv,

f. 21-24.

1856. Limncra {Lymnus) Donhlieri, Requien MS. : Moquin-

Tandon, t. c, p. 474, pi. xxxiv, f. 24.

1857. Limncrus {Stagnicola) truncatulus, Miiller : Gray,

Turton's Manual, new ed., p. 210, pi. ix,
f. 108.

1862. Limno'a truncatula, Miiller : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i,

p. 115; V, pi. vii, f. 7.

1863. Limncra truncatula, Miiller : Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., p. 164, figs.
1867. Lymncea {Buliminea) truncatula, Miill. : Brusina, Bcid

Jugoslav. Akad., i, p. 102.
1872. Limno'us minutus, Drap. : Shuttleworth, JSmimera-

tion Plcmtes & Moll terr. Corse, p. 28.
1875. Limncus {Limnophysa) truncatulus, Miiller : Sandberger

Land- <& Siissw. -Conch. Vorwelt, p. 785,

pi. xxxiii, f . 27 ; xxxvi, f. 36.
1881. Limncca {Truncatuliana) truncatula, Goupil : Servain,

Hist. Malac. Lac Balaton, p. 63.

1885. LimncBa {Fossaria) truncatida, Miill. : Westerlund,

Fauna Paldarct. Region, v, p. 49.

1886. Limnceus {Gulnnria) truncatulus, Miill. : Boettger, in

Radde, Fauna & Flora Caspi-Gebietes, p.
323.

LIMNiEA

61

1905. Lynmcca {Galbn) truncatula, Miiller : Dall, Harriman
Alaska Exped., xiii, p. 72, fig. 49.

1912. Limncea {Galba) truncatula, Miiller : Germain, Arch. Mas.
Hist. Nat. Lyon, xi, mem. 3, p. 110.

[Germain {Moll. France, ii, pp. 243-5) cites under the
sub-genus Galba the following synonyms, some of
which are also in Locard : — Limncea subtruncata,
Caziot ; L. faliconica, Caziot ; L. Lafayi, Caziot ;
L. Grimaldii, Caziot; L. Moquini, Locard; L.
pumila, Locard ; and L. montana, Bourg.]

First recorded as British in 1803, by G. Montagu {Test.
Brit., p. 372, pi. xvi, f. 9), as Helix fossaria.

British Distribution in Time: Cromerian to Recent.
[The record for the Pliocene is an error.]

7. Liranaea (Leptolimnasa) glabra (Muller).
Etym. : — Lat. ylaber, smooth.

1774. Buccinum ylabrum : Muller, Venn. Hist., ii, p. 135.
1777. Helix octona ? Linn. : Pennant, Brit. Zool., ed. 4, 8vo,

p. 138 ; 4to, p. 120, pi. Ixxxvi, f. 135.
1789. Bulimus glaber, nob. : Bruguiere, Ency. method.. Vers,

i, p. 312.
1791. Helix glabra : Gmelin, in Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 13, i, pt. 6,

p. 3658.
1801. Bulimus leucostoma : Poiret, Coq. Aisne, p. 37. [Teste

Lamarck, and Millet.]
1803. Helix octanfracta : Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 396, pi. xi,

f. 8.
1805. Limneus elongatus : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. France,

p. 53, pi. iii, f. 3 & 4.
1813. Helix octanfracta : Rackett, in Pulteney, Cat. Dorset.,

ed. 2, p. 55, pi. xviii, f. 11.
1813 ? Lymncea octanfracta : Fleming, Edinb. Emy., vii, p. 78.

1817. Helix peregrina, Gmel : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii, p. 954.

[Non Gmelin.]

1818. Lymnea oclanfructa : Fleming, Suppt. 4-6th ed. Ency.

Brit., iii, p. 312.

1819. Stagnicola octanfracta, Mont. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.

(proofs), p. 141.
1821. Lininwus elongatus, Drap. : C. Pfeiffer, Naturg.
Deutsch. Moll, i, p. 92, pi. iv, f. 26.

1821. Limneus leucostoma : Hartman, Neue Alpina, i, p. 248.
1822,\ Lymncea leucostoma : Lamarck, Hist. Anim. s. Vert.,
Apr. / vi, pt. 2, p. 162.

1822. \ Limnea elongata : Sowerby, Genera, no. 7, " Limnea,"
June. J [p. 3], f. 6.

1823. Helix peregrina : [BruwnJ, Ency. Brit., ed. 6, vi, p. 461.

62 LIMNiEID^

1827. Limncca elonqatus, Brown's MS. : Brown, Illust. Conch.
Brit., ed. 1, pi. xlii, f. 1 & 2.

1827. Limnma fossaria, var. : Brown, o. c, pi. xlii, f. 3 & 5.

1828. Limnea octona : Fleming, Hist. Brit. Anim., p. 274.

[Non Fleming, 1813?.]
1828. Limnmus filograna, Ziegl. : Menke, Syrwp. Moll., p. 21.
1830. Limneus elongatus, Drap. : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc,

xvi, p. 376.

1830. Limnccus delicatus, Zgl. : Menke, Syno]?. Moll., ed. 2,

p. 38.

1831. Limneus elongatus, Drap. : Turton, Manual, p. 122,

f. 106.
1831. Stagnicola octanfrada : Leach, in Turtou's Manual,

p. 122, in syuon.
1831. Limnea hmcostoma, Poiret : Michaud, CompUm. Hist.

Moll. France Drap., p. 89.
1837. Limnwa {Omphiscola) glabra (0. MiilL), B. : Beck, Index

Moll., p. iio.

1840,'! Limnccus {Stagnicola) cjlaher, Miiller : Gray, in Turton's

Apr. / Manual, new ed., p. 242, pi. ix, f. 106.

1840,") Limnea [Leptolimnea) elongata, Sow. : Swainson,

May./ Treatise Malacol., p. 338.

Post 1

o , I Lynincca elongata, Drapernaud : Brown, Hkist. Condi.

jgj'^' I Brit., ed. 2, p. 29, pi. xv, f. 1-3 & 5.

184-5. Lymncca elongata, Drapernaud : Brown, Illust. L. &
F.-W. Conch. Brit., p. 10, pi. iii, f. 1-4.

1852,') Stagnicola octanfracta, Mont. : Leach, MoU. Brit. Synop.,

Feb. / p. 102.

1852,\ Limnccus glaber, Miiller : Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll.,

July./ iv. p. 178, pi. cxxiv, f. 1.

1854. Limncca variabilis. Millet : Millet, Ann. Soc. Linn.
Maine & Loire, i, p. 299.

1856. Limncca (Lymnus) glabra, Miill. : Moquin-Tandon, Hist.

Moll. France, ii, p. 478, pi. xxxiv, f. 36 & 37.

1857. Li)nnams {Stagnicola) glaber, Miiller : Gray*, in Turton's

Manual, new ed., p. 211, pi. ix, f. 106.
1857. Limneus subulatus, Kickx : Gray% o. c, p. 211, in synon.
[Non Kickx.]

1862. Limncca glahra, Miiller: Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i, p. 117;

V, pi. vii, f. 8.

1863. Limnaa glahra, Muller : Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moll. Brit.

Is., p. 165, figs.
1875. Limneus {Leptolimneus) glaber, Miill. : Sandberger,

Land- & Siissiv.-Conch. Vonvelt, p. 787.
1877. Limnaa {Limnophysa) glabra, Miiller : Clessin, Deutsch.

Excur. Moll. Fauna, p. 381, f. 236.
1881. Limnma {Glahriana) glabra, Dupuy : Servain, Hist.

Malac. Luc Balaton, j). 63.

LIMN.EA 63

1885. Limnaa {Leploliinnea) fjlabra, Miill. : Westerlund,
Fauna Paliiarcl. Region, v, jx 49.

[Germain {Moll. France, ii, pp. 242-3) cites under
LcptolimiifTsa as synonyms of the type, or of forms
here considered identical, the following, which arc
also given by Locard : — Limncva lavedanica, Bourg. ;
L. spelcra, Cuenot ; L. cantalica, Bourg. ; L. Ober-
thiiri, Ancey ; L. gingivata, Goupil, though this is
more probably a var. of L. trimcatula ; L. Gassiesi,
Locard ; L. condatina, Ancey ; and L. velaviana,
Bourg. in Locard.]

First recorded as British in 1777, by T. Pennant, as Helix
octona ? Linn. {See ref. above.)

British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

8. Limnaea (Cyclolimnaea) burnetti (Alder).

Etym. : — Named in honour of its discoverer, Robert Burnett
of Newcastle-on-Tyne.

1848. LimncEa Burnetti : Alder, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.,

Ser. II, vol. ii, p. 396, pi. xi, o.figs.
1852. Limnmus burnetii, Alder : Forbes & Hanley, Brit.

Moll, iv, p. 172, pi. cxxiii, f. 8 & 9.
1855. Limncea {Neritostona) BnrnettU, Alder : H. & A. Adams,

Genera Moll, ii, p. 253.
1857. Limnceus pereger, var. 5 : Gray, in Turtou's Manual,

new ed., p. 203.
1862. Limncea per egr a, var. 1 Burnetti : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch.,

i, p. 105.
1802. Limncea limosa [pars] : Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moll. Brit.

Is., p. 157.
1881. Limncea {Gulnaria) lagotis, Schrank, var. Burnetti, Alder :

Kobelt, Cat. Europ. Binnenconch., ed. 2,

p. 118.
1885. Limncea {Gulnaria) burnetti, Alder : Westerlund, Fauna

Paldarct. Region, v, p. 40.

First recorded as British in 1848, by J. Alder. {See ref.

above.)
British Distril)ution in Time : Recent.

9. Limnaea (Cyclolimnsea) involuta (Harvey MS.) Thompson.
Etym. : — Lat. involutus, rolled upon itself.

1837. Liinneus involutus : Thompson, Trans. Linn. Sac, xvii,

p. 559. [Nom. nwl.l
1837,) Liinneus involutus, Thompson MS. : Alder, Mag. Zool.
Aug. J Bot., ii, p. 115. [Nom. nud.]

64 LIMNiEID^

1837. Aniphipeplea glutinosa, b. involuta, Thompson : Beck,
Index Moll, p. 116.

iQ-r» r T- ■ 1 . [HarvevMS. : Thompson, Ann.

loHj,f Limneus involutus, \ „■' j,,f yy rr-^f 09

Mar. \ Amphipeplea involuta, j , • "^' ' * •> ' P- -'>

1840, 'I Amphipeplea involuta, Harvey : Gray, in Turton's

Apr. j Manual, new ed., p. 245, pi. xii, f. 147.

Post 1

q , I LymncBa involuta, Harvey : Brown, Illust. Conch. Brit.,

5'Jg;| ed. 2, p. 29, pi. xviii, f. 5.

1845. Lymnaia involuta, Harvey : Brown, Illust. L. & F.-W.

Conch. Brit., p. 13, pi. ii, f. 24 & 25.
1852. Limnceus involutus, Harvey : Forbes & Hanley, Brit.

Moll, iv, p. 184, pi. cxxii, f. 11 ; cxxxii, f. 12.
1857. Amphipeplea involuta, Harvey : Gray, in Turton's

Manual, new ed., p. 214, pi. xii, f. 147.

1862. Linmcca involuta, Thompson : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch.,

i, p. 103; V, pi. vii, f. 2.

1863. Linmma involuta, Harvey : Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moll

Brit. Is., p. 168, figs.
1885. LimncBa {Gulnaria) involuta, Harv. : Westeulund,

Fauna Paldarct. Region, v, p. 40.
1905. Lyinncea {Cycloliinncca) involuta, Harvey : Dall, Harri-

man Alaska Exped., xiii, p. 64.

First recorded as British in 1837, by W. Thompson.

{See ref. above.)
British Distribution in Time : Recent.

10. Limnaea (Cyclolimnsea) praetenuis, Bowell.

Etym. : — Lat. prcctenuis, very thin.

1908. Limncca prmtenuis, n. sp. : Bowell, Irish Naturalist,
xvii, p. 46, pi. i, B. and figs.

First recorded as British in 1907, by A. W. Stelfox &
J. N. Milne (Irish Nat., xvi, p. 287, pi. xxxvi), as
LimncBa sp.l.

British Distribution in Time : Recent.

Genus : 2. MYXAS (Leach MS.), J. Sowerby.

Etym. : — Gr. fx.v^a, mucus, slime of snails.
Type : — Buccinum glutinosum, Miiller.
{By,ccinum, Bulimus, Helix, vett. auctt.)

1819. Myxas : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop. (proofs), p. 108.
1822. Myxas, Leach's MS. : Sowerby, Genera Shells, no. 7,
Limnea [p. 3], f. 5.

MYXAS 65

1823. Ainphipeplca : Nilsson, Hid. Moll. Svec, 1822 [i.e.

1823], p. 58.
1840. Lulea, Brown : Gray, in Turton's Manual, new ed.,

p. 213. [NoH Brown.]

1. Myxas glutinosa (iMiilli'i),

Etyni. : — Lat. (jlutinosus, viscous.

1774. Buccinum glutmositm : Muller, Verm. Hist., ii, p. 129.
1789. Buliinus (jlutinosus, nob. : Bruguiere, Enaj. method.,

Vers, i, p. 306.
1791. Helix glutinosa : Gmelin, in Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 13, i,

pt. 6, p. 3659.
1803. Helix glutinosa, Gmel. : Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 379,

pi. xvi, f. 5.
1805. Limncus glulinosus, Mull. : Drapaenaud, Hist. Moll.

France, p. 50, pi. xvi, f. 13 & 14.
1807. Helix glutinosa, Muller : Maton & Rackett, Trans.

Linn. Soc., viii, p. 222.
1817. Helix glutinosa, Miill. : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii, p. 970.
1819. Myxas Milllcri : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop. (proofs),

p. 149.

1822. Myxas glutinosa, Mont. : Sovverby, Genera Shells, no. 7,

" Limnea" [p. 3], f. 5.

1823. Amphipeplea glutinosa (Miill.) : Nilsson, Hist. Moll.

Svec, 1822, [i.e. 1823], p. 58.
1823. Helix glutinosa : [Brown], Eney. Brit., ed. 6, vi, p. 461.
1827. Lintna'a glutinosa, Brown's MSS. : Brown, Illust. Conch.

Brit., ed. 1, pi. xlii, f. 27 & 28.

1830. Linineus glutinosus, Mull. : Jeffrey's, Trans. Linn. Soc.,

xvi, p. 371.

1831. Linineus glutinosus, Drap. : Turton, Manual, p. 120,

f. 103.
1831. Myxas Mullcri : Leach, in Turton's Manual, p. 120, in

synon.
1840. ") Amphipeplea glutinosa, Muller : Gray, in Turton's
Apr. j Manual, new ed., p. 243, pi. ix, f. 103.

[Gray's statement that Brown referred this species to
his Lutca was an error.]

o . [ Amphipeplea glutinosa, Nilson : Brown, Illust. Conch.
jglJ" I Brit., ed. 2, p. 30, pi. xv, f. 27 & 28.

1845. Amphipeplea glutinosa, Nilson : Brown, Ulust. L. <&
F.-W. Conch. Brit., p. 13, pi. iii, f. 7 & 8.

Feb ' Myxas Miilleri : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop., p. 108.

1852,) Limnwus glutinosus, Muller : Forbes & Hanley, Brit.
July. (■ Moll, iv, p. 182, pi. exxiv, f. 6 & 7.

N.-M. MOLL. F

6tt PLANORBID^

1856. Limncca (Aitiphipeplca) glutinosa, Miill. : Moquin-Tan-

DON, Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 461, pi. xxxiii,
f. 16-20.

1857. Amphipeplea glutinosa, Miiller : Gray, in Turton's

Manual, new ed., p. 212, pi. ix, f. 103.

1862. Linma^a glutinosa, Miiller : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i,

p. 102; V, pi. vii, f. 1.

1863. Limncea glutinosa, Miiller : Reeve, L. & F.-W. Brit. Is.,

p. 167, figs.

[Germain {Moll. France, ii, p. 245) cites as synonyms : —
Amphipeplea Mahillci, Bourg. ; and A. Dupuyi,
Bourg.]

First recorded as British in 1803, by G. Montagu, as
Helix glutinosa. (See ref. above.)

British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

Fam. : PLANORBID^.

Genus : 1. PLANORBIS, Geoffroy.i

Etym. : — Lat. planus + orhis, a flat circle.
Type by tautonomy : — Helix planorhis, Linne.
(Helix, vctt. auctt.)

1767. Planorhis : Geoffroy, Traite Coq. Paris, p. 12.

1772. Orbis : Dezallier u'Argenville, Conchyliologie, pt. 1,
p. 281. [A non-binominal work, with no
species cited. In pt. 2, on p. 56, the name
appears as Planorhis, in which form it also
occurred in the French edition of 1757.]

1777. Planorhis [pars] : Muller, Verm. Hist., ii, p. 152.

1806. Planorharius : Froriep, in Dumeril's Analyt. Zool.,
p. 165.

1820. Anisus [pars] : Studer, Natunv. Anz. Allg. Schweitz.
Gcsell., iii, p. 91.

1847. Corelus, Adns. : Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847,
p. 180. [Adanson was a pre-Linnean writer.]

Sub-gen. : Flanorbis, s.s.

1767. Planorhis : Geoffroy, Traite Coq. Paris, p. 12.
1833. Anisus : Fitzinger, Beitr. Landesk. Oesterr., iii,

p. 111. [Non Dejean, 1821 (Coleopt).]
1850. Tropidiscus [pars] : Stein, Lehend, Schneck. &

Muscli. Berlins, p. 76.

' For Note concerning the type of this genus and the correct subgenera
for the British species, Hte. Kennakd & Woodwabd, Proc. Malac. Soc.
Land., xvi, 1924, p. 9.

I'LANORBIS 67

1855. Trophidiscus [? err.] Stein : H. & A. Adams, Genera
Moll., ii, p. 263, in synon.

1855. Omalodiscus [pars] : Bknson, Journ. Asiatic Soc.

Bemj., xxiv, p. 127.

1856. Gyrofhis [pars] : Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll.

France, ii, p. 428. [Misattributed to Agassiz
in Charj)enticr, an error in which he is
followed by Westerlund, 1885.] [Non Fit-
zinger, 1833.]
- 1877. Tropodiscuti : Clessin, Deutsch. Excur. Moll. Fauna,
p. 398.

Sub-gen. : Planorbarius, Froriep.

Etyni. : — Lat. corrupt, of planorbicarius, pertaining to

Pla)iorbis.
Type : — Helix cornea, Linne.

1806. Planorbarius : Froriep, in Dumeril, Analyt. Zool.,

p. 165.
1840. Planorbis : Swainson, Treat. Malac, p. 337.
1847. Corctus, Adans. : Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,

1847, p. 180.
1850. Spirodiscus [pars] : Stein, Lebend. Schneck. (&

Musch. Berlins, p. 73.
1880. Helisoma : Sandberger, Palaeontograph., xxvii

(N.F. vii), p. 100. [Non Swainson, 1840.]

Sub-gen. : Gyraulus (Agassiz MS.), Charpentier.
Etym. : — Gr. yupos, a circle -(- aiAds, a tube.
Type : — Planorbis albus, Miiller.

1827. Planaria [pars] : Brown, Illust. Conch. Brit.,

ed. 1, pi. Ii, f. 48 & 49. [Non Muller,

1774.]
1837. Gyraulus, Ag. (Msc.) : Charpentier, NeueDenkschr.

Ally. Schweiz. Gesell., i, [no. 2], p. 21.
1842,) Trochlea : Haldeman, Amer. Journ. Sci., xlii,
Jan. / p. 216.

1842. Armiyer : Hartmann, Erd- & SiXssw.-Gasterop.,

p. 172 (also p. 219 and " Syst. Uebersicht,"

1840).
1850. Naulilina : Stein, Lebend. Schneck. cfc Musch.

Berlins, p. 80.
1855. Onmlodiscus [pars] : Benson, Journ. Asiat. Soc.

Beny., xxiv, p. 127.
1903. Spiniformis, subg. 5 of Planorbis : Germain, Bull.

Soc. Sci. Quest France, Ser. II, torn, iii,

p. 204.
1905. Torquis, sect, of Gyraulus : Dall, Harriman

Alaska Exped., xiii, p. 83 (defined, p. 86).

68 PLANORBID^

Sub-gen : Spiralina (Hartmann MS.), Martens.
Etyni. : — Lat. diinin. of spira (Gr. a-n-eipa), a coil.
Type : — Helix vortex, Linnaeus. (Selected by W. A. Lind-
holm in 1922.)

1837. Planorhis, Ag. (Msc.) [pars] : Charpentier, Neue
Denkschr. Allg. Schweiz. Gesell., i [no. 2],
p. 21.

1840,1 Spirorbis : Swainson, Treat. Malac, p. 337. [Noii

May./ Daudin, 18U0 (Vermes).]

1840. Spiralina : Hartmann, Ercl- (& Siissiv.-Gasterop.,
" Syst. Uebersicht." [Nom. mid.] [Teste
Von Martens, Biol. Centr.-Amer., " Land &
Freshwater Moll," p. 395, note.]

1847. Anism, Fitz. : Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud., 1847,
p. 180. [Non Fitzinger, nee Studer.]

1850. Spirodiscus [pars] : Stein, Lebend. Sehneck. cfe
Musch. Berlins, p. 73.

1850. Tropidiscus [pars] : Stein, o. c, p. 76.

1855. Onialodiscus [pars] : Benson, Journ. Asiat. Soc.

Bcnrj., xxiv, p. 127.

1856. Gyrorbis [pars] : Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll.

France, ii, p. 428. [Misattributed to Agassiz
in Charpentier, an error in which he was
followed by Westerlund, 1885.] [Non Fit-
zinger, 1833.]

1864. Gyrorbis (Moq. p. p.) : MoRCH, Vidensk. Meddel.
Natiirk. Foren. Kjobenhavn, 1863 (1864),
p. 313.

1897. Diplodiscus : Westerlund, Acta Soc. Fauna <&
Flora Fennica, xiii, p. 115. [Non Diesing,
1850 (Vermes).]

1899. Spiralina, Hartmann : Martens, Biol. Cent.-Amer.,
" Land & Freshwater Moll," p. 395.

1909. Wuestia : Honigmann, Zeitsehr. f. Naturw., Ixxxi,
p. 296.

Sub-gen. : Bathyomphalus (Agassiz MS.), Charpentier.
Etym. : — Gr. (ia6v<; -\- oix(f}aX<k, deeply umbilicated.
Type : — -Helix contorta, Liune.

1837. Bathyomphalus, Ag. (Msc.) : Charpentier, Neue
Denkschr. Allg. Schveiz. Gesell., i, [no. 2],
p. 20.

1847. Polyyyrus, Beck : Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud.,
1847, p. 181. [Beck did not use this name :
he placed the species in his section Polygyrini
of Planorbis.]

1850. Discoidina : Stein, Lebend. Sehneck. & Musch.
Berlins, p. 82.

PLANORBIS 69

Sub-gpii. : Hippeutis (Agassiz MS.), Charponticr.

Etyin. : — CJr. i7r7r«rr)/s, a rider, in allusion to the overlapping

(over-riding) of the successive whorls.
Type : — Helix complanatus, Linne.

1837. Hippeutis, Ag. (Msc.) : Charpentiek, Neue Denh-

schr. Allg. Schwciz. GeselL, i [no. 2], p. 22.
18.50. Hippcules : Gray, Fig. Moll. Anim., iv, Syst.

arrang., p. 119. [Err. fyp.]
1855. Helicorhis : Benson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Beng., xxiv,

p. 126.
1880. Drepanostrema : Fischer & Crosse, Miss. Scie.nl.

Mexique, Recherch. ZooL, Ser. VII, ii, p. 59.

1. Planorbis (s.s.) planorbis (Linne).

Etym. : — Lat. planus + orbis, a flat circle.

1758. Helix planorbis : Linnjeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 769,

no. 578.
1767. Helix planorbis : Linnaeus, o.c, ed. 12, p. 1242, no. 662.
1767. Planorbis planorbis, Linn. : Geoffroy, Traite Coq. Paris,

p. 91.
1774. Planorbis uwhilicafus : Muller, Verm. Hist., ii, p. 160.

1777. Helix planorbis, Linn. : Pennant, Brit. ZooL, ed. 4, iv,

8vo, p. 133; 4to, p. 115, pi. Lxxxiii, f. 123.

1778. Helix limbata: DaCosta, Test. Brit., p. 63, pi. iv, f. 8 &

viii, f. 8.
1789. Planorbis complanatus, Miill. ? : Studer, in Coxe's Trav.

Sicilzcrld., iii, p. 391.
1791. Helix complanata : Gmelin, in Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 13,

i, pt. 6, p. 3617.

1798. Planorbis lapicida : Bolten, Mus. Bolt., ii, p. 73, no. 931.

1799. Helix planorbis : Pulteney, Cat. Dorset., p. 46.

. ' Planorbis acutus .- Poiret, Coq. Aisne, p. 91.

180l,) Planorbis carinatus, b. : Draparnaud, Tabl. Mol.

July.j France, p. 45.

1803. Helix complanata, Lin.: Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 450;

Suppt. pi. XXV, f. 4.
1805. Planorbis marqinatus : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. France,

p;45, pi. ii, f. 11 & 12.
1807. Helix planorbis, Linn, [pars] : Maton & Rackett, Trans.

Linn. Soc, viii, p. 188, pi. v, f. 13, & f. 14 as

H. flanata.
1813. Helix planorbis: Rackett, in Pulteney's Cat. Dorset.,

ed. 2, p. 52, pi. xiv, f. 8 & xx, f. 10.

1817. Helix complanata, Linn. : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii. p. 897.

1818. Helix cochlea : Brown, Moh. Wernerian Nat. Hist. Soc,

ii, p. 528, pi. xxiv, f. 10. [A scalariform
monstrosity].

70

PLANORBID^

1819. Planorhis marginatus, Drap. : Leach, MoU. Brit. Synoj).

(proofs), p. 158.
1819. Planorhis Sheppardi : Leach, o. c, p. 159.
1819. Helix rhombea : Turton, Conch. Diet., p. 47.

1819. Helix terebra : Turton, o. c, p. 62. [Nom. nov. for

Brown's Helix cochlea.}

1820. Planorhis carinatus : Studer, Nafnnv. Anz. Allg.

Schweiz. Gesell., iii, p. 92. (In reprint, " Syst.
Verzeichn.," p. 25).

1820. Planorhis complanaius : Studer, t. c. (In reprint, " Syst.

Verzeichn.," p. 25.)

1821. Planorhis marginatus, Drap. : C. Pfeiffer, Nattirg.

Deutsch. Moll, I p. 75, pi. iii. f. 1 & 2.
1823. Helix complanatus : [Brown], Ency. Brit., ed. 6, vi, p.

457.
1823. Helix Draparnaudi : Sheppard, Trans. Linn. Soc, xiv,

p. 158. [Fide Gray, in Turton, Manual,

1840, p. 265.]
?1826. Planorhis marginatus, Drap. : Risso, Hist. Nat. Europ.

merid., iv, p. 97.
1827. Planorhis marginatus, Drap. : Brown, Illust. Conch. Brit.,

ed. 1, pi. xli, f. 39-41.

1830. Planorhis umbilicatus, Miill. : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn.

Soc, xvi, p. 384.

1831. Planorhis marginatus, Drap. : Turton, Manual, p. 107,

f. 88.
1831. Planorhis complanatus, Linn. : Turton, o. c., p. 108, f. 87

[not 89 as cited.]
1831. Planorhis rhomheus : Turton, o. c, p. 108, f. 90.
1831. Planorhis Sheppardi: Leach, in Turton's Manual, p.

108 in synon.
1833. Anisus marginatus, mihi : Fitzinger, Beitr. Landesk.

Oesterr., iii, p. 111.
1837. Planorhis intermedius, mihi : Charpentier, Neue Denk-

schr. Allg. Schiveiz. Gesell., i [no. 2], p. 21.
1840.) Planorhis marginatus, Drap. : Gray, in Turton's Manual,
Apr. J new ed., p. 265, pi. viii, f. 87, 88 & 90.

Post 1

Sent ' -P'^^oriis marginatus, Drapcrnaud : Brown, Illnst.
jglg" r Conch. Brit., ed. 2, p. 32, pi. xiv, f. 39-41.

1845. Planorhis marginatus, Drapernaud : Brown, Illust. L. k
F.-W. Conch. Brit., p. 20, pi. iii, f. 26-28.

1850. Planorhis (Tropidiscus) complanatus, L. : Stein, Lebend.
Schneck. <& Musch. Berlins, p. 76.

1852,1 Planorhis marginatus, Drap. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.,

Feb. / p. 114.

1852 1

Feb ' I •^^"'''^''^^^ Sheppardi : Leach, o. c, p. 115.

1852, ) Planorhis marginatus, Draparnaud : Forbes & Hanley,
Apr. / Brit. Mol., iv, p. 155, pi. cxxvii, f. 1-3.

PLANORBIS 71

1855. Planorhis Linnei, mihi [pars] : Malm, Gotheb. K. Vet. &

Vilt. Samhdlles Handl., N.F. iii, p. 137.
1S55,"| Planorhis (Anisus) marqinalus, Drap. : H. & A. Adams,
Nov. / Genera Moll, ii, p. 263.

185G. Planorhis (Gyrorhis) compkmatiis, Linn. : Moquin-

Tandon, Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 428, pi.

XXX, f. 18-28.
1857. Planorhis (Gyrorhis) complanatus, Linn. : Gray, in

Turton's Manual, new ed., p. 240, pi. viii,

f. 87, 88 & 90.

1862. Planorhis complanatus, Linne : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch.,

i, p. 91 ; V, pi. vi, f. 2.

1863. Planorhis complanatus, Linnseus : Reeve, L. <& F.-W.

Moll. Brit. Is., p. 143, figs.
1873. Planorhis (Tropidiscus) umhilicatiis, Mull. : Westerlund,

Fauna Moll. Svec, p. 374.
1875. Planorhis (Anisus) umhilicatus, Miiller : Sandberger,

Land- & Siissw.-Conch. Vorwelt, p. 779, pi.

XXXV, f. 8 [as P. complanatus].
1877. Planorhis (Tropodiscus) [sic] marginatus, Draparnaud :

Clessin, Deutsch. Excur. Moll. Fauna,

p. 398, f. 251.
1902. Planorhis (Tropidiscus) planorhis, Lin. : Westerlund,

Rad Juyoslav. Akad., cli, p. 120.
1909. Planorhis (Gryorhis) umhilicatus, Miiller : Germain,

Bull. Soc. Sci. Nat. Elbeuf, xxvii, p. 151.

[Germain (Moll. France, ii, p. 253) gives as synonyms : —
Planorhis suhmarginattts, Crist. & Jan ; and P.
salonensis, Florence.]

First recorded as British in 1674, by M. Lister (Phil.
Trans., ix, p. 99, pi. ii, f. 24).

British Distribution in Time : Cromerian to Recent.

[The Pliocene P. prcBcursor, Kennard & Woodward, 1911,
had previously been referred to P. marginatus , Drap.]

2. Planorhis (s.s.) carinatus, MuUer.
Etym. : — Lat. carinatus, keeled.

1774. Planorhis carinatus : Muller, Verm. Hist., ii, p. 157.
1791. Helix planorhis: Gmelin, in Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 13,

i, pt. 6, p. 3617.
1801, \ Planorhis carinatus, a : Draparnaud, Tahl. Moll.
July.j France, p. 45.

1803, Helix carinata (Miiller): Montagu, Test. B i'., p. 451,

pi. XXV, f. 1.

1805. Planorhis carinatus, Mull. : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll.

France, p. 46, pi. ii, f. 13 & 14.
1807. Helix planata : Turton, Brit. Fauna, p. 187.
1807. Helix planorhis, Linn, [pars] : Maton & Rackett,

Trans. Linn, Soc, viii, p. 188.

72 TLANORBID^

1813. Helix plavata : Rackett, in Piilteney, Cat. Dorset., ed. 2,

p. 52, pi. XX, f. 18.
1817. Helix plaiiorbis, Linn. : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii, p. 896.

1819. Planorhis carinatus, Miill. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.

(proofs), p. 157.

1820. Helix umhilicatus, mihi : Studer, Naturw. Anz. Allcj.

Schweiz. GeselL, iii, p. 92. (In reprint, " Syst.
Verzeichn.," p. 25.)

1821. Planorhis marginatus, var. y : Hartmanx, Neue Alpina,

i, p. 254.
1821. Planorhis carinatus, Miill. : C. Pfeiffer, Nattirg.

Deutsch. Moll, i, p. 76, pi. iv, f. 5 & 6.
182.3. Helix planorhis : [Brown], Ency. Brit., ed. 6. vi, p. 457.

1826. Planorhis carinatus, Miill. : Risso, Hist. Nat. Europ.

merid., iv, p. 97.

1827. Planorhis carinatus. Lam. : Brown, Illitst. Conch. Brit.,

ed. 1, pi. xli, f. 35-37.
1830. Planorhis carinatus, Miill. : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc,
xvi, p. 384.

1830. Planorhis lutescens, Lam. : Jeffreys, t. c, p. 385.

1831. Planorhis carinatus, Drap. : Turton, Manual, p. 106,

f. 89 [not 87 as cited.]
1831. Planorhis planatus : Turton, o. c, p. 110, f. 92.
1833. Planorhis disciformis : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc,

XVI, p. 521. [Nom. nov. for his P. lutescens of

1830.]
1833. Anisus carinatus, mihi : Fitzinger, Beitr. Landesk.

Oesterr., iii, p. 111.

1840,) Planorhis carinatus, Miiller : Gray', in Turton's Manual,

Apr. / new ed., p. 262, pi. viii, f. 89 & 92.

Post \

o , I Planorhis carinatus, Miiller : Brown, Illust. Conch. Brit.,

jgjj- j ed. 2, p. 32, pi. xiv, f. 35-37.

1845. Planorhis carinatus, Miiller : Brown, Ilhist. L. & F.-W.

Conch. Brit., p. 20, pi. iii, f. 34-36.
1850. Planorhis [Tropidiscus) carinatus : Stein, Lehend.

Schneck. & Musch. Berlins, p. 77.
1852,) Planorhis carinatus, Miill. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.,
Feb. J p. 114.

1852,) Planorhis carinatus, Miiller : Forbes & Hanley^ Brit.
July./ Moll, iv, p. 153, pi. cxxvii, f . 4 & 5.

1855. Planorhis Linnei, mihi [pars] : Malm, Gotheh. K. Vet. dt

Vitt. Samhalles Handl., N.F. iii, p. 137.
1855,) Planorhis {Anisus) carinatus, Miill. : H. & A. Adams,
Nov. / Genera Moll, ii, p. 263.

1856. Planorhis (Gyrorhis) carinatiis, Miill. : Moquin-Tandon,

Hist. Moll France, ii, p. 431, pi. xxx, f. 29-33.

1857. Planorhis (Gi/rorhis) carinatus, Miiller : Gray, in Turton's

Manual, new ed., p. 237, pi. viii, f. 89 & 92.

PLANORBTS 73

18G2. Planorhis carinatus, Miillor : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch, i,

p. 98; V, pi. vi, f. 1.
1863. Phuiorhis carinatus, Muller : Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., p. 142, figs.
1877. Planorhis (Tropodiscu.'i) [sic] carinatus, Muller : Clessin,

Deutsch. Excur. Moll. Fauna, p. 400.

[Germain {Moll. France, ii, p. 251) gives as synonyms : —
Phuiorhis fcrvius, Bourg. ; and P. f/nlUcus, Bourg.]

First recorded as British in 1803, by G. Montagu, as
Helix carinata. {See ref. above.)

British Distribution in Time : Cromerian to Recent.

3. Planorbis (Planorbarius) corneus (Linne).
Etym. : — Lat. corneus, horny.

1758. Helix cornea: Linn^us, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 770,

no. 587.
1767. Helix cornea : Linn^us, o. c, ed. 12, p. 1234, no. 671.
1767. Plavorhis cornea [sic], Linn. : Geoffroy, Traite Coq.

Paris, p. 85.
1774. Planorbis purpura : Muller, Verm. Hist., ii, p. 154.
1774. Planorbis similis : Muller, o. c, p. 166.
1777. Helix nana: Pennant, Brit. Zool, ed. 4, 8vo, p. 133;

4to, p. 116, pi. Ixxxiii, f. 125.

1777. Helix cornea, Linn. : Pennant, t.c, 8vo, p. 134; 4to,

p. 116, pl. Ixxxiii, f. 126.

1778. Helix cornu arietis : DaCosta, Test. Brit., p. 60, pl. iv,

f. 13. [Non Linnaeus.]
1791. Helix cornea : Gmelin, in Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 13, i,

pt. 6, p. 3623, no. 35.
1791. Helix similis: Gmelin, o.c, ed. 13, i, pt. 6, p. 3625,

no. 40.
1799. Helix cornea : Pulteney, Cat. Dorset., p. 47.

/ ' Planorbis corneus (Linn.) : Poiret, Coq. Aisne, p. 87.

1801,) Planorbis corneus (Linn.): Draparnaud, Tail. Moll.

July. J France, p. 43.

1803. Helix cornea, Lin. : Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 448.

1805. Planorbis corneus, Linn. : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll.

France, p. 43, pl. i, f. 42-44.

1806. Planorhariiis corneus : Froriep, in Dumeril's Analyt.

Zool., p. 165.

1807. Helix cornea, Linn. : ]\Iaton & Rackett, Trans. Linn.

Soc, viii, p. 190.
1813. Helix cornea : Rackett, in Pulteney, Cat. Dorset., ed. 2,

p. 52, pl. XX, f. 13.
1817. Helix cornea, Linn. : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii, p. 906.
1817. Helix similis, Gmcl. : Dillwyn, t. c, p. 907.

74 PLANORBIDiE

1819. PlcDiorhs coiiieus, Linn. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.

(proofs), p. 155.
1821. Planorhis conieus, Linn. : C. Pfeiffer, Naturg. Deutsch.

Moll, i, p. 77, pi. iv, f. 3 & 4.
1823. Helix corneus : [Brown], Ency. Brit., ed. 6, vi, p. 458.
1827. Planorbis corneus, Lam. : Brown, Illust. Conch. Brit.,

ed. 1, pi. xJi, f. 31-33.

1830. Planorbis corneus, Linn. : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc,

xvi, p. 383.

1831. Planorbis corneus, Linn. : Turton, Manual, p. 112, f. 95.
1839. Planorbis Metidgensis, nov. sp. : Forbes, Ann. Nat.

Hist., ii, p. 254, pi. xii, f. 5.

1810,^ Planorbis corneus, Linn. : Gray, in Turton's Manual,

Apr. / new ed., p. 258, pi. viii, f. 95.

Post \

q , [ Planorbis corneus, Drapernaud : Brown, Illust. Conch.

J'gPQ j Brit., ed. 2, p. 31, pi. xiv. f. 31-33.

1845. Planorbis corneus, Drapernaud : Brown, Illust. L. &

F.-W. Conch. Brit., p. 17, pi. iii, f. 21-23;

xxiv, f. 26.
?1847. Helix Biblis, Ch. : Nardo, Sinon. Species Chiereghim,

col. 85.
1847, '^ Coretus corneus : Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847,
Nov. / p. 180.

18.50. Planorbis (Spirodiscus) corneus : Stein, Lebend. Schneck.

& Musch. Berlins, p. 73.
1851. Planorbis similis,Bielz: M. Bielz, Verhandl. Siebenbiirg.

Ver. NaturuK, ii, p. 63.
1852, 1 Planorbis corneus. Linn. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.,
Feb. / p. 112.

1852,^ Planorbis corneus, Linnseus : Forbes & Hanley, Brit.
Apr. j Moll., iv, p. 147, pi. cxxvi, f. 4 & 5.

1856. Planorbis (Coretus) corneus, Linn. : Moquin-Tandon,

Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 445, pi. xxxi, f.
32-38.

1857. Planorbis (Coretus) corneus, Linn. : Gray, in Turton's

Manual, new ed., p. 233, pi. viii, f. 95.
1859. Planorbis Etruscus, Ziegl. MS. : Bourguignat, Rev. <&

Mag. Zool., Ser. II, toni. xi, p. 514. (Amenit.

Malac, ii, p. 127, pi. xviii, f. 1.)
1859. Planorbis elophilus : Bourguignat, t. c, p. 515, pi. xix,

f. 1-3. (t. c, p. 128, pi. xvi, f. 1-3.)
1859. Planorbis Nordenskioldi : Bourguignat, t. c, p. 516.

(t. c, p. 128.)
1859. Planorbis anthracius : Bourguignat, t.c, p. 516-, pi.

XX, f. 1-3. (t. c, p. 130, pi. xvii, f. 1-3.)
1859. Planorbis Banaticus, Lang MSS. : Bourguignat, /. c,

p. 517, pi. xix, f. 10-12. (t.c, p. 130, pi.

xvi, f. 10-12.)

PLANORBIS 75

1859. Planorhis adelosius : Bourguignat, t. c, p. 518, pi. xix,
f. 13-15. {t. c, p. 131, pi. xvi, f. 13-15.1

1859. Planorbis aclopus : Bourguignat, t. c, p. 521, pi. xx, f.
4-6. {t. c, p. 135, pi. xvii, f. 4-6.)

1862. Planorbis corneus, Linne : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i,

p. 93 ; V, pi. vi, f. 3.

1863. Planorhis corneus, Linnagus : Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., p. 138, figs.
1880. Planorhis (Helisoma) clathratus, Sandb. : Sandberger,
Palaeontograph., xxvii (N.F. vii), p. 100, pi.
xii, f. 8-8c.

[Germain (Moll. France, ii, p. 251) gives as synonyms : —
Planorbis Taciti, Letourueux ; P. helophilus, Bourg. ;
and P. Mahillei, Bourg. Por a considerable list of
names that have been applied to varieties of this
species, See Germain in Rec. Indian Mus., xxi, 1921,
pp. 10-12.]

First recorded as British in 1674, by M. Lister {Phil.
Trans., ix, p. 99, pi. ii, f. 23).

British Distribution in Time : Pliocene to Recent.

4. Planorbis (Gyraulus) albus, Miiller.
Etym. : — Lat. alhns, white.

1774. Planorbis alhus : Muller, Verm. Hist., ii, p. 164.
1791. Helix alba : Gmelin, in Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 13, i, pt. 6,
p. 3625.

. ' Planorbis villosus : Poiret, Coq. Aisne, p. 95.

1801,) Planorbis aUrns, Mull. : Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll. France,

July./ p. 44.

1801,) Planorbis hispidus, nobis: Vallot, Exer.' Hist. Nat.,

Aug. / p. 5. [Teste Moquin-Tandon.]

1803. Helix alba, Gmel. : Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 459, pi. xxv,

f. 7.
1805. Planorbis hispidus : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. France,

p. 43, pi. i, f. 45-47.
1807. Helix alba : Maton & Rackett, Trans. Linn. Soc, viii,

p. 192.
1813. Helix alba : Rackett, in Pulteney, Cat. Dorset., ed. 2,

p. 53, pi. xix, f. 18.
1817. Helix alba, Miill. : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii, p. 909.
1819. Planorbis albus. Mull. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.

(proofs), p. 156.
1821. Planorbis hispidus, var. y : Hartmann, Ncue Alpina,

i, p. 255.
1821. Planorbis albus, Miill. : C. Pfeiffer, Naturg. Deutseh.

Moll, i, p. 80, 1)1. iv, f. 9 & 10.
1823. Helix alba: [Brown], Ency. Brit., ed. 6, vi, p. 458.

76 PLANORBID/E

?1826. Planorhis reliculalus : Risso, Hist. Nat. Eiirop. merid.,

iv, p. 98.
1827. Planorhis albus, Brown's MSS. : Brown. Illust. Conch.

Brit., ed. 1, pi. xli, f. 52 & 53.
1827. Planaria alba : Brown, o.c, pi. li, f. 48 & 49.
1830. Planorhis Draparnaldi : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Sac,

xvi, p. 386.
1830. Planorhis alhis, Miill. : Jeffreys, t. c, p. 387.

1830. Planorhis glaher : Jeffreys, t. c, p. 387.^

1831. Planorhis alhus, Mont. : Turton, Manual, p. 114, f. 97.
1833. Planorhis fasculus, Ziegler : Fitzinger, Beitr. Landeslc.

Oesterr., iii, p. 112.
1837. Planorhis {Gyraulus) hispidus, Drap. : Charpentier,

Neue Denkschr. Allg. Schweiz. GeselL, i [no. 2],

p. 21.

1840,\ Planorhis hirsutus : Gould : Amer. Journ. Sci., xxxviii,

Jan. / p. 196. {Invert. Mass., 1841, p. 206, f. 135.)

1840, ) Planorhis albus, Miiller : Gray, in Tnrton's Mammal,

Apr. j new ed., p. 259, pi. viii, f. 97.

Post \

q , [ Planorhis alhus, Miiller : Brown, Illust. Condi. Brit.,

^^^^ I ed. 2, p. 31, pi. xiv, f. 52 & 53.

1841. Gyraulus hispidus : Hautm an, Erd- & Su.ssw.-Gastcrop.,

p. 89, pi. xxv.

1842. Trochlea alha, Brown : Haldeman, Amer. Journ. Sci.,

xlii, p. 216.
1845. Planorhis alhus, Miiller: Brown, Illust. L. d: F.-W.

Conch. Brit., p. 18, pi. iii, f. 30 & 31.
1850. Planorhis [Nautilina) alhus : Stfa's, Lehend. Schnecl-. d;

Musch. Berlins, p. 80.
1852,\ Planorhis alhus, Miill. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.,
Feb. J p. 113.

1852,^ Planorhis alhus, Muller : Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll,
Apr. j iv, p. 149, pi. cxxvi, f. 1 & 2.

1856. Planorhis (Gyraulus) alhus, Miill. : Moquin-Tandon,

Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 440, pi. xxxi,
f. 12-19.

1857. Planorhis (Gyraulus) albus, Miiller : Gray, in Turton's

Manual, new ed., p. 234, pi. viii, f. 97.

1862. Planorihis alhus, Miiller : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i,

p. 83; V, pi. V, f. 4.

1863. Planorbis albus, Miiller: Reeve, L. d: F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., p. 139, figs.
1867. Planorhis Paladilhi : Moitessier, Rev. & Mag. Zool.,

Ser. II, torn, xix, p. 424, pi. xxii, f. 7-14.
1873. Planorhis (Gyraulus) draparnaldi , Jeffreys : Wester-

LUND, Fauna Moll. Svec, p. 393.

' For the history of this species of Jeffreys, See Kennaed & Woodward,
Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., xvi, 1924, p. 11.

I'LANOIIBIS 77

?1903. IHanurbis Arnuuldi, Clcnnaiii : Ceiimain, Bull. Sac. Sci.
Nat. Quest France, Ser. II, torn, iii, p. 191,
pi. A, f. 13-15.
1913. Plaiiorhis {Gyraulus) Dra-parnaudi, Jeffreys [emend.]:
Germain, Moll. France, ii, p. 257.

[Germain {Moll. France, ii, p. 258) gives as synonyms : —
Planorbis pyrenaicits, Bourg. ; and P. tricaasinus,
Bourg.]

First recorded as British about 1702-11, by J. Petiver
{GazopJi., pi. xcii, f. 7).

British Distribution in Time : Cromerian to Recent.

5. Planorbis (Gyraulus) laevis, Alder.
Etym. : — Lat. Icvis, smooth.

?1801. Planorbis spirorbis (Linn.) : Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll.

France, p. 44. [Non. Linne.]
U826. Planorbis spirorbis. Mull. : Risso, Hist. Nat. Europ.

merid., iv, p. 97. [Caziot says Risso's shells

are poor specimens and might be P. spirorbis,

or P. albus.]

1838. Planorbis Imvis : Alder, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc.

Northumbcrld., ii, p. 337.

1839. Planorbis lateralis (Strickland) : Murchison, Silurian

System, p. 555. [Nom nud.]
1840,'^ Planorbis Iccvis, Alder : Gray, in Turton's Mammal, new
Apr. / ed. p. 261, pi. xii, f. 148.

q , [ Planorbis Iccvis, Alder : Brown, Illust. Conch. Brit.,
j^PqI ed. 2, p. 31, pi. xiii, f. 7-9.

?1841. (Planorbis) Gyraulus regular is : Hartmann, Erd- &

Sussw.-Gasterop., p. 97, pi. xxviii.
1845. Planorbis la;vis, Alder : Brown, Illust. L. & F.-W.

Conch. Brit., p. 18, pi. iii, f. 37 & 38.
?1848. Planorbis Moquini : Requien, Cat. Coq. Corse, p. 50.

[Fide Moquin-Tandon.]
1852. Planorbis glaber, Jeffreys : Forbes & Hanley, Brit.

Moll, iv, p. 150, pi. cxxvi, f. 8 & 9 as

P. laivis. [Non Jeffreys, 1830.]
1855. Planorbis [Nautilina) r/laber, Jeff. : H. & A. Adams,

Genera Moll., ii, p. 264.
1850. Planorbis {Gyraulus) la:vis, Alder : Moquin-Tandon,

Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 442, pi. xxxi,

f. 20-23.

1857. Planorbis {Gyraulus) glaber, Jeffreys : Gray, in Turton's

Manual, new ed., p. 235, pi. xii, f. 148.

1858. Planorbis lateralis, Strickl. : Jardine's Memoirs of

H. E. Strickland, pp. 96 & 98.

78 PLANOKBIDiE

1862. Planorhis glaber, Jeffreys: Jeffreys, Brit. Couch., i,

p. 85, V, pi. V, f. 5.

1863. Planorhis glaber, Jeffreys: Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., p. 140, figs.

First recorded as British in 1838, by J. Alder. (See ref.

above.)
British Distribution in Time : Cromerian to Recent.

6. fPlanorbis (Gyraulus) arcticus (Beck MS.), Moller.
Etym. : — Lat. arcticus, northern.

1838. Planorhis articus, B. : Beck, Indcjo Moll., p. 123. [Nom.

nud.'\
1842. Planorhis arcticus. Beck: Moller, ■/ntZej; Moll. Grcenl.,

p. 5.
1855. Planorhis (Nautihna) arcticus. Beck : H. <fe A. Adams,

Genera Moll., ii, p. 263.
1857. Planorhis {Nautilina) arcticus, Bk. & Moll. : Morch, in

Rink, Gronland, ii, " Naturh. Bidr," p. 76.
1885. Planorhis {Gyrauh(s) arcticus, Beck : Westerlund,

Fauna Paldarct. Region, v, p. 77.
1905. Planorhis (Torquis) arcticus, Moller : Dall, Harriman

Alaska Exped., xiii, p. 96.

First recorded as British in 1903, by B. B. Woodward

(Journ. of Conch., x, pp. 355 & 363).
British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene.

7. Planorbis (Gyraulus) acronicus, Ferussac.^

Etym. : — From Acronius lacus, the old name for Lake Ueber-
lingen, part of Lake Constance. {Fide Pomponius Mela.)

1805. Planorbis spirorbis, Mull. : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll.

France, p. 45, pi. ii, f. 8-10. [From an

inspection of the types. Non Linne, nee

Midler.]
1807. Planorbis acronicus : Ferussac, Essai method. Conchyl.,

p. 105.
1807. Planorhis defortnis : Ferussac, I. c.
1821. Planorhis hispidus, var. /?. deformis [Fer.] : Hartmann,

Neue Alpina, i, p. 255.
1837. Planorbis deformis, Lam. : Alder, Mag. Zool. & Bot.,

ii, p. 113. [Non Lamarck.]
?1838. Planorbis devians, Porro : Porro, Malac. Prov. Comasca,

p. 84, pi. i, f. 6a-c. [Porro cites as synonym

" Planorbis suhstriatus Meg. in litteris."]
1841. (Planorhis) Gyraulus deformis [Fer.] : Hartmann, Erd-

<& Sussw.-Gasterop., p. 95, pi. xxvii, xxxv &

xxxvi. [Non Lamarck, 1822.]

1 For the history of this species, See Kennaed & Woodward, Proc
Malac. Soc. Lond., xvi, 1924, p. 12.

PLANORBIS 79

1871. Planorbis cavatus : Westerlund, Nova Acta Soc. Set.

Upsala, Scr. Ill, vol. viii, no. ], p. 133.
1873. Planorbis (Gyraulus) deformis, Hartm. : Westerlund,

Fauna Moll. Svecice, p. 394.
1875. Planorbis (Gyraulus) devians, Porro : Westerlund,

Malak. Bldtt., xxii, p. 112.
1875. Planorbis (Gyraulus) cavatus, West. : Westerlund, I. c,

ill synon.
1881. Planorbis (Gyraulus) stromi, nov. sp. : Westerlund,

Of vers. K. Vet. Akad. Furhandl. Stockholm,

xxxviii, no. i, p. 63.

First recorded as British in 1890, by B. B. Woodward
(Proc. Gcol. Assoc, xi, p. 339) as a var. of P. carinalus.
British Distribution in Time : Holocene and Recent.

8. Planorbis (Gyraulus) crista (Linue).
Etyin. : — Lat. crista, a crest.

1758. Nautilus crista : Linn^us, Syst. Nat ed 10 p 709

no. 234.
1767. Turbo Nautileus : Linn^us, o. c, ed. 12, p. 1241, no. 654.
1774. Planorbis imbricatus : Muller, Verm. Hist., ii,' p. 165.
1791. Turbo nautileus : Guelin, in Linn. Syst. Nat ed 13

i, pt. 6, p. 3612, no. 98. > • '

1798. Helix carinata : Jacob, in Adams' Essays on Micro.

ed. 2, p. 635, pi. xiv, f. 10.
1798. Helix spinosa : Jacob, o. c, p. 636, pi. xiv, f. 11.

1801. Planorbis imbricatus : Br af arn av t>, Tabl' Moll France

p. 46.

1802. Helix carinata: Linn/EUS, Gen. Syst. Nature, trans.

Turton, iv, p. 510.

1802. Helix spinosa : Linn^us, t. c, p. 525.

1803. Helix nautileus, Lin. : Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 464,

pi. XXV, f. 5.
[According to Montagu (Test. Brit., Suppt., p. 146) this
species occurred in the Portland Collection under the
name of Helix nautiloides.]
1805. Planorbis imbricatus : Draparnaud. Hist. Moll. France

p. 44, pi. i, f. 49-51.
1805. Planorbis cristatus : Draparnaud, o. c. p 44 pi H

f. 1-3. ' F • .

1807. Turbo naittileus, Linn. : Maton & Rackett, Trans.

Linn. Soc, viii, p. 169.
1813. Turbo nautileus: Rackett, in Pultcney, Cat. Dorset.,

ed. 2, p. 50, pi. xix, f. 16.
1813? Planorbis cristatus : Fleming, Edinb. Ency., vii, p. 69.
1813? Planorbis nautileus : Fle.ming, ?. c.
1817. Turbo nautileus, Linn. : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii

p. 882.

80 PLANORBID^

1819. Planorhis imhricalus, Miill. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.

(proofs), p. 160.
1821. Planorhis imbricatus, Miill. : C. Pfeiffer, Naturg.

Deutsch. Moll, i, p. 84, pi. iv, f. 15.
182.3. Turbo nautileus : [Brown], Eiicy. Brit., ed. 6, vi, p. 457.

1826. Plaiiorbis cristaius, Draji. : Risso, Hist. Nat. Europ.

merid., iv, p. 98.

1827. Planorhis imbricatus, Lam. : Browx, lUust. Conch. Brit.,

ed. 1, pi. xli, f. 46 & 47.

1828. Planorhis nautilus [sic], Linn. : Fleming, Hist. Brit.

Anim., p. 278.

1830. Planorhis imbricatus, Miill. : Jeffreys, Travis. Linn.

Soc, xvi, p. 388.

1831. Pkniorhis imbricatus, Drap. : TuRTOX, Manual, p. Ill,

f. 94.
1837. Planorhis (Gyraulus) imbricatus, Drap. : Charpentier,

Neue Denkschr. Ally. Schwciz. Gesell., i

[no. 2], p. 21.
1837. Planorhis (Gyraulus) crisfatus, Drap. : Charpentier,

I.e.
1840,1 Planorhis imbricatus, Miiller : Gray, in Turton's Manual,
Apr. J new ed., p. 261, pi. viii, f. 94.

Post.i Planorhis imbricatus, Miiller: Brown, Ulust. Conch.
Sept. [ Brit., ed. 2, p. 31, pi. xiv, f. 46 & 47, xviii,

1840. J f. 10.

1842. Armiyer cristatus, m. : Hartjiann, Erd- cfc Siissw.-

Gasterop., pp. 172 & 179.
1845. Planorhis imbricatus, Miiller : Brown, Ulust. L. <£• F.-W.

Conch. Brit., p. 19, pi. iii, f. 40-43.
1850. Planorhis [Nautilina) nautileus : Stein, Lebend. Schncck.

& Musch. Berlins, p. 81.
1852,) Planorhis imbricatus, Miill. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.,
Feb. / p. 115.

1852,1 Planorhis nautileus, Linnseus : Forbes & Hanley, Brit.
Apr. j Moll., iv, p. 152, pi. cxxvi, f. 6 & 7.

1855. Planorhis {Nautilina) nautileus, Linn. : H. & A. Adams,

Genera Moll., ii, p. 264.

1856. Planorhis (Gyraulus) nautileus, Linn. : Moquin-Tandon,

Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 438, pi. xxxi, f. 6-11.

1857. Planorhis (Gyraulus) nautileus, Linn. : Gray, in Turton's

Manual, new ed., p. 236, pi. viii, f. 94.

1862. Planorhis Nautileus, Linne : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i,

p. 82 ; V, pi. V, f . 3.

1863. Planorhis crista, Linneeus : Reeve, L. d- F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., p. 141, figs.

1864. Planorhis (Gyraulus) crista, L. : Morch, Synop. Moll.

DanicE, p. 53.
1873. Planorhis (Armiyer) crista. Liu. : Westerlund, Fauna
Moil. Svec, p. 399.

PLAXORBIS 81

1878. rianorhis {ArmUier) naulileus, Linn. : Nevill, Hand

List Moll. Indian Mus., p. 247.
1903. Planorhis {Spinifonnis) cristatus, Linne [i.e. Drap.] :

Germain, Bull. Soc. Sci. Quest France,

Sor. II, torn, lii, p. 204.
1903. Planorhis (Spinifonnis) imbricatus, Miiller : Germain, I. c.
1912. Planorhis [Armiger) cristatus [sic], Linne : Germain,

Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Lyon, xi, no. 3, p. 112.

First recorded as British in 1784, bv Boys & Walker

(Test, minut. rar., p. 6, pi. i, f. 20 & 21).
British Distribution in Time : C'romorian to Recent.

9. Planorbis (Gyraulus) dilatatus, Gould.
Etym. : — Lat. dilatatus, expanded.

1841. Planorbis dilatatus : Gould, Invert. Massachusetts,

p. 210, f. 140.
1855. Planorhis (Nautilina) dilatatus, Gould : H. & A. Adams,

Genera Moll., ii, p. 263.
1865. Planorbis (Gyraulus) dilatatus, Gould : W. G. Binney,

L. <k F.'W. Shells N. Amer., ii, p. 131, f. 218.

First recorded as British in 1869, by J. G. Jeffreys (Ann.

ct- Ma{j. Nat. Hist., Ser. IV, vol. iv, p. 341)'.
British Distribution in Time : Recent.

10. Planorbis (Spiralina) vortex (Linne).
Etyin. : — Lat. vorlcx, a whirlpool.

1758. Helix Vortex : Linn^us, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 770,

no. .583.
1767. Helix Vortex: Linn^us, o. c, ed. 12, p. 1243, no. 667.
1767. Planorbis vortex, Linn. : Geoffroy, Traite Coq. Paris,

p. 93.
1774. Planorbis vortex : Muller, Venn. Hist., ii, p. 158.
1778. Helix planorbis: DaCosta, Test. Brit., p. 65, pi. iv,

f. 12. [Non Linne.]
1791. Helix vortex: Gmelin, in Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 13, i,

pt. 6, p. 3620, no. 30.
1799. Helix vortex : Pulteney, Cat. Dorset., p. 47.
1803. Helix vortex, Lin. : 3Iontagu, Test. Brit., p. 454, pi. xxv,

f. 3.
1807. Helix vortex, Linn. : Maton & Rackett, Trans. Linn.

Soc., viii, p. 189.
1813. Hdix vortex : Rackett, in Pulteney, Cat. Dorset., ed. 2,

p. 52, pi. XX, f. 12.
1817. Helix vortex, Linn. : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii, p. 904.
1820. Planorbis tenellus, mihi : Studer, Naturtc. Anz. Allg.

Schiveiz. Gescll., in, p. 92. (In reprint, " Syst.

Verzeichn.," p. 25.) [Fide Charpentier.]

N.-M, MOLL. G

82 PLANORBID.E

1821. Planorbis vortex, Linn. : C. Pfeiffer, Natiirg. Deutsch.

Moll, i, p. 79, pi. iv, f. 7.
1823. Helix vortex : [Brown], Ency. Brit., ed. 6, vi, p. 458.
1826. Planorbis vortex, Mull. : Risso, Hist. Nat. Europ. merid.,

iv, p, 98.

1826. Planorbis nitidus [Mlill. pars] : Risso, I. c. [Teste

Bourguignat.]

1827. Planorbis vortex, Lam. : Brown, Ilhist. Conch. Brit.,

ed. 1, pi. xli, f. 44 & 45.

1830. Planorbis vortex, Linn. : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc,

xvi, p. 382.

1831. Planorbis coinpressus, nobis: Michaud, Complem. Hist.

Moll. France Drap., p. 81, pi. xvi, f. 6-8.
1831. Planorbis vortex, Drap. : Turton, Manual, p. 109, f. 91.

[No7i Draparuaud.]
1833. Anisus vortex, Studer : Fitzinger, Beitr. Landesk.

Oesterr., iii, p. 111. [Studer wrote "Plan-
orbis vmiex ? Drap."]
1837. Planorbis numulus, mihi : Held, Isis, xxx, bft. 4,

col. 304.
1840, \ Planorbis vortex, Linn. : Gray, in Turton's Manual, new
Apr. j ed., p. 267, pi. viii, f. 91.

Post 1 Planorbis vortex, Miiller : Brown, Illust. Conch. Brit.,
Sept. V ed. 2, p. 32, pi. xiv, f. 44 & 45 [in text

1840.) 42&43].

1845. Planorbis vortex, Miiller : Brown, Illust. L. & F.-W.

Condi. Brit., p. 22, pi. iii, f. 32 & 33.
1847. Helix Papia, Cli. : Nardo, Sinon. Species Chiereghini,

col. 85.
1850. Planorbis (Tropidiscus) vortex : Stein, Lebend. Schneck.

& Musch. Berlins, p. 77.
1852. Planorbis vortex, Linnaeus : Forbes & Hanley, Brit

Moll, iv, p. 157, pi. cxxvii, f. 6-8.

1855. Planorbis (Anisus) vortex, Linn. : H. & A. Adams

Genera Moll, ii, p. 263.

1856. Planorbis (Gyrorbis) vortex, Liun. : Moquin-Tandon,

HisL Moll. France, ii, p. 433, pi. xxx, f . 34-37

1857. Planorbis (Gyrorbis) vortex, Linn. : Gray, in Turton's

Manual, new ed., p. 242, pi. viii, f. 91.

1862. Planorbis vortex, Linne : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i, p. I

V, pi. V, f. 7.

1863. Planorbis vortex, Linnaeus : Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., p. 144, figs.
1893. Planorbis vorticosus, Linne : Locard, Coq. Eaux douces
France, p. 57, f. 42-44. (Reissued in Ann.
Soc. Agric. Lyon, Ser. VII, torn, i, 1894,
p. 57, f. 42-44.) [Since Locard quotes
Linne's name of vortex correctly in his
synonymy it is hard to understand why he
gratuitously altered it.]

PliANORBIS 83

1897. PlanorUs[{Diplodiscus) vortex, Lin. : Westerlund, Acta
Soc. Fauna & Flora Fenn., xiii, no. 7, p. 115.

1909. Wuestia vortex (Linnc) : Honigmann, Zcitschr. f.
Nalurw., Ixxxi, p. 296.

First recorded as British probably in 1674, by M Lister

(Fkil. Trans., ix, p. 99, pi. ii, f. 25).
British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

11. Planorbis (Spiralina) vorticulus, Troschel.
Etyni. : — Lat. diuiin. of vortex, a whirlpool.

1805. Planorbis vortex, Linn. : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll.
France, -p. U, 1)1 n, L i & 5. [Non'Uime.]

1834. Planorbis vorticulus : Troschel, De Limnwaceis, p. 51.

1835. Planorbis leucostoma, Mich. : Rossmassler Icon i

p. 105, f. 62. [Nan Michaud.] ' "' '

1838. Planorbis vortex, d. vorliculvs, Tiosch.'^ • Beck Index
Moll, p. 122.
?1854. Planorbis fragilis. Millet : Millet, Ann. Soc. Linn.

Maine-et-Loire, i, p. 291.
?1856. Planorbis acics, m. : A. Schmidt, Zeitschr. Gesammt.
Naturw. Berlin, viii, p. 154.

1875. Phaiorbis (Tropidiscus) vorticulus, Troschel : Wester-
lund, Malak. Blatt., xxii, p. 106.

1877. Planorbis [Gyrorbis) vorticulus, Troschel : Clessin,
Dcutsch. Excur. Moll. Fauna, p. 405, f. 257!

1897. Planorbis (Diplodiscus) vorticulus, Trosch. : Wester-
lund, Acta Soc. Fauna & Flora Fenn., xiii
no. 7, p. 116.

1909. Wuestia vorticulus (Trochel) : Honigmann, Zeitschr. f.
Naturw., Ixxxi, p. 296.

First recorded as British in 1905 by A. S. Kcnnard &
B. B. Woodward {Proc. Malac. Soc. Land., vi, p. 356).
British Distribution in Time : Cromeriau to Recent.

12. Planorbis (spiralina) spirorbis (Linne).
Etym. : — Lat. spira, a coil + orbis, a circle.

1758. Helix spirorbis: Linn/EUS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10 p 770

no. 588.
1767. Helix spirorbis: Linnaeus, o. c, ed. 12, p. 1244, no. 672.
1767. Planorbis spirorbis, Linn. : Geoffroy, Traite Con. jpari^'

p. 88.
1774. Planorbis spirorbis : Muller, Verm. Hist., ii, p. 161.
1791. Helix spirorbis: Gmelin, in Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 13, i

pt. 6, p. 3624, no. 36.
1803. Helix spirorbis, Gmcl. : Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 455,

pi. XXV, f. 2.

84 TLANORBID^

?1805. Planorhis vortex, var. p : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll.

France, p. 45, pi. ii, f. 6 & 7. [According to

Millet this = his leucostoma.]
1807. Helix spirorbis, Linn. : Maton & Rackett, Trans. Linn.

Soc., viii, p. 191.
1813. Helix spirorbis : Rackett, in Pulteney, Cat. Dorset.,

ed. 2, p. 53, pi. XX, f. 17.
1817. Helix spirorbis Linn. : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii, p. 907.
1823. Helix spirorbis : [Brown], Ency. Brit., ed. 6, vi, p. 458.
1827. Planorbis spirorbis, Lam. : Brown, Illust. Conch. Brit.,

ed. 1, pi. xli, f. 42 & 43.

1830. Helix vortex, p : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc., xvi, p. 382.

1831. Planorbis spirorbis, Mont. : Turton, Manual, p. 115,

f. 98.
1840,\ Planorbis spirorbis, Miiller : Gray, in Turton's Manual,
Apr. j new ed., p. 268, pi. viii, f. 98.

1S4:0,\ Planorbis {Spirorbis) vulgaris: Swainson, Treatise
May. J Malac, p. 337.

Post 1 Planorbis spirorbis, Miiller : Brown, Ulust. Conch. Brit.,
Sept. \ ed. 2, p. 33, pi. xiv, f. 42 & 43 [in text 44

1840.) &45].

1845. Planorbis spirorbis, Miiller : Brown, Ulust. L. cfe F.-W.

Conch. Brit., p. 23, pi. iii, f. 19 & 20.
1847. Coretus (Anisus) spirorbis : Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,

1847, p. 180.
1850. Planorbis {Spirodiscus) spirorbis : Stein , Lebend. Schneck.

(& Musch. Berlins, p. 75.
1852. Planorbis spirorbis, Linnaeus [pars] : Forbes & Hanley,

Brit. Moll, iv, p. 159.

1855. Planorbis (Spirorbis) spirorbis, Mlill. : H. & A. Adams,

Genera Moll, ii, p. 263.

1856. Planorbis (Gyrorbis) spirorbis, Linn. : Moquin-Tandon,

Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 437, pi. xxxi, f. 1-5.

1857. Planorbis {Gyrorbis) spirorbis, Linn. : Gray, in Turton's

Manual, new ed., p. 243, pi. viii, f. 98.

1862. Planorbis spirorbis, Miiller [pars] : Jeffreys, Brit.

Conch., i, p. 87. [The fig. given, v, pi. v,
f. 6, is P. leucostoma.]

1863. Planorbis spirorbis, Linnaeus : Reeve, L. <£• F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., p. 145, figs.
1873. Planorbis {Tropidiscus) spirorbis (Linn.), Miill. : Wes-

terlund, Fauna Moll. Svcc., p. 387.
1878. Planorbis {Bathyomphalus) spirorbis, Miiller : Nevill,

Hand List Moll. hid. Mus., i, p. 247.
1897. Planorbis (Diplodiscus) spirorbis), Lin. : Westerlund,

Acta Soc. Fauna & Flora Fenn., xiii, no. 7,

p. 117.
1909. W'uestia spirorbis (Linnc) : Honigmann, Zeitschr. f.

Naturw., Ixxxi, p. 296.

PLANORBIS 85

1913. Planorhis (Paraspira) spirorbis, Linne : Germain, Moll.
France, ii, p. 255, f. 302 & 309.

First definitely recorded as British in 1912, it liaving
been previously confused with P. leucosloma, by
Kennard & Woodward {Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc,
Ixviii, p. 237).

British Distribution in Time : Pliocene to Recent.

13. Planorbis (Spiralina) leucostoma, Millet.

Etym. : — Gr. Xsuko's, white + o-ro/xa, a mouth.

?1801. Planorhis rotundatus : Poiret, Coq. Aisne, p. 93.
?1805. Planorhis vortex, var. p : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll.

France, p. 44. [Fide Millet, but is more

likely P. spirorbis.]
1813. Planorbis leucostoma : Millet, Moll. Maine & Loire,

p. 16.
1821. Planorbis spirorbis, Miill. : C. Pfeiffer, Naturg. Deutsch.

Moll, i, p. 79, pi. iv, f. 8.
1826. Planorhis nitidus [pars] : Risso, Hist. Nat. Europ.

merid., iv, p. 98. [Fide Bourguignat.]
1831. Planorbis leucostoma, Millet : Michaud, Complem. Hist.

Moll. France Drap., p. 80, pi. xvi, f. 3-5.
1833. Planorbis spirorbis, Miill. : Rossmassler, Icon., i, p. 106,

f. 63.
1840. Planorbis vortex, Linn, [pars] : Gray, in Turton's Manual,

new ed., p. 267!
1850. Planorbis {Spirodiscus) leucostoma : Stein, Lebend.

Schneck. d Musch. Berlins, p. 74.
1850. Planorbis Perezii, Graells MS. : Dupuy, Hist. Nat. Moll.

France, p. 441, pi. xxv, f. 6.
1850. Planorbis septemgyratus, Rossm. : Dupuy, o. c, p. 441,

pi. xxi, f. 8. [Non Rossmassler.]
1852. Planorbis spirorbis, Linnaeus [pars] : Forbes & Hanley,

Brit. Moll., iv, p. 159, pi. cxxvii, f. 9 & 10.
?1854. Planorbis fragilis, Millet : Millet, Atm. Soc. Linn.

Maine & Loire, i, p. 291.

1855. Planorbis {Spirorbis) leucostoma, Mich. : H. & A. Adams,

Genera Moll., ii, p. 263.

1856. Planorhis {Gyrorbis) rotundatus, Poir. : Moquin-Tandon,

Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 435, pi. xxx, f . 38-46.

1857. Planorhis vortex, Linu. [pars] : Gray, in Turton's

Manual, new ed., p. 242.

1862. Planorbis spirorbis, Miiller [pars] : Jeffreys, Brit.

Conch., i, p. 87 ; v, pi. v, f. 5.

1863. Planorbis spirorbis, Liiina>us [pars] : Reeve, L. &

F.-W. Moll. Brit. Is., p. 145, figs.
1868. Planorbis Dazuri : MoRcn, Amcr. Journ. Conch., iv,
p. 32.

86 PLANORBIDJE

1873. Planorbis {Tropidisciis) rotundatus, Poir. : Wester-

LUND, Fmma Moll. Svec, p. 385.
1875. Planorbis (Gyrorhis) calculiforniis, Sandberger : Sand-

BERGER, Land- (& Siissw.-Conch. Vorwelt,

p. 779, pi. xxxiii, f. 20.
1885. Planorbis (Gyrorhis) leucostoma, Miill. [sic] : Wester-

LUND, Fauna Palaarct. Region, v, p. 73.
1897. Planorbis (Diplodiscus) spirorbis, var. leucostoma, Mill. :

Westerlund, Acta Soc. Fauna d Flora

Fenn., xiii, no. 7, p. 117.
1909. Wuestia rotundatus (Poiret) : Honigmann, Zeitsch. f.

Naturw., Ixxxi, p. 296.
1913. Planorbis (Paraspira) rotundatus, Poiret : Germain,

Moll. France, ii, p. 255, f. 301.
1913. Planorbis (Paraspi.ra) Perezi, Graells, in Dupuy : Ger-
main, t. c, p. 255.
1913. Planorbis (Paraspira) fragilis, Millet: Germain, i.e.,

p. 255.

[Germain {Rec Indian Mus., xxi, 1922, p. 89) states
that Planorbis Villcp., Adami, is a local variety of this
species.]

First recorded as British in 1803, by G. Montagu, as
PI. spirorbis {Test. Brit., p. 455, pi. xxv, f. 2).

British Distribution in Time : Cromerian to Recent.

14. Planorbis (Bathyomphalus) contortus (Linne).
Etym. : — Lat. contortus, twisted round [on itself].

1758. Helix contorta : Linn^us, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 770,

no. 589.
1767. Helix contorta : Linn^us, o. c, ed. 12, p. 1244, no. 673.
1774. Planorbis contortus : Muller, Verm. Hist., ii, p. 162.
1778. Helix crassa : DaCosta, Test. Brit., p. 66, pi. iv, f. 11.
1791. Helix contorta: Gmelin, in Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 13, i,

pt. 6, p. 3624, no. 37.
1799. Helix umbilicatus [sic] : Pulteney, Cat. Dorset., p. 47.
1801. Planorbis contortus: Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll. France,

p. 43.
1803. Helix contorta, Lin. : Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 457,

pi. xxv, f. 6.
[According to Montagu (Test. Brit., Suppt., p. 146) this
species occurred in the Portland Collection under the
name of Helix complanata.]
1805. Planorbis contortus, Linn. : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll.

France, p. 42, pi. i, f. 39-41.
1807. Helix contortus, Linn. : Maton & Rackett, Trans. Linn,

Soc, viii, p. 191.

PLANORBIS 87

1813. Helix contorfa : Rackett, in Pulteney, Cat. Dorset.,

ed. 2, p. 53, pi. XX, f. 11.
1817. Helix contorta, Linn. : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii, p. 908.
1821. Planorhis contortus. Mull. : C. Pfeiffer, Natimj. Deutsch.

MoH., i, p. 81, pi. iv, f. 11.
1823. Helix contorta : [Brown], Ency. Brit., ed. 6, vi, p. 'ISS.
1827. Planorhis contortus, Lam. : Brown, Illust. Conch. Brit.,

ed. 1, pi. xli, f. 33 & 34.

1830. Planorhis contortus, Linn. : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn.

Soc, xvi, p. 382.

1831 . Planorhis contortus, Drap. : Turton, Manual, p. 113, f. 9G.
1837. Planorhis (Bathyomphalus) contortus, Drap. : Charpen-

TiER, Neue Denkschr, Allg. Schweiz. Gesell., i

[no. 2], p. 20.
1840,] Planorhis contortus, Miiller : Gray, in Turton's Mamial,
Apr. j new ed., p. 270, pi. viii, f. 96.

Post \ pifinorhis contrortus [sic], Muller : Brown, Illust. Conch.

^^P^- 1 Brit., ed. 2, p. 33, pi. xiv, f. 33 & 34.

Io40. J

1845. Planorhis contrortus [sic], Muller : Brown, Illust. L. &

F.-W. Conch. Brit., p. 24, pi. iii, f. 24 & 25.
1847. Coretus {Polygyrus) contortus : Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc.

Lond., 1847, p. 181.
1850. Planorhis (Discoidina) contortus : Stein, Lebend. Schneck.

& Musch. Berlins, p. 82.
1852. Planorhis contortus, Linnseus : Forbes & Hanley, Brit.

Moll, iv, p. 160, pi. cxxvi, f. 3.

1855. Planorhis (Spirorhis) contortus, Linn. : H. & A. Adams,

Genera Moll, ii, p. 263.

1856. Planorhis {Bathyomphalus) contortus, Linn. : Moquin-

Tandon, Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 443,
pi. xxxi, f. 24-31.

1857. Planorhis {Bathyomphalus) contortus, Linn. : Gray, in

Turton's Manual, new ed., p. 244, pi. viii, f . 96.

1862. Planorhis contortus, Linne : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i,

p. 94; V, pi. vi, f. 4.

1863. Planorhis contortus, Linnteus : Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., p. 146, figs.

[Germain {Moll France, ii, p. 256) gives Planorhis Rayi,

Bourg. as a synonym.]
First recorded as British about 1702-11, by J. Petiver

{Gazophil, pi. xcii, f. 8).
British Distribution in Time : Cromerian to Recent.

15. Planorbis (Hippeutis) complanatus (Linne).
Etym. : — Lat. complanatus, made level.

1758. Helix complanata : Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 769,
uo. 579.

88 PLANORBID^

1767. Helix complanala: Linnaeus, o. c, ed. 12, p. 1242,

no. 663.
1786. Helix fontana : Lightfoot, Phil. Trans. Boy. Soc, Ixxvi,

p. 165, pi. ii [a], f. 1-4.
1791. Helix complanata : Gmelin, in Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 13,

i, pt. 6, p. 3617, no. 21.

. ' \ Planorbis coinplanatus : Poiret, Coq. Aisne, p. 93.

\%Q\,\ Planorhis nitidus, Mull, [pars]: Draparnaud, Tabl.

July. J Moll. France, p. 45.

1803. Helix fontana, Lightfoot : Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 462,

pi. vi, f. 6.
[According to Montagu {Test. Brit., Suppt., p. 146) this
species occurred in the Portland Collection under
the name of Helix nautiloides.]
1805. Planorbis complanatus : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll.

France, p. 47, pi. ii, f. 20-22.
1807. Helix fontana, Lightfoot : Maton & Rackett, Trans.

Linn. Soc, viii, p. 193.
1813. Helix fontana : Rackett, in Pulteney, Cat. Dorset., ed. 2,

p. 53, pi. xix, f. 19.
1813? Planorbis fontanus : Fleming, Edinb. Ency., vii, p. 69.
1817. Helix fontana, Lightfoot : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii, p. 898.
?1820. Planorbis lenticularis : Studer, Naturw. Anz. Allg.

Sclmeiz. Gesell., iii, p. 91. (In reprint, " Syst.

Verzeichn.," p. 24.) [Studer took the specific

name from Alten, but the identity of Alten's

species is very doubtful.]
1821. Planorbis lenticularis: Hartmann, Ncue Alpina, i,

p. 256. [Hartmann in his nomenclature

followed Studer.]
1821. Planorbis complanatus, Drap. : C. Pfeiffer, Naturg.

Deutsch. Moll, i, p. 83, pi. iv, f. 14.
1823. Helix nitida : [Brown], Ency. Brit., ed. 6, vi, p. 458.
1827. Planorbis lacustris, Brown's MSS. : Brown, Illust. Conch.

Brit., ed. 1, pi. xli, f. 50 & 51.

1830. Planorbis nitidus, Miill. : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc,

xvi, p. 388. [Non Miiller.]

1831. Planorbis fontanus, Mont. : Turton, Manual, p. 110,

f. 93.
1833. Anisus complanatus, mihi : Fitzinger, Beitr. Landesk.

Oesterr., iii, \). 111.
1837. Planorbis (Hippeutis) complanatus, DraTp. : Charpentier,

Neue Denkschr. Ally. Schweiz. Gesell., i [no. 2],

p. 22.
1837. Planorbis {Segmenlina ?) fontana, Turton : Beck, Index

Moll, p. 123.
1840,\ Planorbis nitidus, Miiller : Gray, in Turton's Manual,

."•}

Apr. / new ed., p. 268, pi. viii, f. 93. [Non Miiller.]

SEGMENTINA 89

Post 1 Planorhis nitidus, Miiller : Brown, Illnst. Conch. Brit.,
Sept. [ od. 2, p. 33, pi. xiv, f. 50 & 51 [in text 48

1840.) & 49]. [Non Muller.]

1841. Hippeutis lenticularis : Hartmann, Erd- & Sussw.-

Gasterop., p. 51, pi. xiii & xxiii.
1841. Planorhis helicoides : Brown (J.), Ami. & Mag. Nat.

Hist., vii, p. 429.
1845. Planorhis nitidus, Muller : Brown, Illust. L. & F.-W.

Conch. Brit., p. 23, pi. iv, f. 1 & 2. [Non

Miiller.]
1850. Planorhis {Scgtne,ntina)fonlanus : Stein, Lebend. Schneck.

& Musch. Berlins, p. 78.
1850,^^ Segmentina complanala, Drap. : Zelebor, Ber. &
Nov. / Mitlheil. Freund. Naturw. Wien, vii, p. 226.

1852. Planorhis nitidus, Miiller : Forbes & Hanley, Brit.

Moll, iv, p. 161, pi. cxxvii, f. 11 & 12.

[Non Miiller.]

1855. Planorhis (Helicorhis) nitida. Gray : Benson, Journ.

Asiat. Soc. Beng., xxiv, p. 126.
1855, ~\ Planorhis (Nautilina) nitidus, Miill. : H. & A. Adams,
Nov. / Genera Moll, ii, p. 263. [Non Miiller.]

1856. Planorhis {Hippeutis) fontanus, Lightfoot : Moquin-

Tandon, Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 426,
pi. xxx, f. 10-17.

1857. Planorhis (Hippeutis) fontanus, Lightf. : Gray, in

Turtou's Manual, new ecL, p. 243, pi. viii,
f. 93.

1862. Planorhis nitidus, Miiller : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i,

p. 81 ; V, pi. V, f. 2. [Non Miiller.]

1863. Planorhis fontanus, Lightfoot : Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., p. 147, figs.
1873. Planorhis {Hippeutis) complanatus, Lin. : Westerlund,
Fauna Moll. Svec, p. 402.

First recorded as British in 1786, by J. Lightfoot, as

Helix font ana. {See ref. above.)
British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

Genus: 2. SEGMENTINA, Fleming.

Etyni. : — Lat. dimin. of segnirnliiin, a section.
Type : — Planorhis niiidus, Miiller.
{Planorhis, Nautilus, Helix, vett. auctt.)

1818. Segmentina : Fleming, Suppt. 4-6th ed. Ency. Brit.,

iii, " Conchology," p. 309. [" From the
trivial name bestowed on it by Solander."
(Fleming, " Moll. Anim.," 1837, p. 99.)]

1819. Hemithalamus : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop. (proofs),

p. 137.

90 PLANORBID^

1831. Hemithalamiis : Leach, in Turton's Manual, p. 116, in

synon.
1840. Segmentaria, sub-gen. of Planorbis : Swainson, Treat.

Malac, p. 337.
1855. Trochorhis : Benson, Journ. Asial. Soc. Bengal., xxiv,

p. 126.

1. Segmentina nitida (Miiller).
Etym. : — Lat. nitidus, shining.

1774, Planorbis nitidus : Muller, Verm. Hist., ii, p. 163,
1786. Nautilus lacustris : Lightfoot, Phil. Trans. Boy. Soc,

Ixxvi, p. 163, pi. i, f. 1-7.
1791. Helix nitida: Gmelin, in Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 13, i,

pt. 6, p. 3624.
1801. Planorbis nitidus [pars]: Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll.

France, p. 45.
1803. Nautilus lacustris : Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 191, pi. vi,
f. 3.
[Montagu states (p. 195) that Solander returned this
shell to Boys under the name of Nautilus Segmentinus.
He further says this species occurred in the Portland
Collection under the name of Nautilus Ypsilon
{Test. Brit., Suppt., p. 88).]
1805. Planorbis nitidus. Mull. : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll.

France, p. 46, pi. ii, f. 17-19.
1807. Nautilus lacustris, Lightfoot : Maton & Rackett, Trans.
Linn. Soc, viii, p. 114.

1817. Nautilus lacustris, Lightfoot : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells,

i, p. 339.

1818. Segmentina lacustris, Lightfoot : Fleming, Suppt. 4-6th

ed. Ency. Brit., iii, " Conchology," p. 309.

1819. Hetnithalamus [nitidus] : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.

(proofs), p. 137.

1820. Planorbis clausulatus : Ferussac, Journ. Phys., xc,

p. 301.

1821. Planorbis nitidus, Miill. : C. Pfeiffer, Naturg. Deutsch.

Moll, i, p. 82, pi. iv, f. 12 & 13.
1823. Helix fontanus : [Brown], Ency. Brit., ed. 6, vi, p. 457,

1827, Planorbis fontanus. Brown's MSS. : Brown, Illust.

Conch. Brit., ed. 1, pi. xli, f. 48 & 49.

1828. Segmentina lineata, Walk. : Fleming, Hist. Brit. Anim.,

p. 279.
1830. Segmentina nitida : Fleming, Edinb. Ency., xii. [A

reference invented by Gray.]
1830.) Planorbis Nautileus, Fer. : Kickx, Synop. Moll. Brabant,
July, j p. 66. [Non Ferussac]

1830. Planorbis lineatus, Walker ; Jeffreys, Trans. Linn.

Soc, xvi, p. 389.

SEGMENTINA 91

1831. Segmentina nitida, Drap. : Turton, Manual, p. 116,

f. 99.
1831. Hemithalamus [nitid^is^ : Leach, in Turton's Manual,

p. 116, in synon.
1837. Planorbis (Hippeutis) nit'idus, Drap. : Charpentier,

Neue Denkschr. Allg. Schweiz. Gesell., i [no. 2],

p. 22.
1840,\ Segmentina lineata, Walker : Gray, in Turton's Manual,
Apr. / new ed., p. 271, pi. viii, f. 99.

1840,\ Planorhis (Secjmentaria) lacustris, Flem. : Swainson,
May. j Treat. Malac, p. 338.

Post 1 Segmentina lineata, Fleming : Brown, Illust. Conch.
Sept. \ Brit., ed. 2, p. 33, pi. xiv, f. 48 & 49 [in text

1840.) 50&51].

1845. Segmentina lineata, Fleming : Brown, Illust. L. & F.-W.

Conch. Brit., p. 25, pi. iv, f. 3 & 4.
1850. Planorhis (Segmentina) nitidus, Miill. : Stein, Lebend.

Schneck. & Musch. Berlins, p. 78.
1852, \ Hemithalamus [nitidus] : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.,
Feb. j p. 99.

1852,\ Planorbis lacustris, Lightfoot : Forbes & Hanley, Brit.
Apr. ) Moll, iv, p. 162, pi. cxxviii, f. 1-3.

1855. Trochorbis trochoides, Bens. : Benson, Journ. Asiat, Soc.

Bengal, xxiv, p. 126.

1856. Planorbis {Seffmentina) nitidus, Miill. : Moquin-Tandon,

Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 424, pi. xxx, f. 5-9.

1857. Segmentina nitida, Miiller : Gray, in Turton's Manual,

new ed., p. 246, pi. viii, f. 99.

1862. Planorbis lineatus. Walker : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i,

p. 79; V, pi. V, f. 1.

1863. Planorbis nitidus, Muller : Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., p. 148, figs.
1873. Planorbis clessini, nov. sp. : Westerlund, Fauna Moll.

Svec, p. 613.
1877. Planorbis (Hippeutis) Clessini, Westerlund : Clessin,

Deutsch. Excur. Moll. Fauna, p. 420, f. 277.
1877. Planorhis (Hippeutis) nitida, Miiller : Clessin, o. c,

p. 421, f. 278.
1884. Planorhis (Seqmentina) Clessini, Westerlund : Cle.ssin,

o'.c, ed. 2, p. 4.?2, f. 294.
1884. Planorbis (Segmentina) nitidu, Muller : Clessin, o. c,
ed. 2, p. 433, f. 295.

[Germain (Moll. France, ii, p. 260) gives as synonyms : —
Segmentina MontgazoncB, Bourg. ; and S. micro-
cephala, Charpentier.]

First recorded as British in 1784, by Boys & Walker
(Test, minut. rar., p. 8, pi. i, f. 28).

British Distribution in Time ; Cromerian to Recent.

92 ANCYLIDyE

Fara. : ANCYLID/E.i

Genus : 1. ANCYLUS, GeofEroy.

Etym. : — " Grec 'AyK-uAog, qui signifie convexe."
Monotype : — Patella Jacustris, Linne.
{Patella, vett. auctt.)

1767. Ancylus : Geoffeoy, Traite Coq. Paris, pp. 13 & 122.
1817. Ancyclus [err. typ. ?] : Jurine, Helvet, Alman, p. 34.
1819. Ancyclus, Geoff, [err. typ.] : Say, Nicholson's Brit. Ency.,

3rd Amer. ed., " Conchology " [p. 8].
1837. Acroloxus, subg. 2 of Ancylus : Beck, Index Moll., p. 124.
1840. Vellefia : Gray in Tiirton's Manual, new ed., p. 250.
1846. Ancyllus [err. typ.?] [pars] : Graells, Cat. Moll. Espana,

p. 22.
1853. Acroxus : Bourguignat, Journ. de Conchyl., iv, p. 169.

[He misderived Beck's Acroloxus from dh-pos

+ o^vs.]
1855. Acroloxus, Beck [as a genus] : H. & A. Adams, Genera

Moll, ii, p. 266.

1. Ancylus lacustris (Linne).

Etym. : — Lat. lacus, a lake.

1758. Patella lacustris : Linn.-eus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 783,

no. 672.
1767. Patella lacustris : Linn^us, o. c, ed. 12, p. 1260, no. 769.
1767. Ancylus lacustris, Linn. : Geoffroy, Traite Coq. Paris,

p. 124.
1774. Ancylus lacustris : Muller, Verm. Hist., ii, p. 199.
1786. Patella ohlonga : Lightfoot, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soe., Lxxvi,

p. 168, pi. iii [b], f. 1-5.
1791. Patella lacustris : Gmelin, Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 13, i,

pt. 6, p. 3710.
1799. Patella oblonya : Pulteney, Caf. Dorset., p. 51.
1801. Ancylus lacustris : Draparnaud, TaU. Moll. France,

p. 47.
1803. Patella lacustris, Lin. : Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 484.
1805. Aneylus lacustris, Linn. : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll.

France, p. 47, pi. ii, f. 25-27.
1807. Patella oblonga, Lightfoot : Maton & Rackett, Trans.

Linn. Soc, viii, p. 233.
1813. Patella oblonga : Rackett, in Pulteney, Cat. Dorset.,

ed. 2, p. 58, pi. xviii, f. 20*; xxii, f. 8a.
1813? Patella (Crepidula) oblonga: Fleming, Edinh. Ency.,

vii, p. 65.

' For Notes concerning the genera of the British species and their types,
See KenN/Uid & Woodward, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., xiv, 1920, p. 86
also Nautilus, xxxviii, 1925, p. 83.

ANCYLUS 93

1817. I'uldla ohloiu/a, Lightft. : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii,

p! 1042.
1817. Ancyclus [sic] lacustris : Jurixe, Ilelvet, Alman., 1817,

p. 34.

1821. Ancylus lacustris, Miill. : C. Pfeiffer, Naturcj. Deutsch.

Moll, i, p. 109, pi. iv, f. 46.

1822. Ancylus Hennanni, N. : Ferussac, Diet. Class. Hist.

Nat., i, p. 346. [Nom nud., renamed A.
Moquinianus by Bourguignat in 1853.]

1823. Patella ohlonga : [Brown], Ency. Brit., ed. 6, vi, p. 466.
?1826. Ancylus lacustris, Drap. : Risso, Hist. Nat. Europ.

merid., iv, p. 94.
1827. Ancylus lacustris. Lam. : Brown, Illust. Conch. Brit.,
ed. 1, pi. xxxvi, f. 3, 5 & 7.

1830. Ancylus lacustris, Miill. : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Sac,

xvi, p. 391.

1831. Ancylus lacustris, Drap. : Turton, Manual, p. 141, f. 126.
1837. Ancylus [Acroloxus) lacustris (L.) : Beck, Index Moll.,

p. 124.
1840,) Vellciia lacustris, Miiller : Gray, Turton's Manual, new
Apr. / ed., p. 250, pi. x, f. 126.

Q , [ Ancylus lacustris, Miiller : Brown, Illust. Conch. Brit.,
jglQ I ed. 2, p. 60, pi. xii, f. 3, 5 & 7.

1845. Ancylus lacustris, Miiller : Brown, Illust. L. & F.-W.
Conch. Brit., p. 95, pi. x, f. 4-6.

1852. Ancylus ohlongus, Lightfoot : Forbes & Hanley, Brit.

Moll, iv, p. 188, pi. cxxii, f. 5.

1853. Acylus Moquinianus, Bourg. : Bourguignat, Journ. de

Conchyl, iv, p. 197, pi. vi, f. 9. [Nom. nov.
for A. Hermanni, Fer.]

1855. Acroloxus lacustris, Linn. : H. & A. Adams, Genera Moll,

ii, p. 267, pi. Ixxxiv, f. 6, 6a.

1856. Ancylus (Velletia) lacustris, Linn. : Moquin-Tandon,

Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 488, pi. xxxvi,
f. 50-55.

1857. Velletia lacustris, Miiller : Gray, Turton's Manual, new

cd., p. 221, pi. X, f. 126.

1862. Ancylus lacustris, Linne : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i,

p. 122 ; V, pi. viii, f. 2.

1863. Ancylus lacustris, Linnscus : Reeve, L. cD F.-W. Moll

Brit. Is., p. 172, figs.
1880. Velletia lingulata, Sandb. : Sandberger, Palaeonto-
f/raphica, xxvii (N.F. vii), p. 101, pi. xii,
■f. 9-96.

First recorded as British in 1786, by J. Lightfoot as

Patella ol>lonqa. {See ref. above.)
British Distribution in Time : Cronierian to Recent.
[The Record from the Pliocene is an error.]

94 ANCYLID^

Genus : 2. ANCYLASTRUM, Bourguignat.

' Etym. :— Lat. Ancylus, the moUuscau genus + -astrum,
resembling.
Type : — Patella fluviatilis, Muller.
{Patella, Ancylus, vett. auctt.)

1815. BuUinus [pars] : Oken, Lehrh. Naturg., iii, abtb. 1,

p. 303.
1815. Ancilus : Brard, Hist. Coq. Paris, p. 198.
1840. Ansuhis : \ Gray, in Turton's Manual, new ed., p. 247.
1840. Ansylus : j [Suggested as alternative spellings.]
1853. Ancylastrum, subg. of Ancylus : Bourguignat, Journ.

de Conchyl., iv, p. 63.
1921. Pseudancylus : Walker: Nautilus, xxxv, -p. 58,

1. Ancylastrum fluviatilis (Miiller).

Etym. : — Lat. fluviatilis, inhabiting rivers.

?1771. Lepas simplex: Buc'hoz, Aldrov. Lotharing., p. 236,
no. 1130. [Tesic Bourguignat. Buc'hoz was
not a binominal author.]
1774. Ancylus fluviatilis : Muller, Verm. Hist., ii, p. 201.

1777. Patella lacustris, Linn. : Pennant, Brit. Zool., ed. 4,

iv, 8vo, p. 143; 4to, p. 125.

1778. Patella fl,uviatilis : DaCosta, Test. Brit., p. 1, pi. ii, f. 8.
1791. Patella fl,uviatilis : Gmelin, in Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 13,

i, pt. 6, p. 3711.
1799. Patella lacustris : Pulteney, Cat. Dorset., p. 51.

. ' \ Patella cornea : Poiret, Coq. Aisne, p. 99.

1801, \ Ancylus fluviatilis, Mull. : Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll.
July.j France, p. 47.

1803. Patella fluviatilis, Gmel. : Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 482.
1803. Patella lacustris, Gmel. : Donovan, Brit. Shells, iv, pi.

cxlvii.
1805. Ancylus fluviatilis. Mull. : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll.

France, p. 48, pi. ii, f. 23 & 24.
1807. Patella lacustris, Linn. : Maton & Rackett, Trans.

Linn. Soc, viii, p. 232.

1813. Patella lacustris : Rackett, in Pulteney, Cat. Dorset.,

ed. 2, p. 58, pi. xxii, f. 8.
1813? Patella {Crepidula) lacustris: Fleming, Edinh. Ency.,
vii, p. 65.

1814. Ancylus riparius, Desm. : ) Desmarest, Bull, des Sci.,

1814. A'ucylus deperditus, Desm. -.1 Soc. Philom. Paris, p. 19.

1815. Bullinus fluviatilis : Oken, Lehrh. Naturg., iii, abth. 1,

p. 303.
1815. Ancilus fluviatilis : Brard, Hist. Coq. Paris, p. 200,
pi. vii, f. 3.

ANCYLASTRUM 95

1815. Ancilus sinuosus, n. sp. : Brard, o. c, p. 201, pi. vii, f. 4.
1817. Patella lacustris, Linn. : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii, p. 1041.
1817. Ancyclus [sic] Jluviatilis : Jurine, Helvet. Alman, 1817,
p. 34.

1821. Ancylus fluviatilis, Miill. : C. Pfeiffer, Naturg. Deutsch.

Moll, i, p. 107, pi. iv, f. 44 & 45.

1822. Ancylus rotundatus, N. : Ferussac, Diet. Class. Hist.

Nat., i, p. 346. [Nom. nud., renamed A.
cyclostoma by Bourguignat in 1853.]

1822. Ancylus eostat^is, N. : Ferussac, Diet. Class. Hist. Nat.,

i, p. 346. [Fide Bourguignat.]

1823. Patella lacustris : [Brown], Ency. Brit., ed. 6, vi, p. 466.
1827. Ancylus fluviatilis. Lam.: Brown, lllust. Conch. Brit.,

ed. 1, pi. xxxvi, f. 1, 4 & 6.

1830. Ancylus fluviatilis, Miill. : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc,

xvi, p. 390.

1831. Ancylus fluviatilis, Drap. : Turton, Manual, p. 140,

f. 125.
1831. Ancylus sinuosus, Brard : Michaud, Completn. Hist.
Moll. France Drap., p. 90, pi. xvi, f. 1 & 2.

1838. Ancylus capuloidcs, Jan : Jan, in Porro, Malac. prov,

Comasca, p. 87, pi. i, f. 7.

1839. Ancylus Tinei, N. : Bivona, Giorn. Sci. Lett. Palermo,

Ixiv (altered in MS. to Ixvi), p. 222.

1840,\ Ancylus fluviatilis, Miill. : Gray, Turton's Manual, new

Apr. J ed., p. 249, pi. x, f. 125.

Post \

Q.I Ancylus fluviatilis, Miiller : Brown, lllust. Conch. Brit.,

jgJJ- 1 ed. 2, p. 59, pi. xii, f. 1, 4 & 6.

1840. Ancylus 7nar(jaritaceus, n. : A. Costa, Esercit. Accad.

Aspir. Nat., ii, pt. 1, cap. iii, Zool., p. 68.
[No7n. tmd.] [Fide Bourguignat.]

1841. Ancylus costatus : Villa, Disp. syst. Conch., p. 61. [Non

Ferussac = radiolatus, Kiist, fide Mousson.]
1845. Ancylus vitraceus, spec. nov. : Morelet, Descript. Moll.

Portugal, p. 87, pi. viii, f. 3.
1845. Ancylus strictus, spec. nov. : Moeelet, o. c, p. 88,

pi. viii, f. 4.
1845. Ancylus ohtusus, spec. nov. : Morelet, o. c, p. 88,

pi. viii, f. 5.
1845. Ancylus vitreus : Recluz, Rev. Zool., 1845, p. 311.

[Nov. nov. for A. vitraceus, Morelet.]
1845. Ancylus fluviatilis, Miiller: Brown, lllust. L. <& F.-W.

Conch. Brit., p. 94, pi. x, f. 1-3; xxiv, f. 25.
184G. Ancylus striatus, Quoy & Gaim. : Porro, Coll. Rer. Nat.

Mus. Mediol. Moll, p. 22.
1849. Ancylus Fabrci, Dupuy : Dupuy, Cat. extramar. Gallim

Test. [p. 3], no. 7 ; Hist. Moll. France, p. 493

1851, pi. xxvi, f. 3.

96 PHYSIDiE

1851. Ancylus de^wrditus, Zicgl. MS. : Dupuy, Hist. Moll.

France, p. 494, pi. xxvi, f. 4.
1851. Ancylus striat.us, Quoy & Gaiiii. : Dupuy, o. c, p. 495,

pi. xxvi, f. 5.
1851. Ancylus Frayssianus : Dupuy, o. c, p. 496, pi. xxvi, f. 6.

1851. Ancylus deperditus, Ziegl. : Ray & Drouet, Rev. & Mag.

Zool., Ser. 11, torn, iii, p. 1386.

1852. Ancylus fluviatilis, Miiller : Forbes & Hanley, Brit.

Moll, iv, p. 186, pi. cxxii, f. 4.

1853. Ancylus Janii, Bourguignat : Bourguignat, Journ. de

Conchyl., iv, p. 185.
1853. Ancylus gibbosus, Bourguignat : Bourguignat, t. c,

p. 186.
1853. Ancylus simplex, Buc'hoz : Bourguignat, t. c, p. 187.
1853. Ancylus cyclostoma, Bourg. : Bourguignat, t. c, p. 193.

[Nam. nov. for A. rotundatus, Fer.]

1856. Ancylus (Ancylastrum) fluviatilis, Miill. : Mouquin-

Tandon, Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 484,
pi. XXXV, f. 5-38.

1857. Ancylus fluviatilis, Miiller : Gray, Turtou's Manual,

new cd., p. 219, f. 52, pi. x, f. 125.
1859. Ancylus radiolatus, Kiist. : Mousson, Coq. recueil.
Orient. Schlafli, p. 54.

1862. Ancylus fluviatilis, Miiller : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i,

p. 120; V, pi. viii, f. 1.

1863. Ancylus fluviatilis, Miiller : Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., p. 171, figs.
1921. Pseudancylus fluviatilis, Miill. : Walker, Nautilus,
XXXV, p. 58.

First recorded as British in 1678, by M. Lister {Hist.

Anim.. Angl., p. 15, pi. ii, f. 32).
British Distribution in Time : Cromerian to Recent.

Fara. : PHYSIDJ];.

Genus : 1. PHYSA, Draparnaud.

Etyra. : — Gr. <^uo-aoj, to blow out.

Type: — Bulla fontinalis, Linuseus. (Fleming, 1822.)

{Bulla, Planorbis, Turbo, Helix, vett. auctt.)

1781. Bulinus (Adanson) [pars] : Muller, Nalurforscher, xv,

p. 6.
1801. Bulla: Ferussac, 3Iem. Soc. Med. Eniul. Pans, iv,

p. 394. [Non Linna?us, 1758.]
1801. Physa: Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll. France, p. 52.
*1810. Exydra [err. typ. ?] : Huebner, Epistola, i {Teste Menke,

Zcitschr. f. MalaL, v, 1848, p. 56.)

PHYSA 97

1815. Physina : Rafinesque, Analyse Nature, p. 144.
1815. Bulliniis : Oken, Lehrb. Nature/., iii, abth. 1, p. 303.
1820. Anisus [pars] : Studer, Naturw. Anz. Allg. Schweiz.

Gcsell., iii, p. 91.
1826. Phyza : Risso, Hist. Nat. Europ. merid., iv, p. 96.
1833. Rivicola : Fitzinger, Beitr. Landesk. Oesterr., iii,

p. 110.
1840. Physodon, subg. of Physa : Haldeman, Monog. Lim-

niades, pt. i, Suppt., p. 2 ; pt. vi, 1843,

Physa, p. 39, pi. iv, f. 12-14.
1842. Physella, subg. of Physa : Haldeman, o. c, pt. iv, p. 4

of cover; pt. vi, 1843, Physa, p. 38, pi. v,

f. 10-12.
1848. Echemythes, N. : Gistel, Naturg. Thierreichs f. Schulen,

p. X.
1923. Enydra Hiibner (em. ?) : Wenz, in Diener, Foss. Cat.,

pt. 22, p. 1705.

1. Physa fontinalis (Linnaeus).

Etym. : — Lat. fontinalis, pertaining to a spring, or fountain.

1758. Bulla fontinalis : Linn^us, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 727,

no. 340.
1767. Bulla fontinalis : Linn^us, o. c, ed. 12, p. 1185, no. 386.
1774. Planorbis bulla : Muller, Verm. Hist., ii, p. 167.
1778. Turbo adversus : DaCosta, Test. Brit., p. 96, pi. v, f. 6.
1781. Bulinus perla : MUller, Naturforscher, xv, -p. Q.
1789. Helix peUucida : Razoumowsky, Hist. Nat. Jorat, i,

p. 276.
1789. Bulinms fontinalis, nob. : Bruguiere, Ency. Method.,

Vers, i, p. 306.
1791. Bulla fontinalis : Gmelin, in Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 13,

i, pt. 6, p. 3427, no. 18.
1799. Bulla fontinalis : Vvlteney, Cat. Dorset., j). iO.
1801. Physa fontinalis : Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll. France,

p. 52.
1803. Helix bullaoides : Donovan, Brit. Shells, v, pi. clxviii,

f. 2.
1803. Bulla fontinalis, Lin. : Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 226.
1805. Physa fontinalis, Linn. : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll.

France, p. 54, pi. iii, f. 8 & 9.

1807 ^

T ' \ Helix hulloides : Turton, Brit. Fauna, p. 195.

Jan. J ' ' r

1807. Bulla fontinalis, Linn. : Maton & Rackett, Trans.

Linn. Soc., viii, p. 126.
1813. Bulla fontinalis : Rackett, in Pulteney, Cat. Dorset.,

ed. 2, p. 43, pi. -x.xi, f. 6.
1815. Bullinus perla : Oken, Lehrb. Naturg., iii, abth. 1, p. 303.
1817. Bulla fontinalis, Linn. : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, i, p. 487.

N.-M. MOLL. H

98 THYSID.E

Tj, 1 ' i Bulla Jluviatilis : Turton, Conch. Diet., p. 27.

1819. Physa fontinalis, Linn.: Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.
(proofs), p. 150.

1821. Physa fontinalis, Linn.: C. Pfeiffer, Naiurg. Deutsch.

Moll, \, p. 94, pi. iv, f. 28.

1822. Limnea [Physa) fontinalis : Sowerby, Genera Shells,

no. 7, " Limnea " [p. 3], f. 8.

1823. Bulla fontinalis : [Brown], Ency. Brit., ed. 6, vi, p. 433.
?1825. Physa alba : Turton, Zool. Journ., ii, p. 363, pi. xiii, f. 3.

1826. Phyza fontinalis, Drap. : Risso, Hist. Nat. Europ. merid.,

iv, p. 96.

1827. Physa fontinalis. Lam. : Brown, Illust. Conch. Brit.,

ed. 1, pi. xli, f. 54 & 55.
1827. Physa alba, Turton : Brown, o. c, pi. xli, f. 56 & 57.
1827. Physa fluviatilis, Brown's MSS. : Brown, o. c, pi. xli,

f. 83 & 84.

1830. Physa fontinalis, Linn. : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc,

xvi, p. 379.

1831. Physa fontinalis, Drap. : Turton, Manual, p. 127, f. 110.
1833. Rivicola fontinalis, mihi : Fitzinger, Beitr. Landesk.

Oesterr., iii, p. 110.
1837. Bulinus [Bulinus) fontinalis, (L.) B. : Beck, Index Moll.,

p. 117.
1840,^1 Physa fontinalis, Drap. : Gray, in Turton's Manual,
Apr. j new ed., p. 251, pi. ix, f. 110.

Post.] Physa fontinalis, Drapernaud : Brown, Illust. Conch.
Sept. \ Brit., ed. 2, p. 30, pi. xiv, f. 83 & 84, & xv,

1840. J f. 54-57.

1845. Physa fontinalis, Drapernaud : Brown, Illust. L. &

F.-W. Conch. Brit., p. 15, pi. iii, f. 13 & 14.
1847. Bulinus {Physa) fontinalis : Gray', Proc. Zool. Soc. Land.,

XV, p. 180.
1852, \ Physa fontinalis, Linn. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.,
Feb. J p. 109.

1852,1 Physa fontinalis, Linnoeus : Forbes & Hanley, Brit.
Apr. j Moll, iv, p. 140, pi. cxxii, f. 8 & 9.

1856. Physa {Bulinus) fontinalis, Linn. : Moquin-Tandon,

Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 451, pi. xxxii, f. 9-13.

1857. Physa {Physina) fontinalis, Linn. : Gray, in Turton's

Manual, new ed., p. 225, f. 54, pi. ix, f. 110.

1862. Physa fontinalis, Linne : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i,

p. 98; v, pi. vi, f. 6.

1863. Physa fontinalis, Linnaeus : Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., p. 151, figs.

[Germain {Moll France, ii, p. 247) cites as synonyms : —
Physa Coronadoi, Servain ; P. Taciti, Bourg. ;
P. acutespira, Bourg.

PHYSA 99

Westerlund {Fauna Paldarct. Region, v, p. 55) adds
to these P. Taslei, Bourg., which Germain considers
to be distinct.]

First recorded as British in 1678, by J. Lister {Hist.
Anim. Angl., p. 142, pi. ii, f. 25).

British Distribution in Time : Cromerian to Recent.

2. Physa rivalis (Turton).

Etym. : — -Lat. rivalis, pertaining to a brook.

1791. Bulla fontinalis, ft : Gmelin, in Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 13,

i, pt. 6, p. 3427. [Teste Dillwyn (as B. cms-

stila) and Binney.]

f Bulla rivalis : Turton, Brit. Fauna, p. 169. [He pro-

jgQY bably took the name from Maton & Rackett,

J 'i whose paper was read in 1804, because in his

Conch. Diet. (p. 26) and in Zool. Journ., ii,

\ he cites those authors only.]

1807. Bulla rivalis : Maton & Rackett, Trans. Linn. Soc.,

viii, p. 126, pi. iv, f. 2.

1808. Bulla rivalis : Montagu, Test. Brit., Suppt., p. 97.
1817. Bulla crassula : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, i, p. 487. [Teste

Binney.]
1817. Bulla rivalis, Maton & R. : Dillwyn, t. c., p. 488.
*1819. Physa heterostropha : Say, Nicholson's Brit. Ency., 3rd

Amer. ed., " Conchology," p. ?, pi. i, f. 6.

(Binney's ed., p. 46, pi. Ixix, f. 6.)
1820. Aplexa rivalis : Fleming, Brewster's Edinh. Ency.,

xiv, p. 617. [He remarks in Brit. Anim.,

1828, p. 277, " it is a common shell from

the West Indies."]
1822. Lininea {Physa) rivalis : Sowerby, Genera Shells, no. 7,

[p. 3.], " Limnea," f. 9.
"1826. Helix heterostrophus : Eaton, Zool. Text Book, p. 195.

[Teste Binney, ii, p. 85.]
1831. Physa rivalis: Turton, Manual, p. 128, f. 112.
1837. Bulinus {Aplexa) rivalis (M. et Rq.) Sowb. : Beck, Index

Moll, p. 116.

1840. Aplexus rivalis : Gray, in Turtou's Manual, new ed.,

p. 21, pi. ix, f. 112.

1841. Physa fontana : Haldeman, Monog. Limniades, no. 2

wrapper, p. iii.
1841. Physa osculans : Haldeman, o. c, no. 2 wrapper, p. iii,

and no. 6, 1843, p. 29, pi. ii, f. 11-13.
1841. Physa soiverhyana, d'Orb. : Orbigny, Hist. He Cuba,

Sagra, Moll., i, p. 190, pi. xiii, f. 11-13.
1841. Physa injluta : Lea, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, ii, p. 32,

(Also Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc, ix, 1844, p. 7.)

100 PHYSID.E

1843. Physa plicala : DeKay, Nat. Hist. New York, Zool.

V, Moll., p. 78, pi. V, f. 85.

1844. Physa Philippii, Kiister : Kuster, in Martini & Chem-

nitz, Conch.-Cab., Physa, p. 19, pi. iii, f. 3-6.
1850. Physa Charpentieri, Kuster : Kuster, in Martini &

Chemnitz, Conch.-Cab., Physa, p. 23, pi. iv,

f. 4-6.
1852. Physa rivalis, Maton & Rackett : Forbes & Hanley,

Brit. Moll, iv, p. 145.
1857. Aplexus rivalis : Gray, in Turton's Manual, new ed.,

p. 227, pi. ix, f. 112.
1862. Bulla rivalis, Maton & Rackett : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch.,

i, p. 100.
1865. Physa Primeana, Tryon : Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch.,

i, p. 227, pi. xxiii, f. 12.
1865. Physa lata, Tryon : Tryox, t. c, p. 227, pi. xxiii, f. 7.

First recorded as British in 1807, by W. Turton. {See

ref. above.)
British Distribution in Time : Piecent.

Genus : 2. APLEXA, Fleming.

Etym. : — Gr. (ox auct.) " a + ^rAe'^ts, Laciua," without a plait.
Type : — Bulla hypnorum, Linnseus.

(Bulla, Planorbis, Bulinus, Bullinus, Bulimus, Helix, Physa,
vett. auctt.)

1819. Nauta : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop. (proofs), p. 152.

1820. Aplexa : Fleming, Brewster's Edinb. Ency., xiv, p. 617.
1831. Nauta: Leach, in Turton's Manual, p. 128, in synon.

of Physa.
1840, 1 Aplexus, Fleming : Gray, in Turton's Manual, new ed.,
Apr. J p. 255.

Post \ Amplexa : Brown, Illust. Conch. Brit., ed. 2, p. 31, in
Sept. - synon. [Non Amplexus, Brown, op. cit.,

1840. J p. 45.]

1846. Aplecia : Herrmannsen, Ind. Gen. Malac, Prod., i,

p. 64. [Non Guenee, 1838 (Lepid.).]

1847. " Myxas, ' Leach,' Guild." : Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc, xv,

p. 180, no. 507.

1. Aplexa hypnorum (Linnaeus).

Etym. :— Lat. gen. pi. of Hypnum, a genus of Mosses.

1758. Bulla hypnorum : Linn^us, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 727,

no. 341.
1767. Bulla hypnorum : Linn^us, o. c, ed. 12, p. 1185, no. 387.
1774. Planorbis turritus : Muller, Verm. Hist., ii, p. 169.
1774. Planorbis gelatinus : Muller, t. c., p. 170.
1781. Bulinus turritus : Muller, Naturforscher, xv, p. 6.

APLEXA 101

1781. Bulinus gelatinus : Muller, I. c.

1789. Bulimus hypnorum, nob. : Bruguiere, Ejicy. Method.,

Vers, i, p. 301 .
1791. BuUa hypnorum: Gmelin, in Linn. Syst. Nat., cd. 13,

i, pt. 6, p. 3428, no. 19.
1791. Bulla turrita : Gmelin, I. c, no. 20.
1791. Bulla gdatinosa : Gmelin, Z. c, no. 21.
1791. Helix marmorata : Gmelin, t. c, p. 3665, no. 205.
1801. Physa hypnorum: Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll. France,

p. 52.
1803. BuUa hypnorum, Lin. : Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 228.
1805. Physa hypnorum, Linn. : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll.

France, p. 55, pi. iii, f. 12 & 13.
1807. Bulla hypnorum, Linn. : Maton & Rackett, Trans.

Linn. Soc, viii, p. 127.
1813. Bulla hypnorum : Rackett, in Pulteney, Cat. Dorset.,

ed. 2, p. 43, pi. xviii, f. 20.
1815. Bullinus turritus : Oken, Lehrh. Naturg., iii, abth. 1,

p. 303.
1815. Bullinus gelalinosa : Oken, I. c.

1817. Bulla hypnorum, Linn. : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, i, p. 488.
1819. Nauta hypnorum, Brug. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.

(proofs), p. 152.
1820 f P^"J^'^ turrita : Studer, Natunv. Anz. Ally. Schweiz.
Juno'l S^^'^".-' "^' P- 92. (In reprint, "Syst.

[ Verzeicnn.," p. 26.)

1820, "I Aplexa hypnorum : Fleming, Brewster's Edinb. Ency.,
Nov. / xiv, p. 617.

1821. Physa hypnorum, Linn. : C. Pfeiffer, Naturg. Deutsch.

Moll, i, p. 97, pi. iv, f. 29.
1821,) Physa elongata : Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.,
Nov. / ii, p. 171.

1822,} Physa suhopaca: Lamauck, Hist. Anim. s. Vert., vi pt 2
Apr. / p. 157.

1822,) Limnca {Phijsa) turrita, Lam. : Sowerby, Genera Shells,
J""P-/ no.7,"Limnea"[p.3],f.lO. [iVon Lamarck.]

1823. Bulla hypnorum : [Brown], Ency. Brit., ed. 6, vi, p. 433.

1826. Pbjza hypnorum, Linn. : Risso, Hist. Nat. Europ. merid.,

iv, p. 96.

1827. Physa hypnorum, Lam. : Brown, lUust. Conch. Brit.,

ed. 1, pi. xli, f. 60 & 61.

1830. PJiy.fa hypnorum, Linn. : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc,

xvi, p. 381.

1831. Physa hypnorum, Drap. : Turton, Manual, p. 128

f. 113.
1831. Nauta hypnorum: Leacu, in Turton's Manual, p. 129,

in synon.
1836. Physa turrita : J. de C. Sowerby, in Richardson's Fauna

Boreali-Amcr., iii, p. 315.

102 PHYSID^

1837. Bulinus [Ajplexa) hypnorum (L.) : Beck, Index Moll.,

p. 116.

1840, 1 Aplexus hypnorum, Linn. : Gray, in Turton's Manual,

Apr. I new ed., p. 255, pi. ix, f. 113.

Post i

q , [ Physa hypnorum, Drapernaud : Brown, Illust. Conch.

^qPq I Brit., ed. 2, p. 30, pi. xiv, f. 60 & 61.

1843. Physa glabra : DeKay, Nat. Hist. Neiv York, I, Zool. v,

p. 80, pi. V, f. 83.
184.^ r Physa hypnorum, Drapernaud : Brown, Illust. L. & F.-W.
it - Conch. Brit., p. 16, pi. iii, f. 17 & 18, & xxiv,

Feb. y f. 27.

1845. Physa cornea : Massot, Bull. Soc. Agric. Pyr.-Orient.,
vi, pt. 2, p. 236, figs.

1849. Physa Perrisiana : Dupuy, Cat. Extramar. GallicB Test.

[p. 4], no. 226.

1850. Physa subopaca, Lamk. : Dupuy, Hist. MoU. France,

p. 456, pi. xxii, f. 2, & pi. xxv, f. 8.
1852, ~\ Nauta hypnorum., Brug. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.,
Feb. / p. 110.

1852,1 Physa hypnorum, Linnsens : Forbes & Hanley, Brit.
Apr. / Moll., iv, p. 143, pi. cxxii, f. 6 & 7.

1855. Physa elongatina : Lewis, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,

V, p. 122.

1856. Physa {Nauta) hypnortim, Linn. : Moquin-Tandon, Hist.

Moil. France, ii, p. 455, pi. xxxiii, f. 11-15.

1857. Aplexus hypnorum, Linn. : Gray, in Turton's Manual,

new ed., p. 229, pi. ix, f. 113.

1862. Physa hypnorum,, Linne : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i,

p. 96 ; V, pi. vi, f. 5.

1863. Physa hypnorum, Linnajus : Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., p. 153, figs.
1865. Bulinus hypnorum, Linnaeus : W. G. Binney, L. <& F.-W.

Shells N. Amer., ii, p. 99, f. 170.
1867. Physa {Bulinus) hypnorwn, L. : Brusina, Rad Jugoslav.

Akad., i, p. 102.
1888. Physa hypnicola. Nob. : Chatenier, Cat. Moll. Drome,

p. 35.
1902. Physa {Aplexa) hypnorum, Lin. : Westerlund, Pad

Jugoslav. Akad., cli, p. 119.

[Germain {Moll. France, ii, p. 249) gives as synonyms : —

Physa thermalis. Fagot ; P. Alixiana, Servain.
Westerlund {Fauna Paldarct. Region, v, p. 58)
, adds P. ataxiaca. Fagot, considered by Germain as

distinct.]
First recorded as British in 1692, by M. Lister {Hist.

Conch., iv, Append., pi. clix, f. 5), who states it was

found at Mitcham by J. Petiver.
British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

PYRAMIDULA 103

(Sub-order : STYLOMMATOPHOBA.)
(Division : OrOiurethra.)

Fam. : TUPILLID.^.

Genus : 1. PYRAMIDULA, Fitzinger.

Etym. : — Lat. diiuin. of pyramis, a pyramid.
Type : — Helix rupcstris, Drap.
{Helix, Zonites, Helicella, vett. auctt.)

1833. Pyramidula : Fitzinger, Beitr. Landesh. Oesterr., iii,

p. 95.
1837. EyryomphnJa [sic], subg. 4 of Helix [pars] : Beck, Index

Moll, p. 8.

1837. Patnla [pars] : Held, Isis., xxx, hft. 12, col. 916.

1838. Ccrnuella, subg. of Helix [pars] : Schlueter, Kurz. syst.

Verzeichn., p. 6.
1847. Euryomphala, subg. of Helix [pars] : Beck, Amtl. Ber.
24. Versamm. Deiitsch. Nahirf., p. 122.

1. Pyramidula rupestris (Draparnaud).
Etym. : Lat. rupes, a rock.

?1789. "Helix rupestris. A new species" [n. nud.]: Coxe,

Trav. in Swilzerld., iii, p. 386. [Placed in

the list between H. aculeata, Miill. and

H. niuscorum, Miill.]
1801, "1 Helix rupestris : Draparnaud, Tall. Moll. France,
July.f p. 71.

1801,) Helix picsilla. Nob.: Vallot, Excr. Hist. Nat., p. 4.
Aug. j [Teste Druoet.]

1803. Helix umhilicata : Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 434, pi. xiii,

f. 2.
[According to Montagu {Test. Brit., Suppt., p. 146) this
species occurred in the Portland Collection under
the name of Helix Tiirboformis.]
1805. Helix rupestris : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. France, p. 82,

pi. vii. f. 7-9.
1807. Helix umhilicata, Montagu : Maton & Rackett, Trans.

Linn. Soc, viii, p. 200.
1813. Helix umhilicata : Rackett, in Pultenev, Cat. Dorset.,

ed. 2, p. 54, pi. xix, f. 24.
1817. Helix umhilicata, Mont. : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii, p. 915.
1819. Zonites rupestris, Drap. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.

(proofs), p. 103.
1821. Helix {Helicella) rupestris, Draparn. : Ferussac, Tahl.

si^st. Limagons, Jan. ed., p. 44 (June ed.,

p. 40) ; Hist., pi. Ixxx, f . 2 & 3.

104 PUPILLID^

1821. Helix saxatilis (rupestris var.) : Hartmann, in Sturm's

Dentschl. Fauna, vi, hft. 5, p. 52 [n. nud.].
1823. Helix umhilicata : [Brown], Ency. Brit., ed. 6, vi, p. 458.

1826. Helicella rupestris : Risso, Hist. Europ. merid., iv, p. 69.

1827. Helix mnbilicata, Mont. : Brown, Illust. Coneh. Brit.,

ed. 1, pi. xl, f. 30 & 31.

1828. Helix rtipestris, Drap. : C. Pfeiffer, Naturg. Deutsch.

Moll, iii, p. 22, pi. iv, f. 22 & 23.

1830. Helix umhilicata, Mont. : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc,

xvi, p. 342.

1831. Helix rupestris, Drap. : Turton, Manual, p. 60, f. 45.
1831. Zonites rupestris : Leach, in Turton, Manual, p. 60, in

synon.

1 833 ^

-n, , ' Turbo myrmecidis : Scacchi, Osserv. Zooh, i, p. 11.

1833. Pyramidula rupestris, niihi : Fitzinger, Beitr. Landesk.

Oesterr., iii, p. 95.
1837. Helix {Eyryomphala) umhilicata, Mtg. : Beck, Index

Moll, p. 9.
1837. Helix {Eyryomphala) rupestris, Drp. : Beck, I. c.

1837. Patula rupestris, Drap. : Held, Isis, xxx, lift. 12, col. 916.

1838. Helix {Cernuella) rupestris, m. (Dr.) : Schlueter, Kurz.

syst. Verzeichn., p. 6.

1840, \ Zonites umhilicatus, Mont. : Gray, Turton's Manual,

Apr. j new ed., p. 166, pi. v, f. 45.

Post \

o , I Helix {V erticillatce) umhilicafa : Brown, Illust. Conch.

JgPj- " Brit., ed. 2, p. 51, pi. xvii, f. 30 & 31.

1842. Delomphalus rupestris : Hartmann, Gastcropoden, p. 120,

pi. xxxvii, f. 1-3.
1842. Delomphalus saxatilis: Hartmann, o. c., p. 122, pi.

xxxvii, f. 4-6.
1845. Helix {V erticillatce) umhilicata, Montagu : Brown, Illust.

L. & F.-W. Conch. Brit., p. 80, pi. viii,

f. 27 & 28.
1850. Helix {Patula) rupestris, Drap. : Albees, HcUceen, p. 64.
1852, \ Zonites rupestris, Drap. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.,
Feb. / p. 74.

1852, \ Helix umhilicata, Montagu: Forbes & Hanley, Brit.
Mar. j Moll, iv, p. 81, pi. cxxi, f. 7 & 8.

1852, ■^ Euryomphala rupestris, Drap. : Morch, Cat. Conch.
Aug. i Yoldi, i, p. 3.

1855. Discus rupestris, Drap. : H. & A. Adams, Genera Moll,

ii, p. 117.

1856. Helix {Hygromane) rupestris, Drap. : Moquin-Tandon,

Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 192, pi. xv, f. 10-13.

1857. Helix {Delomphalus) umbilicata, Blont. : Gray, Turton's

Mammal, new ed., p. 143, pi. v, f. 45.
1862. Helix rupestris, Studer : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i, p. 220 ;
v, pi. xiii, f. 6.

ABIDA 105

1863. Helix rupestris, Draparnaud : Reeve, L. cfc F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., p. 84, figs.
1876. Patula {Pyramidula) rupestris, Drap. : Clessin, Deutsch.

Excur. Moll. Fauna, p. 91, f. 42.
1887. Helix {Pyramidula) rupestris, Drap. : Tryon, Manual

Conch., Ser. IT, vol. iii, p. 51, pi. ix, f. 87-90.
1893. Pyramidula rupestris, Dr. : Pilsbry, in Tryon, Manual

Conch., Ser. II, vol. ix, p. 44.
1909. Pyramidula rupestris (Draparnaud) : Taylor, Monog.

Moll. Brit. Is. [iii], p. 170, pi. xix.

First recorded as British in 1803, by G. Montagu, as

Helix umbilicata. {See ref. above.)
British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

Genus : 2. ABIDA (C. Prideaux MS.), Leach.

Etym. : — Doubtful. Possibly from Abydus, or Abydos, on the

Hellespont.
Genotype : — Pupa secale, Draparnaud.
{Pupa, Draparnaud ct auctt., 7ion Bolten, 1798, nee Lamarck,

1801.)

1813? Odostomia [pars] : Fleming, Edinh. Ency., vii, p. 76.
1816. Chondrus [jsars] : Cuvier, Regne Anim., ii, p. 408.

1819. Ahida, C. Prideaux MSS. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.

(proofs), p. 124.

1820. Torquilla [pars] : Studer, Natunv. Anz. Schweiz. GeselL,

iii, p. 89. (In reprint, " Syst. Verzeichn.,"
p. 19.) [Non Prison, 1760 (Aves).]

1821. Cochlodonta, subg. 13 of Helix [pars] : Ferussac, Tabl.

syst. Lima^ons, Jan. ed., p. 62 {June ed.,

p. 58).
1821. Chondrus [pars] : Hartmann, Neue Alpina, i, p. 218.

[Non Cuvier, 1816.]
1826. Jaminia (Leach mt.) [pars] : Risso, Hist. Nat. Europ.

merid., iv, p. 88. {Non Leach.]

1830. Cochlichondra, Ziegl. [pars] : Jan, Conspect. method.

Test., p. 5.

1831. Ahida : Leach, in Turton's Manual, p. 101, in synon.
1837. Granaria [pars] : Held, Isis, xxx, hft. 12, col. 918.
1840, "I Ahida, Leach : Gray, Turton's Manual, new ed.,
Apr. / p. 197.

1840,) Pupella, subg. of Clausilia [pars] : Swainson, Treat.
May. / Malac, p. 334.

*1843. Stomodonta [pars] : Mermet, Hist. Moll. Pyren. occid.,

p. 45.
1852. Condrina, Reichb. : Morch, Cat. Conchyl. Yoldi, i,

p. 33, as synon. of Torquilla.

First recorded as Britisli in 1803, by G. Montagu, as Helix
umhilicata. {Sec rcf. above.)

106 PUPILLID.E

1. Abida secale (Draparnaud).
Etym. : — Lat. secale, rye.

?1789. Helix Cylindrica, Geofr. : Studer, in Coxe's Trav.

Switzerld., iii, p. 387.
1801. Pupa secale: Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll. France, p. 59.
1803. Turbo Juniperi : Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 340, pi. xii,

f. 12.
1805. Pupa secale : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. France, p. 64,

pi. iii, f. 49 & 50.
1807. Turbo Cylindricus : G. L. Hartmann, Alpina, ii, p. 212.
1807. Turbo Juniperi, Montagu : Maton & Rackett, Trans.

Linn. Soc, viii, p. 182.
1813. Turbo juniperi : Rackett, in Pulteney, Cat. Dorset.,

ed. 2, p. 51, pi. xix, f. 11*.
1813? Odostomia juniperi : Fleming, Edinb. Ency., vii, p. 76.

1816. Ckondrus secale : Cuvier, Regne Anim., ii, p. 408.

1817. Turbo Juniperi, Mont. : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii, p. 877.
1819. Abida secale, Drap. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop. (proofs),

p. 125.
1820,) Helix (Pupa) secale: Ferussac, Journ. Physique, xc,
Apr. / p. 300.

1820 f Torquilla secale : Studer, Naturw. Anz. Schweiz. Gesell.,
iiT '] iii, p. 89. (In reprint, " Syst. Verzeichn.,"

^' [ . P- 19.)

1821. Helix (Cochlodonta) secale, Drap. : Ferussac, Tabl. syst.

Lima(^ons, Jan. ed., p. 64 (June ed., p. 60).
1821. Chondrus secale, Drap. : Hartmann, Neue Alpina, i,

p. 218.
1821. Pupa secale, Drap. : C. Pfeiffer, Naturcj. Deutsch. Moll.,

i, p. 55, pi. iii, f. 14.
1823. Turbo juniperi : [Brown], Ency. Brit., ed. 6, vi, p. 457.

1826. Jaminia secale, Drap. : Risso, Hist. Nat. Europ. merid.,

iv, p. 89.

1827. Pupa frumentum. Lam. : Brown, Ulust. Conch. Brit.,

ed. 1, pi. xli, f. 1.

1828. Pupa juniperi : Fleming, Brit. Anim., p. 268.

1830. Pupa secale, Drap. : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc, xvi,
p. 355.

1830. Helix (Cochlicondra) secale, Fer. : Jan, Conspect. method.

Test., p. 5.

1831. Vertigo secale, Drap. : Turton, Manual, p. 101, f. 81.

1831 . Abida secale : Leach, in Turton's Manual, p. 101, in synon.

1837. Pupa (Torquilla) secale, Drp. : Beck, Index Moll., p. 86.

1837. Granaria secale, Drap. : Held, Isis, xxx, hft. 12, col. 918.

1840,) Pupa {Abida) juniperi, Montagu : Gray, Turton's

Apr. / Manual, new ed., p. 197, pi. vii, f. 81.

Post ]

i, , I Pupa juniperi, Montagu : Brown, Illust. Conch. Brit.,

\^^\ ed. 2, p. 40, pi. xiv, f. 1.

LAURIA 107

*1843. Stomodonfa secalc : Mermet, Hist. Moll. Pryen. occid.,

p. 51.
1845. Pupa juniperi, Montagu : Brown, Illust. L. <& F.-W.

Conch. Brit., p. 47, pi. v, f. 9.
1848. Torquilla similis, Hartm. in sched. : Pfeiffer, Mon.

Helic. vivent., ii, p. 341.
1850. Pupa Boileausiana, Charpentier [MS.] : Kuster, in

Martini, Syst. Conch.-Cab., i, hft. 15, " Pupa,"

p. 98, pi. xiii, f. 21-23.

Jf^^'l Abida secale, Drap. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Sijnop., p. 90.

1852,^ Ptipa secale, Draparnaud : Forbes & Hanley, Brit.
Mar. / Moll, iv, p. 101, pi. cxxix, f. 5, as P. juniperi.

1856. Pupa {Torquilla) secale, Drap. : Moquin-Tandon, Hist.

Moll. France, ii, p. 366, pi. xxvi, f. 26-29.

1857. Pupa (Abida) secale, Drap. : Gray, Turton's Manual,

new ed., p. 165, pi. vii, f. 81.

1862. Pupa secale, Draparnaud : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i,

p. 242; V, pi. XV, f. 1.

1863. Pupa secale, Draparnaud : Reeve, L. <& F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., p. 109, figs.
1888. Pupa secaliformis. Nob. : Chatenier, Cat. Moll. Drome,

p. 27.
1894. Pupa secalina, Draparnaud : Locard, Coq. terrest.

France, p. 306, figs. 426-7. (Also in Ann.

Soc. Agric. Lyon, Ser. VII, torn, iii, 1896,

p. 194, figs. 426-7.)

[Germain (Moll. France, ii, p. 178) gives as synonyms : —
Pupa Bourgetica, Bourg. ; P. Gourdoni[ana], Fagot;
P. Piniana, Fagot ; P. abrupta. West. ; P. Kraliki,
Letourn. ; P. fagorum. Fagot ; and P. Lasallei,
Bourg. To which Pilsbry adds {Man. Conch.,
Ser. II, vol. xxiv, pp. 311 & 314) Pupa oryzana, Loc. ;
and P. costata, Fagot.]

First recorded as British in 1803, by G. Montagu, as
Turbo juniperi. {See vei. above.)

British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

Genus : 3. LAURIA, Gray.

Etym. : — Probably named in honour of his niece Laura Gray.

Type -.—Pupa umbilicata, Draparnaud = Turbo cylindraceus,
DaCosta.

{Turbo, Bulimiis, Helix, Odostomia, vett. auctt. ; Pupa, Drapar-
naud, non Bolten, 1798, nee Lamarck, 1801.)

1819. Pupilla [pars] : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop. (proofs),
p. 126.

108 PtIPILLID.E

1821. Cochlodonfa, subg. 13 of Helix [pars] : Ferussac, Tabl.

syst. Limagons, Jan. ed., p. 62 (June ed.,

p. 58).
1821. Fe?-/;^o [pars] : Ferussac, o. c, Jan. ed., p. 68 (June ed.,

p. 64).
1826. Jaminia (Leach mt.) [pars] : Risso, Hist. Nat. Enrop.

merid., iv, p. 88.
1831, \ Coc/i Won {CocModonta, Fer.), subg. of Helix [pars]:
June.j Lowe, Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc, iv, p. 62.

1831. P?/j9 (7/rt [pars] : Leach, in Turton's Manwai, pp. 98 & 99,

in synon.
1840,) Lauria, subg. of Pupa : Gray, Turton's Manual, new ed.,
Apr. / p. 193.

1840,'! Eruca, subg. of Clausilia [pars] : Swainson, Treat.
May. / Malac, p. 334.

*1843. Stomodonta [pars] : Mermet, Hist. Moll. Pyrin, occid.,

p. 45.
1855. Gastrodon, subg. of Pupa [pars] : Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc.

Lond., 1854(-55), p. 207. [Nan Rafinesque,

1815.]
1879. Reinhardtia, sect, of Pupa : Boettger, Jahrh. Deutsch.

Malak. Gesell., vi, p. 27.

Sub-gen. : Lauria, s.s. (as above).

Sub-gen. : Leiostyla, Lowe.

Etym. : — Gr. Xeio?, smooth + crTrA.09, a pillar.
Type : — Pupa vincta, Lowe.

1852. Leiostyla : Lowe, Ann. ct Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. II,

vol. ix, p. 276.
1852. Alvearella : Lowe, t. c., p. 277.
1854. Charadrobia : Albers, Malacogr. Mader, p. 63.
1860. Liostyla, Lowe : Martens, in Albers, Heliceen, ed. 2,

p. 293.
1909. Caucasica : Caziot & Margier, Bidl. Soc. Zool.

France, xxxiv, p. 141.

1. Lauria (s.s.) cylindracea (DaCosta).
Etym. : — Lat. cylindrus, a cylinder.

1778. Turbo cylindraceus : DaCosta, Test. Brit., p. 89 (&

errata), pi. v, f. 16.
1789. Bulimus muscorum., nob. [pars] : Bruguiere, Encychp.

method., Vers, i, p. 334.
1801,1 Pif^a umbilicata : Draparnaud, Tabl. MoU. France,
July./ p. 58.

LAURIA 109

Aug. / p. 6. [Teste Droiiet.]

1803. Turbo muscoruvi, Lin. [pars] : Montagu, Test. Brit.,

p. 335, pi. xxii, f. 3.

[According to Montagu (Test. Brit., Suppt., p. 132) this

species, or P. niuscorum, occurred in the Portland

Collection under the name of Turbo Doliolifortne.]

1805. Pupa umbilicata : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. France,

p. 62, pi. iii, f. 39 & 40.
1813? Odostomia muscorum [pars] : Fleming, Edinb. Ency.,

vii, p. 76.
1819. Turbo muscorum, Montagu : Turton, Conch. Did.,
p. 220.

1819. PupiUa Drapernaudii : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.

(proofs), p. 126.

1820. Helix (Pupa) umbilicata, Drap. : Ferussac, Journ.

P/iysique, xc, p. 300.

1821. Helix (Cochlodonta) umbilicata, Drap. : Ferussac, Tabl.

syst. Limago7is, Jan. ed., p. 63 (June ed.,
p. 59).
1826. Jammia muscorum, Drap. : Risso, Hist. Nat. Europ.
merid., iv, p. 88.

1826. Jaminia marginata, Drap. : Risso, t. c, p. 89.

[Both Bourguignat and Caziot are agreed that the two
forms thus designated by Risso in reality belong to
this species.]

1827. Pupa marginata, Pfeiffer : Brown, Illust. Conch. Brit.,

ed. 1, pi. xli, f. 5.

1828. Pupa muscorum : Fleming, 5n'f. ^/u'm., p. 268. [Non

Linne, nee Miiller.]

1830. Pupa umbilicata, Drap. : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc,

xvi, p. 356.

1831. Helix [Cochlodon) anconostoma, Prod. MS. : Lowe, Trans.

Camb. Phil. Sac, iv, p. 62, pi. vi, f. 30.
1831. Pupa umbilicata, Drap. : Turton, Manual, p. 97, f.

78.
1831. PupiUa Drapernaudii: Leach, in Turton's Manual,

p. 98, in synon.
1835. Pupa ombilicala [err. tvp.] : Goupil, Hist. Moll. Sarthe,

p. 37:

1837. Pupa (Pupilla) umbilicata, Drp. : Beck, Index Moll.,

p. 81.
1837. Pupa Scmpronii, mihi : Charpentier, Neue Denlcschr.

Alhj. Schweiz. Gesell., i [no. 2], p. 15, pi. ii,

f. 4.
1840,)^ Pupa (Lauria) umhilicala, Drap. : Gray, Turton's
Apr. j Manual, new ed., p. 193, pi. vii, f. 78.

1840,)^ Clausilia {Eruca) umbilicata, Drap. : Swainson, Treat.
May. J Maiac, p. 334.

110 rUPILLID.^

Post 1

q , I Pupa umhilicata, Drapernaud : Brown, Illust. Conch.

-ifunJ I Brit., ed. 2, p. 40, pi. xiv, f. 5.

*181:3. Stomodonta umhilicata, nob. : Mermet, Hist. Moll.

Pyrin, occid., p. 53.
1845. Pujpa umhilicata, Drapernaud : Brown, Illust. L. &

F.-W. Conch. Brit., p. 45, pi. v, f. 6.
1847? Pujpa cylindracea, Moq. : Moquin-Tandon, Actes Soc.

Linn. Bordeaux, xv, p. 269.
1852, \ Pupilla Draper naudii : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.,
Feb. j p. 91.

1852,) Pupa umhilicata, 'Dx&T^anidM.dL: Forbes & Hanley, £ri7.
Mar. / Moll., iv, p. 95, pi. cxxix, f. 7.

1852,) Pupula umhilicata, Drp. : Morch, Cat. Conch. Yoldi,
Aug. j i, p. 34.

1855. Pupa (Gastrodon) umhilicata, Drap. : Lowe, Proc. Zool.

Bond., 1854 (-55), p. 207.

1855. Pupa (Gastrodon) anconostoma : Lowe, t. c, p. 208.

1856. Pupa (Odostomia) cylindracea, DaCosta : Moquin-

Tandon, Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 390,
pi. xxvii, f. 42 & 43, xxviii, f. 1-4.

1857. Pupa (Lauria) cylindracea, DaCosta : Gray, Turton's

Manual, new ed., p. 161, f. 43, pi. vii, f. 78.
1860. Pupa Blalei, Shuttl. [MS.] : Martens, in Albers,
Heliceen, ed. 2, p. 354 (index).

1862. Pupa umhilicata, Draparuaud : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch.,

i, p. 246 ; V, pi. xv, f. 3.

1863. Pupa cylindracea, DaCosta : Reeve, L. <& F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., p. Ill, figs.
1869. PupilJa umhilicata, Drap. : Frauenfeld, Verhandl.

zool.-hot. Gesell. Wien, xix, p. 875.
1871. Pupa{Pupilla)cylindracea,J)aC.: Westerlvni), Nova Acta

Soc. Sci. Upsala, Ser. Ill, vol. viii, no. 1, p. 82.
1879. Pupa (Reinhardtia) cylindracea, DaCosta : Boettger,

Jahrh. Deutsch. Malah. Gesell., vi, p. 27.
1887. Odostomia cylindracea, DaCosta : Clessin, Moll. Fauna

Oesterr .-JJ ngarns, p. 251.
1902. Lauria cylindracea, DaC. : Westerlund, Pad Jugoslav.

Akad., cli, p. 105.
1913. Pupilla {Lauria) cylindracea : Germain, Moll. France,

ii, p. 186.

First recorded as British in 1674, by M. Lister {Phil.

Trans., ix, p. 99, pi. ii, f. 6).
British Distribution in Time : Pliocene to Recent.

2. Lauria (Leiostyla) anglica (Ferussac). I

Etym. : — Lat. anylicus, English. |

1821. Vertigo anglica, nobis: Ferussac, Tahl. syst. Limagons,\
Jan. ed., p. 68 (June ed., p. 64).

LAURIA 111

1828. Turbo Anglicus : Wood, Index Test., Suppt., p. 19,

pi. vi, f. 12.
1828. Pupa Anglicus : Wood, o. c, p. 50 ; a correction of the

preceding.

1830. Pupa ringens : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc, xvi,

p. 356.

1831. Pupa tridentalis, nobis : Michaud, Compl. Hist. Moll.

France Drap., p. 61, pi. xv, f. 28-30.
[Krcgliuger makes this a synonym of P. triplicata,
Studer.]
1831. Vertigo Anglica, DeFer. : Turton, Manual, p. 102,

f. 82.
1840,)^ Pupa (Lauria) anglica, Ferussac : Gray, Turton's
Apr. / Manual, new ed., p. 195, pi. vii, f. 82.

Q , I Pupa anglica, Potiez & Michaud : Brown, Illust. Conch.
IglQ I Brit., ed. 2, p. 40, pi. xviii, f. 35 & 36.

1*1843. Stomodonta ringens, nob. : Mermet, Hist. Moll. Pyrin.

occid., p. 51.

1845. Pupa anglica, Potiez & Michaud : Brown, Illust. L.

& F.-W. Conch. Brit., p. 46, pi. v, f. 7

& 8.

1850. Pupa [Vertigo) anglica, Pfr. : Albers, Heliccen,

p. 206.
1852. Pupa Anglica, Ferussac : Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll. ,
1 iv, p. 99, pi. cxxix, f. 6.

I 1855,1 Pupa [Leiostyla) anglica, Fer : Low^e, Proc. Zool. Soc.
! Mar. / LomL, 1854 (-55), p. 208.

1855,) Pupa {Papilla) Anglica, Ferus. : H. & A. Adams, Genera
Apr. / Moll, ii, p. 169.

' 1856. Vertigo (Isthmia) anglica, Fer. : Moquin-Tandon,
Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 404, pi. xxviii,
f. 34-36.
I 1857. Piipa (Lauria) anglica, Ferussac : Gray', Turton's

Manual, new ed., p. 163, pi. vii, f. 82.
I 1860. Pupa {Charadrohia) anglica, Fer. : Martens, in Albers,
' Hcliceen, ed. 2, p. 293.

1862. Pupa ringens, Jeffreys : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i, p. 244 ;

V, pi. XV, f. 2.

1863. Pupa anglica, Ferussac : Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moll. Brit.

/s., p. 112, figs.
1878. Pupa (Liostyla) anglica : Wollaston, Test. Atlant.,

p. 213.
I 1904. Lauria anglica, Fer. : Kobelt, in Rossmassler, Icon.,
i N.F. xi, p. 221.

First recorded as British in 1821, by Ferussac, as Vertigo

anglica. (See ref. above.)
British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

112 PTJPILLID^

Genus: 4. PUPILLA, Leach.

Etym. : — Lat. dimin. of pupa, a doll, or child in swaddling

clothes.
Type : — Turbo muscorum, Linne. (Selected by Gray in 1847.)
{Turbo, Bulimus, vett. auctt. ; Pvpa, Draparuaud et auctt.,
non Bolten, 1798, nee Lamarck, 1801.)

1813? Odostomia [pars] : Fleming, Edinb. Ency., vii, p. 76.
1815. Volvulus [pars] : Okex, Lehrb. Naturg., iii, abth. 1,

p. 313.
1819. Pupilla : Leach, MoU. Brit. Synop. (proofs), p. 126.
1821. Cochlodonta, subg. 13 of Helix [pars] : Ferussac, Tabl.

syst. Lima^ons, Jan. ed., p. 62 (June ed.,

p. 58).
1824. Puppa, [sect.] p : Blaixville, Diet. Sci. Nat., xxsii,

p. 251.
1826. Jaminia (Leach mt.) [pars] : Risso, Hist. Nat. Europ.

merid., iv, p. 88.
1828. Pupilla, Leach [MS.] : Fleming, Brit. Anim., p. 268,

in text.

1830. Alcea [pars] : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc, xvi, p. 357.

1831. Pupilla : Leach, in Turton"s Manual, p. 98, in synon.
1837. Torquatella : Held, his, xxx, hft. 12, col. 919.

1840. Eruea, subg. of Clausilia [pars] : Swainson, Treat.
Malac, p. 334.
*1843. Stomodonta [pars] : Mermet, Hist. Moll. Pyren. occid,,
p. 53.

1. Pupilla muscorum (Linne).

Etym. : — Lat. gen. pi. muscorum, inhabiting mosses.

1758. Turbo muscorum : Lixx^us, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 767,

no. 568.

1767. Turbo muscorum : Lixx.^us, o. c, ed. 12, p. 1240, no. 650.

[The identity of Linne's species rests on tradition.

Westerlund (Fauna Moll. Svecicp, i, p. 245) has

argued that Liune"s species was identical with the

Bulimus avenaceus of Bruguiere.]

1767. Cochlea muscorum, Linn. : Geoffroy, Traite Coq. Paris,

p. 58.
1774. Helix muscorum. : Muller, Verm. Hist., ii, p. 105.
?1778. Turbo cylindraceus [pars] : DaCosta, Test. Brit.,

p. 89.
1789. Bulimus muscorum, nob. [pars] : Bruguiere, Encyclop]

method.. Vers, i, p. 334.
1791. Turbo )nuscorum : Gmelix, in Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 13

i, pt. 6, p. 3611, no. 94.
1799. Turbo muscorum : VuLiEyEY, Cat. Dorset., j). i6.

:t

PUriLLA 113

. ' • Bulimus muscorum, Lin. : Poiret, Coq. Aisne, p. 51.

1801, \ Pupa marginata : Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll. France,

July./ p. 58.

1803. Turbo muscorum, Liu. [var] : Montagu, Test. Brit.,

p. 336.
[According to Montagu {Test Brit., Suppt., p. 132) this
species, or Lauria cylindracea, occurred in the Port-
land Collection under the name of Turbo Dolioli-
fornie.]
1805. Pupa marginata : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. France, p. 61,

pi. iii, f. 36-38.
1807. Turbo muscorum, Linn. : Maton & Rackett, Trans.

Linn. Soc, -viii, p. 182.
1813. Turbo muscorum : Rackett, in Pulteney, Cat. Dorset.,

ed. 2, p. 51, pi. xxi, f. 16.
1813? Odostomia muscorum [pars] : Fleming, Edinb. Ency.,

vii, p. 76.
1815. Volvulus muscorum : Oken, Lehrb. Naturg., iii, abth. 1,

p. 313.
1817. Turbo muscorum, Linn. : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii, p. 878.
1819. Pupilla marginata, Drap. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.

(proofs), p. 127.

1819. Turbo chrysalis : Turton, Conch. Diet., p. 220.

1820. Helix (Pupa) muscorum, Mull. : Ferussac, Journ.

Physique, xc, p. 300.

1821. Helix {Cochlodonta) muscorum, Linne : Ferussac, Tabl.

syst. Limagons, Jan. ed., p. 63 (June ed.,

p. 59).
1821. Pupa muscorum, Linn. : C. Pfeiffer, Naturg. Deutsch.

Moll, i, p. 57, pi. iii, f. 17 & 18.
1821. Pupa unidentata : C. Pfeiffer, t. c, p. 58, pi. iii, f. 19

&20.
1821. Puqxi bidentata : C. Pfeiffer, t. c, p. 59, pi. iii, f. 21 & 22.
1821. Pupa marginata, Drap. : C. Pfeiffer, t.c, p. 59, pi. iii,

f. 23 & 24.
1823. Turbo marginalus : Sheppard, Trans. Linn. Soc, xiv,

p. 154.
1826. [Jaminia marginata, Drap. : Risso, Hist. Nat. Europ.

merid., iv, p. 89. According to Caziot =

P. umbilicata, Drap.]
1828. Pupilla marginata [Leach MS.] : Fleming, Brit. Anim.,

p. 268, in text.

1830. Alcaa marginata, Drap. : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc,

xvi, p. 357.

1831. Pupa marginata, Drap. : Turton, Manual, p. 98, f. 79.
1831. Pupilla marginata : Leach, in Turton's Manual, p. 99,

in synon.
1833. Turbo Callicratis : Scacchi, Osserv. Zooh, i, p. 11.

N.-M. MOLL. I

114 rUPILLID^

1837. Pujpa (Pupilla) muscorum (L.) Lm. : Beck, Index Moll.,

p. 84.
1837. Torquatella muscorum, L. : Held, Isis, xxx, hft. 12,

col. 919.
1839. Pupa bigranafa, Rossm. : Rossmassler, Icon. (Bd. ii,

hft. 3, 4), Hft. 9, 10, p. 27, f. 645.

1840, \ Pupa {Pupilla) marginala, Drap. : Gray, Turtou's

Apr. j Manual, new ed., p. 196,pl. vii, f. 79.

i«/Ln i Clausilia (Eruca) muscorum: Swainson, Treat. Malac,

j^^^ '\ p. 334. [Cites Drap., pi. iii, f. 36-38 =

^' [ P. marginata, Drap.]

1840, '\ Pupa haclia : Q. B. Adams, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist.,

July./ iii, p. 331, pi. iii, f. 18.

Post i

a , I Pupa marginata, Drapernaud : Brown, Illust. Conch.

jgPQ j Brit., cd. 2, p. 39, pi. xviii, f. 33 & 34.

*1843. Stomodonta marginata, nob. : Mermet, Hist. Moll.

Pyrin, occid., p. 53.
1841. Pupa aridtda, Held [MS.] : Kuester in Martini, Syst.

Conch.-Cab., i, hft. 15, " Pupa," p. 14,

pi. ii, f. 8.
1845. Pupa marginata, Drapernaud : Brown, Illust. L. &

F.-W. Conch. Brit., p. 44, pi. v, f. 4 & 5.
1852, \ Pupilla marginata, Drap. : Leach, Moll. Brit., Synop.,
Feb. j p. 92.

1852,^ Pupa muscorum, Linna}us : Forbes & Hanley, Brit.
Mar. / Moll., iv, p. 97, pi. cxxix, f. 8 & 9.

1855. Pupa {Pupilla) aridula, Held : H. & A. Adams, Genera

Moll., ii, p. 169.

1856. Pup)a {Odostomia) muscorum, Linn. : Moquin-Tandon,

Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 392, pi. xxviii,
f. 5-15.

1857. Pupa {Pupilla) muscorum, Linn. : Gray, Turton's

Manual, new ed., p. 164, f. 44, pi. vii,
f. 49.

1862. Pupa marginata, Draparnaud : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch.,

i, p. 249 ; V, pi. xv, f . 4.

1863. Pupa muscorum, Linnaeus : Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., p. 110, figs.

1864. Pupilla badia, Adams : Morse, Journ. Portland Sac.

Nat. Hist., i, p. 37, figs. 89, 91 & 92.
1866. Pupa masclaryana : Paladilhe, Pev. & Mag. Zool.,

Ser. II, torn, xviii, p. 89, pi. xiii, f. 1-3.

(Also in reprint, fasc. 1, p. 11, pi. i, f. 1-3.)
1889. Pupilla muscorum (Mull.) : Boettger, Jahrb. Nassau.

Ver. Naturk., xlii, p. 263.
1894. Pupilla simplex, Locard : Locard, Coq. Terrest. France,

p. 329. (Also in Ann. Soc. Aqric. Lyon,

Ser. VII, torn, iii, 1896, p. 217.) '

VEUTIGO 115

1894. Pupilla Saliniensis, Brgt. in coll. : Locard, o. c. (Also
in Ami. Soc. Agric. Lyon, Ser. VII, torn, iii,
1896, p. 217.)
1906. Jaminia triplicata, Studer : Chaster, Journ. of Conch.,
xi, p. 319. [Non Studer = var. glis,
Westerld.]
First recorded as British in 1803, by G. Montagu, as

Turbo muscorum. {See ref. above.)
British Distribution in Time : Pliocene to Recent.

Fam. : VERTIGINIDiE.

Genus : 1. VERTIGO, Midler.

Etym. : — Lat. vertigo, a turning round.
Genotype : — Vertigo pusilla, Miiller.

(Helix, Turbo, Odostomia, vett. auctt. ; Pupa, Draparnaud, non
Bolten, 1798, nee Lamarck, 1801.)

1774. Vertigo : Muller, Verm. Hist., ii, p. 124.

1821. Isthmia, subg. of Helix: Gray, Lond. Med. Repos., xv,

p. 239.
1830. Ahea : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc, xvi, p. 357.
1840. Pupella, subg. of Clausilia [pars] : Swainson, Treat.

Malac, p. 334.
•^1843. Stomodonta [pars] : Mermet, Hist. Moll. Pyrin, occid.,

p. 45.
1855. Craticula, subg. 5 of Pupa [pars] : Lowe, Proc. Zool.

Soc. Lond., 1854, p. 211 (1855).
1855. Staurodon, subg. 9 of Pupa [pars] : Lowe, t. c, p. 214.

[Non Staurodon, Lowe, 1852.]
1864. Dexiogyra, mihi, sect, of Vertigo : Stabile, Atti Soc.

Ital. Sci. Nat. Milano, vii, p. 104.
1870. Dexiogira, Stab. : Betta, Atti Accad. Agric. Verona,

xlvii, 1868 (1870), mem., p. 83.
1892. Nearctula, subg. of Vertigo : Sterki, Nautilus, vi, p. 5.
1908. Haplopupa, sect, of Vertigo : Pilsbry, Nautilus, xi,

p. 119.

Sub-gen. : Vertigo, s.s. (as above).

Sub-gen. : Vertilla, Moquin-Tandon.
Etym. : — Aj)parently a diminutive founded on the Lat.

root vert-, to turn.
Type : — Vertigo angustior, Jeft'reys.

1856. Vertilla, subg. of Vertigo : Moquin-Tandon, Hist.
Moll. France, ii, p. 408.

116 VERTIGINID>E

1. Vertigo (s.s.) pusilla, Miiller.

Etym. : — Lat. pusilhis, very small.

1774. Vertigo fxisilla : Muller, Verm. Hist., ii, p. 124.
1791. Helix vertigo: Gmelin in Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 13, i,

pt. 6, p. 3664.
1801. Pupa vertigo : Draparnaud, Tahl. Moll. France, p. 57.
1803. Turbo vertigo : Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 363, pi. xii,

f. 6.
1805. Pupa vertigo : Draparxaud, Hist. Moll. France, p. 61,

pi. iii, f. 34 & 35.
1807. Turbo vertigo [pars] : Maton & Rackett, Trans. Linn.

Soc, viii, p. 183.
1813? Odostomia vertigo : Fleming, Edinb. Ency., vii, p. 77.
1817. Turbo vertigo, Mont. : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii, p. 880.
1819. Vertigo heterostropha : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop. (proofs),

p. 130.
1821. Pupa vertigo, var. p : Hartmann, Neue Alpina, i, p. 219.
1821. Vertigo pusilla, Miill. : C. Pfeiffer, Naturg. Deutsch.

Moll, i, p. 72, pi. iii, f. 45 & 46.

1830. Vertigo pusilla, Miill. : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc,

xvi, p. 361.

1831. Vertigo heterostropha, Leach : Turton, Manual, p. 105,

f. 86.
1831. Vertigo heterostropha : Leach, in Tiirton's Manual,

p. 105, in .synon.
1837. Vertigo vertigo : Aleron, Bull. Soc. Philom. Perpignan,

iii, p. 92.

1840,) Vertigo (Vertigo) pusiUa,Mx\\\QT : Gray, Turton's If awwa^,

Apr. / new ed., p. 205, pi. vii, f. 86.

-iQAr. [ Clausilia {Pupella) vertigo: Swainson, Treat. Malac.,

j^^ '\ p. 334. [Cites ''Bow. Conch., 8, f. 35,"

•^' [ which is Pupa vertigo, Drap.]

Post ]

0,1 Vertigo pusilla, Muller : Brown, Illust. Conch. Brit.,

jgP^- f ed. 2, p. 42, pi. xviii, f. 41.

1842. Pupa pusilla, Miill. : Pfeiffer, Symbol. Helic, ii, p. 128.
1845. Vertigo pusilla, Miiller : Brown, Illust. L. d F.-W.

Conch. Brit., p. 51, pi. v, f. 16.
1847. Pupa (Vertigo) pusilla, Miiller: Beck, Amtl. Ber. 24.

Versamml. Deutsch. Naturf., p. 122.
1852, \ Vertigo heterostropha : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.,
Feb. j p. 94.

1852, \ Pupa pusilla, Muller : Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll,
Mar. / iv, p. Ill, pi. cxxx, f. 6.

1856. Vertigo (Vertilla) pusilla, Miill. : Moquin-Tandon, Hist.

Moll France, ii, p. 409, pi. xxix, f. 12-14.

1857. Vertigo (Vertigo) pusilla, Miiller : Gray, Turton's Manual

new ed., p. 173, j^l. vii, f. 86.

VERTIGO 117

1862. Vertigo pusilla, Muller : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i, p. 263 ;

V, pi. xvi, f. 3.

1863. Vertigo pusilla, Muller : Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moll. Brit

Is., p. 120, fig.s.
1867. Vertigo tumida, nov. sp. : Westerlund, Malak. Blatt

xiv, p. 203.
1871. Pupa [Vertigo) tumida, Westerl. : Westerlund, Nova

Acta Acad. Sci. Upsala, Ser. Ill, vol. viii

no. 1, p. 99.
1881. Pupa (Vertigo) tumida. West. : Kobelt, Cat. Europ.

Binnenconch., ed. 2, p. 72.

First recorded as British in 1803, by G. Montagu [See

ref. above), as Turbo vertigo.
British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Eecent.

2. Vertigo (s.s.) antivertigo (Draparnaud).

Etym. :— Gr. avTi', opposed to -f Lat. vertigo, a turning round.

1789. Vertigo sexdentatus, n. sp. : Studer in Coxe's Trav. in
Sivitzerld., iii, p. 388. [Nom. nud.]

1801. Pupa antivertigo : Draparnaud, Tahl. Moll. France
p. 57.

1803. Turbo sexdentatus : Montagu, Tes<. 5r;V., p 337 pi xii
f. 8. r , 1 • ,

1805. Pupa antivertigo: Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. France,

p. 60, pi. iii, f. 32 & 33.
1807. Vertigo 6-Dcntata [var.] d extra : Ferussac, Essai

method. Conchyliol., p. 124, in table.
1807. Turbo sexdentatus : Maton & Rackett, Trans. Linn.

Soc, viii, p. 183.
1813. Turbo sexdentatus : Rackett, in Pulteney, Cat. Dorset.,

ed. 2, p. 52, pi. xix, f. 12*.
1813? Odoslomia sexdentata : Fleming, Edinb. Encij., vii, p. 76.
1817. Turbo sexdentatus, Mont. : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells ii

p. 879.

1819. Vertigo palustris : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop. (proofs)

p. 128. >/ i U ;,

1820. Vertigo 8-dentata : Studer, Naturu: Am. Schiveiz.

Gesell, iii, p. 89. (In reprint, " Syst.
Verzcichn.," p. 21.)

1821. Vertigo septemdentata, nobis: Ferussac, Tabl. syst.

Lima^ons, Jan. ed., p. 68 (June ed., p. 64).
1821. Pupa vertigo, var. a & y: Hartmann, Neue Alvina,

i, p. 219.
1821. Vertigo sexdentata, Drap. : C. Pfeiffer, Naturg. Deutsch.

Moll, i, p. 71, pi. iii, f. 43 & 44.
1828. Pupa sexdentata : Fleming, Brit. Anim., p. 268.
1830. Aiwa palustris. Leach MS. : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc,

xvi, p. 360.

118 VERTIGINID.E

1831. Vertigo antivertigo : Michaud, Compl. Hist. Moll. France

Drap., p. 72.
1831. Vertigo palustris, Leach : Turton, Manual, p. 104,

f. 85.
1831. Vertigo palustris : Leach, in Turton's Manual, p. 104,

in synon.
1837. Pupa (Aiwa) antivertigo, Drp. : Beck, Index Moll.,

p. 85.

1840,\ Vertigo (Istkmia) palustris. Leach : Gray, Turton's

Apr. / Manual, new eel., p. 204, pi. vii, f. 85.

Post ]

a (. I Vertigo palustris. Leach : Brown, Illust. Conch. Brit.,

jg^Q j ed. 2, p. 41, pi. xviii, f. 39.

*1843. Stomodonta antivertigo : Mermet, Hist. Moll. Pyre'n.

occid., p. 54.
1845. Vertigo palustris. Leach : Brown, Illust. L. <& F.-W.

Conch. Brit., p. 50, pi. v, f. 14.
1847. Pupa (Pupilla) sexdentata, Pf. : Beck, Arntl. Ber. 24.

Versamjn. Deutsch. Naturf., p. 122.
1847. Pupa (AlcBa) antivertigo. Dr. : Beck, /. c.
1847. Pupa (Alcea) septemdentata, Fer. : Beck, I. c.
1847,1 Vertigo (Alcpa) palustris: Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
Nov. / 1847, p. 176.

1850. Pupa (Vertigo) antivertigo, Drp. : Albers, Heliceen,

p. 206.
1852,\ Vertigo palustris : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop., p. 93,
Feb. j pi. viii, f. 10.

1852,) Pupa antivertigo, Draparnaud : Forbe.s & Hanley,
Mar. / Brit. Moll, iv, p. 109, pi. cxxx, f. 7.

1855. Vertigo (Alcea) antivertigo, Drap. : H. & A. Adams,

Genera Moll, ii, p. 172.

1856. Vertigo (Islhmia) antivertigo, Drap. : Moquin-Tandon,

Hist. Moll France, ii, p. 407, pi. xxix,
f. 4-7.

1857. Vertigo (Isthmia) antivertigo, Drap. : Gray, Turton's

Manual, new ed., p. 172, pi. vii, f. 85.

1862. Vertigo antivertigo, Draparnaud : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch.,

i, p. 253; V, pi. xv, f. 5.

1863. Vertigo antivertigo, Draparnaud : Reeve, L. dt F.-W.

Moll. Brit. Is., p. 116, figs.

1864. Vertigo (Dexiogyra) antivertigo, Drap. : Stabile, Atti

Soc. Ital Sci. Nat., vii, p. 105.
1870. Vertigo (Dexiogira) antivertigo, Drap. : Betta, Atti Accad.
Agric. Verona, xlvii, mem. p. 83.

[Germain (Moll. France, ii, p. 188) says that Vertigo

Baudoni, Massot, is a synonym.]
First recorded as British in 1803, by G. Montagu, as

Turbo sexdentatus. (See ref. above.)
British Distribution in Time : Cromerian to Recent.

VERTIGO 119

3. Vertigo (s.s.) substriata (Jeffreys).

Etym. : — L;it. sub -f striatus, slightly striate,

1830. Pupa sexdentata : Alder, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc.

Northumb., i, p. 34. [Teste Alder, Trans.
Tyneside Nats. Club, i, p. 134. Non Fleming,
1828 = V. antivertigo.]

1831. Vertigo sexdentata, Mont. : Turton, Manual, p. 103,

f. 84. [Non Montagu, nee Alder, from whom

he received the specimens.]

1833. Alcea substriata: Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc., xvi,

p. 515.

[Jeffreys (p. 516) refers the i-b-dentata of Studer's

" Verzeichniss " to this species : we consider it to

be V. pygmcea.]

1837 1

. ' V Vertigo substriata : Alder, Mag. Zool. Bot., ii, p. 112.

1837, \ Vertigo eurta, mihi : Held, Isis, xxx, hft. 12, col. 304.

Dec. / [Teste Kreglinger.]

1838. Pupa substriata : Alder, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc.

Nortliumb., ii, p. 339.
1840. Vertigo [Isthnia) substriata, Jeft'reys : Gray, Turton's

Manual, new ed., p. 202, pi. vii, f. 84.
1852. Pupa substriata, Jeffreys : Forbes & Haxley, Brit.

Moll, iv, p. 108, pi. cxxx, f. 3.
1855, \ Pupa {Craticula) substriata, Jeff. : Lowe, Proc. Zool.
Mar. j Soc. Lond., 1854 (-55), p. 211.

1855,) Vertigo (Aiwa) substriata, Jeffr. : H. & A. Adams, Genera
Apr. / Moll, ii, p. 172.

1856. Pirpa {Vertigo) substriata, Jeffr. : Pfeiffer, Malak.

BUitt., ii, p. 177.

1857. Vertigo (Isthniia) substriata, Jeffreys : Gray, Turton's

Manual, new ed., p. 171, pi. vii, f. 84.
1860. Pupa (Vertigo) substriata, Jeffreys : Martens, in Albers,
Heliceen, ed. 2, p. 292.

1862. Vertigo substriata, Jeffreys : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i,

p. 261 ; V, pi. xvi, f. 2.

1863. Vertigo striata: Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moll. Brit. Is.,

p. 119, figs.
1887. Pupa (Alo'a) substriata, Jeffr. : Westerlund, Fauna
Paldarct. Region, iii, p. 139.

First recorded as British in 1830, by J. Alder, as Pupa

sexdentata. {See ref. above.)
British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

4. Vertigo (s.s.) pygmaea (Draparnaud).
Etym. : — Lat. pyg))t<:cus, a pigmy.

1789. Vertigo b-dentata, n. sp. : Studer, in Coxe's Trav. in
Switzerld., iii, p. 388. [Nom. tiud.]

120 VERTIGINID/E

1801. Pufa pygmaa : Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll. France, p. 57.
1803. Tmbo sexdentatus [juv.] : MontaCxU, Test. Brit., p. 337.
1805. Pvpa pygmcea : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. France, p. 60,

pi. iii, f. 30 & 31.
1807. Vertigo pygmea [sic] : Ferussac, Essai method. Conchyliol.,

p. 124.

1819. Vertigo vulgaris : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop. (proofs),

p. 129.

1820. Vertigo 4- et 5-dentata : Studer, Natunv. Anz. Schweiz.

Gesell., iii, p. 89. (In reprint, " Syst.
Verzeichn.," p. 21.)

1Q01 jr ,■ ■ T -Kr ■<■ IYervssac, Tahl. sysi. Limacons,

1821. Vertigo siniihs, hohis : -j -, ^o /t j
1001 T7 J- T-i - Jan- ed., p. 68 (June ed.,
1821. V ertigo pygmcea, Dt£ly>. -.i fi4. i

1821. Helix Isthmia cylindrica : Gray, Lond. Med. Repos., xv,

p. 239.
1821. Pupa pygmea [sic] : Hartmann, Neue Alpi^ia, i, p. 219.
1821. Vertigo pygmaa, Drap. : C. Pfeiffer, Naturg. Deutsch.

Moll, i, p. 72, pi. iii, f. 47 & 48.
1823. Turbo sexdentatus : [Brown], Ency. Brit., ed. 6, vi, p. 457.
1827. Pupa sexdentata. Brown's MSS. : Brown, Illust. Conch.

Brit., ed. 1, pi. xli, f. 8.

1830. Ala:a vulgaris, Leach MS. : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc,

xvi, p. 359.

1831. Vertigo pygmcea, Drap. : Turton, Manual, p. 103, f. 83.
1831. Vertigo vulgaris : Leach, in Turton's Manual, p. 103,

in synon.

1837. Pupa (Alcpa) pygmcea, Drp. : Beck, Index Moll., p. 85.

1840,) Vertigo {Isthmia) pygmcea, Drap. : Gray, Turton's

Apr. J Manual, new ed., p. 201, pi. vii, f. 83.

Post \ ■ f

„ , [ Vertigo pygmcea, Ferussac : Brown, Illust. Conch. Brit.,

jgPJ- 1 ed. 2, p. 41, pi. xviii, f. 37.

Post 1

g, , |_ Vertigo sexdentata, Turton : Brown, o. c, p. 41, pi. xiv,

P I f 8

1840. J ^^•

*1843. Stomodonta pygmcea, nob. : Mermet, Hist. Moll. Pyren.

occid., p. 55.
1845. Vertigo pygmcea, Ferussac : Brown, Illust. L. & F.-W.

Conch. Brit., p. 48, pi. v, f. 11.
1845. Vertigo sexdentata, Turton : Brown, o. c, p. 49, pi. v,

f. 13.

1850. Pupa (Vertigo) pygmcea, Drp. : Albers, Heliceen, p. 206.

1S52 ^ ■ ■

-p,'' 1 ' > Vertigo vulgaris : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop., p. 93.

1852,) Pupa pygmcea, Draparnaud : Forbes & Hanley, Brit.
Mar. / Moll., iv, p. 106, pi. cxxx, f. 4 & 5.

1855,) Pupa (Staurodon) pygmcea, Drap. : Lowe, Proc. Zool.
Mar. / Soc. Lond., 1854, p. 214.

VERTIGO 121

1855,1 Vertigo {Akea) pygmcea, Drap. : H. & A. Adams, Genera
Apr. / Moll, ii, p. 172.

1856. Vertigo {Isthmia) pygtncBa, Drap. : Moquin-Tandon,

Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 405, pi. xxviii,
f. 37-42.

1857. Vertigo (Isthmia) pygmwa, Drap. : Gray, Turton's

Manual, new ed., p. 170, pi. vii, f. 83.

1862. Vertigo pygmma, Draparnaud : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch.,

I, p. 257 ; V, pi. XV, f. 7.

1863. Vertigo pygmcea, Draparnaud : Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., p. 118, figs.

1864. Vertigo (Dexiogyra) pygmcea, Drap. : Stabile, Atti Soc.

Ital. Sci. Nat., vii, p. 105.
1870. Vertigo (Dexiogira) pygmcea, Drap. : Betta, Atti Accad.

Agric. Verona, xlvii, mem., p. 83.
1887. Pupa {Ala>a) pygmo'a, Drp. : Westerlund, Fauna

PaUiarct. Region, iii, p. 137.
1903. Vertigo heldi, Clessin : Tomlin, Journ. of Conch., x,

p. 307. [Non Clessin.]

First recorded as British in 1803, by G. Montagu, as

Turbo sexdentatus young. (See ref. above.)
British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

5. fVertigo (s.s.) parcedentata (Al. Biaun).

Etym. : — Lat. parce + dentatus, sparingly toothed.

1843. Pupa s. Vertigo parcedentata, mihi : Al. Braun, Amtl.
Ber. 20. Versarnml. Gesell. Deutsch. Naturf.,
1842 (1843), p. 143. [N. nud.]

1847. Pupa parcedentata, mihi : Al. Braun, Neucs Jahrh.,
1847, p. 51.

1856. Pupa (Vertigo) Genesii, Gredler, n. sp. : Gredler,
Verhandl. zool.-hot. Ver. Wien, vi, Ahhandl.,
p. 122, f. 3. [By some this is considered to
be a variety of parcedentata, but this seems
open to doubt, so all further references to
genesii are omitted.]

1875. Pupa (Pupilla) parcedentata, A. Braun : Sandberger,
Land.- & Siissw.-Conch. Vorwelt, p. 876,
pi. xxxvi, f. 25.

1889. Vertigo (Alcea) parcedentata (Al. Braun) : Boettger,
Jahrh. Nassau. Ver. Naturk., Jahrg., xlii,
p. 308.

1891,1 Vertigo pygma:a, var. concinna [n. var.] : Scott, Proc.

early./ Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb., x, p. 335 footnote.

1891, \ Vertigo concinna : Scott, Scott. Natural, N.S. v, p. 53,

Apr. J pi. i.

T 1 ' - Vertigo levenensis : Scott, ^ c, p. 141.

122 VERTIGINID^

? 191 1 . Vertigo Martini : Sayn, Ann. Soc. Linn. Lijon, Iviii, p. 246.

First recorded as British in 1891, by T. Scott, as 7.

pygmcea, var. concinna. {See ref. above.)
British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

6. Vertigo (s.s.) moulinsiana (Dupuy).

Etym. : — Named in honour of the naturalist Des Moulins.

1843. Pufa anglica, Pot. & Mich. : Moquin-Tandon, Hist. &

Mem. Acad. Sci. Toulouse, vi, pt. 1, p. 176.

{Non Potiez & Michaud. Teste Moquin-

Tandon, 1856.]
1849. Pwpa Moulinsiana, Dup. : Dupuy, Cat. Extramar.

Galliw Test. [p. 4], no. 284; Hist. Moll.

France, p. 415 (1850), pi. xx, f. 11.
1852. Pupa Iwvigata, Kokeil [MS.] : Gallenstein, Jahrh.

Naturh. Landesmus. Karnten [i], 1852, p. 80.
1852. Pupa Charpentieri, Shuttleworth : Kustee, in Martini's

Syst. Conch. Cab., i, abth. 15, " Pupa,"

p. 129, pi. xvi, f. 41-43.
1855. Vertigo Charpentieri, Shuttl. : H. & A. Adams, Genera

Moll, ii, p. 172.

1855. Vertigo moulinsiana, Dup. : Drouet, Mem. R. Soc.

Liege, x, p. 155.

1856. Vertigo (Isthmia) Moulinsiana, Dupuy : Moquin-

Tandon, Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 403,
pi. xxviii, f. 31-33. [In explanation of
plate it is styled V. Moulinsii.]
1856. Vertigo {Isthmia) limbata, Partiot [MS.] : Moquin-
Tandon, I. c.

1862. Vertigo ventrosa : Heynemann, Malak. Bldtt., ix, p. 11.

1863. Vertigo Moulinsiana, Dupuy : Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., p. 117, figs.

1864. Vertigo {Dexiogyra) Moulinsiana, Dupuy : Stabile,

Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., vii, p. 104.
1881. Pupa {Vertigo) moulinsiana, Dupuy: Kobelt, Cat.

Europi. Binnenconch., cd. 2, p. 71.
1887. Pupa {Alcea) moulinsiana, Dup. : Westerlund, Fauna

Paldarct. Region, iii, p. 136.
1889. Vertigo {Alcea) tnoulinsiana, Dup. : Boettger, Jahrh.

Nassau. Ver. Naturh., xlii, p. 306.
1913. Vertigo Desmoulinsi : Germain, Moll. France, ii, p. 188.

[*^.* The Pupa Desmoulinsiana, Dupuy, of Jeffreys, 1855,
and Vertigo Moulinsiana, Dupuy, of the same writer
in 1862, were both V. lilljeborgi, Westerlund {q.v.).]

First recorded as British in 1869, by J. G. Jeffreys, as
a fossil from Cambridge [i.e. the Pleistocene at
Barnwell]. (.Brit. Conch., v, p. 160.)

British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

VERTIGO 123

7. Vertigo (s.s.) lilljeborgi/Westcrlund.

Etyni. :— Named in honour of the Swedish naturalist Lillje-
borg.

1855. Pupa Desmoulinsiana, Dupuy : Jeffreys, Ann. & Mag.

Nat. Hist., Scr. II, vol. xv, p. 29. [Non

Dupuy.]
1862. Vertigo Moulinsiana, Dupuy : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch.,

i, p. 255; V, pi. xv, f. 6. [Non Dupuy.

Cf. Jeffreys, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. V,

vol. ii, 1878, p. 380.]
1865. Vertigo modesta, nov. sp. : Westerlund, Ofvcrs. K. Vet.

Akad. Forhandl. Stockholm, xxii, 1865, p. 556.

[Non Say, 1824.]
[1868. Vertigo Lilljehorgi : Westerlund, Coll. Typ. Moll.

Suecim, no. 60. [A list sent out with

collections.]
1868. Pupa modesta, Agardh-Westerlund : Pfeiffer, Monog.

Helic. viv., vi, p. 332.
1871. Pupa {Vertigo) Lillejhorgi, Westerl. : Westerlund,

Nova Acta Soc. Sci. Upsala, Ser. Ill, vol.

viii, no. 1, p. 90.
1887. Pupa (Alcea) lilljeborgi, West. : Westerlund, Fauna

Paldarct. Region, iii, p. 136.

First recorded as British in 1855, by J. G. Jeffreys, as

Pupa desmoulinsiana, Dupuy. {See ref. above.)
British Distribution in Time : Recent.

8. Vertigo (s.s.) alpestris, Alder.

Etym. : — Based on Lat. Alpes, a high mountain, = inhabiting
high land.

1837. Vertigo alpestris (Fer.), Aid. : Alder, 3Iag. Zool. cfc Bot.,

ii, p. 112. [n. mtd.]

1838. Vertigo alpestris, Fer. [MS.] : Alder, Trans. Nat. Hist.

Soc. Northumh., ii, p. 340.
1840,) Vertigo {Islhniia) alpestris, Ferussac : Gray, Turton's
Apr. / Manual, new cd., p. 202, pi. xii, f. 141.

Q ^^ I Vertigo alpestris, Ferussac, MSS. : Brown, Illust. Conch.
J'JP(5' I ^"'•' ed. 2, p. 42, pi. xviii, f. 40.

1845. Vertigo alpestris, Ferussac MSS. : Brown, Illust. L. cC
F.-W. Conch. Brit., p. 51, pi. v, f. 15.

1847. Pupa Shuttleioorthiana, Charp. [MS.] : Pfeiffer,

Zeitschr. Malak., iv, p. 148. [Teste Jeffreys
& Boettger.]

1848. Pupa pygnia-a, Draparnaud, var. p : Pfeiffer, Mon.

Helix, viv, ii, p. 363.
1852. Pupa pijgma^a [pars] : Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll.,
iv, p. 106, pi. cxxs, f. 6.

124 VjiRTIGINID^

1853. Pupa {Vertigo) pygmcea, var. alesptris : Middendokff,

in Append, to Maack, Bull. Acad. St. Petersb.,

xi, col. 376.
1855. Vertigo Shuttletvorthiana, Charp. : H. & A. Adams,

Genera Moll., ii, p. 172.
1857. Vertigo (Isthtnia) alpestris, Alder : Gray, Turton's

Manual, new ed., p. 171, pi. xii, f. 141.

1862. Vertigo Alpestris, Alder : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i,

p. 259; V, pi. xvi, f. 1.

1863. Vertigo alpestris, Alder : Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moll. Brit.

Is., p. 119, figs.
1871. Pupa (Vertigo) alpestris. Alder: Kobelt, Cat. Europ.

Binnenconch., p. 33.
1871. Pupa (Vertigo) alpestris. Alder: Vv^esterlund, Nova

Acta Soc. Sci. Upsala, Ser. Ill, vol. viii,

no. 1, p. 95.
1875. Pupa (Vertigo) skuttleivorthiana, Charp. : Westerlund,

Malak. Bldtt., xxii, p. 128.
1887. Pupa (Alcm) alpestris, Alder : Westerlund, Fauna

Paldarct. Region, iii, p. 132.
1887. Pupa (Vertigo) parcedentata-Genesiili^SLTs] : Sandberger,

Verhandl. phijs.-med. Gesell. Wurzburg, N.F.

XX, no. 11, p. 1. [Teste Pilsbry.]
1889. Vertigo (Alcsa) alpestris (Aid.) : Boettger, Jahrh.

Nassau. Ver. Naturlc, xlii, p. 307.

First recorded as British in 1838, by J. Alder. (See ref.

above.)
British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

9. Vertigo (Vertilla) angustior, Jeffreys.
Etym. : — Lat. angustior, narrower.

1807. Turbo vertigo [pars] : Matox & Rackett, Trans. Linn.

Soc., viii, p. 183.
1821. Vertigo venetzii, Charpentier : Ferussac, Tabl. syst.

Limagons, Jan. ed., p. 69 (June ed., p. 65).

[n. nud.]
1823. Turbo vertigo : [Brown], Ency. Brit., ed. 6, vi, p. 457.
1827. Pupa pusilla, Pfeiffer : Brown, Ilhist. Conch. Brit.,

ed. 1, pi. xli, f. 9.

1830. Vertigo angustior : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc, xvi,

p. 361.

1831. Vertigo nana: Michaud, Compl. Hist. Moll. France

Drap., p. 71, pi. xv, f. 24 & 25.
1837. Vertigo venetzii, mihi & Fcr. : Charpentier, Neue

Denkschr. Schweiz. Gesell., i [no. 2], p. 18,

pi. ii, f. 11.
1837. Vertigo hamata, mihi : Held, Isis, xxx, hft. 12, col. 304.

TRUNCATELLINA 125

1838. Pupa nana, Mich. : Lamarck, Hist. Anim. s. Vert.,
cd. 2 par Deshayes, viii, p. 190.

1838. Vertigo plicata, m. : Aug. Mueller, Arch. f. Naturg.,
1838, i, p. 210, pi. iv, f. 6.

1840,) Vertigo (Vertigo) angustior, Jeffreys: Gray, Turton's

Apr. I Manual, new ed., p. 205.

Post \

I, ' I Vertigo angustior, Jeffreys : Brown, Illust. Conch. Brit.,

5'°PJ;j cd. 2, p. 42, pi. xiv, f. 9.

1845. Vertigo angustior, Jeffreys : Brown, Illust. L. & F.-W.
Conch. Brit., p. 52, pi. v, f. 17.

1847. Pupa (Vertigo) angustior, Mont, [sic] : Beck, A7ntl. Ber.

24. Versamm. Deutsch. Naturf., p. 122.

1848. Pupa vevetzii, Charpentier : Pfeipfer, Monog. Helic. viv.,

ii, p. 364.

1852. Pupa Venetzii, Charpentier : Forbes & Hanley, Brit.

Moll, iv, p. 112, pi. cxxx, f. 9.

1853. Pupa angustior, Jeft'r. : Pfeiffer, Monog. Helic. viv.,

iii, p. 560.

1856. Vertigo (Vertilla) plicata, A. Miill. : Moquin-Tandon,

Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 408, pi. xxix, f. 8-11.

1857. Vertigo (Vertigo) angustior, Jeffreys: Gray, Turton's

Manual, new ed., p. 174.
1860. Pupa (Vertigo) angustior, Jeffreys : Martens, in Albers,
Heliceen, ed. 2, p. 292.

1862. Vertigo angustior, Jeffreys : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i,

p. 265 ; V, pi. xvi, f . 4.

1863. Vertigo vertigo, Montagu : Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., p. 121, figs.
1904. Vertigo (Vertilla) angustior, Jeft"r. : Kobelt, in Ross-

massler, Icon, N.F. xi, p. 224.
1911. Pupa ocsensis, n. sp. : Halavats, Result. Wissensch.

Erforsch. Balatonsees, i, thi. 1, Anhang :

Palaeont., iv, no. 2, p. 60, pi. iii, f. 10. [Teste

Boettger.]

First recorded as British in 1830, by J. G. Jeffreys.

(See ref. above.)
British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

Genus : 2. TRUNCATELLINA, Lowe.

Etyni. : — From the Lat. truncal us, maimed, i.e. by cutting

short.
Genotype : — Pupa linearis, Lowe.
{Pupa, Draparnaud, non Bolten, 1798, nee Lamarck, 1801 ;

Vertigo, etc., vett. auctt.)

1824. Puppa [Sect.], D. : Blainville, Diet. Sci. Nat., xxxii,
p. 251.

126 VERTIGIKIDiE

1830. AlcBa [pars] : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc, xvi, p. 357.
1837. Sphyradmm, Ag. (Msc), subg. 2 of Pupa [pars] : Char-

PENTiER, Neue Denlcsckr. All. Schiveiz. Gesell.,

i [no. 2], p. 15.
*1843. Stomodonta [pars] : Mermet, Hist. Moll. Pyrin, occid.,

p. 55.
1852. Truncatellina : Lowe, Ami. cfi Alag. Nat. Hist., Scr. II,

vol. ix, p. 275.
1855. Truncatellina, § 2 of Pwpa : Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,

1854 (-55), p. 207.
1879. IstJimia, Gray : Reinhardt, Sitz.-Ber. Gesell. Naturf.

Freunde Berlin, 1879, p. 133.

1914. Columella, Westerlund [pars] : Kennard & Woodward,

List Brit. Non-mar. Moll., p. 8.

1915. Laurinella : Hesse, Nachrbl. Deutsch. Malak. Gesell.,

xlvii, p. 53.

1. Truncatellina cylindrica (Ferussac).

Etym. : — Lat. cylindrus, a cylinder.

1801. Puj)a muscorum : Draparnaud, Tahl. Moll. France,

p. 56. [Non Linne.]
1805. Pupa muscorum, Linn., var. a : Draparnaud, Hist.

Moll. France, p. 59, pi. iii, f. 26 & 27.
1807. Vertigo cylindrica, nobis : Ferussac, Essai method.

Conchyl., p. 52.

?1820. Pupa minnta [nom. nov.] : Studer, Naturiv. Anz.

Schweiz. Gesell., iii, p. 89. (In reprint, " Syst.

Verzeicbn.," pp. 19 & 21.)

?1820. Vertigo unidentata, mihi : Studer, I. c. (In reprint,

" Syst. Verzeichn.,"pp. 19 &21.) [Nom. nvd.^

1821. Vertigo cylindrica, nobis: Ferussac, Tabl. syst. Lima^ons,

Jan. ed., p. 68 (June ed., p. 64).
?1821. Pupa minutissima : Hartmann, Neue Alpina, i, p. 220,
pi. ii, f. 5.

1823. Turho muscorum : [Brown], Ency. Brit., ed. 6, vi, p. 457.

1824. Puppa muscorum, Drap. : Blainville, Diet. Sci. Nat.,

xxxii, p. 251.
[1826. Jaminia muscorum, Drap. : Risso, Hist. Nat. Europ.

merid., iv, p. 88. [= Lauria cylindracea.

Teste Caziot.]
1827. Pupa muscorum. Lam. : Brown, Ulust. Conch. Brit.,

ed. 1, pi. xli, f. 3.

1827. Pupa labiata. Brown : Brown, o. c, pi. xli, f. 7.

1828. Pupa minutissima, Hartmann : C. Pfeiffer, Naturg.

Deutsch. Moll, iii, p. 38, pi. vii, f. 12 & 13.
1828 IPupa pusillima, Ziegl. : Menke, Synop. Moll, p. 18.
1828. Pupa obttisa, Drap. : Fleming, Hist. Brit. Anim., p. 269.

[Non Draparnaud.]

TRUNCATELLIXA 127

1830. Alcca cyluidrica, For. : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc,

xvi, p. 359.

1831. Vertigo muscorum, Drap. : Miciiaud, Conipl. Hist. Moll.

France Drap., p. 70.
1837. Pupa {Akca) minuiissima, Hartm. : Beck, Index Moll.,

p. 85.
1837. Pupa (Sphyradimn) muscorum, Drap. : Charpentier,

Neue Denkschr. Alhj. Schweiz. Gesell., i

[no. 2], p. 15.
1837. Fer%o ^M^M^a .• Held, /sis, XXX, lift. 4, col. 308. [Nom.

nov. for Pupa minutissima, Hartm.]

1840, \ Vertigo (Isthmia) cylindrica, Jeffreys : Gray, Turton's

Apr. j Manual, new ed., p. 200, pi. xii, f. 140.

Post \

n , I Pupa muscorum, Drapernaud : Brown, Ilhtsf. Conch.

jgP^- j Brit., cd. 2, p. 39, pi. xiv, f. 3 & 7.

Q . I Vertigo cylindrica, Ferussac : Brown, o. c, p. 41, pi.

S) -■'"■ '■ '«•

*1843. Stomodonla muscorum, nob. : Mermet, Hist. Moll.
Pyren. occid., p. 55.
1845. Pupa muscorum, Drapernaud : Brown, Illust. L. &
P.-W. Conch. Brit., p. 42, pi. v, f. 1.

1845. Vertigo cylindrica, Ferussac : Brown, o. c, p. 49, pi. v,

f. 12.

1846. Vertigo minutissima, Hartm. : Geaells, Cat. Moll.

Espana, p. 7.
1850. Pup)a (Pupilla) minutissima, Hartm. : Albers, Heliceen,

p. 205.
1852. Pupa minutissima, Hartmann : Forbes & Hanley,

Brit. Moll, iv, p. 104, pi. cxxx, f. 2.

1855. Pupa (Truncatellina) minutissima, Hartm. : Lowe,

Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., xxii, 1854 (-55),
p. 207.

1856. Vertigo (Isthmia) muscorum, Drap. : Moquin-Tandon,

Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 399, pi. xxviii,
f. 20-24.

1857. Vertigo {Isthmia) muscorum, Drap. : Gray, Turton's

Manual, new ed., p. 169, pi. xii, f. 140.

1862. Vertigo minutissima, Hartmaim : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch.,

i, p. 270 ; V, pi. xvi, f . 5.

1863. Vertigo minuta, Studer : Eeeve, L. <& F.-W. Moll. Brit.

Is., p. 123, figs.
1871. Pupa (Isthmia) minutissima, Hartmann: Koblet, Cat.

Europ. Binnenconch., p. 32.
1882. Isthmia 7nuscorum, Drap. : Jousseaume, Bull. Soc. Zool.

France, vii, p. 485, pi. xii, f. 37 & 38.
1889. Isthmia minutissima (Hartm.) : Boettger, Jahrb. Nassau.

Ver. Naturh., xlii, p. 275.

1 28 VERTIGINID^

1913. Sphyradium muscorum, Draparuaud : Germain, Moll.

France, ii, p. 81.

1914. Columella minutissima (}ia,Ttn\a,nn) : Kennard & Wood-

ward, List. Brit. Non-mar. Moll., p. 8.

1915. Laurinella minutissima : Hesse, Nachrbl. Beutsch.

Malak. GeselL, xlvii, p. 53.

[*^* In many cases T. stroheli (Gredler) was probably
included in the above.]

First recorded as Britisli in 1828, by J. Fleming, from
specimens found in 1813 by Dr. Chalmers of Kirk-
caldy, at Balmeriuo, Fifeshire, and referred to Pupa
obtusa, Drap. (See ref. above.)

British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

2. Truncatellina britannica, Pil.sbry (em.).
Etym. : — Lat. Britannicus, British.
(Formerly confused with T. cylindrica, Ferussac.)

1921. Truncatellina rivierana hriUanica [err. typ.], n. subsp. :
PiLSBRY, Man. Conch., Ser. II, vol. xxvi,
p. 77, pi. viii, f. 13 & 14.
1923. Truncatellina britannica, Pilsbry : Kennard & Wood-
ward, Proc. Mcdac. Soc. Loud., xv, pp. 294
& 296.
[The full synonymy of the species of which Pilsbry
thought this might be a variety, is as follows : —
*1853. Pupa Strobeli : Gredler, III. Gymn. Progr. v.
Botzen. [Fide Gredler, 1856, infra.]
1854. Pupa rivierana, nobis, n. s. : Benson, Ann. & Mag.

Nat. Hist., Ser. II, vol. xiii, p. 97.
1856. Pupa Strobeli, Gredler : Gredler, Verhandl. zool.-

bot. Ver. Wien, vi, p. 114.
1864. Vertigo muscorum., var. B. triplicata : Bourguignat,

Malac. Algerie, ii, p. 99, pi. vi, f. 31 & 32.
1879. Pupa (Isthmia) strobeli, Gredl. : Boettger, Jahrb.

Deutsch. Malak. GeselL, vi, p. 405.
1889. Pupa mystica, Pils. : Sterki, Nachrbl. Deutsch.

Malak. GeselL, xxi, p. 119.
1892. Isthmia strobeli, Gredl. : Rosen, Nachrbl. Deutsch.

Malak. GeselL, xxiv, p. 126.
1897. Isthmia strobeli, Gredler : Westerlund, Synop.
Moll. Extramar. Reg. Palaarct., p. 111.]

First recorded as British in 1921, by H. A. Pilsbry, as

a var. of T. rivierana. (See ref. above.)
British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

COLUMELLA 129

Genus : 3. COLUMELLA, Wcsterlund.

Etytn. : — Lat. columella, a little colunin.

Type : — Pupa inornata, Michaud.

{Helix, Turbo, Pupa, Vertigo, vett. auctt.)

1837. Sphyradium, Ag. (Msc.), sub-gen. 2 of Pupa [pars] :

Charpentier, Neuc Dcnkschr. Allg. Schweiz.

GeselL, i [no. 2], p. 15.
1855. Pahulinella, sub-gen. of Pupa : Lowe, Proc. Zool. Sac.

Lond., 1854, p. 206. [Noii Pfeiflier, 1841.]
1876. Edentulina, 7. Gruppe of Pupa : Clessin, Deutsch. Excur.

Moll. Fauna, p. 208. [Nan Pfeiffer, 1855.]
1878. Columella, sub-gen. 9 of Pupa : Westerlund, Fauna

Europ. Moll. Prod., ii, p. 193.

1. Columella edentula (Drapamaud).
Etym. : — Lat. edentulus, toothless.

1789. Helix exigua, n. sp. : Studer, in Coxe, Trav. in Switzerld.,

iii, p. 386. [n. nud.]
1805. Pupa edenlula : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. France, p. 59,

pi. iii, f. 28 & 29.

1820. Vertigo edentula, Drap. : Studer, Naturw. Anz. Allg.

Schweiz. GeselL, iii, p. 89.

1821. Vertigo nitida, nobis : Ferussac, Tahl. syst. Lima^ons,

Jan. ed., p. 68 (June ed., p. 64.)
1821. Pupa muscorum, var. y : Hartmann, Neue Alpina, i,

p. 220.
1823. Turbo Offtonensis : Sheppard, Trans. Linn. Soc, xiv,

p. 155.
1826. Jaminia edentula, Drap. : Risso, Hist. Europ. merid.,

iv, p. 89. [Bourguignat says the specimen

so named was Ena obscura.]
1828. Vertigo edentula, Drap. : C. Pfeiffer, Natiirg. Deutsch.

Moll, iii, p. 42, pi. vii, f. 28 & 29.
1828. Turbo edentulus: Wood, Index Test., Suppt., p. 19,

pi. vi, f. 14.
1830. Akca nitida, Fer. : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc, xvi,

p. 358.

1830. Alaa revoluta : Jeffreys, /. c, p. 359.

1831. Pupa edentida, Drap. : Turton, Manual, p. 99, f. 80.
1831. Vertigo edentula, Drap. : Michaud, Compl. Hist. Moll.

France Drap., p. 72.
1837. Pupa (Akra) edentula, Drp. : Beck, Index Moll, p. 85.
1837. Pupa {Sphyradium) edentula, Drap. : Charpentier,

Neue Denlschr. Allg. Schweiz. Gesell, i [no. 2],

p. 15.
1837. Vertigo lepidula, mihi : Held, Isis, xxx, hft. 4, col. 307.
N.-M. moll. k

130 VEKTIGINID^

1840,) Vertigo (Isthnia) edeniula, Drap. : Gray, Turton's

Apr. / Manual, new ed., p. 199, pi. vii, f. 80.

Post 1

o ' , I Vertigo edeniula, Drapernaud : Brown, Illus. Conch.

jgP^5" ( ^'■''^•' ed. 2, p. 41, pi. xviii, f. 36*.

*1843. Stomodonta cdentula, nob. : Mermet, Hist. Moll.

Pyrenees occid., p. 54.
1845. Vertigo edentula, Drapernaud : Brown, Illust. L. & F.-W.

Conch. Brit., p. 48, pi. v, f. 10 & 10*.
1850. Pupa {Pupilla) edentula, Drp. : Albers, Heliceen, p. 205.
1852. Pupa edentula, Draparnaud : Forbes & Hanley, Brit.

Moll, iv, p. 103, pi. cxxx, f. 1.
1855,1 Pupa (Pal'udinella) edentida, Drap. : Lowe, Proc. Zool.
Mar. / Soc. Loud., 1854 (-55), p. 206.

1855,1 Vertigo {Isthnia) edentula, Drap. : H. & A. Adams,
Apr. / Genera Moll., ii, p. 173.

1856. Vertigo {Isthnia) edentula, Drap. : Moquin-Tandon,

Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 402, pi. xxviii,
f. 28-30.

1857. Vertigo (Isthnia) edentula, Drap. : Gray, Turton's

Manual, new ed., p. 167, pi. vii, f. 80.

1862. Vertigo edentula, Draparnaud : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch.,

i, p. 268; V, pi. xvi, f. 6. [Jeffreys' " var.
columella, Benz," was not Benz's species, but
an edentula with an extra whorl.]

1863. Vertigo edentula, Draparnaud : Reeve, L. & F.-W.

Moll. Brit. Is., p. 122, figs.
1871. Pupa {Isthnia) edentula, Drap. : Kobelt, Cat. Europ.

Binnenconch., p. 32.
1871. Pupa {Vertigo) edentula, Drap. : Westerlund, Nova

Acta Soc. Sci. Upsala, Ser. Ill, vol. viii,

no. 1, p. 88.

1881. Pupa {Columella) edentula, Drap. : Kobelt, Cat. Europ.

Binnenconch., ed. 2, p. 69.

1882. Isthmia edentula, Drap. : Locard, Prod. Malac. Frang.,

p. 177. (Also in Ann. Soc. Agric. Lyon,

Ser. v., torn, iv, p. 451.)
1884. Pupa {Edentulina) edentula, Draparnaud : Clessin,

Deutseh. Excur. Moll. Fauna, p. 254, f. 147.
1890. Pupa {Sphyradium) edentula, Drap. : Westerlund,

Kat. Paldarct. Binnenconch., p. 100.
1896. Sphyradimn edentulum, Drap. : Sterki, Nautilus, x, p. 75.

[Martens {Jahresh. St. Gall. Naturw. Gesell, 1889-90
(1891), p. 124) states that this species also occurs in
Hartmann's Collection as inornata.^

First recorded as British in 1823, by the Rev. R. Sheppard,
as Turbo Ojjtonensis. {See ref. above.)

British Distribution in Time : Pliocene to Recent.

COLUMELLA 131

2. tColumella columella (Bcuz).

Etym. : — Lat. coluntella, a small column.

1830. Pupa columella, Benz : Benz, Correspondbl. Wiirtemb.

Landeswirlschaftl. Verein., Bd. xvii, p. 171.
[In a paper compiled by G. von Martens.]

1831. Pupa inornuta. Nobis : Michaud, Compl. Hint. Moll.

France Drap., p. 63, pi. xv, f. 31 & 32.
1837. Pupa (Ala:a) inornata, Michd. : Beck, Index Moll.,

p. 85.
1841. Cylindrus inornatus, Hartm. [MS.]: A. & G. B. Villa,

Disp. syst. Conch., p. 23, in synonymy.
1855,) Vertigo (Ist/unia) columella, Benz : H. & A. Adams,
Apr. j Genera Moll., ii, p. 173.

. ' Vertigo (Isthmia) inornata, Mick. : H. & A. Adams, I. c.

1855. Vertigo inornata, Mich. : Drouet, Mem. R. Soc. Liege,

X, p. 155.

1856. Vertigo [lathmia) columella, Benz : Moquin-Tandon,

Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 401, pi. xxviii,

f. 25-27.
1860. Pupa (Pupilla) columella, G. Martens : Martens, in

Albers, Heliceen, ed. 2, p. 291.
1871. Pupa (Vertigo) columella, Benz : Westerlund, Nova

Acta Soc. Sci. Upsala, Ser. Ill, vol. viii,

no. 1, p. 87.
1871. Papa {Isthmia) columella, G. von Mart. : Kobelt, Cat.

Europ. Binnenconch., p. 32.

1871. Pupa (Isthmia) inornata, Mich. : Kobelt, I. c.

1872. Pupa Gredleri, m. : Clessin, Malak. Bldtt., xx, p. 57.

[A plate '■ iv " is cited but not present.]
1875. Pupa {Ala:a) columella, G. v. Martens : Sandberger,

Land- & Siissw.-Conchyl. Vorwelt, p. 795,

pi. xxxiii, f. 34 a-b; xxxvi, f. 27 a-b.
1875. Pupa {Vertigo) inornata, Mich. : Westerlund, Malak.

Bldtt., xxii, p. 126.

1875. Pupa (Vertigo) gredleri, Cless. : Westerlund, L c.

1876. Pupa (Edentulina) inornata, Michaud. : Clessin, Deutsch.

Escur. Moll. Fauna, p. 208, f. 117.

1878. Pupa (Columella) inornata, Mich. : Westerlund, Fauna
Europ. Moll. Prod., ii, p. 193.

1878. Pupa (Columella) inornata, var. Gredleri, Cless. : Wester-
lund, I. c.

1881. Pupa (Columella) edentula, var. Gredleri, Clessin ; Kobelt,

Cat. Europ. Binnenconch., ed. 2, p. 69.

1882. Isthmia inorimta, Mich. : Locard, Prod. Malac. Frang.,

p. 176. (Also in Ann. Soc. Agric. Lyon.,
Ser. V, tom. iv, p. 450.)
1889. Sphyradium columella (v. Mts.) : Boettgeb, Jahrb,
Nassau. Ver. Naturk., xlii, p. 266.

132 valloniidtE

1890. Pupa {Sphy radium )mornata, Mich. : Westerlund, Kat.

Paldarct. Binncnconch., p. 100.
1897. Sphjradium columella, G. de Mts. : Westerlund, Synop.

Moll, extramar. Region Paldarct., p. 110.
1897. Sphyradium inornatum, Mich. : Westerlund, o. c,

p. 111.
1904. Sphyradium gredleri, Clessin : Eobelt, in Rossmassler,

Icon., N.F. xi, p. 178.

First recorded as British in 1888, by B. B. Woodward,
as Vertigo edenttda, var. {Proc. Gesl. Assoc, x, p. 359).
British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene.

Fam. : VALLONIID^.

Genus : 1. ACANTHINULA, Beck.

Etym. : — Dimin. from Gr. uKavOa, a thorn.

Type : — Helix aculeata, Miiller. (Selected by Von Martens in

1860.)
{Helix, Teba, vett. auctt.)

1847. Acanthinula : Beck, A7ntl. Ber. 24. Versamm,. Deutsch.

Naturf., p. 122.
1864. Zobgenetes : Morse, Journ. Portlaml Soc. Nat. Hist., i,

pp. 5 & 32, pi. i, f. 1-14.
1867. Achatinula [err. typ. ?], Beck, subg. of Helix : Brusina,

Rad Jugslav. Akad., i, p. 96.
1870. Achantinula [err. typ. ?] : Betta, Atti Accad. Agric.

Verona, xlvii, mem. p. 34.
1902. Aulaca : Westerlund, Rad Jugoslav. Akad., cli, p. 89.
With :—

Subg. 1. Acanthinula, Beck.

Type : Helix aculeata, Miill.
,, 2. Zobgenetes, Morse.

Type : Helix harpa. Say.
,, 3. Spermodea, n., Westerlund.

Type : Helix lamellata, Jeffr., &
spermatia, Castro.

1. Acanthinula aculeata (Miiller).

Etym. : — Lat. aculeatus, armed with prickles.

1774. Helix aculeata : Mijller, Verm. Hist., ii, p. 81.

1778. Trochus terrestris, B. Mortoni : DaCosta, Test. Brit.,

p. 36.
1786. Helix spinulosa : Lightfoot, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc,

Ixxvi, p. 166, pi. ii [h], f. 1-5.

ACANTTTTNULA 133

1791. Ilclix aculcaia, Miill. : Gmelin, in Limt. Syst. Nat.,
ed. 13, i, pt. 6, p. 3638.

1802. Helix nucleata [n. nov.] : Turton, in Liim. Gen. Syst.

Nature, iv, p. 520.

1803. Helix spinidosa, Lightfoot : Montagu, Test. Brit.,

p. 429, pi: xi, f. 10.
[Montagu (p. 430) states that this species was called by
Solander, Helix delectabilis.]
1805. Helix aculeata, Mull. : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. France,

p. 82, pi. vii, f. 10, 11.
1807. Helix spimdosa, Lightfoot : Maton & Rackett, Trans.

Linn. Soc., viii, p. 201.
1813. Helix spinidosa : Rackett, in Pulteney, Cat. Dorset.,

ed. 2, p. 54, pi. xix, f. 23.
1815. Volvid'us aculeata : Oken, Lehrh. Naturg., iii, abt. 1,

p. 313.
1817. Helix acideata, Miill. : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii, p. 916.
1819. Teha spinulosa, Lightfoot : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.

(proofs), p. 100.
1821. Helix aculeata, Muller : Ferussac, Tabl. syst. Limagons,

Jan. ed., p. 46 (June ed., p. 42).
1823. Helix aculeata : [Brown], Ency. Brit., ed. 6, vi, p. 458.

1827. Helix spinulosa, Mont. : Brown, Illust. Conch. Brit.,

ed. 1, pi. xl, f. 1.

1828. Helix acideata, Miill. : C. Ppeiffer, Naturg. Deutsch.

Moll, iii, p. 24, pi. iv, f. 24 & 25.

1830. Helix aculeata, Miill. : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc,

xvi, p. 332.

1831. Helix spinulosa, Montagu : Turton, Manual, p. 43,

f. 33.
1831. Teha spinulosa: Leach, in Turton, Manual, p. 43, in
synon.

1837. Fruticicola aculeata, Miiller : Held, Isis, xxx, hft. 12,

col. 914.

1838. Helix (Cernuella) aculeata, m. (Dr.) : Schlueter, Kurz.

syst. Verzeichn., p. 6.
*1839. Helix Granatelli, Biv. fil. : Bivona-Bernardi, Ocehio
Gior., no. 9, p. 66, f. 2.—'- Nouv. Moll, di
Pal." in Giorn. lelt., n. 198, p. 17, f. 7.
[Teste Benoit.]
1840,') Helix {Hygromanes) acideata, Miiller : Gray, Turton's
Apr. j Manual, new ed., p. 14§, pi. iv, f. 33.

a°^ I fi^eZix (Helicella) aculeata, Miiller : Brown, Illust. Conch.
IgjJ- 1 Brit., ed. 2, p. 47, pi. xvii, f. 1.

1845. Helix (Helicella) aculeata, Miiller : Brown, Ulust. L. <&
F.-W. Conch. Brit., p. 68, pi. vii, f. 22.

1847. Helix aculceata [sic], Miiller : F. J. Schmidt, Syst.
Verzeichn. Krain Comhyl., p. 12.

134 VALLONnD;E

1847. Acanthinula aculeafa, Miill. : Beck, Amtl: Ber. 24.

Versamm. Deufsch. Nnturf., p. 122.
1850. Helix {Acanthinula) aculeata, Miill. : Albers, Heliceen,

p. 73.
1852,) Helix aculeata, Miiller : Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll.,
Feb. / iv, p. 74, pi. cxvii, f. 5 & 6.

1852,) Teba spinulosa, Lightfoot : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.,
Feb. / p. 72.

1852,) Euryomphala {Acanthinula) aculeata, Miill. : Morch, Cat.
Aug. j Conch. Yoldi, i, p. 3.

1855. Discus aculeatus, Miill. : H. & A. Adams, Genera Moll.,

ii, p. 117.

1856. Helix {Fruticicola) aculeata, Miill. : Moquin-Tandon,

Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 189, pi. xv, f. 5-9.

1857. Helix {Hygromanes) aculeata, Miiller : Gray, Turton's

Manual, new ed., p. 139, pi. iv, f. 33.

1862. Helix aculeata, Miiller : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i, p. 176;

V, pi. X, f. 6.

1863. Helix aculeata, Miiller : Keeve, L. & F.-W. Moll. Brit.

Is., p. 81, figs.
1867. Helix {Achat inula.) [sic] aculeata, Miill. : Brusina, Rad

Jugoslav. Akad., i, p. 96.
1870. Achantinula [err. typ. ?] aculeata, Miill. : Betta, Atti

Accad. Agric. Verona, xlvii, mem., p. 34.
1878. Hygromia aculeata, Muller : Jousseaume, Bidl. Soc.

Zool. France, iii, p. 158, pi. v, f. 46 & 47.
1902. Aulaca {Acanthinula) aculeata, Miill. : Westerlund,

Rad Jugoslav. Akad., cli, p. 89.

First recorded as British in 1712, by J. Morton {Nat.

Hist. Northamptonsh., p. 415), from Worsley Wood,

Northants.
British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

2. Acanthinula lamellata (Jeffreys).
Etym. : — Lat. lamella, a small plate.

1829. Helix Scarburgensis, Beau [sic : n. nud.] : Kenyon,

Mag. Nat. Hist. (Loudon), ii, p. 273.

1830. Helix lamellata : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc, xvi,

p. 333.

1830. Helix Scarburgensis, Bean MS. : Alder, Trans. Nat.

Hist. Soc. Northumb., i, p. 36.

1831. Helix Scarburgensis : Turton, Manual, p. 62, f. 48.
1840,) Helix {Hygromanes) lamellata, Jeffreys : Gray, Turton's
Apr. J Manual, new ed., p. 150, pi. v, f. 48.

^'^^. I Helix {Helicella) lamellata, Jeffreys : Brown, Ulust.
J'^JJ- 1 Conch. Brit., ed. 2, p. 47, pi. xviii, f. 47*.

VALLONIA 135

1845. Helix {Helicella) lamellnta, Jeffreys : Brown, Illust. L.
& F.-W. Conch. Brit., p. 67, pi. vii, f. 21.

1847. Acanthinula lamellata, Jeff. : Beck, Amtl. Ber. 24.

Versatnm., Deutsch. Naturf., p. 122.

1848. Helix seminulum, Rossm. : Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic.

vivent., i, p. 51, in synon.
[Pfeiffer's reference is '" Rossm. viii. f. 533." No such
name occurs there. Rcssmassler had figured the
shell as " Helix Scarburgensis." Gray, in 1857
(Turton's Manual, p. 140), repeats Pfeiffer's error.
The only Helix seminulum cited in literature is that of
Chiereghini, published by Nardo (Sinon. specie
Chiereghini, 1847, col. 85) who refers it doubtfully
to Helix crysiallina, Drap. Psetel, however {Cat.
Conch.-Samml., ii, 1889, p. 182), makes it synony-
mous with Hyalinia hydatina, Rm.]
1850. Helix {Patula) lamellata, Jeff. : Albers, Heliceen, p. 64.
1852. Helix lamellata, Jeffreys : Forbes & Hakley, Brit. Moll.,

iv, p. 73, pi. cxvii, f. 8 & 9.
1855. Discus lamellatus, Jeffr. : H. & A. Adams, Genera Moll.,

ii, p. 117.
1857. Helix [Hygromanes) lamellata, Jeffreys : Gray, Turton's

Manual, new ed., p. 140, pi. v, f. 48.
1860. Helix {Acanthinula) lamellata, Jeffreys : Martens, in
Albers, Heliceen, ed. 2, p. 101.

1862. Helix lamellata, Jeffreys : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i,

p. 175; V, pi. X, f. 5.

1863. Helix lamellata, Jeffreys: Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., p. 81, figs.
1902. Aulaca {Spermodea) lamellata, Jeffr. : Westerlund, Rod
Jugoslav. Akad., cli, p. 90.

First recorded as British in 1829, by J. Kenyon, as Helix

scarburgensis. {See ref. above.)
British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

Genus : 2. VALLONIA, Risso.

Etym. : — Named apparently after the town of Vallon, Ardeche.
Type : — Vallonia rosalia, Risso = V. pulchella (Miiller).
{Helix, vett. auctt.)

1826. Vallonia : Risso, Hist. Europ. merid., iv, p. 101.

1827. Amplexis : Brown, Illust. Conch. Brit., ed. ], pi. xli,

f. 76 & 77.
1831. Zuramia : Leach, in Turton, Manual, p. 64, in synon.
1833. Chilostoma [pars] : Fitzinger, Beitr. Landesk. Oesterr.,

iii, p. 98.
1837. Circinaria, subg. 16 of Helix [j)ars] : Beck, Index Moll.,

p. 23,

136 VALLONHD^

1837. Corneola [pars] : Helb, Isis, xxx, lift. 12, col. 912.

( Lucena, Hartmann : Gray, Turton's Mmmal, new ed.,
1840,1 p. 142. [Non. Hartmann. Cf. Note by

Apr. j B. B. Woodward, Proc. Malac. Soc, xii,

[ 1917, p. 220.]

„'^^, I AmpJexus, subg. of Helix: Brown, Illust. Conch. Brit.,

S.) ed.2,p.45.

1847. Zurama, Leach [MS.], subg. of Hehx : Beck, Andl.

Ber. 24. Versamm. Deutsch. Naturf., p. 122.
1850. Glaphyra, subg. 13 of Helix [pars] : Albers, Heliceen,

p. 87.
1909. Lumma [err. typ.] : Honigmann, Zeitschr. f. Naturw.,

Ixxxi, p. 290.

1. Vallonia pulchella (Miiller).

Etym. : — Lat. diniin. of pulcher, beautiful.

1774. Helix pulchella : Muller, Verm. Hist., ii, p. 30.

1791. Helix pulchella: Gmelin, in Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 13,

i, pt. 6, p. 3633.
1801. Helix pulchella [pars]: Draparnaud, Tall. Moll.

France, p. 90.
1803. Helix paludosa, DaCosta [pars] : Montagu, Test. Brit.,

p. 440.
180.5. Helix pulchella. Mull, [pars] : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll.

France, p. 112, pi. vii, f. 33 & 34.
1807. Helix paludosa : Maton & Rackett, Trans. Linn. Soc,

viii, p. 193, pi. V, f. 5.
1813. Helix paludosa: Rackett, in Pulteney, Cat. Dorset.,

ed. 2, p. 53, pi. xix, f. 25.
1815. Vortex pulchella: Oken, Lehrb. Naturg., iii, abth. 1,

p. 314.
1817. Helix pulchella, Miill. : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii.

p. 916.
1817, ■( Helix minuta : .Say, Jourv. Aead. Nat. Sci. Philad.. i,
Oct. / p. 123.

„ , ' - Turbo paludosus : Turton, Conch. Diet., p. 228.

1819. Znramia pulchella [pars]: Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.

(proofs), p. 108.
1821. Helix (Helicella) pulchella, Muller: Ferussac, TaU.

syst. Limacons, Jan. ed., p. 43 (June ed.,

p. 39): Hist., pi. Ixix E, f. 12-14.
1821. Helix pidchella, Miill. : C. Pfeiffer, Naturg. Deutsch.

Moll, i, p. 43, pi. ii, f. 32.
1823. Helix crystallina : [Brown], Ency. Brit., ed. 6, vi,

p. 4.58.
1823. Helix pulchella : [Brown], t. c, p. 459.

VALLONIA 137

1826. Vallonia rosalie (N) : Risso, Hist. Europ. merid iv

p. 102. ' '

1827. Amplexis paliidosus, Brown's MSS. : Brown, Ilhisl.

Conch. Brit., ed. 1, pi. xli, f. 76 & 77.
1S30. Helix pulchdla, Miill. : Jeffreys, Tram. Linn. Soc

xvi, p. 343.
1831. Helix ptdcheUa, Biap. : Turton, lfa«M«/, p. 63, f. 49.
1831. Zuramia pulchdla: Leach, in Turton, Mamial, p. 64,

in synon.
1833. ChUostoma pulcheUum, mihi : Fitzinger, Beitr. Landesk.

Oesterr., iii, p. 98.
1837. Helix {Circinaria) pulchella, 0. Miill. : Beck, Index

Moll, p. 23.
1837. Corncola pulchella, Drap. : Held, Isis, x.xx lift 12

col. 912.
\%iQ,\ Helix {Zuramia) pulchella, Miiller : Gray, Turton's
Apr. j Manual, new eel, p. 141, pi. v, f. 49.

1840, \ Lucena pulchella, Hartmann : Gray, o. c, p, 142, in
Apr. j synon. [Non Hartmann.]

Sept '- ^^^'^ (Amplexus) pulchella, Jliiller : Brown, Illust.
184o!j Conch. Brit., ed. 2, p. 4,5, pi. xiv, f. 76 & 77.

1845. Helix {Atnplexus) pulchella, Miiller : Brown, niust. L.

& F.-W. Conch. Brit., p. 61, pi. vii f

4 & 5.
1847. Helix (Zurama) pulchella, Miill. : Beck, Anitl. Ber. 24.

Versamm. Deulsch. Naturf., p. 122.
1847. Helix Potua, Ch. : Nardo, Sinon. Species Chiereqhini,

col. 87.
1850. Helix {Glaphyra) pulchella, Miill. : Albers, Hcliceen,

p. 87.
1852. Helix pulchella, Miiller : Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll.,

iv, p. 78, pi. cxix, f. 9 & 10.
1852. Zuramia pulchella [pars] : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.,

p. 78.
1855,) Macrocyclis {Vallonia) pulchella, Miill. : H. & A. Adams,
June.j Genera Moll., ii, p. 204.

1855,\ Helix {Lucena) pulchella, Drap. : Moquin-Tandon, Hist.
Sept.j Moll. France, ii, p. 140, pi. xi, f. 34.

1857. Helix {Zuramia) pulchella, Miiller: Gray, Turton"s

Manual, new ed., p. 119, pi. v, f. 49.
1860. Helix (Vallonia) Pulchella, Miill. : Martens, in Albers,

Heliceen, ed. 2, p. 101.

1862. Helix pulchella, Miiller : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i, p. 224 ;

V, pi. xiv, f. 1 a, h.

1863. Hdix pulchdla, Miiller : Reeve, L. tC F.-W. Moll. Brit.

/.v., p. 82, figs.

1864. Vallonia minuta. Say: Morse, Journ. Portland Soc.

Nat. Hist., i, p. 21, f. 54-56, pi. viii, f. 57.

138 VALLONIID^

1909. Helix (Theba) puJchella, Miill. : Jodot, Compfe Rend.

Assoc. Fran^., Sess. 37, p. 427.
1909. Lurama [err. typ.] pulchella, 0. F. Miiller : Honigmann,

Zeitschr. f. Natunv., Ixxxi, p. 290.

First recorded as British in 1784, by Boys & Walker

{Test, minut. rar., p. 6, pi. i, f. 23).
British Distribution in Time : Pliocene to Recent.

2. Vallonia excentrica, Sterki.

Etym. : — Lat. ex + centrum, out of the centre.

11778. Helix paludosa : DaCosta, Test. Brit., p. 59.
1803. Helix paludosa, DaCosta [pars] : Montagu, Test. Brit.,

p. 440. Cites in synonymy, Boys & Walker,

Test, minut. rar., f. 23.
1817. Helix minuta [pars] : Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.,

i, p. 123.
1893,) Vallonia excentrica, n. sp. : Sterki, in Tryon's Manual,
July./ Ser. II, vol. viii, p. 249, pi. xxxii, f. 6-9.

1893,) Vallonia excentrica, n. sp. : Sterki, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sept./ Sci. Philad., 1893, p. 2.52, pi. viii, f. B. & M.

1894. Vallonia puhhella, Miill., var. excentricoides, Sterla :

Weiss, Nachrbl. Deutsch. Malak. Gesell,

xxvi, p. 151.
1904. Lurama [err. typ.] excentrica, Sterki : Honigmann,

Zeitschr. f. Naturw., Ixxxi, p. 290.

First recorded as British probably in 1712, by J. Morton

{Nat. Hist. Northampton., p. 417).
British Distribution in Time : Pliocene to Recent.

3. tVallonia tenuilimbata (Sandberger).

Etym. : — Lat. tenuis ~{- liinhatus, narrowly margined.

1880. Helix {Vallonia) tenuilimbata, Sandb. : Sandberger,
Palaeontogr., xxvii (N.F. vii), p. 102, pl. xii,
f. 13-13 rf.

1914. Vallonia tenuiJimhata, Sandberger : Kennard & Wood-
ward, List Brit. Non-mar. Moll., p. 7.

First recorded as British in 1880, by C. L. F. von Sand-
berger. {See ref. above.)
British Distribution in Time : Cromerian.

4. Vallonia costata (Miiller).
Etym. : — Lat. costatus, ribbed.

1774. Helix costata : Muller, Ver^n. Hist., ii, p. 31.
1786. Turbo helicinus : Lightfoot, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc,
Ixxvi, p. 167, pl. iii [a], f. 1-4.

VALLONTA 139

1791. Helix cnstala : Gmelin, ia Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 13, i,

pt. 6, p. 3633.
1803. Helix crenella : Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 441, pi. xiii,

f. 3.
1805. Helix pulchella. Mull., var. p : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll.

France, p. 112, pi. vii, f. 30-32.
1807. Helix paludosa, p : Maton & Rackett, Trans. Linn.

Soc., viii, p. 193.
1813. Helix paludosa, var. : Rackett, in Pulteney, Cat.

Dorset., ed. 2, p. 53.
1817. Helix costata, Miill. : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii, p. 915.

i, 1 • Twho paludosus, var. : Turton, Conch. Diet., p. 228.

1819. Znramia pulchella, Miill. [pars] : Leach, Moll. Brit.

Synop. (proofs), p. 108.
1821. Helix {Helicella) pulchella, var. a : Ferussac, Tahl. syst.

Limagoyis, Jan. ed., p. 43 (June ed., p. 39) ;

Hist., pi. Ixix E, f. 15-17.
1821. Helix costata. Mull. : C. Pfeiffer, Naturg. Deutsch.

Moll., i, p. 43, pi. ii, f. 31.
1823. Helix costata : [Brown], Ency. Brit., ed. 6, vi, p. 459.
1827. Amplexis crenellus. Brown's MSS. : Brown, Illust.

Conch. Brit., ed. 1, pi. xli, f. 78 & 79.
1830. Helix pulchella, a : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc., xvi,

p. 344.
1833. Chilostoma pulchellum, var. costatum, mihi : Fitzinger,

Beitr. Landesk. Oesterr., iii, p. 98.
1837. Helix (Circinaria) pulchella, 0. Miill., b : Beck, Index

Moll, p. 23.
1840,\ Helix (Zuramia) pulchella, va.T. : Gray, Turton's Ifajiwa?,
Apr. j new ed., p. 142.

^ . I Helix (Amplexus) crenella, Montagu : Brown, Illust.
jgP^- f Conch. Brit., ed. 2, p. 45, pi. xiv, f. 78 & 79.

1845. Helix {Amplexus) crenella, Montagu : Brown, Illust.

L. & F.-W. Conch. Brit., p. 62, pi. vii,

f. 6 & 7.
1847. Helix (Zurama) pulchella, var. costata, Miill. : Beck,

Amtl. Ber. 24. Versamm. Deutsch. Naturf.,

p. 122.
1850. Helix (Glaphyra) costata, Miill. : Albers, Heliceen, p. 87.
1852. Helix pulchella [pars] : Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll.,

iv, p. 78, pi. cxix, f. 8.
1852. Zuramia pulehella, Miill. [pars] : Leach, Moll. Brit.

Synop., p. 78.
1855,\ Macrocyclis (Vallonia) costata, Miill. : H. & A. Adams,
June.) Genera Moll., ii, p. 204.

1855,\ Helix {Lucena) pulehella : Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll.
Sept.! France, ii, p. 140, pi. xi, f. 32 & 33.

140 COCHLICOPID^

1857. Hdix {Zuramia) pulchella, var. : Gray, Turton's Manual,

new ed., p. 119.
1860. Helix {Vallonia) puIcheUa, var. costata, Miill. : Martens,

in Albers, Heliceen, ed. 2, p. 101.

1862. Helix pulchella, var. costata : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch.,

i, p. 22.5 ; V, pi. xiv, f. 1 c.

1863. Helix pulchella, Muller [pars] : Reeve, L. c6 F.-W, Moll.

Brit. Is., p. 82.
1876. Helix (Vallonia) costata, Miill. : Clessin, Deutsch. Excur.

Moll. Fauna, p. 95, f. 46.
1909. Lurama [err. t.yp.] costata, 0. F. Muller : Honigmann,

Zeitschr. f. Naturw., Ixxxi, jj. 290.

First recorded as British in 1786, by J. Lightfoot, as

Turbo helicinus. (See ref. above.)
British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

Fam. : COCHLICOPIDiE.

Genus: 1. COCHLICOPA, Ferussac.

Etym. : — Gr. Ko^A-tas, a snail shell + kotttoj, to cut.
Type -.—Helix lubrica, Muller. (Risso, 1826.)
{Helix, Tiifho, Bulimus, Achatina, etc., vett. auctt.)

1815. Volvulus [pars] : Oken, Lchrh. Natunj.. iii, abth. 1,

p. 313.
1821. Cochlicopa, subg. 10 of Helix [pars] : Fp:rus,sac, Tabl.

Syst. Lima^ons, Jan. ed., p. 54 [June ed.,

p. 50]. ^ ;

1826. Cochlicopa [as a genus] : Risso, Hist. Nat. Enrop. merid.,

iv, p. 79. ■ _ :

1830. Cionclla [pars] : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc, xvi,

p. 347. ;

1831. Zua : Leach, Turton's Manual, p. 82, in synon.

1833. Styloides [pars] : Fitzinger, Beitr. Lanclesk. Oesterr., iii, i

p. 105. :

1849. Hydasles : Parreyss, Bcr. d- Mitthl. Freund. Naturw. \
Wien (Haidingcr), vi, p. 98, for H. hdiricus, \
Drap. I

1. Cochlicopa lubrica (Miiller).

Etym. : — Lat. luhricus, smooth.

1765. " Turbo [Muscorum) " : Strom, Bet Trondheim Selslabs

Skrifter, iii, p. 437.
1774. Helix lubrica: Muller, Verm. Hist., ii, p. 104.

COCHLICOPA 141

1777. Turho muscorum, Linn. : Pennant, Brit. Zool., ed. 4,

iv, 8vo, p. 131; 4to, p. 114, pi. Ixxxii,
f. 118. [Non Linne.]

1778. Turbo glaber : DaCosta, Test. Brit., p. 87, pi. v, f. 18,
1789. Bulimus lubricus, nob. : Bruguiere, Ency. method.,

Vers, i, p. 311.
?1791. Helix splendidula : Gmelin, in Linn. Si/st. Nat., ed. 13,

i, pt. 6, p. 3655. [Teste Pfeiffer.]
1791. Helix lubrica, Miill. : Gmelin, o. c, p. 3661.
1799. Helix stagnorum : Pulteney, Cat. Dorset., p. 49.
1801. Bulimus lubricus, Mull. : Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll.

France, p. 67.
1803. Helix lubrica, Gmel. : Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 390.
1805. Bulimus lubricus. Mull. : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll.

France, p. 75, pi. iv, f. 24.
1807. Helix lubrica, Miiller : Maton & Rackett, Trans. Linn.

Soc, viii, p. 213, pi. v, f. 12.
1813? Lymnaia lubrica : Fleming, Edinb. Ency., vii, p. 78.
1813. Helix lubrica : Rackett, in Pulteney, Cat. Dorset., ed. 2,

p. 55, pi. xxi, f. 18.
1815. Volvulus lubrica: Oken, Lehrb. Naturcj., iii, abth. 1.

p. 313.
1817. Helix sub-cylindrica, Linn. : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii,

p. 952. [Non Linne.]

1819. Zua lubrica, Miill. : Leach, BIoll. Brit. Synop. (proofs),

p. 114.

1820. Bulimus lubricus : Studer, Naturw. Anz. Schweiz.

Gesell., iii, p. 88. (Li reprint, " Syst.
Verzeichn.," p. 17.)
1820. Helix (Bulimus) lubrica: Ferussac, Journ. Physique,
xc, p. 300.

1820. Helix {Bulimus) subcylindrica : Ferussac, I. c.

1821. Helix (Cochlicopa) lubrica, Muller : Ferussac, Tabl.

Syst. Limagons, Jan. ed., p. 55 (June ed.,

p. 51).
1821. Bulinus lubricus, Drap. : Hartmann, Neue Alpina, i,

p. 222.
1821. Bulimus lubricus, Miill. : C. Pfeiffer, Naturg. Deutsch.

Moll, i, p. 50, pi. iii, f. 7.
1823. Helix lubrica : [Brown], Ency. Brit., ed. 6, vi, p. 461.

1826. Cochlicopa lubrica : Risso, Hist. Europ. merid., iv, p. 80.

1827. Bulimus lubricus. Lam. : Brown, Illust. Conch. Brit.,
I ed. 1, pi. xli, f. 11.

I 1830. Achatina lubrica, m. : Menke, Synop. Moll., ed. 2, p. 29.
j 1830. Cionella lubrica, Miill. : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc.
1 xvi, p. 347.

' 1831. Buli)niis lubricus, Drap. : Turton, Manual, p. 82, f. 65.
1831. Zua lubrica: Leach, in Turton's Manual, p. 82, in
syuon.

142 COCHLICOPID^

1832. Colwnna lubricus, Brug. : Crlstofori & Jan, Cat. Rerum

Nat., Sect, ii, pt. 1, p. 4.

1833. Styloides lubricus, Ferussac : Fitzinger, Beitr. Landesk.

Oesterr., iii, p. 105.
1835. Achatina intermedia, Z.\Rossmassler, Icon., hit. 1,
Achatina lubricella, Z. j p. 88 in text.

1837. Achatina (Cionella) luhrica (0. Miill.) Michel ! : Beck,

Index Moll, p. 80.

1838. Achatina {Achatinella) luhrica, m. (Muk.) : Schlueter,

Kurz. Syst. Verzeichn., p. 8.

1839. Bulimus {Achatina) subcylindrica, Desh. : Anton, Ver-

zeichn. Conch., p. 44.
1840, "\ Zua luhrica, Midler : Gray, in Turton's Manual, new
Apr. ( ed., p. 188, pi. vi, f. 65.

o '\ I Bidimus lubricus, Brugxiiere : Brown, Illust. Conch.
J'^Py j Brit., ed. 2, p. 36, pi. xiv, f. 20.

1845. Bulimus lubricus, Bruguiere : Brown, Illust. L. <& F.-W.

Conch. Brit., p. 34, pi. iv, f. 12.
1847. Achatina minima, n. : Siemaschko, Bull. Soc. imp.

Nats. Moscow, xx, no. 1, p. Ill, pi. i, f.

4 a-c.
1847. Bulimus nitens, Kokeil [MS.] : F. J. Schmidt, Srjst.

Verzeichn. Krain Conchyl., p. 13.

1847. Bulimus {Cionella) lubrica, Jeffr. : Beck, Amtl. Ber. 24.

Versamm. Deutsch. Naturf., p. 122.

1848. Achatina nitens, Kokeil MSS. : Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic.

vivent., ii, p. 273.
1849,) Zua Buddii : Dupuy : Hist. Nat. Moll. France, p. 330,
Jan. J note.

1849. Hydastes lubricus, Drap. : Parreyss, Ber. & Mitthl.

Freund. Natunv. Wien, vi, p. 98.

1850. Zua Boissii : Dupuy, Hist. Nat. Moll. France, p. 332,

pi. XV, f. 9.

1850. Glandina {Cionella) lubrica, Miill. : Albers, Heliceen,

p. 198.

1851. Bulimus lubricoides, St. : Stimpson, Shells New England,

p. 54. [Non Achatina lubricoides, Pot. &
Mich.]

1852, 1 2„fj lubrica, Mull. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop., p. 82.

1852,) Zua lubrica, Miiller : Forbes & Hanley, Hist. Brit.

Apr. / Moll, iv, p. 125, pi. cxxv, f. 8.

1852,) Glandina Azorica, Alb. : Albers, Zeitschr. f. MalaL,

Aug. j ix, p. 125.

1855. Achatina {Zua) maderensis : Lowe, Proc. Zool Soc.

Lond., 1854 (-55), p. 199.
1855. Oleacina {Ferussacia) lubrica, Miill. : H. & A. Adams,

Genera Moll, ii, p. 106.

COCHLICOPA

143

1855. Achatina colliva, Droucit : Drouet, Mem. Soc. R. Liege,

X, pp. 152 & 178. [Teste Moquin-Tandon.]

1856. Bulimus {CochUcopa) suhcyliudriciis, Linn. : MoQUiN-

Tandon, Hist. Mull. France, ii, p. 304,
pi. xxii, f. 15-19.
1856. Achatina {Cionella) lubrica, Miill. : Pfeiffer, Malak.
Blatter, ii, p. 170.

1856. Ferussacia suhcylindrica : Bourguignat, Rev. & Mag.

Zool., Ser. II, torn, viii, p. 339. (Amenit.
Malac, i, p. 209).

1857. Zua lubrica, Miiller : Gray, Turton's Manual, new ed.,

p. 155, pi. vi, f. 65.

1858. Glandina lubrica, Mull. : Morelet, Journ. de Conchyl.,

vii, p. 9.
1860. Cionella (Zua) lubrica, Miill. : Martens, in Albers,
Heliceen, ed. 2, p. 256.

1862. CochUcopa lubrica, Miiller : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i,

p. 292 ; V, pi. xviii, f . 2.

1863. Zua subcylindrica, Linnseus : Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., p. 93, figs.

1864. Zua lubricoidea, Stimpson : Morse, Journ. Portland

Soc. Nat. Hist., i, p. 30, f. 79, 81, 82.
1864. Ferussacia (Zua) lubrica, Miill. : Morch, Synop. Moll.
Danice, p. 26.

1869. Cionella subcylindrica, Linn. : Binney & Bland, L. &

F.-W. Shells N. Amer. (Smithson. Miscell.
Coll., viii, art. 3), p. 224, f. 380-385.

1870. Fermsacia [Zua) subcylindrica, L. : Brussina, Contrib.

Malac. Croatie, p. 17.

1875. Cionella columna, n. sp. : Clessin, Jahrb. Deidsch.

Malak. Gesell., ii, p. 41, pi. ii, f. 4.

1876. CochUcopa (Zua) lubrica, Miiller : Clessin, Deutsch.

Excur. Moll. Fauna, p. 182, f. 101.

1877. Bulimus subcylindricus, Linne : Locard, Malac. Lyon-

naise, pp. 53 & 136. (Anti. Soc. Agric.
Lyon, Ser. IV, vol. ix, pp. 471 & 554.)

1880. Ferussacia cylindrica [err. pro subcyli>idrica], Bourguig-
nat : Morelet, Journ. de Conchyl., xxviii,
p. 59.

1884. Cionella minima, Siem. .sp. : Braun, Arch. Naturk.
Liv.-Ehst.- & Kurlands, Ser. II, bd. ix, p. 431.

1902. Zua [CochUcopa) lubrica, Miill. : Westerlunu, Rod
Jugoslav. Akad., cli, p. 113.

Fir.st recorded as British in 1674, by M. Lister [Phil.

Trans., ix, p. 99, pi. ii, f. 7).
British Distribution in Time : Pliocene to Recent.

144 AZECID^

Fam. : AZECID^.
Genus : 1. AZECA (Leach MS.), Fleming.

Etym. : — Doubtful. Knight {Journ. of Conch., ix, p. 275)
sugge.sts its derivation from Azekah, Gr. 'At,r]Ka, a town in
Judah mentioned in the Bible.

Genotype : — Azeca tridens, Pulteney — goodalli, Ferussac.

{Turbo, Pupa, etc., vett. auctt.)

1819. Azeca : Leach, 3Ioll. Brit. Sijnop. (proofs), p. 122.
1828. Azeca [Leach] : Fleming, Hist. Brit. Anim., p. 269.
1831. Azeca, Leach : Turton, Manual, p. 68, f. 52.
1852. Azeca : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop., p. 88, pi. viii, f. 8 & 9.
1858. Azecastrum : Bourguignat, Rev. & Alag. Zool., Ser.
II, tom. X, p. 527. {Amen. Malac., ii, p. 87.)

[*^* Odontalus, Parreyss {Ber. & Mitthl. Freund. Naturw.
Wieu, vi, 1849 (1850), p. 99) has been cited as a
synonym, but was founded for Pupa tridens, Drap.
— Helix tridens, Miill., which belongs to Chondrula.]

1. Azeca goodalli (Ferussac).

Etym. : — Named in honour of Joseph Goodall, Provost of
Eton.

1799. Turbo tridens, Miill. : Pulteney, Cat. Dorset., p. 46.

[Non Miiller.]
1803. Turbo tridens, Gmel. : Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 338,
pi. xi, f. 2. [Non Gmehn.]
[According to Montagu {Test. Brit., Suppt., p. 126) this
species occurred in the Portland Collection under
the name of Turbo quadridens.]
1807. Turbo tridens : Maton & Rackett, Trans. Linn. Sac,

viii, p. 181.
1813. Turbo tridens : Rackett, in Pulteney, Cat. Dorset., ed. 2,

p. 51, pi. xix, f. 12.
1813? Odostomia tridens : Fleming, Edinb. Ency., vii, p. 76.

1817. Turbo tridens, Gmel. : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii, p. 877. '

[No7i Gmelin.]

1818. Pupa tridens, Montagu : Fleming, " Conchology," ,

Suppt. 4-6th ed. Ency. Brit., p. 312. [Non
Draparnaud.]

1819. Azeca Matoni : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop. (proofs),

p. 122. i

1821. HcHj: {Cochlodonta) Goodalli, nobis : Ferussac, Tabl. i

syst. Limagons, Jan. ed., p. 75 (June ed., '

p. 71).
1821. Carychium Menkeanum : C. Pfeiffer, Naturg. Deutsch. ■

Moll, i, p. 70, pi. iii, f. 42.

i

AZECA 145

1822. Chondnts tridens, Montagu : Fleming, Phil. ZooL, ii,

p. 458.

1823. Turbo tridens : [Brown], Eiicy. Brit., ed. 6, vi, p. 456.
1825. Pupa tridens : Gray, Ann. Phil., xxv (N.S. ix), p. 413.

[No)i Draparnaud.]

1827. Pupa tridens, Lam. : Brown, Illust. Conch. Brit., ed. 1,

pi. xli, f. 2. [Non Lamarck.]
1828, 'I Pupa Menkeana, Pfr. : C. Pfeiffer, Naturg. Deutsch.
early/ Moll, iii, p. 62, pi. vii, f. 7 & 8.

Ante ]

Apr. - Azeca tridens : Fleming, Hist. Brit. Anim., p. 269.
1828.)

1828. Azeca Maloni [err. pro Maloni^, Leach : Fleming, Brit.

Anim., p. 269, in text.

1829. Pupa hritannica, Kenyon : Kenyon, Mag. Nat. Hist.,

i, p. 426.

1830. Carychiuni politum : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc, xvi,

p. 365.

1831. Pupa Goodallii : Michaud, Compl. Hist. Moll. Fraiice

Drap., p. 67, pi. xv, f. 39 & 40.
1831. Azeca Maloni, Leach : Turton, Manual, p. 68, f. 52.
1833. Carychiuni Goodnlli : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc, xvi,

p. 517.
1837,1 Azeca Goodalli, Fcr. : Alder, Mag. Zool. Bot., ii,
Aug. / p. 110.

1837. Achatina (Azeca) tridens (Pulteny [sic]) B. : Beck,

Index Moll, p. 80.
1839. Achatina Goodallii, Fer. : Rossmassler, Icon. (Bd. ii,

pt. 3, 4), Hft. 9, 10, p. 33, f. 654.
1840,1 Azeca tridens, Montagu : Gray, Turton's Manual, new
Apr. j ed., p. 189, pi. v, f. 52.

Q , I Azeca tridens, Montagu : Brown, Illust. Conch. Brit.,
lll^j ed. 2, p. 42, pi. xiv, f. 2.

1845. Azeca tridens, Montagu: Brown, Illust. L. <fi F.-W.

Conch. Brit., p. 53, pi. v, f. 18.

1846. Achatina tridens, Pult. : Pfeiffer, Zeitschr. Malak.,

1846, p. 152.

1847. Zua {Ageca [sic]) tridens : Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,

1847, p. 175.

1849. Azeca Nouleliana, Dup. : Dupuy, Cat. Exlramar. GallicB
Test. [p. 3], no. 31; Hist. Moll. France,
p. 3.38 (1850), pi. XV, f. 12.

1852,1 Azeca Matoni : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop., p. 88,

Feb. I pi. viii, f. 8 & 9.

1852,1 Azeca tridens, Pulteney : Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll.,

Apr. / iv, p. 128, pi. cx.w, f. 9.

1854. Azcka tridens : G. B. Sowerby (II), Pop. Brit. Conchol.,
p. 251.

N.-M. MOLL. L

146 ENID.^

1855. Oleacina {Azeca) Iridcns, Pultn. : H. & A. Adams,

Genera Mull, ii, p. 107.
,Q-p j Bulimus {Azeca) Menkeanus, C. Pfeiff. : Moquin-Tan-
-r '- DON, Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 302, pi. xxii,

•^ ''*''• [ f. 7-14.

1856,) Achatina (Azeca) tridens : Pfeiffer, Malak. Bldlt., ii,
Dec. / p. 170.

1857. Azeca tridens, Pult. : Gray, Turton's Manual, new ed.,

p. 157, f. 42, pi. V, f. 52.

1858. Azecastriim tridens : Bourguign.\t, Rev. & Mag. Zool.,

Ser. II, torn, x, p. 527. {Amen. Malac., ii,
p. 87.)
1860. Cionella {Azeca) Menheana, C. Pfeiffer : Martens, in
Albers, Heliceen, ed. 2, p. 257.

1862. Cochlicopa tridens, Pulteney : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i,

p. 290; V, pi. xviii, f. 1.

1863. Azeca tridens, Pulteney : Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., p. 95, figs.
1876. Cochlicopa {Azeca) Menheana, C. Pfeiffer : Clessin,

Deufsch. Excur. Moll. Fauna, p. 185, f. 103.
1887. Cionella (Azeca) tridens, Pult. : Westerlund, Fauna

Paldarct. Region, iii, p. 148.
1897. Azeca elongata, n. sp. : Taylor, Naturalist, 1897, p. 75,

fig. [An abnormality.]
1908. Azeca menkeana (C. Pfr.) : Pilsbry, Journ. of Conch.,

xii, p. 138.
1913. Azeca Nouleti : Germain, Moll. France, ii, p. 211.

[Germain (Moll. France, ii, pp. 211 & 212) cites as

synonyms or varieties : — Azeca Mabillei, Fagot ;

A. alzenensis, Saint-Simon; and A. trigonostoma,

Bourg. in Fagot.]
First recorded, as British in 1799, by R. Pulteney, as

Turbo tridens, Miill. (See ref. above.)
British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

Fam. : ENID^E.

Genus : 1. ENA, Loach.

Etym. : — Doubtful. Herrmannsen hazards Gr. eros, a year !
Type : — Bidimus montanus, Draparnaud.
(Helix, Turbo, Bulimus, vett. auctt.)

1819. Ena, Prideaux MSS. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop. (proofs),

p. 111.

1820. Bulinus [pars]: Studer, Nafurw. Aiiz. Schweiz. Gesell,

iii, p. 88. [Non Muller, 1781 (Physa).]

ENA 147

1831. Bulimina [pars] : Ehrenberg, Symbol. Phys. Anim.

Evert., Dec. i [p. 81]. [Non Orbigny, 1826

(Foram.).]
1831. Ena : Leach, in Turton's Manual, p. 80, in synon.
1837. Mcnligera : Held, I sis, xxx, lift. 12, col. 917.
1852. Ena, Prideaux MSS. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop., p. 80.
1860. Napwus, subg. 8 of Bulimus [pars] : Martens, in Albers,

Heliceen, ed. 2, p. 233.

1. Ena montana (Diaparnaud).

Etyni. : — Lat. modanus, inhabiting mountains.

1789. Helix sylvestris, n. sp. : Studer, in Coxe, Trav. in

Switzerland, iii, p. 387. [Nom. vMd.^
1801. Bulimus montanus : Draparnaud, Tahl. Moll. France,

p. 65.
1803. Helix Lackhamensis : Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 394,

pi. xi, f. 3.
1805. Bulimus montanus : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. France,

p. 74, pi. iv, f. 22.
1807. Helix Lackhamensis, Montagu : Maton & Rackett,

Trans. Linn. Sac, viii, p. 212.
1812. Helix buccinata, mihi : Alten, Syst. Abhandl., p. 100,

pi. xii, f. 22.
1813? Lymnaia Lackhamensis : Fleming, Edinh. Ency., vii,

p. 78.
1817. Helix Lackhamensis, Mont. : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii,

p. 953.

1819. Ena montana, Drap. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop. (proofs),

p. 112.

1820, \ Helix {Bulimus) montanus : Ferussac, J own. Phys., xc,
A^r. ) p. 300.

ifton i Bulimus montanus : Studer, Naluriv. Anz. Schweiz.

May.

Gesell., iii, p. 88. (In reprint, " Syst. Ver-

zeichn.," p. 18.)
1821. Helix {Cochloyena) montana, Draparn. : Ferussac, Tabl.

syst. Limagons, Jan. ed., p. 60 (June ed.,

p. 56).
1821. Bulinus montanus, Drap. : Hartmann, Neue Alpina, i,

p. 222.
1821. Bulimus montanus, Drap. : C. Pfeiffer, Naturg.

Deutsch. Moll, i, p. 52, pi. iii, f. 10.
1823. Helix lackhamensis : [Brown], Ency. Brit., ed. 6, vi,

p. 461.

1827. Bulimus montanus, Lam. : Brown, Illust. Conch. Brit.,

ed. 1, pi. xli, f. 22.

1828. Bulimus Lackhainensis, Fleming, Brit. Anim., p. 265.
1830. Bulimus Mu)dacuti : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc, xvi.

p. 345.

148 ENID^

•

1831. Bulimus montanus, Drap. : Turton, Manual, p. 80, f. 62.
1831. Ena montana : Leach, in Turtoii, Manual, p. 80, in

synon.
1837. Buliminus Lakhamensis [sic] (Mtg.) Flem. : Beck, Index

Moll, p. 71.
1837. Bulimus {Bulimulus) montanus, Drap. : Charpentier,

Neue Denkschr. Allg. Schiveiz. Gesell., i

[no. 2], p. 14, pi. ii, f. 2.
1837. Merdigera montanus, Drap. : Held, his, xxx, hft. 12,

col. 917.

1840,^ Bulimus (Ena) Lackhamensis, Mout. : Gray, Turton's

Apr. j Manual, new ed., p. 181, pi. vi, f. 62.

Post ^

Q , I Bulimus montanus, Drapernaud : Brown, Illust. Conch.

jgP^ r Brit., ed. 2, p. 36, pi. xiv, f. 22.

1845. Bulimus montanus, Drapernaud : Brown, Illust. L. &
F.-W. Conch. Brit., p. 34, pi. iv, f. 17 & 18.

1847. Bulimulus [Ena) montanus : Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1847, p. 175.

1850. Bulimus (Merdigerus) montanus, Drp. : Albers, Heli-
ceen, p. 180.

1852,^1 Ena montana, Drap. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.,

Feb. / p. 80.

1852, 1 Bulimus LackJiamensis, Montagu : Forbes & Hanley,

Mar. / Brit. Moll, iv, p. 89, pi. cxxviii, f. 6.

1856. Bulimus (Ena) montanus, Drap. : Moquin-Tandon,

Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 289, pi. xxi, f. 1-4.

1857. Bidimus {Ena) montanus, Drap. : Gray, Turton's

Manual, new ed., p. 150, pi. vi, f. 62.
1860. Bulinms (NapcEus) montanus. Dr. : Martens in Albers,
Heliceen, ed. 2, p. 234.

1862. Bulimus montanus, Draparnaud : Jeffreys, Brit.

Conch., i, p. 235; v, pi. xiv, f. 5.

1863. Bidimus montanus, Draparnaud : Reeve, L. & F.-W.

Moll Brit. Is., p. 90, figs.
1871. Buliminus (Napwus) montanus, Drap. : Kobelt, Cat.
Europ. Binnenconeh., p. 25.

1878. Buliminus (Petrccus) montanus, Drap. : Neville, Haiid

List Indian Mus., i, p. 136.

1879. Napaus montanus, Drap. : Krol, Verhandl. zool-hot.

Gesell. Wien, xxviii, Abhandl., p. 7.
1881. Bulimus Carthusianus, nob. : Locard, Contrih. Faune

Malac. Franc, i, p. 15. {Ann. Soc. Linn.

Lyon, xxviii, 1882, p. 71.)
1902. Buliminus {Ena) montanus, Drp. : Westerlund, Rad

Jugoslav. Akad., cli, p. 102.

First recorded as British in 1803, by G. Montagu, as

Hcli.r Lackhamensis. {See ref. above.)
British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

ENA 149

2. Ena obscura (Miiller).

Etyin. : — Lat. ohsciorus, concealed.

?1774. Helix trochulus : Muller, Venn. Hist., ii, p. 79.
?1774. Helix ventricosa : Muller, t. c, p. 102. [Teste Moquin-

Tandou, Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 279, note.]
1774. Helix obscura : Muller, t. c, p. 103.
1778. Turbo rupium : DaCosta, Test. Brit., p. 90.
1789. Bulimus hordeaceus, nob. : Bruguiere, Ency. Method.,

Vers, i, p. 334.
?1791. Helix ventricosa, Miill. : Gmelin, in Linn. Syst. Nat.,

ed. 13, i, pt. 6, p. 3661, no. 140.
1791. Helix obscura, Miill. : Gmelin, t. c, p. 3661, no. 141.
1793. Helix trochulus : Fabricius, Nye Saml. K. Danske

Vidensh. Selsl: Skrifter, iv, p. 99, pi. f. 5.

[Fide Morch.]
1799. Helix stagnormn : Pulteney, Cat. Dorset., p. 49, pi. xix,

f. 27.
1801. Bulimus obscurus (Mull.) : Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll.

France, p. 65.
1803. Helix obscura, Gmel. : Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 391.

[According to Montagu {Test. Brit., Suppt., p. 147) this
species occurred in the Portland Collection under
the names of Turbo muscorum. and T. polyodens.]
1805. Bulimus obscurus. Mull. : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll.

France, p. 74, pi. iv, f. 23.
1807. Helix obscura, Muller : Maton & Rackett, Trans. Linn.

Soc, viii, p. 212, pi. v, f. 11.
1813. Helix obscura : Rackett, in Pulteney, Cat. Dorset.,

ed. 2, p. 55, pi. xix, f. 27 [17 in text by

error].
1813? Lymna?a obscura : Fleming, Edinb. Ency., vii, p. 78.
1815. Volvulus trochulus : Oken, Lehrb. Naturg., iii, abth. 1,

p. 313.
1815. Volvulus obscura : Oken, I. c.

1817. Helix obscura, Miill. : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii, p. 953.
1819. Ena obscura, Miill. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop. (proofs),

p. 113.
1820, \ Helix {Bulimus) obscura : Ferussac, Journ. Phys., xc,
Apr. j p. 300.

1820 I ■^"^^'"**' obscurus : Studer, Natunv. Anz. Schweiz.
•w '- Gesell., iii, p. 88. (In reprint, " Syst.

^" [ Verzeichn.," p. 17.)

1821. Helix {Cochlogena) obscura, Muller : Ferussac, Tabl.

syst. Lima^ons, Jan. ed., p. 60 (June ed.,

p. 56.)
1821. Bulinus obscurus, Drap. : Hartmann, Neue Alpina, i,

p. 222.
1821. Bulimus obscurus, Miill. : C. Pfeiffer, Naturg. Dcutsch.

Moll, i, p. 52, pi. iii, f. 11.

150 ENID^

1823. Helix ohscura : [Brown], Ency. Brit., ed. 6, vi, p. 461.
1827. Bulimus ohscurus, Drap. : Brown, Illust. Conch. Brit.,
ed. 1, pi. xli, f. 19.

1830. Bulimus ohscurus, Miill. : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Sac,

xvi, p. 345.

1831. Bulimus ohscurus, Drap. : Turton, Manual, p. 81, f. 63.
1831. Ena ohscura: Leach, in Turton, Manual, p. 81, in

synon.
1837. Buliminus ohscurus (0. Miill.), Drp. : Beck, Index Moll.,

p. 71.
1837. Bulimus {Bulimulus) ohscurus, Miill. : Charpentier,

Neue DenJcschr. Allg. Schweiz. GeselL, i

[no. 2], p. 14, pi. ii, f. 1.
1837. Merdigera ohscurus, Drap. : Held, Isis, xxx, hit. 12,

col. 917.
1840,) Bulimus (Ena) ohscunis, Miiller : Gray, Turton's
Apr. I Manual, new ed., p. 183, pi. vi, f. 63.

Post "j Bulimus ohscurus, Drapernaud : Brown, Illust. Conch.
Sept. - Brit., ed. 2, p. 36, pi. xiv, f. 19 & 21 ; xviii,

1840.J f. 13.

1845. Bulimics ohscurus, Drapernaud : Brown, Illust. L. &

F.-W. Conch. Brit., p. 33, pi. iv, f. 24 &

24*.

1849. Bulimus Asterianus, Dup. : Dupuy, Hist. Nat. Moll.

France, p. 320, pi. xv, f. 7.

1850. Bulimus {Merdigerus) ohscurus, Miill. : Albers, Heliceen,

p. 180.

^^^'] Ena ohscura, Mull. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop., p. 81.

1852, 1 Bulimus ohscurus, Miiller : Forbes & Hanley, Brit.
Mar. J Moll., iv, p. 90, pi. cxxviii, f. 7.

1855. Bulimulus {Ena) ohscurus, Miill. : H. & A. Adams,

Genera Moll., ii, p. 161.

1856. Bulimus {Ena) ohscurus, Miill. : Moquin-Tandon, Hist.

Moll. France, ii, p. 291, pi. xxi, f. 5-10.

1857. Bulimus Humherti : Bourguignat, Rev. & Mag. Zool.,

Ser. II, torn, ix, p. 11, pi. ii, f. 5-7. {Amen.

Malac, ii, 1860, p. 28, pi. ii, f. 5-7.)
1857,) Bulimus {Ena) ohscurus, Miiller : Gray, Turton's Manual,
Sept./ new ed., p. 131, pi. vi, f. 63.

1860. Bulimus {Na/pwus) ohscurus, Miill. : Martens, in Albers,

Heliceen, ed. 2, p. 234.

1862. Bulimus ohscurus, Miiller : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i,

p. 237 ; V, pi. xiv, f. 6. i

1863. Bulimus ohscurus, Miiller : Reeve, L. d- F.-W. Moll. '

Brit. Is., p. 91, figs.

1871. Buliininus {Napceiis) ohscurus, Miill. : Kobelt, Cat. \

Europ. Binnenconch., p. 25. [

1878. Buliminus {Petrceus) ohscurus, Miiller : Nevill, Hand <

List Indian Mus., i, p. 136. |

PUNCTUM 151

1879. Napwus ohscurus, Miill. : Kr6l, Vcrhandl. Zool.-hol.

Gescll. Wien, xxviii, Abhaiidl., j). 7.
1894. Bulimus perexilis, Locard :) IjOCard, Coq. Terrest.
1894. Bulimus centralis, Locard: J France, p. 242. (Ann.

Soc. Agric. Lyon, Ser. VII, torn, iii, p. 130.)
1904. Bulindnus (Ena) ohscurus, Miill. : Kobelt, in Ross-

massler, Icon., xi, p. 214.

First recorded as British in 1674, by M. Lister (Phil.

Trans., ix, p. 99, pi. ii, f. 8).
British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

(Division : Sigmurethra.)

Fam. : ENDODONTID^.

Genus : 1. PUNCTUM, Morse.

Etym. : — Lat. punctus, pierced with a hole.
Type :— Helix minutissima, Lea = pygmcea, Drap.
{Helix, Zonites, etc., vett. auctt.)

1833. Discus [pars] : Fitzinger, Beitr. Landesh. Oesterr., iii,

p. 99.

1837. Delomphalus, Ag., subg. 8 of Helix [pars] : Charpentier,
. Neue Denkschr. Ally. Scfnceiz. Gesell., i

' [no. 2], p. 12.

1837. Eyryomphala [sic], B., subg. 4 of Helix [pars] : Beck,

Index Moll, p. 8.
1837. Patula [pars] : Held, Isis, xxx, hft. 12, col. 916.
I 1847. Euryomphala, subg. of Helix [pars] : Beck, Amil. Ber.
I 24. Versamm. Deutsch. Naturf., p. 122.

' 1864, Punctum : Morse, Journ. Portland Soc, i, pp. 5 & 27,
I text figs., and pi. ii, f. 1, for P. niinutissima.

Lea [=; Helix pygmwa, Drap.].
1876. Patularia, I. Gruppe of Patula [pars] : Clessin, Deutsch.
Excur. Moll. Fauna, p. 86.
j . 1885. Microphysa, Albers [pars] : W. G. Binney, Bull. U.S.

Nat. Mus., xxviii, p. 71.
I 1889. Pullastra, Pfr. [err. typ. for Patulastra] : We.sterlund,
Fauna Paldarct. Region, ii, p. 6 as synonym
of Punctum.

1. Punctum pygmaeum (Draparnaud).
Etym. : — Lat. pygmcBUs, a jDigmy.

1801. Helix pygma'a [n. sp.] : Draparnaud, Tahl. Moll.

France, p. 93.
1805. Helix py(/niea : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. France, p. 114,

pi. viii, f. 8-10.

152 ENDODONTID^

iQ^i ( Helix {Hclicella) pygmcea, Draparu. : Ferussac, Tabh
J '- syst. Li)na^o)is, Jau. ed., p. 44 (June ed.,

''^'^- [ p. 40); Hist., pi. Ixxx, f. 1.

1821, 1 Helix {Zonites) pyyDicea : Gray, Loud. Med. Repos., xv,
Mar. / p. 239.

1823. Helix Kirbii [n. sp.] : Sheppard, Trans. Linn. Soc, xiv,
p. 162.

1830. Helix pygmcea, Drap. : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc, xvi,

p. 343.

1831. Helix pygmcea, Drap. : TuRTON, Manual, p. 61, f. 46.
1833. Discus pygmceus, mihi : Fitzinc4Er, Beitr. Landesk.

Oesterr., iii, p. 99.
1833. Helix Kirbii, Shepp. : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc., xvi,

p. 512.
1837. Helix {Eyryontphala) pygmcea, Drap. : Beck, Index

Moll, p. 9.
1837. Helix [Delomphalus) pygmcea, Drap. : Charpentier,

Neue Denkschr. Allg. Schiveiz. Gesell., i

[no. 2], p. 12.
1837. Patula pygmcea, Drap. : Held, Isis, xxx, hft. 12,

col. 916.
1840,'^ Zonites pygmceus, Drap. : Gray, Turton's Manual, new
Apr. / ed., p. 167, pi. v, f. 46.

Post I Helix (Verticillatce) pygmcea, Drapernaud : Brown,
Sept. - Illust. Conch. Brit., ed. 2, p. 51, pi. xviii,

1840.J f. 48 & 49.

1841. Helix spirula : Villa, Dispos. syst. Conch., p. 56.
1841. Helix aliena, Ziegl. ined. : Pfeiffer, Symb. Hist. Helic,

Sect. 1, p. 39.

1844. Helix minutissima [n. sp.] : Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil.

Soc, ix, p. 17.

1845. Helix (Verticillatce) pycpncca, Drapernaud : Brown,

Illust. L. & F.-W. Conch. Brit., p. 79, pi. viii,

f. 25 & 26.
1847. Helix {Euryomphala) pygmcea, Dr. : Beck, Amtl. Ber.

24. Versamm. Deutsch. Nafurf., p. 122.
1850. Helix (Patula) pygmcea, DrajD. : Albers, Heliceen, p. 64.
1852. Helix pygma^a, Draparnaud : Forbes & Hanley, Brit.

Moll, iv, p. 83, pi. cxxi, f. 9 & 10.

1855. Helix (Delomphalus) pygmcea, Drap. : Moquin-Tandon,

Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 103, pi. x, f. 2-6.

1856. Helix (Hyalina) pygmcea, Drap. : Pfeiffer, Malak.

Blcitt., ii, p. 124.

1857. Helix (Delomphalus) pygmcea, Drap. : Gray, Turton's

Manual, new ed., p. 143, pi. v, f. 46.

1862. Helix pygmcea, Draparnaud : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch.,

i, p. 223; V, pi. xiii, f. 7.

1863. Helix pygmcea, Draparnaud : Eeeve, L. & F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., p. 86, figs.

GOOTODISCUS 153

18G4. Punctum minulissimum, Lea : Morse, J own. PorlJand
Soc. Nat. Hist., i, pp. 5 & 27, figs. & pi.
viii, f. 71.

1871. Patula pyc/mern, Drap. : Kobelt, Cat. Binnenconch., p. 7.

187G. Patula {Patularia) pygtjuca, Draparnaud : Clessin,
Deutsch. Excur. Moll. Fauna, p. 90, f. 41.

1878. Hyalinia (Polita) ininutissinia, Lea : Clessin, Nomencl.

Helic. vivent., p. 64.

1879. Patula (Patulastm) fygmcea, Drap. : Clessin, o. c, p. 87.
1881. Patula (Patulastra) pygmcea, Drap. : Kobelt, Cat.

Binnenconch., ed. 2, p. 17.
1885. Microphysa pygmaea, Drap. : W. G. Binney, Bull. U.S.

Nat. Mus., xxviii, p. 71, fig. 31.
1889. Helix (Puncluni) pygmcea, Drp. : Westerlund, Fauna

Paldarct. Region, ii, p. 8.

1893. Punctum pygmreum, Drap. : Pilsbry, in Tryon's Manual

Conch., Ser. II, vol. ix, p. 8.

1894. Patula {Punctum) pygmcea, Drap. : Weiss, Nachrbl.

Deutsch. Malak. Gesell., xxvi, p. 151.
1909. Punctum pygmceum (Draparnaud) : Taylor, Monog.
Moll. Brit. Is. [iii], p. 157, pi. xix.

First recorded as British in 1821, by J. E. Gray, as " Helix

Zonites pycjmcea.^'' {See ref. above.)
British Distribution in Time : Cromerian to Recent.

Genus : 2. GONIODISCUS, Fitzinger (em.).

Etym. : Gr. yiuvui + ^i(rKo<;, an angle-edged disc.

Type : — Helix perspectiva, Megerle von Miihlfeld, 1818 [non Say,

1817] = solaria, Menke.
(Helix, Pyramichila, Patula, vett. auctt.)

1833. Gonyodiscus [sic] : Fitzinger, Beifr. Landesh. Oesferr.,

iii, p. 98.
1833. Discus [pars] : Fitzinger, t. c, p. 99.
1837. Dclomphalus, Ag., subg. 8 of Helix [pars] : Charpentier,

Netie Denkschr. Ally. Schweiz. Gesell., i

[no. 2], p. 12.
1837. Eyryomphala, subg. 4 of Helix [pars] : Beck. Index Moll.,

p. 8.
1837. Patula [pars] : Held, I.<;is, xx, hft. 12, col. 916.
1847. Euryomphala, subg. of Helix [pars] : Beck, Amtl. Ber.

24. Versamm. Deutsch. Naturf., p. 122.
1855. Euromphala [sic]. Beck, § 15 of Helix: Lowe, Proc.

Zool. Soc. Lond., xxii, 1854 (1855), p. 17G.
1876. Patularia, I. Gruppe of Patula [pars] : Clessin, Deutsch.

E.rcur. Moll. Fauna, p. 86.

154 ENDODONTID^

1878. Allerya : Bourguignat, Aui Accad. Sci. Palermo, N.S.
vi [no. 4], p. 1. [Non Mdrch, 1877.]

1886. Spelwodiscus, subg. of Pattda : Brusina, Mittlil. Naturw.

Ver. Steiermark, xxii, p. 37.

1887. Goniodiscus, subsect. of Patida, Group III of Helix :

Tryon, Manual, Conch., Ser II, vol. iii, p. 43.

1. Goniodiscus rotundatus (Miiller).
Etym. : — Lat. rotundatus, rounded.

1774. Helix rotundata : Muller, Verm. Hist., ii. p. 29.

1778. Helix radiata : DaCosta, Test. Brit., p. 57, pi. iv, f. 15

& 16.
1791. Helix rotundata: Gmelin, in Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 13,

i, pt. 6, p. 3633.
1799. Helix radiata : Pulteney, Cat. Dorset., p. 47.
1801. Helix rotundata: Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll. France,

p. 93.
1803. Helix radiata. Da Costa : Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 432.
1805. Helix rotundata, Mull. : Draparxaud, Hist. Moll.

France, p. 114, pi. viii, f. 4-7.
1807. Helix radiata, DaCosta : Maton & Rackett, Trans.

Linn. Soc, viii, p. 199.
1813. Helix radiata : Rackett, in Pulteney, Cat. Dorset., ed. 2,

p. 54, pi. XX, f. 15 & 16.
1815. Vortex rotundata : Oken, Lehrh. Naturg., iii, abth. 1,

p. 314.
1817. Helix rotundata, Miill. : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii, p. 891.
1819. Zonites radiatus, Mont. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.

(proofs), p. 102.
1821. Helix [Helicella) rotundata, Muller: Ferussac, Tahl.

syst. Limagons, Jan. ed., p. 44 (June ed.,

p. 40) ; Hist., pi. Ixxix, f. 2-5.
1821. Helix rotunda : Hartmann, Neue Alpina, i, p. 231.
1821. Helix rotundata, Miill. : C. Pfeiffer, Naturg. Deutsch.

Moll, i, p. 44, pi. ii, f. 33 & 34.
1823. Helix rotundata : [Brown], Ency. Brit., ed. 6, vi, p. 457.

1826. Helicella radiatus (L.) : Risso, Hist. Europ. merid., iv,

p. 69. [Teste Caziot.]

1827. Helix radiata, Mont. : Brown, Illust. Conch. Brit., ed. 1,

pi. xl, f. [14], 18, 19, [20] & 24.

1828. Helix Turtoni : Fleming, Hist. Brit. Anim., p. 260.

1830. Helix rotundata, Miill. : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc,

xvi, p. 342.

1831. Helix radiata, Montagu : Turton, Manual, p. 59, f. 44.
1831. Zonites radiatus : Leach, in Turton, Manual, p. 60, in

synon.
1833. Gonyodiscus rotundatus, Pfr. : Fitzinger, Beitr. Landesh

Oesterr., iii, p. 98.
1833. Discus rotundatus, mihi : Fitzinger, t. e., p. 99,

GONIODISCUS 155

1837. Helix {Delomphalus) rotundata, Mull. : Charpentier, Neue

Denkschr. Allg. Schweiz. Gesell., i [no. 2], p. 12.
1837. Helix {Eyryomphala) rudis, Gray : Beck, Index Moll.,

p. 9. [Non Gray.]
1837. Helix [Eyryomphala) rotundata, 0. Miill. : Beck, I. c.
1837. Palula rotundata, Miill. : Held, Isis, xxx, hft. 12, col. 916.
1840,") Zonites rotundatus, Miiller : Gray, Turton's Manual,
Apr. j new ed., p. 105, pi. v, f. 44.

Po.st i Helix {Verticillatce) rotundata, Miiller: Brown, Illust.
Sept. - Conch. Brit., ed. 2, p. 51, pi. xvii, f. 14,

1840.) 18-20 & 24.

1845. "f Helix {Verticillatce) rotundata, Miiller : Brown, Ulust. L.

d- F.-W. Conch. Brit., p. 78, pi. viii, f. 20-24.
1847. Helix striatula, Cli. : Nardo, Sinon. Chiereghini, col. 85.
1847. Helix (Euryomphala) rotundata, Miill. : Beck, Amtl. Ber.

24. Versamm. Deutsch. Naturf., p. 122.
1850. Helix (Patida) rotundata, Miill. : Albers, Heliceen, p. 64.

1852, j jj^^i^ rotundata, Muller : Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll.,
^^^- j iv, p. 80, pi. cxix, f. 6 & 7.

185Z, j 2,onites radiatus, Mout. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.,

1855,) Helix {Euromphala) rotundata, Miill. : Lowe, Proc. Zool.
Mar. / Soc. Lond., xxii, 1854 (-55), p. 176.

1855, \ Helix [Delomphalus) rotundata, Miill. : Moquin-Tandon,
Sept.) Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 107, pi. x, f. 9-12.

1857. Helix [Delomphalus) rotundata, Miiller : Gray, Turton's
Manual, new ed., p. 141, pi. v, f. 44.

1862. Helix rotundata, Miiller : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i,

p. 218 ; V, pi. xiii, f. 5.

1863. Helix rotundata, Miiller : Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moll. Brit.

Is., p. 83, figs.
1876. Patida [Patularia) rotundata, Miiller : Clessin, Deutsch.
Excur. Moll. Fauna, p. 87, f. 38.

1893. Pyramidula [Gonyodiscus) rotundata, Miill : Pilsbry,

Tryon's Manual Conch., Ser. II, vol. ix, p. 47.

1894. Patula [Discus) rotundata, Miill. : Weiss, Nachrbl.

Deutsch. Malak. Gesell., xxvi, p. 151.

1908. Helix [Gonyodiscus) rotundata, Miiller : Germain, Bull.

Soc. Sci. Nat. Elbeuf, xxvi, p. 79.

1909. Helix [Goniodiscus) rotundata, Miill. : Jodot, Compte

Rend. Assoc. Franc;., Sess. xxxvii, p. 427.

1909,\ Pyramidtda [Discus) rotundata (Miiller) : Taylor,

Sept.J Monog. Moll. Brit. Is. [ill], p. 180, pi. xix.

[Germain [Moll. France, ii, p. 83) states that the Helix

onialisina of Bourguignat is a variety of this species.]

First recorded as British in 1692, by M. Lister [Hist.

Conch., iv. Append., pi. mlviii, f. 11).
British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

156 ARIONID^

2. Goniodiseus ruderatus (Studcr MS., Ferussac).
Etym. : — Lat. ruderatus, covered with rubbish.

1820, Helix ruderata, mihi [n. 7iud.] : Studer, Naturw. Anz.

Schweiz. Gesell., iii, p. 86. (Reprint, " Syst.
Verzeichn.," p. 12.)

1821. Helix (Helicella) ruderata, Studer : Ferussac, Tabl. sijst.

Limaqons, Jan. ed., p. 44 (June ed., p. 40) ;

Hist., pi. Ixxix, f. 6.
1823. Helix rotundata, var. p : Nilsson, Hist. Moll. Svecice,

1822 {i.e. 1823], p. 31.
1828. Helix ruderata, Studer : C. Pfeiffer, Naturg. Deutsch.

Moll, iii, p. 30, pi. iv, f. 26.
1828,| Helix umhilicus, Mrkl. : Menke, Synof. Moll., p. 11,
Feb. / in synon.

1833. Discus ruderatus, mihi : Fitzinger, Beitr. Landesk.

Oesterr., iii, p. 99.
1837. Helix (Delomphala) ruderata, Studer : Charpentier,

Neue Denlschr. Allg. Schweiz. Gesell., i

[no. 2], p. 12.
1837. Helix {Eyryomphala) ruderata. Stud. : Beck, Index

Moll, p. 9.
1837. Patida ruderata. Stud. : Held, Isis, xxx, hft. 12, col. 916.
1847. Helix (Euryomphala) ruderata. Stud. : I3eck, Amtl Ber.

24. Versamtn. Deutsch. Naturf., p. 122.
1850. Helix (Patula) ruderata, Stud. : Albers, Heliceen, p. 64.
1855. Discus ruderatus. Stud. : H. & A. Adams, Genera Moll,

ii, p. 117.
1876. Pahda (Patularia) ruderata, Stud. : Clessin, Deutsch.

Excur. Moll Fauna, p. 88, f. 39.

1893. Pyramidtda [Gomjodiscus) ruderata. Stud. : Pilsbry,

Manual Conch., Ser. II, vol. ix, p. 47.

1894. Patula {Discus) ruderata, Studer : Weiss, Nachrbl.

Deutsch. Malal: Gesell., xxvi, p. 151.
1909. Pyramidula (Discus) ruderata (Studer) : Taylor, Monog.
Moll Brit. Is. [iii], p. 196, figs.

First recorded as British in 1843, by J. Morris [Cat. Brit.

Foss., p. 148), from the Copford post-tertiaries.
British Distribution in Time : Cromerian to Holocene.

Fam. : ARIONID^.

Gemis : 1. ARION, Ferussac.

Etym. : — Named after 'AptW, the lyric poet and player.
Type : — Arion empiricorum, Ferussac = Limax ater, Linnseus.

{Cf. Pilsbry, Nautilus, xxxv, 117.)
{Limax, vett. auctt.)

1819. Arion : Ferussac, Hist, Nat. Moll, ii, pp. 50 & 53.

ARTON 157

1821. Limacia : Hartmann, Neue Alpina, i, p. 208.
1853. Ario [err. tyi).], Ferussac : Panescjorse, Prod. Hist.
Nat. Dept. Var, i, p. 125.

Sub-gen. : Arion, s.s.

1855. Luchea, sec. I of Arion : Moquin-Tandon, Hist.

Moll. France, ii, p. 10.
1868. Lochea, Moq.-Tand. [as a genus] : Malm, Zool.

Ohserv., v {Goleborgs K. Vet. & Vitt. Samhdll.

Handl., N. Tidsf., x, 1870), p. 30.
1868. Baudonia : Mabille, Rev. cfc May. Zool., Ser. II,

torn. XX, p. 131.

Sub-gen. : Prolepis, Moquin-Tandon.

Etym. : — Gr. irpo, in front + AeTrt's, a scale or shell.
Type : — A. suhfuscus (Draparuaud).

1855. Prolepis, sect. II of Arion : Moquin-Tandon, Hist.

Moll. France, ii, p. 14.
1868. Prolepis, Moq.-Tand. [as a genus] : Malm, Zool.

Ohserv., v. {Goteborgs K. Vet. & Vitt.

Samhall. Handl, N. Tidsf., x, 1870), p. 43.
1870. Prolepsis [sic] : Mabille, Ann. Malac, i, p. 117.
1873. Koheltia [n. gen.] : Seibert, Nachrbl. Deutsch.

Malak. Gesell., v, ji. 81.

Sub-gen. : Carinella, Mabille.
Etym. : — Diniin. of Lat. carina, a keel.
Type : — A. circumscriptus, Johnston.

1870. Carinella: Mabille, Ann. Malac, i, p. 114.

Sub-gen. : Ariunculus, Lessona.
Etym. : — Diniin. of Arion.
Type : — A. inlermedius, Normand.

1870. Eugeomalacus [pars] : Mabille, Ann. Malac., i,
p. 121. [Under this name Mabille included
not only Geomalucus vera, but a number of
" s})ecies " usually referred to Arion inter-
medius and its varieties; while (p. 123) he
further created a section Lmvigali, for certain
smooth forms citing two species generally
considered to be varieties of Arion inter-
medins.

1881. Ariuncidus, n. gen. : Lessona, Atti R. Accad. Sci.
Torino, xvi, p. 193.

British Distribution in Time : The shell granules of
species of this genus are not specifically deter-
minable; they are met with in beds from the
Cromeriau upwards.

158 AEIONID^

1. Arion (s.s.) ater (Linnseus).
Etym. : — Lat. ater, dead black.

1758. Limax ater : Linn.-eus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 652, no, 1.

1758. Limax rufus : Linn^us, o. c, p. 652, no. 2.

1767. Limax ater : Linnaeus, o. c, ed. 12, p. 1081, no. 1.

1767. Limax albus : Linn^us, o. c, p. 1081, no. 2.

1767. Limax rufus : Linn^us, o. c, p. 1081, no. 3.

1774. Limax ater, Linn. : Muller, Verm. Hist., ii, p. 2.

1774. Limax albus [Linn.] : Muller, t. c, p. 4.

1774. Limax succineus : Muller, t. c, p. 7.

1789. Limax luteus : Razoumowsky, Hist. Nat. Jorat, i, p. 269.

1791. Limax ater, Miill. : Gmelin, Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 13, i,

pt. 6, p. 3099, no. 1.
1791. Limax albus, Miill. : Gmelin, t. c, p. 3100, no. 2.
1791. Limax succineus, Miill. : Gmelin, t. c., p. 3100 no. 3.
1801. Limax ater : Draparnaltd, Tabl. Moll. France, p. 101.
1801. Limax rufus : Draparnaud, o. c, p. 102.
1803. Limax marginellus : Schrank, Fauna Boica, p. 252.

[Teste Fitzinger.]
1805. Limax ater : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. France, p. 122,

pi. ix, f. 3-5.
1805. Limax rufus, Linn. : Draparnaud, o. c, p. 123, pi. ix,

f. 6.
1819. Arion empiriconwi, nobis : Ferussac, Hist. Nat. Moll.,

ii, p. 60, pi. i-iii.
1819. Arion albus, Miiller : Ferussac, I. c.
1819. Arion empiricorum, Feruss. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.

(proofs), p. 66.
1821. Limax ater, Linnseus : C. Pfeiffer, Natxirg. Deutsch.

Moll, i, p. 19.
1821. Limax rufus, Linnseus : C, Pfeiffer, I. c.
?1821. Arion melanocephalus, Faure Biguet : Ferussac, Tabl.

Syst. Limaces, p. 18.
1821. Limacia empiricorum, de Ferussac: Hartmann, Neue

Alpina, i, p. 208.
1840,) Arion ater, Linn. : Gray, Turton's Manual, new ed.,
Apr. / p. 104.

o ' I Arion empiricorum, Ferussac : Brown, Illust. Conch.

1840 ^'''^'■' ^^' ^' P' ^^'

1845,) Arion empiricorum, Ferussac : BroWxV, Illust. L. & F.-W.
Feb. / Conch. Brit., p. 90.

1845,) Arion sulcatus, spec. nov. : Morelet, Descript. Moll.
July.j Portugal, p. 28, pi. i.

1845, \ Arion tumidus, spec. nov. : Morelet, o. c, p. 31, pi. ii,
July./ f. 2.

1848. Limax coccineus, niihi : Gistel, Natuiy. Thierrcichs,
p. 168.

ARION 159

1852. Arion empiricorum, Ferussac : Forbes & Hanley, Hist.
Brit. Moll., iv, p. 7, pi. D.D.D., f. 1.

1852. Arion empiricorum, Feru.ss. ; Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.,

p. 47, pi. viii, f. 1 & 2.

1853. Aria [sic] ater, Michaud : Panescorse, Prod. Hist. Nat.

Dept. Var, i, p. 125.

1853. Ario rufus, Mich. : Panescorsb, I. c.

1854. Arion virescens. Millet : Millet, Ann. Soc. Linn. Dept.

Maine-et-Loire, i, p. 259.

1855. Arion {Lochea) rufus, Linn. : Moquin-Tandon, Hist.

Moll. France, ii, p. 10, pi. i, f. 1-27.
1855. Arion {Lochea) albus, Miill. : Moquin-Tandon, t. c, p. 12.
1855. Arion tenellus, Miill. : Drouet, Mem. Soc. R. Liege, x,

p. 171. [Non Millet indet.]
1857. Arion ater, Linn. : Gray, Turton's Manual, new ed.,

p. 68, f. 28.

1862. Arion ater, Linne : Jeffreys, Brit. Co)ich., i, p. 127.

1863. Arion ater, Linn.neus : Reeve, L. dc F.-W. Moll. Brit. Is.,

p. 9, fig.

1867. Arion glaucus [n. sp.] : Colbeau, An)i. Soc. Malac.

Belyique, ii, Bull., p. xlviii.

1868. Baudonia timida, Morelet ; Mabille, Rev. & Mag. Zool.,

Ser. II, torn, xx, p. 133.
1868. Baudonia montana [n. nov.] : Mabille, t. c, p. 133.
1868. Arion hibernus [n. sp.] : Mabille, t. c, p. 134.
1868. Arion lusitanicus [n. sp.] : Mabille, t. c., p. 134.
1868. Lochea atra [Linn.] : Malm, Zool. Ohserv., v (Goteborgs

K. Vet. & Vitt. Samhdll. Handl, N. Tidsf.,

X, 1870), p. 31, pi. i, f. 1.
1868. Lochea alba : Malm, t. c, p. 37, pi. i, f. 2.
*1870. Arion Servainianus [n. .sp.] : Mabille, Hist. Malac.

bass in Paris, p. 8.
1870. Arion [Lochea) rufus, Linn. : Mabille, Ann. Malac,

i, p. 106.
1870. Arion {Lochea) Servainianus, J. Mabille : Mabille, t. c,

p. 108.
1870. Arion {Lochea) hibernus, J. Mabille : Mabille, t. c.,

p. 109.
1886. Arion hispanicus, n. sp. : Simroth, Jahrb. Deulsch.

Malak. Gesell., xiii, p. 21, pi. i, f. 2 & 3 [anat.].
1888. Arion Bocagei [n. nud.] : Simroth, Zool. Anz., xi, p. 86.

[Described as A. empiricorum, var. Bocagei,

iSimroth, Nova Acta Accul. Ca's. Leop.-Carol.,

Ivi, 1891, p. 347, pi. xiii, f. 1 rt-6.]
1905. Arion ater (L.) : Taylor, Monog. Moll. Brit. 7s. [ii],

p. 167, pi. xviii.

First recorded as British in 1674, by M. Lister {Phil.
Trans., ix, p. 99).

160 ARlONIt)^

2. Arion (Prolepis) subfuscus (Drapainaud).
Etym. : — Lat. sub -f- /««'».«, somewhat dusky.

?1774. Limax cinctus : Muller, Verm. Hist., ii, p. 9.
?1774. Limax fuscus : Muller, t. c, p. 11.
1805. Limax subfuscus : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. France,

p. 125, pi. ix, f. 8.
1819. Arion fuscatus, nobis : Ferussac, Hist. Nat. Moll., ii,

p. 65, pi. ii, f. 7.
1821. Limax subfuscus, Drap. : C. Pfeiffer, Naturg. Deutsch.

Moll., i, p. 20.
[According to Taylor {Monog. Moll. Brit. Is. [ii], p. 217)
this is a variety of A. hortensis.]
1823. Limax fasciatus, vars. f, ^, & 17 : Nilsson, Hist. Moll.

Sveciw, 1822 [i.e. 1823], p. 4.
1831. Arion subfuscus, Drap. : Michaud, Coinpl. Hist. Moll.

France Drap., p. 4.
1835. Arion succineus, nobis : Bouillet, Ann. Sclent. Acad.

Sci. Clermont-Ferrand, viii, p. 530. (In

reprint, 1836, p. 14.)
1838. Arion subflavus [n. nud.] : Johnston, Hist. Berivicks.

Nat. Club, i, p. 154.
1845. Arion fuligineus, spec. nov. : Morelet, Descript. Moll.

Portugal, p. 30, pi. ii, f. 1.
1851. Arion Knjnickii, mihi : Kaleniczenko, Bull. Soc. Nats.

Moscou, xxiv, no. 3, p. 114, pi. iv, f. 1.
*1852. Arion cinctus : Dumont & Mortillet, Hist. Moll.

Savoie, p. 7.
1853. Ario [err. typ.] subfuscus, Mich. : Panescorse, Prod.

Hist. Nat. Dept. Var, i, p. 125.

1855. Arion (Lochea) subfuscus, Drap. : Moquin-Tandon,

Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 13.

1856. Arion olivaceus, A. Schmidt : Schmidt, in Goldfuss,

Verhandl. Naturk. Ver. Prcuss. Rheinl. Bonn,

xiii, p. 58.
1862. Arion brunneus [n. sp.] : Lehmann, Malak. Bldtt., ix,

p. 165.
1866. Arion Mabillianus : Bourguignat, Moll. Nouv. Litig.,

p. 173, pi. xxix, f. 1-4.
1868,) Arion campestris : Mabille, Rev. & Mag. Zool., Ser. II,
Apr. / torn. XX, p. 135. [Teste Taylor.]

1868. Arion rubiginosus, Baudon in litt. : Drouet, Mem.

Acad. Sci. Dijon, Ser. II, tom. xiv, p.

58.
1868. Prolepis fuscus. Mull. : Malm, Zool. Observ., v (Goteborgs

K. Vet. cfc Vitt. Samhdll. Handl., N. Tidsf,

X, 1870), p. 43, pi. ii, f. 3 & 4.
*1870. Arion Gaudrfroyi : Mabille, Hist. Malac. bassin Paris,

p. 12.

ARION 161

1870. Arion (Lochca) campestris, J. Mabille : Mabille, Ann.

Malac, i, p. 109.
1870. Arion (Lochea) GaudeJ'roiji, J. Mabille : Mabille, t. c,

p. 110.
1870. Arion (Lochea) subfuscus, Drap. : Mabille, t.c, p. 111.
1870. Arion (Lochea) Mabillianus, Bourguignat : Mabille, t. c,

p. 112.

1870. Arion (Lochea) rubiginosus, Baudon : Mabille, t. c,

p. 113.

1871. Ario7i rufus (Linne) : Westerlund, Nova Acta Soc.

Sci. Upsala, Ser. Ill, vol. viii, no. 1, p. 32.

[Teste Taylor.]
1871. Arion citrinus, niibi : Westerlund, t. c, p. 35.
1871. Arion limacoj)sis, n. sp. : Westerlund, t. c, p. 36.
1879. Arion incommodus : Hutton, Trans. N. Zeald. Inst.,

xi, p. 331. [Teste Crosse, Journ. de Conchyl.,

1893, p. 219.]
1882. Arion pegorarii, nobis : Lessona & Pollonera, Monog.

Limacidi Ital., p. 62 (Mem. Accad. Sci.

Torino, Ser. II, torn, xxxv, 1884, p. 108).

1884. Arion Pollonerce : Pini, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., xxvii,

p. 381.

1885. Arion stabilei, n. sp. : Pollonera, Atti Accad. Sci.

Torino, xx, p. 700.
1887. Arion bavayi, nova species ? : Pollonera, Atti Accad.

Sci. Torino, xxii, p. 299, pi. iii, f. 15.
1890. Arion flavus, Nilsson : Pollonera, Boll. Mus. Zool.

Torino, v, no. 87, p. 15.
1893. Arion Jlagellus, sp. n. : Collinge, Aim. <& Mag. Nat.

Hist., Ser. VI, vol. xii, p. 252, pi. ix, f. 1.
1905. Arion subfuscus (Draparnaud) : Taylor, Monog. Moll.

Brit. Is. [ii], p. 193, pi. xxiv, f. 1-6.

[Germain (Moll. France, ii, p. 36) states that Arion
euthymeanus, Florence, is also a synonym of this
species.]

First recorded as British in 1838, by G. Johnston. (See
ref. above.)

3. Arion (Prolepis) hortensis, Fenissac.
Etym. : — Lat. hortus, a garden.

1819. Arion hortensis, nobis : Ferussac, Hist. Nat. Moll, ii,

p. 65, pi. ii, f. 4-6.
1819. Arion hortensis, Feruss. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.

(proofs), p. 68.
1821. Limag [sic] (Arion) hortensis, Ferusac [sic'] : Gray,

Lond. Med. Repos., xv, p. 239.
1821. Liinacia hortensis, de Ferussac : Hartmann, Neue Alpina,
i, p. 208.

N.-M. MOLL, M

162 ARIONID.E

?1826. Arion Uneatus (N.) : Risso, Hist. Nat. Europ. Merid.,

iv, p. 55. [Teste Bourguignat, but queried

by Caziot.]
1828. Armi Jiortensis, Fer. : C. Ppeiffer, Naturg. Deutsch.

Moll, iii, p. 11.
?1830. Limax fasciatus, Nils. : Kickx, Moll. Brabant., p. 4,

f. 4&5.
1833. Arion alpinus, mihi : Fitzinger, Beitr. Landesk. Oesterr.,

iii, p. 89.

1840,) Arion hortensis, Ferus. : Gray, Turton's Manual, new

Apr. / ed., p. 107.

Post 1 • /

o , Arion hortensis, Ferussac : Brown, Illust. Conch. Brit.,

^^P*- I ed 2 Ti 55

1840.) ed. ^p. &&.

1845. Arion hortensis, Ferussac : Brown, Ilhist. L. & F.-W.

Conch. Brit., p. 90.
1852, "( Arion hortensis, Ferussac : Forbes & Hanley, Brit.
Jan. / Moll, iv, p. 10, pi. F, F, F, f. 1.

1852,) Arion hortensis, Feruss. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.,
Feb. J p. 49.

1855. Arion (Prolepis) fuscus, Miill. : Moquin-Tandon, Hist.

Moll. France, ii, p. 14, pi. i, f. 28-30, on the

explanations to which it appears as A.

hortensis.
1857. Arion hortensis, Ferus. : Gray, Turton's Manual, new

ed., p. 70.

1862. Arion hortensis, Ferussac : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i,

p. 128.

1863. Arion hortensis, Ferussac : Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., p. 11, fig.
1866. Arion anthracius : Bourguignat, Moll. nouv. Litig.,

p. 178, pi. xxix, f. 8-10.
1868, \ Arion distinctus : Mabille, Rev. d: Mag. Zool, Ser. II,
Apr. / torn. XX, p. 137.

1868. Prolepis hortensis : Malm, Zool. Observ., v {Goteborgs K.

Vet. (& Vift. Sawhall Handl, N. Tidsf., x,

1870), p. 49.
1870. Arion (Prolepis) felophilus [n. nov.] : Mabille, Ann.

Malac, \, p. 117.
1870. • Arion [Prolepis) anthracius, Bourguignat : Mabille, t. c,

p. 118.
1870. Arion [Prolepis) hortensis, Ferussac : Mabille, t. c,

p. 118.
1870. Arion [Prolepis) distinctus, J. Mabille : Mabille, t. c,

p. 119.
1873. Kobeltia hortensis, Fer. : Seibert, Nachrbl Deutsch.

Malak. Gesell, v, p. 81, in text.
f*1881. Arion pyrenaicus : Fagot in Gourdon, Moll. Luchon,

p. 82.

ARION 163

1887. Arion alpinus, n. sp. : Pollonera, Atti Accad. Sci.

Torino, xxii, p. 305. [Non Fitzin^er, 1833.]
1889. Arion cottianus, n. sp. : Pollonera, Atti Accad. Sci.

Torino, xxiv, p. 634, pi. ix, f. 23 & 2-1.
?1889. Arion amhiguus, n. sp. : Pollonera, t. c, p. 635.
1894. Arion elongatus, sp. n. : Collinge, Ann. <& Mag. Nat.

Hist., Ser. VI, vol. xiii, p. 66, pi. v. A,

f. 1-4.
1897. Arion cceruleus, sp. n. : Collinge, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,

1897, p. 444. [First proposed as a variety

of A. hortensis in Conchologist, ii, 1892, p. 26.]
1905. Arion hortensis, Ferussac : Taylor, Monog. Moll. Brit.

Is. [ii], p. 210, pi. xxiv, f. 7-10.

First recorded as British in 1821, by J. E. Gray, as
" Limag Arion hortensis, Ferusac." {See ref. above.)

4. Arion (Carinella) circumscriptus, .Johnston.

Etym. : — Lat. circumscriptus, marked round with a line.

?1819. Arion hortensis, var. a : Ferussac, Hist. Nat. Moll., ii,

p. 65, pi. ii, f. 6.
?1821. Arion hortensis, var. p : Ferussac, Tabl. syst. Limaces,

p. 18; Hist., pi. viii A, f. 2-4.
1823. Lirnax fasciatus, y : Nilsson, Hist. Nat. Moll. Svecice,

1822 [i.e. 1823], p. 4.
1828. Arion circumscriptus : Johnston, Edinh. New ■ Phil.

Journ. [vol. v], 1828, p. 76.
1837. Arion marginatus. Nob. : KiCKX, Bull. Acad. Bruxelles,

iv, p. 139.

Sent '- ^"^'* hortensis, var. : Brown, Illust. Conch. Brit., ed. 2,

1840'.J P- ^^•

1845. Arion hortensis, var. : Brown, Illust. L. d; F.-W. Conch.

Brit., p. 90.
1852. Arion leucophceus. Nobis : Normand, Descr. Limaces

nouv., p. 5.

1863. Arion hortensis [pars] : Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moll. Brit.

Is., p. 11.

1864. Arion Dupuyanus : Bourguignat, Malac. Grande-

Chatr., p. 30, pi. 1, f. 1-4.
1864. Arion hortensis, var. grisea : Bourguignat, o. c, pi. i,

explan. to f. 10.
1868. Arion neustriacus : Mabille, Rev. <& Mag. Zool., Ser. II,

torn. XX, p. 138.
1868. Arion Bourguignati : Mabille, t. c, p. 139.
1881. Geomalacus bourguignati, J. Mabille: Locard, Mem.

Acad. Sci. Lyon, xxv, p. 11.
1870. Arion (Carinella) Dupuyanus, Bourguignat : Mabille,

Ann. Malac, i, p. 114.

1G4 APJONID^

1870. Arion [Carinella) Bourguujnali, Mabille : Mabille, t. c,

p. 114.
1870. Arion {Carinella) Neustriacus, Mabille : Mabille, /, c,

p. 115.
1885. Arion {Carinella) subcarinatus, n. sp. : Pollonera, Atti

Accad. Sci. Torino, xx, p. 700.
1887. Arion celticus, n. sp. : Pollonera, Atti Accad. Sci. Torino,

xxii, p. 306, pi. iii, f. 11.
1887. Arion Nilssoni, n. sp. : Pollonera, t. c, p. 306.
1889. Arion ambignus, Pollonera : Pollonera, Atti Accad.

Sci. Torino, xxiv, p. 635, pi. ix, f. 16-19.
1906. Arion circumscriptus, Johnston : Taylor, Monog. Moll.

Brit. Is. [ii], p. 227, pi. xxiv, f. 12-17.

First recorded as British in 1828, by G. Johnston. {See
ref. above.)

5. Arion (Ailunculus) intermedius, Normand.

Etym. : — Lat. intermedius, intermediate (between two genera).

1774. Limax fiavus : Miiller, Verm. Hist., ii, p. 10. [Non

Linne.]
1791. Limax aureus: Gmelin, in Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 13, i,

pt. 6, p. 3102.
1848. Arion flavus, Miill. : Alder, Trans. Tyneside Nat. Field

Club, i, p. 124.
1852,') Arion flavus, Midler : Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll., iv,
Jan. / p. 9, pi. F, F, F, f. 2.

1852,) Arion intermedius. Nobis : Normand, Descr. Limaces
Nov. j nouv., p. 6.

1855. Arion flavus, Miill. : Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll.

France, ii, p. 16.
1863. Arion hortensis, Fer. [pars] : Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., p. 11.
1867. Geomalacus intermedius, Normand : Mabille, Rev. <&

Mag. Zool., Ser. II, tom. xix, p. 57.

1867. Geomalacus Bourguignati : Mabille, t. c, p. 58.
?1867. Geomalacus Paladilhianus : Mabille, t. c, p. 60.
?1867. Geoynalacus Moitessierianus : Mabille, t. c, p. 61.

1868. Geomalacus hiemalis : Droxjet, Mem. Acad. Sci. Dijon,

Ser. II, tom. xiv, p. 59.

1868. Geomalacus Mabillei, Baudon : Baudon, Journ. de

Conchyl., xvi, p. 142.

1869. Geomalacus Vendeanus : Letourneux, Rev. (& Mag.

Zool., Ser. II, torn, xxi, p. 51.

1869. Arion flavus, Miiller : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., v, p. 153.

1870. Geomalacus {Eugeomalacus) Bourguignati, J. Mabille :

Mabille, Ann. Malac., i, p. 121.
?1870. Geomalacus {Eugeomalacus) Paladilhianus, J. Mabille:
Mabille, I. c.

GEOMALACUS ' 165

1870. Geomalacus (Eugeomalacus) intermedins, Normand :

Mabille, t. c, p. 122.
1870. Geomalacus (Eugeomalcus) Mabilli, Baudon : Mabille,

t. c, p. 122.

1870. Geomalacus {Lcevigati) Vendeianus, Letourneux : Mab-

ille, t. c, p. 123.
?1870. Geomalacus {Lcevigati) Moiiessierianus, J. Mabille :
Mabille, t. c, p. 123.

1871. Geomalacus mabilli, Baudon: Baudon, Mem. Soc. Acad.

Oise, viii, p. 197, pi. i, f. 8-12.
1871. Geomalacus hiemalis, Drouet : Baudon, t. c, p. 198,

pi. ii, f. 2-4.
1881. Arion verrucosus, sp. nov. : Breviere, Journ. de ConcJiyl.,

xxix, p. 310, pi. xiii, f. 1 & 2.
1884. Arion mahillianus, nobis : Baudon, Journ. de Conchyl.,

xxxii, p. 200. [No7i Bourguignat.]

1884. Arion flavus, Miiller : Clessin, Deutsch. Excur. Moll.

Fauna, p. 116, f. 55.

1885. Arion minimus, n. sp. : Simroth, Zeitschr. Wissensch.

Zool, xlii, p. 237, pi. vii, f. 41.
1889. Arion Mollerii, n. sp. : Pollonera, Atti Accad. Sci.

Torino, xxiv, p. 639, pi. ix, f. 7-10.
1906. Arion (Ariunculus) intermedius, Normand : Taylor,

Monog. Moll. Brit. Is. [ii], p. 240, pi. xxiv,

f. 18-23.

First recorded as British in 1848, by J. Alder, as A.
flavus, Miill. {See ref. above.)

Genus : 2. GEOMALACUS, Allman.

Etym. : — Gr. yrj, land + /^aAaKo?, soft = land slug.
Type : — Genotype, Geomalacus macidosus, Allman.

1843. Geomalacus : Allman, Athenceum, Sept., 1843, p. 851.

1870. Eiujeomalacus [pars] : ]VL\bille, Ann. Malac. i, p. 121,
for Geomalacus vera + some species usually
referred to Arion, subg. Ariunculus.

1. Geomalacus maculosus, Allman.
Etym. : — Lat. maculosus, spotted.

1843. Geomalacus maculosus : Allman, Athenceum, Sept., 1843,

p. 851, col. 3.

1844. Geomalacus maculosus : Allman, Rept. Brit. Assoc,

1843 (1844), " Notices," p. 77.
1846. Geomalacus maculosus, Allman : Allman, Ann. & Mag.

Nat. Hist., xvii, p. 297, pi. ix, f. 1-3.
1852. Geomalacus maculosus, Allman : Forbes & Hanley,

Hist. Brit. Moll, iv, p. 12, pi. F, F, F, f. 5.

166 MACROCHLAMYDID.E

1855. Geomalacus maculatus [sic], Allman : Gray, Cat. Pul-

monata Brit. Mus., i, p. 57.
1857. Geomalacus maculosus, Allman: Gray, Turton's ilf a^iMaZ,

new ed., p. 71.

1862. Geomalacus maculosus, Allman : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch.,

i, p. 129, pi. V, f. 3.

1863. Geomalacus maculosus, Allman : Reeve, L. & F.-W.

Moll. Brit. Is., p. 13, fig.
1867. Geomalacus andrewsi : Mabille, Rev. & Mag. Zool.,

Ser. II, tom. xix, p. 57.
1873. Letourneauxia lusitana : Silva e Castro, Journ. Acad.

Sci. Lishoa, iv, p. 242.
1877. Limax Lusitanus, Silva : Morelet, Journ. de Conchyl.,

XXV, p. 259, in a list.
1890. Weomalacus lusitanus. Da Silva : Pollonera, Boll. Mus.

Zool. Univ. Torino, v, no. 87, p. 35.
1906. Geomalacus maculosus, Allman : Taylor, Monog. Moll.

Brit. Is. [ii], p. 253, pi. xxiv, f. 24-27 & figs.

First recorded as British in 1843, by G. J. Allman. (See
ref. above.)

Fam. : MACROCHLAMYDIDiE.

Genus : 1. PETASINA, Beck.i

Etym. : — Lat. dimin. of pctasus, a travelling cap.

Type : — Helix fulva, Miiller, selected by Gray in 1847 for Petasia.

{Helix, Trochus, Teba, Zonites, Hyalinia, vett. auctt.)

1833. Conulus [pars] : Fitztnger, Beitr. Landesh. Oesterr., iii,
p. 94. \Non Conulus, Leske, 1778 (Echinod.),
nee Rafinesque, 1815.]

1837. Petasia, subg. 12 of Helix [pars] : Beck, Index Moll.,

p. 21. [Non Petasia, Stephens, 1828 (Lepi-
dopt.) ; nee Morren, 1829 (Infusor.); nee
Audinet-Serville, 1831 (Orthopt.).]

1838. Cernuella, subg. of Hdix [pars] : Schlueter, Kurz. Syst.

Verzeich., p. 6.

1847. Pelasina, subg. of Helix : Beck, Amtl. Ber. 24.
Versamm. Deidsch. Naturf., p. 122.

1883. Euconulus : Reinhardt, Sitzh. Gesell. Naturf. Freunde,
Berlin, 1883, p. 86.

1886. Trochulus : Westerlund, Fauna Paldarct. Region, i,
p. 26 & Beil. iii, p. 16. [Non Trochulus,
Humphrey, 1797 (= Monodonta, Lam.); nee
Trochula, Schliiter, 1838 (= Helicopsis); nee
" Trochnlus, Christ." Gray, 1847 (indet.).]

' The adoption of this generic name for the attached species urged by
GuDE & Woodward, Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., xiv, 1921, p. 180, footnote 19.

PETASINA 167

1889. Erneslia : Jousseaume, Mem. Soc. Zool. France, ii, p. 250.

1890. Arnouldia : Bourguignat, Bull. Soc. Malac. France,

vii, p. 330.

1891. Vitrea, Fitz. [pars] : Smith, Jotirn. of Conch., vi, p. 339.

1. Petasina fulva (Miiller.)
Etym. : — Lat. fulvus, tawny.

1774. Helix fulva: Muller, Verm. Hist., ii, p. 56.

1777. Trochus terrestris • Pennant, Brit. Zool., ed. 4, iv, 8vo,

p. 127; 4to, p. Ill, pi. Ixxx, f. 108. [Dono-
van and later writers following him have
considered this synonymous with the Helix
ele/jans of Gmelin, but a careful inspection
of Pennant's figure shows the present species
to be intended.]

1778. Trochus terrestris [var.] Lisferi : DaCosta, Test. Brit.,

p. 35.

1778. Trochus terrestris [var.] Mortoni : DaCosta, o. c, p. 36.

1791. Helix fulva, Miill. : Gmelin, Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 13,
i, pt. 6, p. 3630.

1793. Helix fulva, Miiller : Fabricius, Ny Samml. K. DansJc.
Vidensk. Sclsk. Skrifter, iv, p. 98, pi. [i],
f. 4 a-e. [Fabricius' figure of Miiller's
specimen establishes the identity of this
species.]

1801. Helix fulva : Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll. France., p. 72.

1803. Helix trochiformis : Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 427, pi. xi,
f. 9. [Montagu, Test. Brit., Suppt., p. 146,
says that the species occurred in the Port-
land Museum under the name of Trochus
compressus.]

1805. Helix fuva. Mull. : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. France,
p. 81, pi. vii, f. 12 & 13.

1807. Helix terrestris [Penii.] : Maton & Rackett, Trans. Linn.
Soc, viii, p. 157.

1807. Helix trochiformis, Montagu : Maton & Rackett, t. c,
p. 200.

1812. Helix nitidula, mihi : Alten, Syst. Ahhandl., p. 53,
pi. iv, f. 8. [Non Draparnaud, 1805.]

1817. Helix trochnlus, Miill. : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii, p. 916.
[Non Miiller.]

1817. Helix fulva, Miill. : Dillwyn, t. c, p. 925.

1819. Teba fulva, Miill. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop. (proofs),
p. 99.

1821. Helix fulva, Miill. : C. Pfeiffer, Naturg. Deutsch. Moll.,
i, p. 23, pi. ii, f. 2.

1823. Helix trochulus : [Brown], Ency. Brit., ed. 6, vi, p. 458.

1825. Helix egena [n. sp.] : Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.,
V, p. 120.

168 MACROCHLAMYDID^

1827. Helix trochifonnis, Mont. : Brown, Illiist. Conch. Brit.,

ed. 1, pi. xl, f. 2.

1828. Helix Trochilus : Fleming, Hist. Brit. Anim., p. 260.
1830. Helix Irochiformis, Mont. : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc,

xvi, p. 331.

1830. Helix Mortoni [n. sp.] : Jeffreys, t. c, p. 332.

1831. Helix fulva, Drap. : Turton, Manual, p. 61, f. 47.
1831. Teba fulva : Leach, Turton's Manual, p. 61, in synon.
1833. Conulus fulva [sic] raihi : Fitzinger, Beitr. Landesk.,

Oesterr., iii, p. 94.
1837. Helix (Petasia) trochiformis, Mtg. : Beck, Index Moll.,

p. 21.
1837. Helix (Petasia) Fabricii, B. : Beck, I. c.
1837. Helix {Petasia) fulva, 0. Mil]]. : Beck, I. c.

1837. Polifa fulva, Mull. : Held, Isis, xxx, hft. 12, col. 916.

1838. Helix (Cernuella) fulva, m. (Pf., etc.) : Schluter, Kurz.

Syst. Verzeichn., p. 6.
*1839. Helix mandralisci : Bi\'ONA, Giorn. Sci. Lett. Sicilicp., Ixiv,
p. 230. [Teste Philippi.]

1839. Helix mandralisci, n. : Bivona, Giorn. Sci. Lett. Palermo,

Ixiv (altered in MS. to Ixvi), p. 230.

1840,) Helix {Hygromanes) fulva, Miiller : Gray, Turton's

Apr. i Manual, new ed., p. 148, pi. v, f. 47.

Post )

a , I Helix (Helicella) fulva, Miiller : Brown, niust. Conch.

jgPQ j Brit., ed. 2, p. 46, pi. xvii, f. 2.

1842. Helix (Petasia) Fabricii, Beck : Moller, Index Moll.

Groenl., p. 4.
1845. Helix (Helicella) fulva, Miiller : Brown, Ulust. L. &

F.-W. Conch. Brit., p. 65, pi. vii, f. 18.
1847. Polygyra (Petasia) trochiformis :\Gi'rky, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1847. Polygyra (Conulus) fulva : I Zonrf., 1847, p. 173.

1847. Helix (Petasina) fulva (MiilL), Beck : Beck, Amtl. Ber.

24. Versamm. Deutsch. Naturf., p. 122.
1850. Helix (Conulus) fulva, Drap. : Albers, Heliceen,

p. 73.
1852. Helix fulva, Miiller : Forbes & Hanley, Hist. Brit.

Moll, iv, p. 75, p.. cxviii, f. 8 & 9.
1852. Teba fulva, Miill. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop., p. 72.
1855, \ Zonites (Conulus) fulvus. Mull. : H. & A. Adams, Genera
Jan. ( Moll, ii, p. 116.

1855,) Zonites (Conulus) fulvus, Miill. : Moquin-Tandon, Hist.
Sept.) Moll. France, ii, p. 67, pi. viii, f. 1-4.

1857. Zonites fulvus, Miiller : Gray, Turton's Manual, new

ed., p. 99, pi. V, f. 47.
1860. Hyalina (Conulus) fulva, Drap. : Martens, in Albers,

Heliceen, ed. 2, p. 73.
1862. Zonites fulvxis, Miiller : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i, p. 171 ;

V, pi. x, f. 4.

PETASINA 1G9

1863. Helix fulva, Miiller : Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moll. Brit. Is.,

p. 80, figs.

1864. Hijalinia (Fetasia) fulva, Miill. : Morch, Synop. Moll.

Danice, p. 14.
*1864. Conulus chersinus : Morse, Jojirn. Forfland Sac. Nat.

Hist., i, p. 19, f. 44 & 46. [Non Say.]
1866. H el icella fulva : Tate, Moll. Gt. Brit., p. 110, pi. vii,

f. 56.
1876. Hyalina {Conulus) fulva, Miiller : Clessin, Deutsch.

Excur. Moll. Fauna, p. 81, f. 36.
l'i%Z,\ Euconulus fulvus [Miill.]: Reinhardt, Sitzb. Gesell.
June./ Naturf. Freunde, Berlin, 1883, p. 86.

,oQq i Hyalinia (Conulus) trochiformis (Montagu): Wester-
ir^'^s' LUND, Nachrhl. Deutsch. Malal: Gesell, xv,

^''- \ p. 174.

1886. Conulus (Trochulus) fulvus (Mull.), Drap. : Wester-

LUND, Fauna Paldarct. Region, i, p. 26.
1886. Trochulus [fulvus, Miill.] : Westerlund, o. c, Bail, iii,

p. 16. [Subsequently Westerlund reverted

to Conulus.]
1890. Arnouldia fulva [Miill.] : Bourguignat, Bull. Soc.

Malac. France, vii, p. 331, pi. viii, f. 1.
1890. Arnouldia mandralisci [Bivona] : Bourguignat, t. c,

p. 334, pi. viii, f. 10.

1890. Arnouldia Mortoni [JefTr.] : Bourguignat, t. c, p. 335,

pi. viii, f. 14.

1891. Vitrea {Comdus) fulva , Miiller : Smith, Journ. of Conch.,

vi, p. 339.

1905. Trochulus trochiformis, Westerlund : Dall, Harriman
Alaska Exped., xiii, p. 41. [Non Wester-
lund.]

1908. Hyalinia {Euconulus) fulva (Miiller) : Taylor, Monog.
Moll. Brit. Is. [iii], p. 118, pi. xv.

First recorded as British in 1674, by M. Lister {Fhil.

Trans., ix, p. 99. pi. ii, f. 9).
British Distribution in Time : Cromcrian to Recent.

Fam. : ZONITID^.

(Sub-fam. : Ariophantin^e.)

Genus : 1. ZONITOIDES, Lehmann.

Etym. : — Gr. ^wir; + elSos, resembling a belt.
Type : — Helix nitidus, Miiller.
{Helix, Helicella, Zonites, vett. auctt.)

1821. Helicella [pars] : Ferussac, Tahl. syst. Limagons, Jan.
ed., p. 41 (June ed., p. 37).

170 ZONITID^

1833. Oxychilus [pars] : Fitzinger, Beitr. Landesh. Oesferr.,
iii, p. 100. [Non Oxycheila, Dejean, 1825
(Coleopt.).]

1837. Hynlinia, Ag. (Msc), subg. of Helix [pars] : Charpen-
TIER, Neue Dcnkschr. Allg. Schweiz. GeselL, i
[no. 2], p. 13.

1837. PoUta [pars] : Held, Isis, xxx, hft. 12, col. 916.

1850. Hyalina, Fer., subg. 3 of Helix [pars] : Albers, Heliceen,
p. 66. [Non. Ferussac, who used " Hyalinse "
as the name for a group of his subg. HeliceUa.]
[Non Hyalina, Schumacher, 1817 (Margi-
nellidfe); 7iec Studer, 1820 (Vitrina).]

1855. Aplostoma, subg. Ill of Zonites [pars] : Moquin-Tandon,
Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 72.

1862. Zonitoides : Lehmann, Malak. Bldtt., ix, p. 111.

1891. Vitrea, Fitz. [pars] : Smith, Journ. of Conch., vi, p. 339.

1. Zonitoides nitidus (Miiller).
Etym. : — Lat. nitidus, shining.

1774. Helix nitida : Mueller, Ferw?. Hist., ii, p. 32.

1789. Helix succinca, n. sp. : Studer, in Coxe, Trav. in Swit-
zerld., iii, p. 385. [Nom. niid.^

1791. Helix nitens : Gmelin, Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 13, i, pt. 6,
p. 3633.

1801. Helix nitida (Mull.) : Draparnaud, Tahl. Moll. France,
p. 96, no. 47.

1805. Helix liicida : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. France, p. 103,
pi. viii, f. 11 & 12. [Alder {Mag. Zool. &
Bot., ii, 1837, p. 107) says that there is no
doubt as to the identity of Draparnaud's
lucida with the nitida of Miiller.]

1812. Helix lucida, mihi : Alten, Syst. Abhandl., p. 72, pi.

viii, f. 15.

1813. Helix nitens [Gmelin. pars] : Rackett, in Pulteney,

Cat. Dorset., ed. 2, p. 54.
1817. Helix nitida, Miill. : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii, p. 912.
?1817. Helix tenuis, Gmelin : Dillwyn, t. c, p. 913.
1821. Helix {HeliceUa) nitida, Muller et Studer: Ferussac,
Tabl. Syst. Limagons, Jan. ed., p. 45 (June
ed., p. 41).
1821. Helix succinea : Hartmann, Neue Alpina, i, p. 234.
?1826. HeliceUa nitida : Risso, Hist. Nat. Europ. merid., iv, p. 72.

1830. Helix nitida, Miill. : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc, xvi,

p. 339.

1831. Helix nitens [Maton & R.] : Turton, Manual, p. 55,

f. 38.
1831. Zonites lucidus. Leach : Turton, o. c, p. 55, in synon.
[Non Leach.]

ZONITOIDES 171

1833. Oxychiluslucidus, mihi [pars]: Fitzinger, Beitr. Landesk.

Oesterr., iii, p. 100.
1837. Helix {Hyalinia) lucida, Drap. : Charpentier, Neue

Denkschr. Allg. Sckweiz. Gesell., i [no. 2],

p. 13.
1837. Helix {Helicella) nitida, 0. Miill. : Beck, Index Moll, p. 6.
1837. Helix (Helicella) sriccinea, Hartm. : Beck, o. c, p. 7.
1837. Polita lucida, Drap. : Held, Isis, xxx, hft. 12, col. 916.
1810,") Zonites lucidus, Drap. : Gray, Turton's Manual, new-
Apr. / ed., p. 175, pi. iv, f. 38.

q , [ Helix lucida, Drapernaud : Brown, Illust. Conch. Brit.,
jg^Q I ed. 2, p. 52, pi. xviii*, f. 3 & 4.

1845. Helix lucida, Drapernaud : Brown, Illust. L. & F.-W.

Conch. Brit., p. 83, pi. ix, f. 7 & 8.
1850. Helix {Hyalina) nitida, Miill. : Albers, Heliceen, p. 66.
1852. Zonites nitidus, Miiller : Forbes & Hanley, Hist. Brit.

Moll, iv, p. 39, pi. cxx, f. 4 & 7.
1855,\ Helicella nitida, Miill. : H. & A. Adams, Genera Moll.,
Jan. / ii, p. 118.

1855,) Zonites (Aplostoma) nitidus, Miill. : Moquin-Tandon,
Sept./ Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 72, pi. vii, f. 11-15.

1857. Zonites lucidus, Drap. : Gray, Turton's Manual, new

ed., p. 96, pi. iv, f. 38.

1858. Helicella lucida : Bellairs, Illust. Cat. Brit. Shells, p. 16,

f. 38.
1860. Hyalina lucida, Drap. : Martens, in Albers, Heliceen,
ed. 2, p. 69.

1862. Zonites nitidus, Miiller : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i, p. 167 ;

V, pi. X, f. 1.

1863. Zonites nitidis, Muller : Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moll Brit.

Is., p. 51, figs.
1866. Hyalina nitida, Miiller : Tryon, Amer. Journ. Conch.,

ii, p. 250, pi. iv, f. 24.
1873. Zonitoides nitidus, Miill. : Lehmann, Lcbend. Sclmecken

Stettins, p. 71.
1886. Hyalinia (Zonitoides) nitida, MnW. : Westerlv^J), Fauna

Paldarct. Region, i, p. 39.
1886,'i Zonites (Hyalinia) nitida, Miiller : Tryon, Man. Conch.,
July./ Ser. II, vol. ii, p. 171, pi. liii, f. 27, 28, 29-32.

1891. Vitrea (Zonitoides) nitida, Miiller : Smith, Journ. of

Conch., vi, p. 339.
1908. Zonitoides nitidus (Miiller) : Taylor, Monog. Moll. Brit.

Is. [iii], p. 141, pi. XV.

First recorded as British in 1803, by G. Montagu (Test.
Brit., p. 425), who described it as closely resembling
the Helix lucida of Pult^uey, but did not name it.

British Distribution in Time : Cromerian to Recent.

172 ZONITID^

2. Zonitoides excavatus (Bean MS., Alder).
Etym. : — Lat. excavatus, dug out.

1830. Helix nitida, var. a : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc.,
xvi, p. 339 & 511.

1830. Helix excavata, Bean MS. : Alder, Trans. Nat. Hist.

Soc. Nor thumb., i, p. 38.

1831. Helix lucida, var. : Turton, Manual, p. 57.

1840, ") Zonites excavatus. Bean : Gray, Turton's Manual, new

Apr. / ed., p. 175, pi. xii, f. 138.

Post 1

Q , I Helix {Hyalince) excavata. Bean : Brown, Hlust. Conch.

jgP^ I Brit., ed. 2, p. 53, pi. xviii*, f. 9 & 10.

1845. Helix {Hyalince) excavata. Bean : Brown, Ulust. L. (&

F.-W. Conch. Brit., p. 85, pi. ix, f. 13 [15 on

the pi.] & 14.
1852. Zonites excavatus, Bean : Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll.,

iv, p. 40, pi. cxxi, f. 2-4.
1857. Zonites excavatus, Bean MS. : Gray, Turton's Manual,

new ed., p. 97, pi. xii, f. 138.
1860. Hyalina excavata, Bean : Martens, in Albcrs, Heliceen,

ed. 2, p. 69.

1862. Zonites excavatus. Bean : Jeffrey^s, Brit. Conch., i,

p. 168; V, pi. X, f. 2.

1863. Zonites excavatus. Bean : Reeve, L. <& F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., p. 52, figs.
1866. Helicella excavata : Tate, Moll. Gt. Brit., r>. 108, pi. vii,

f. 52.
1886. Hyalinia {Zonitoides) excavata (Bean) Alder : Wester-

LUND, Fauna Paldarct. Region, i, p. 40.
1886,) Zonites (Hyalinia) excavata. Bean : Tryon, Man. Conch.,
July./ Ser. II, vol. ii, p. 153, pi. xlix, f. 4 & 5.

1891. Vitrea {Zonitoides) excavata. Bean : Smith, Journ. of

Conch., vi, p. 339.
1908. Zonitoides excavatus (Bean) : Tay'LOR, Monog. Moll.

Brit. Is. [iii], p. 133, pi. xv.

First recorded as British in 1830, by J. G. Jeffreys, as

Helix nitida, var. a. {See ref. above.)
British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

(Sub-fam. : ZONITINiE.)
Genus : 2. HELICELLA, Ferussac.^

Etym. : — Lat. diniin. of helix, from Gr. eXi^, a snail.
Type : — Helix ccllaria, Miiller, selected by Gray, 1847.
{Helix, Zonites, vett. auctt.)

1815. Vortex [pars] : Oken, Lehrh. Natuir/., iii, abth. 1, p. 314.
[Non Humphrey, 1797.]

' Reversion to this name favoured by Gude & Woodward for reasons
given. See Proc. Malac Soc. Land., xiv., 1921, p. 175.

HELICELLA 173

1821. Ilelicella, Laui./ Sect. Aplostomse (Hyalinae) : Ferussac,

Tabl. sysl. Limagons, Jan. ed., p. 41 (June

ed., p. 37).
1833. Oxychilus [pars] : Fitzinger, Beitr. LandesJc. Oesterr.,

ill, p. 100. [NoH Oxycheila, Dejean, 1825

(Goleopt.).]
1837. Hyalinia, Ag. (Msc.) subg. of Helix [pars] : Charpentier,

Neue Denhschr. Allg. Schweiz. Gesell., i

[no. 2], p. 13.
1837. Polltn [pars] : Held, Isis, xxx, lift. 12, col. 916.

1837. Hdicclla, subg. 1 of Helix : Beck, Index Moll, p. 6.

1838. Helicella [as genus] : Beck, Index Moll., spec, nov., p. 7.
1850. Hyalina, Fer., subg. 3 of Helix [pars] : Albers, Heliceen,

p. 66. [Non Ferussac, who used " Hyalinse "
as the name for a group of his subg. Helicella.]
[Non Hyalina, Schumacher, 1817 (Marginel-
lida3); nee Studer, 1820 (Vitmia).]

1855,) Lncilla, subg. of Helix : Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud.,

Mar. / 1854, p. 177, type H. cellaria, Miiller.

1855, "j Aplostoma,su.hg.llIoiZo7iites [pars]: Moquin-Tandon,

Sept./ Hisf. Moll. France, ii, p. 72.

1891. Vitrea, Fitz. [pars] : Smith, Joum. of Conch., vi, p. 339.

Sub-gen. : Helicella, s.s.

1857. Euhyalina : Albers, Malak. Blait., iv, -p. 91.
1907. Euhjalinia : Taylor, Monog. Moll. Brit. Is. [ii],
p. IS.

Sub-gen. : Retinella (Shuttleworth MS.), Fischer.
Etyni. :— Doubtful .
Type : — Helix olivetorum, Gmelin, selected by Fischer.

1877. Retinella (Shuttl. MS.) : Fischer, Notitice Malac.

Shuttleworth, ii, p. 5.

1878. Mijopina : Kobelt, in Rossmassler, Icon, vi, p. 15.

1. Helicella (s.s.) draparnaldi, Beck.

Etym. : — Named in honour of the celebrated French con-
chologist, Draparnaud.

1801. Helix lucida : Draparnaud, Tahl. Moll. France, p. 96,
no. 46. [Non Pulteney, 1799.]

1805. Helix nilida : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. France, p. 117,
pi. viii, f. 23-25. [Non Muller, 1774.]

1812. Helix nitcns, Argenville : Alten, Syst. Abhandl., p. 58,
pi. V, f. 10. [Non Gmeliu, 1791.]

' Lamarck only used the vernacular form "HeliccUe" (Extr. Cours Zool.
Anim. s. Vert., 1812, p. 115).

174 ZONITID^

1821. Helix {Helicella) cellar ia, MuUer [pars] : Ferussac,

Tabl. syst. Limaqons, Jan. cd., p. 45 (June ed.,

p. 41).
1821. Helix nitens, var. y cellana : Hartmann, Neue Alpina,

i, p. 232.
1833. Oxychilus lucidus, mihi [pars] : Fitzinger, Beitr.

Landesk. Oesterr., iii, p. 100.

1837. Helicella Draparnaldi, B. : Beck, Index Moll., p. 6.

[Sine descript.]

1838. Helicella Draparnaldi, B. : Beck, Index Moll., spec, nov.,

p. 7.
?1840. Zonites cellarius, Miiller [pars] : Gray, Turton's Manual,

new ed., p. 170.
1841. Helix obscurata, Porro : Porro, in A. & G. B. Villa,

Disp. Syst. Conch., p. 56.
1852. Zonites cellarius, Miiller [pars] : Forbes & Hanley,

Brit. Moll, iv, p. 33.
1855. Zonites (Aplostoma) lucidus, Drap. : Moquin-Tandon,

Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 75, pi. viii, f.

29-35.
?1857. Zonites cellarius, Miiller [pars] : Gray, Turton's Manual,

new ed., p. 92.
1860. Hyalina Draparnaldi, Beck: Martens, in Albers,

Heliceen, ed. 2, p. 68.
1862. Zonites cellarius, Miiller : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i,

p. 159; V, pi. ix, f. 1.

1876. Hyalina (Euhyalina) Draparnaldii [sic]. Beck : Clessin,

Deutsch. Excur. Moll. Fauna, p. 69, f. 26.

1877. Oxychilus Lucidus, Drap. : Jousseaume, Bull. Soc. Zool.

France, ii, p. 405, pi. i, f. 30-32.

1887. Euhyalina Draparnaldi, Beck : Clessin, Moll. Oesterr.- '

Ungarns, p. 70, f. 12.

1888. Hyalinia (Polita) draparnaudi, Beck : Westerlund,-

Fauna Paldarct. Region, i, p. 59.
1891. Vitrea (Polita) draparnaudi. Beck : Smith, Journ. of \

Conch., vi, p. 339.
1908. Hyalinia {EuhyaUnia) lucida, Drap. : Taylor, Monog.

Moll. Brit. Is. [iii], p. 18, pi. vi.

[Germain (Moll. France, ii, p. 70) gives as synonyms : —
H. barbozana, Castro ; H. gyrocurta, Bourg. ; H. i
Farinesi, Bourg. ; H. subfarinesi, Bourg. ; H.
intermissa, Locard ; H. blondiana, Bourg. ; H. i
foderiana, Bourg. ; H. magonensis, Bourg. ; H. I
disculina, Locard ; H. recta, Locard ; H. pictonica, '
Bourg. ; and H. Terveri, Locard.]

First recorded as British in 1862, by J. G. Jeffreys, as
Zonites cellarius, Miiller. {See ref. above.)

British Distribution in Time : Holocene and Recent.

HELICELI.A 175

2. Helicella (s.s.) cellaria (Mallei).

Etym. : — Lat. cellarius, pertaining to a store room.

1774. Helix cellaria : Muller, Verm. Hist., ii, p. 28.

1791. Helix cellaria, Miill. : Gmelin. in Limi. Syst. Nat., ed. 13,

i, pt. 6, p. 3634.
1813. Helix nitida [Voith] : VoiTH, Sturm's Deiitschl. Fauna,

vi, hft. 3, no. 14.
1815. Vortex cellaria : Oken, Lehrh. Naturg., iii, abt. 1, p. 314.
*18]6. Helix (jlaphyra [n. sp.] : Say, Nicholson's Evcyclop.,

Amer. ed., iv, p. [?], pi. i, f. 3. [Reprint,

1819 (p. 2).]
1817. Helix cellaria, Miill. : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii, p. 913.
1819. Zonites lucidus, Pult. [pars] : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.

(proofs), p. 104.
1821. Helix {Helicella) cellaria, Muller [pars] : Ferussac, Tabl.

syst. Limagons, Jan. ed., p. 45 (June ed.,

p. 41); Hist., pi. Ixxxiv, f. 9 & 10.
1821. Helix cellaria, Miill. : C. Pfeiffer, Naturg. Deutsch.

Moll, i, p. 42, pi. ii, f. 29 & 30.
1823. Helix cellaria : [Brown], Ency. Brit., ed. 6, vi, p. 459.
1827. Helix nitens. Mat. & Rac. : Brown, Ulust. Conch. Brit.,

ed. 1, pi. xl, f. 59 & 60.

1830. Helix nitidula [pars] : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc, xvi,

p. 340.

1831. Helix lucida, Drap. : Turton, Manual, p. 56, f. 40.
1833. Oxychilus cellaria, mihi [pars] : Fitzinger, Beitr.

Landesh. Oesterr., iii, p. 100.
1837. Polita cellaria, Miill. : Held, Isis, xxx, hft. 12, col. 916.
1837. Helix (Helicella) cellaria, 0. Miill. : Beck, Index Moll, p. 6.
1840,) Zonites cellarius, Miiller : Gray, Turton's Manual, new
Apr. / ed., p. 170, pi. iv, f. 40.

c J. I Helix (Hyalince) cellaria, Miiller : Brown, Illust. Conch.
J^Jq j Brit., ed. 2, p. 51, pi. xvii, f. 59 & 60.

1845. Helix {HyalincB) cellaria, Miiller : Brown, Ulust. L. &
F.-W. Conch. Brit., p. 81, pi. ix, f. 1 & 2;
XXV, f. 3.

1847. Helicella cellaria : Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847,
p. 174.

1850. Helix (Hyalina) cellaria, Miill. : Albers, Heliceen, p. 66.

1852, \ Zonites cellarius, Miiller : Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll.,

Jan. j iv, p. 33, pi. cxx, f. 1-3.

1852,)^ Zonites lucidus, Pult. [pars] : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.,

Feb. j p. 75.

1855,\ Helix [Lucilla) cellaria, Miill. : Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc.

Mar./ ZoHrf., 1854, p. 177.

1855,) Zonites {Aplostoma) cellarius, I\Iiill. : Moquin-Tandon,

Sept./ Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 78, pi. ix, f. 1 & 2.

176 ZONITIDvE

1857,) Hyalina (Euhyalma) cellaria [Miill.] : Albers, Malah.
May./ Blatt., iv, p. 91.

1857,)^ Zonites cellarius, Miiller : Gray, Turtou's Mamtal, new
Sept.j ed., p. 92, f. 32, pi. iv, f. 40.

1860. Hyalina (s.s.) cellaria, Miill. : Martens, in Albers,
Heliceen, ed. 2, p. 68.

1862. Zonites cellarius, Miiller, var. compacta : Jeffreys, Brit.

Conch., i, p. 160.

1863. Zonites cellarius, Muller : Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., p. 47, figs.
1868. Helix (Hyalina) Sydneyensis, Cox : Cox, Monog. Austral.

Land Shells, p. 9, pi. ix, f. 16 & pi. xviii, f. 3.
1870. Zonites navarricus [n. sp.] : Bourguignat, Bev. & Mag.

Zool., Ser. II, torn, xxii, p. 20, pi. xvi, f. 10-12.
1877. Oxychihis cellarius, Miill. : Jousseaume, Bull. Soc. Zool.

France, ii, p. 409, pi. i, f. 39 & 40.
1886. Hyalinia (Polita) cellaria, Miill. : Westerlund, Fauna

Paldarct. Region, i, p. 54.
1891. Vitrea (Polita) cellaria, Miiller : Smith, Journ. of Conch.,

vi, p. 339.
1907,^ Hyalinia (Euhyalinia) cellaria (MnWeT) : TAYhon, Monog.
Feb. / Moll Brit. Is. [iii], p. 30 pi. vi (1909).

1907, \ Vitrea (Hyalinia) hibernica, n. sp. : Kennard, Irish
Nov. J Natural., xvi, p. 327, pi. xlii & figs.

1908. Vitrea Scharffi, n. sp. : Kennard, Proc. Malac. Soc.

Lond., viii, p. 50, figs.

First recorded as British in 1685, by M. Lister (Hist.
Conch., i, pi. Ixxi, two upper figures).
• British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

3. Helicella (s.s.) rogersi, B. B. Woodward.

Etym. : — Named in honour of its discoverer, T. Rogers.

1833. Helix alliacca, var. a : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc, xvi,
p. 511.

1837. Helix alliaria, var. glabra, Studer ? : Alder, Mag. Zool.
Bot., ii, p. 108. [Cf. Jackson & Kennard,
Journ. of Conch., xii, 1907, p. 63.]

1840, ( Zonites (Hyalince) alliarius, var. 2 glabra, Studer : Gray,

Apr. j Turton's Manual, new ed., p. 169.

Post \

Q, , I Helix (Hyalince) alliaria, var. 1 glabra, Studer : Brown,

^oTr,' Illust. Conch. Brit., ed. 2, p. 52.

1845. Helix (Hyalincp) alliaria: Brown, Illust. L. <& F.-W.

Conch. Brit., p. 82.
1857. Zonites (Aplostoma) alliarius, var. 2 glabra, Studer :

Gray, Turton's Manual, new ed., p. 91.

HELICELLA 177

1870. Zonites glaber, Studer : Jeffreys, Ann. & Mag. Nat.

Hist., Ser. IV, vol. v, p. 345.
1887. Hyalina {Euhyalina) subglabra, Bourguignat : Clesstn,

Moll. Oesterr.-Ungarns., p. 72. {Non

Bourguignat.]
1891. Vitrea (PolUa) glabra, Studer : Smith, Journ. of Conch

vi, p. 339.
1896. Hyalinia helvetica, Blum : Adams, Collector's Manual,

ed. 2, p. 47, pi. ii, f. 6. [Non Blum.]
1903. Viirea Rogersi, n. sp. : B. B. Woodward, Journ. of

Conch., X, p. 310, pi. vi, f. 2, 5, 11-13.
1907. Hyalinia {Euhyalinia) helvetica (Blum) : Taylor, Monog.

ilf oH. 5n<. /s. [iii], p. 45, pi. vi. [iVo/l Blum.]

First recorded as British in 1837, by J. Alder, as Helix

alliaria, var. glabra, Studer ?. (.See ref. above.)
British Distribution in Time : Holocene and Recent.

4. Helicella (s.s.) alliaria (Miller).
Etym. : — Lat. allium, garlic.

1822. Helix alliaria, nobis : Miller, Ann. Phil N S iii

p. 379. ' ■ '

1823. Helix nitens [Maton & R.] : Sheppard, Trans. Linn Soc

xiv, p. 160. ''

?1827. Helix foetida. Brown's MS. : Brown, Ulust. Conch Brit

ed. 1, pi. xl, f. 48 & ,52.
1828. Helix foetida. Brown : Stark, Elem. Nat. Hist., ii, p. 59.

1830. Helix alliacea : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc, xvi, p. 341.

1831. Helix alliaria : Turton, Manual, p. 56, f. 39.

1837. Helix (Helicella) alliaria. Miller : Beck, Index Moll

p. 7.
1840,| Zonites (Hyahnce) alliarius, Miller : Gray, Turton's
Apr- / Manual, new ed., p. 168, pi. iv, f. 39

Post 1 i- r 1 •

Sept '- ^^'^^^■^ {Hyalina;) alliaria, Miller : Brown, Illust. Conch.
184o!J Brit., ed. 2, p. 52, pi. xvii, f. 48 & 52.

1845. Helix {Hyalina:) alliaria : Brown, Illust. L. & F.-W.

Conch. Brit., p. 82, pi. ix, f. 3 & 4.
1850. Helix {Hyalina) alliaria, Miill. [sic] : Albers, Heliceen

p. 66.
1852. Zonites alliarius. Miller : Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll,

iv, p. 34. pi. cxx, f. 5 & 6.
1855,\ Helicella alliaria, Miill. [sic]: H. & A. Adams, Genera
Jan. j Moll., ii, p. 118.

1855,\ Zonites (Aplostoma) alliarius, Jliller : Moquin-Tandon,
Sept. J Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 83, pi. ix, f. 9-11.'

1857, \ Zo/u7es {Aplostoma) alliarius. Miller: Gray, Turton's
Sept.j Manual, new ed., p. 90, pi. iv, f. 39.

N.-M. MOLL.

N

178 ZONITID^

1857. HelicellaSteenstn(j)ii,n. sp. : Morcb, in Urnk'sGrfinland,

ii, Append., p. 75.
1860. Hyalina alliaria, Miller : Martens, in Albers, Heliceen,

ed. 2, p. 68.

1862. Zonites alliarius, Miller : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i,

p. 161 ; V, pi. ix, f. 2.

1863. Zonites alliarius, Miller : Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moil. Brit.

Is., p. 48, figs.
1876. Hyalina (Euhyalina) alliaria, Miller : Clessin, Beutsch.

Excur. Moll. Fauna, p. 72, f. 29.
1888. Hyalinia (Polita) alliaria. Miller : Westerlund, Fauna

Palaarct. Region, i, p. 53.
1891. Vitrea {Polita) alliaria. Miller : Smith, Journ. of Conch.,

vi, p. 339.
1908. Hyalinia {Eiihyalinia) alliaria (Miller) : Taylor, Monog.

Moll. Brit. Is. [iii], p. 57, pi. vi.

[Germain (Moll. France, ii, pp. 69-70) gives as synonyms :
H. amllyopa, Bourg. ; and H. apothecia, Bourg.]

First recorded as British in 1822, by J. S. Miller. (See
ref. above.)

British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

5. Helicella (Retinella) nitidula (Drapamaud).

Etym. : — Lat. dimin. of iiitidus, shining.

?1799. Helix lucida [pars] : Pulteney, Cat. Dorset., p. 47.
1803. Helix lucida, Pult. : Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 425;
Suppt., pi. xxiii, f. 4.
[According to Montagu (Test. Brit., Suppt., p. 145)
this species occurred in the Portland Collection under
the names of : — Helix glabella, H. lucida, and
H. minida.]
1805. Helix nitidida : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. France, p. 117.
1807. Helix nitens [Gmelin. pars.] : Maton & Rackett, Trans.

Linn. Soc, viii, p. 198, pi. v, f. 7.
1813. Helix nitens [Gmehn. pars] : Rackett, in Pulteney,

Cat. Dorset., ed. 2, p. 54, pi. xix, f. 22.
1819. Zonites lucidus, Pult. [pars] : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.

(proofs), p. 104.
1821. Helix (Helicella) nitidula, BTa.jya.Tna.ud: 1 Ferussac,
1821. Helix (Helicella) nitens, Maton & Rackett :/ Tabl. syst.
Limaqons, Jan. ed., p. 45 (June ed., p. 41).
1821. Helix nitens, var. a : Hartmann, Neue Alpina, i, p. 232.

1830. Helix nitidula, Drap. : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc,

xvi, p. 340.

1831. Helix nitens, nobis: Michaud, Compl. Hist. Moll.

France Drap., p. 44, pi. xv, f. 1-5.
1833. Oxychilus nitidulus, mihi : Fitzinger, Beitr. Landesk.
Oesterr., iii, p. 100.

1837.
1837.

HELICELLA 179

1837,\ Helix nitidula, Drap., var. Helmii, Gilbertson MS. :
Aug. / Alder, Mag. Zool. Bot., ii, p. 107.

1837. Helix (Helicella) lucida, Montag. :) Beck, Index Moll.,
1837. Helix {Helicella) nitidula, Drap. : / p. 6.
1837. Helix (HyaUnia) nitens, Mich. & Fer. :\ Charpentier,
1837. Helix (Hyaliuia) nitidula, Drap. : j Neue Denk-

schr. Allg. Schiveiz. Gesell., i [no. 2], p. 13.
Polita nitens, Mich. : ) tt t • i r, i<^ i ^,^

Polita nitidula, Fer. :| ^el^^, Isis, xxx, hft. 12, col. 916.

1840,) Zonites nitidulus, Drap. : Gray, Turton's Manual, new
Apr. / ed., p. 172, pi. xii, f. 136 & 136*.

. ' \ Helix Helmii, Gilbertson MS. : Gray, o. c, p. 173.

Post \

o , I Helix {Hyalince) nitidula, Drapernaud : Brown, Illust.

jglQ r Conch. Brit., ed. 2, p. 52, pi. xviii*, f. 1 & 2.

?1845. Helix {Hyalince) nitidula, Drapernaud : Brown, Illust.

L. & F.-W. Conch. Brit., p. 82, pi. ix, f. 5

&6.
?184:7. Helix lineata, Ch. : Nardo, Sinon. Species Chiereghini,

col. 85.
1850. Helix (Hyalina) nitidula, Drap. :) Albers, Heliceen, p.
1850. Helix (Htjalina) nitens, Mich. : / 66.

1852,1 Zonites nitidulus, Draparnaud : Forbes & Hanley,
Jan. / Brit. Moll, iv, p. 36, pi. cxx, f. 8-10.

1852,"! Zonites lucidus, Pult. [pars] : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.,
Feb. / p. 75.

1853. Helix pudiosa, Ziegl. [MS.] : Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic.

vivent., iii, p. 86.
1855, \ Helicella nitidula, Drap. : H. & A. Adams, Genera Moll.,
Jan. / ii, p. 118.

1855, \ Zonites {Aplostoma) nitens, Gniel. : Moquin-Tandon,
Sept./ Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 84, pi. ix, f. 14-18.

1857. Zonites nitidulus, Drap. : Gray, Turton's Manual, new

ed., p. 94, pi. xii, f. 136 & 136*.
1860. Hyalina nitens, Michaud. : Martens, in Albers, Heliceen,

ed. 2, p. 68.
1860. Hyalina nitidula, Drap. : Martens, o. c, p. 69.

1862. Zonites nitidulus, Drap. : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i,

p. 163; V, pi. ix, f. 3.

1863. Zonites nitidulus, Drap. : Reeve, L. (& F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., p. 49, figs.
1870. Helicella nitens, Mich. : Brusina, Contrib. Malac.
Croatie, p. 18.

1876. Hyalina (Polita) nitens, Mich. : Clessin, Deutsch. Excur.

Moll. Fauna, p. 71, f. 28.

1877. Oxychilus pudiosus, Ziegl. : Jousseaume, Bull. Soc. Zool.

France, ii, p. 412, pi. i, f. 41 & 42.
1888. HyaUnia (Polita) nitidula, Drap. : Westerlund, Fauna
Paldarct. Region, i, p. 57.

180 ZONITID^

1888. Hyalina {Poliia) nitens, Mich. : Westerlund, t. c,

p. 64.
1891. Vitrea {Polita) nitidula, Drap. ; Smith, Journ. of Conch.,

vi, p. 339.
1908. Hyalinia (Polita) nitidula (Draparnaud) : Taylor,

Monog. Moll. Brit. Is. [iii], p. 67, pi. vi.

[Germain {Moll. France, ii, p. 70) gives as synonyms of
this species, which he identifies with H. nitens,
Gmelin : — H. epipedostoma, Bourg. ; H. siibnitens,
Bourg. ; H. stilpna, Bourg. ; H. Dutaillyi, Mab. ;
//. demiranda, Bourg.; //. Jourdheuili, Ray;
H. lenaploa, Bourg. ; //. cuzyensis, Bourg. ; H.
hourgetica, Bourg. ; and //. atonolena, Bourg.]

First recorded as British in 1803, by G. Montagu, as
Helix lucida, Pult. (See ref. above.)

British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

6. Helicella (Retinella) pura (Alder).
Etym. : — Lat. purus, clear.

1805. Helix nitidula, var. [i : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. France,
p. 117, pi. viii, f. 21 & 22.
[Renamed by Ferussac nitidosa. See infra. Jeffreys,
Brit. Conch., i, p. 310, states that Draparnaud's
examples consisted of two H. radiatula, and one
H. pura.^
1821. Helix (Helicella) nitidosa, nobis {n. nud.] : Ferussac,
Tabl. syst. Limagons, Jan. ed., p. 45 (June ed.,
p. 41).
[Alder, Mag. Zool. Bot., ii, p. 108, makes this a variety
of his pura.]
„,„„„ I Helix (Helicella) viridula, mihi : Menke, Synop. Moll.,
■^°^^'] ed. 2, p. 20. [Teste Moquin-Tandon and

^P""- \ Gray (1857).]

1830. Helix nitidula, var. p : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Sac,
xvi, p. 340.

1830. Helix pura, mihi : Alder, Trans. Nat. Hist. Sac.

Northumh., i, p. 36.

1831. Helix pura. Alder : Turton, Manual, p. 59, f. 43.
1833. Helix nitidula, var.' a : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc,

xvi, p. 511.
1837. Helix lenticula, mihi : Held, Isis, xxx, hft. 4, col. 304.

[? = his Polita lenticularis, col. 916.]
1837. Polita nitidosa, Fer. : Held, t. c, hft. 12, col. 916.
1837. Helix (Helicella) nitidosa, Fer. [? pars] : Beck, Index

Moll., p. 6.
1837. Helix (Helicella) viridida, Mk. : Beck, o. c, p. 7.
1840,) Zonites jyurus. Alder : Gray, Turton's Manual, new ed.,
Apr. / p. 171, pi. iv, f. 43.

HELLICELLA 181

Q ^, I Helix {Hynlincp) jmra. Alder : Brown, Illust. Conch.
J'^PJ- j Brit., ed. 2, p. 53, pi. xviii*, f. 11 & 12.

1845. Helix {Hyaliua;) pura, Alder : Brown, Illust. L. <& F.-W.

Conch. Brit., p. 86, pi. ix, f. 15 & 16.
1847. Helix (Helicella) diaphanella, Krynick : Beck, Amtl. Ber.

24. Versatn. Deutsch. Naturf., p. 122.

[Teste Morch, Synop. Moll. Danicc, p. 13.]
1850. Helix (Hyalina) pura, Alder : Albers, Heliceen, p. 66.
1852. Zonitcs purus. Alder : Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll,

iv, p. 37, pi. cxxi, f. 5 & 6.
1855, \ Helicella pura. Alder : H. & A. Adams, Genera Moll.,
Jan. j ii, p. 118.

1855, \ Zonites {Aplostoma) purus. Alder : Moquin-Tandon,
Sept./ Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 87, pi. ix, f. 22-25.

1857. Zonites purus. Alder : Gray, Turton's Manual, new ed.,

p. 93, pi. iv, f. 43.
1860. Hyalina nitidosa, Fer. : ) Martens in Albers, Heli-
1860. Hyalina viridula, Menke. : j ceen, ed. 2, p. 69.

1862. Zonitcs purus. Alder : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i, p. 164;

V, pi. ix, f. 4.

1863. Zonites purus. Alder : Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moll. Brit. Is.,

p. 49, figs.
1876. Hyalina (Polita) pura. Alder : Clessin, Deutsch. Excur.

Moll. Fauna, p. 73, f. 30.
1888. Hyalinia (Polita) pura. Alder : Westerlund, Fauna

Paldarct. Region, i, p. 43.
1891. Vilrea {Polita) pura, Alder : Smith, Journ. of Conch., vi,

p. 339.
1908. Hyalinia (Polita) pura. Alder : Taylor, Monog. Moll.

Brit. Is. [iii], p. 81, pi. xv.

[Germain (Moll. France, ii, p. 67) gives as .synonyms : — -
H. pilatica, Bourg. ; //. macralsobia, Bourg. ;
H. lenarrosta, Bourg. ; and H. Alderi, Bourg.]

First recorded as British in 1830, by J. G. Jeffreys, as
Helix nitidula, var. p. (See ref. above.)

British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

7. Helicella (Retinella) radiatula (Alder).

Etym. : — Lat. dimin. of radiatus, marked with rays.

1805. Helix nitidula, var. p [pars] : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll.
France, p. 117, pi. viii, f. 21 & 22.
[Jeffreys (Brit. Conch., i, p. 310) states that Draparnaud's
variety included two examples of this species.]
1821 f ^^''•^ (Helicella) vitrina, nobis [n. mid.} : Ferussac,
T 'I Tahl. syst. Limagons, Jan. ed., p. 45 (June

"• ( ed., p. 41).

[Alder (Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. Northundj., ii, p. 340) says
this is the same as his radiatula.]

182 ZONITID^

1821,) Helix (Zonites) striatula [h. nud.'\ : Gray, Lond. Med.

Mar. j Repos., xv, p. 239.

1830. Helix radiatula, mihi : Alder, Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc.

Nor thumb., i, p. 38.
?1831. Helix brevipes, Drap. : Turton, Manual, p. 65, f. 50.

[Non Draparnaud.]
1837. Helix (Helicella) nitidosa, Fer. [pars] : Beck, Index

Moll, p. 6.
1840,) Zonites radiatidus, Alder : Gray, Turton's Manual, new
Apr. / ed., p. 173, pi. v, f . 50 ? ; xii, f. 137.

(^ '■ I Helix {Hyalince) radiatula. Alder- : Brown, Ulust. Conch.
jgP^ I Brit., ed. 2, p. 53, pi. xviii*, f. 5 & 6.

1845. Helix {Hyalince) radiatida. Alder : Brown, Illust. L. &
F.-W. Conch. Brit., p. 84, pi. ix, f. 9 & 10.

1848. Helix pura, var. p : Pfeiffer, 31on. Helic. vivent., i,
p. 96.

1852. Zonites radiatulus. Alder : Forbes & Hanley, Brit.
Moll, iv, p. 38, pi. cxxi, f. 1.

1855. Zonites (Aplostoma) striatuhis, Gray : Moquin-Tandon,

Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 86, pi. ix, f.
19-21.

1856. Helix (Hyalina) radiatula, Aid. : Pfeiffer, Malak.

Bldtt., ii, p. 124.

1857. Zonites radiatulus. Alder : Gray, Turton's Manual, new

ed., p. 95, pi. V, f. 50 ? ; xii, f. 137.

1858. Helicella radiatula : Bellairs, Ulust. Cat. Brit. Conch.,

p. 16, f. 39.

1862. Zonites radiatulus, Alder : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i,

p. 166; V, pi. ix, f. 5.

1863. Zonites radiatulus. Alder : Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., p. 50, figs.

1864. Hyalinia hamrnonis, Strom : Morch, Synop. Moll

Da7iice., p. 13. [Non Strom, See Kennard &
Woodward, Proc. Malac. Soc, xiv, 1920,
p. 84.]
1871. Zomtes {Hyahna) hamrnonis (Strom) : Westerlund,
Nova Acta Soc. Sci. Upsal, Ser. Ill, vol. viii,
no. 1, p. 25.

1876. Hyalina {Polita) radiatida. Gray : Clessin, Deutsch.

Excur. Moll. Fauna, p. 75, f. 31.

1877. Oxychilus radiatulus. Alder : Jousseaume, Bidl. Soc.

Zool France, ii, p. 419, pi. ii, f. 1 & 2.
1888. Hyalinia {Polita) hammonis, Strom ; Westerlund,

Fauna Paldarct. Region, i, p. 44.
1891. Vitrea {Polita) radiatida. Alder : Smith, Journ. of Conch.

vi, p. 339.
1894. Hualinia {Polita) radiatula. Gray : Weiss, Nachrbl.

Deutsch. Malak. Gesell, xxvi, p. 150.

VITREA 183

1908. Hyalinia {Polita) radiatula (Alder) : Taylor, Monog.
Moll. Brit. Is. [iii], p. 87, pi. xv.

[Germain {Moll. France, ii, 1913, p. 67) calls this species
hammonis, and gives as synonyms : — H. viridula,
Menke [which = pura] and H. subradialula, Fagot.]

[*^* The identity of H. petronella, Charp., with this
species is very doubtful.]

First recorded as British in 1821, by J. E. Gray, as
" Helix Zonites striatula, Drap." {See ref. above.)

British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

Genus : 3. VITREA, Fitzinger.

Etym. : — Lat. vitreus, glassy.

Type •.—Helix diaphana (Studer) Fitzinger.

{Helix, Zonites, vett. auctt.)

1821. Helicella, Lam. [pars] : Ferussac, Tabl. syst. Limagons,
Jan. ed., p. 41 (June ed., p. 37).

1833. Discus [pars. Err. typ. ?] : Fitzinger, Beitr. Lmidesk.
Oesterr., iii, p. 99.

1833. Vitrea : Fitzinger, I. c.

1837. Hyalinia, Ag. (Msc.), subg. 9 of Helix [pars] : Char-
PENTiER, Neue Denkschr. Ally. Schweiz.
Gesell, i [no. 2], p. 13.

1837. Polita [pars] : Held, Isis, xxx, hft. 12, col. 916.

1850. Hyalina, Fer., subg. 3 of Helix [pars] : Albers, Heliceen,
p. 66. [Non Ferussac, who used " HyaHnse "
as the name for a group of his subg. Helicella.]
[Non Hyalina, Schumacher, 1817 {Marginel-
lidcB); nee Studer, 1820 {Vitrina).}

(Crystallus, subg. of Helix : Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1854, p. 178. [Kobelt by an error
(Rossmassler's Icon., xi, p. 148) cites the
date for this name as " 1833."]
1855,) Aplostoma, subg. Ill of Zonites [pars] : Moquin-Tandon,
Sept./ Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 72.

1. Vitrea crystallina (IMucUer).

Etym. : — Gr. Kpi'crraAAivos, made of crystal.

1774. Helix crystallina : Muller, Verm. Hist., ii, p. 23.

1789. Helix Chrystallina, Muller : Studer, in Coxe, Trav. in

Siritzld., iii, p. 384.
1791. Helix crystallina, iMiill. : Gmelin, Linn. Syst. Nat.,

ed. 13, i, pt. 6, p. 3635.
1801. Helix crystallina. Mull. : Draparnaud, Tail. Moll.

France, p. 97.

184 ZONITID.E

1805. Helix cnjstallina, Mull. : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll.

France, p. 118, pi. viii. f. 13-18.
1817. Helix cnjstallina, Miill. : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii,

p. 909.
1819. Zonites crystallinus, Mlill. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.

(proofs), p. 105.
(Helix {Helicella) crystallina, Muller : Ferussac, Tabl.
J '\ Syst. Limagons, Jan. ed., p. 45 (June ed.,

'^^^- [ p. 41).

1821, \ Helix (Zonites) crystallina, Drap. : Gray, Land. Med.
Mar. J Report, xv, p. 239.

1821. Helix crystallina, var. a. eburnea : Hartmann, Neue

Alpina, i, p. 234.
1821. Helix crystallina, Miill. : C. Pfeiffer, Naturg. Deutsch.

Moll, i, p. 46, pi. ii, f. 36.

1829. Helix vitrea [n. sp.] : Brown, Edinb. Journ. nat. &

geogr. Sci., p. 12, pi. i, f. 12-14.

1830. Helix crystallina, Miill. : Jeffreys, Trans. L'nn. Soc,

xvi, p. 341.

1831. Helix crystallina, Drap. : Turton, Manual, p. 58, f. 42.
1831. Zonites crystallinus : Leach, Turton's Manual, p. 58, in

synon.
1833. Discus [err. typ. ? pro Vitrea] crystallinus, mihi : FiTZ-

INGER, Beitr. Landesk. Oesterr., iii, p. 99.
1837. Helix {Helicella) crystallina, 0. Miill. : Beck, hidex

Moll, p. 7.
1837. Helix {Hyalinia) crystallina, Miill. : Charpentier, N.

Denkschr. Schweiz. GeselL, i [no. 2], p. 13.
1837. Polita crystallina, Miill. : Held, Isis, xxx, hft. 12,

col. 916.
1840,) Zonites crystallinus, Drap. : Gray, Turton's Manual,
Apr. J new ed., p. 176, pi. iv, f. 42.

^°^l I Helix {Hyalina;) crystallina, Muller : Brown, Illust.
jgP(!j- j Conch. Brit., ed. 2 p. 53, pi. xviii, f. 7 & 8.

1845. Helix {Hyalince) crystallina, Muller : Brown, Hlust. L.

& F.AY. Conch. Brit., p. 84, pi. ix, f. 11 & 12.
?1847. Helix ghtmaria, Ch. : Nardo, Sinon. Species Chiereghini,

col. 85.
1850. Helix {Hyalina) crystallina. Mull. : Albers, Heliceen,

p. 66.
1852. Zonites crystallinus, Miiller : Forbes & Hanley, Hist.

Brit. Moll, iv, p. 41, pi. cxxii, f. 1 & 2.

1852. Zonites crystallinus, Miill. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.,

p. 76.

1853. Helix Botterii, Parr. [MS ?] : Pfeiffer, 3Ion. Helic.

vivent., iii, p. 66, no. 221.
1855,) Helicella crystallina, Miill. : H. & A. Adams, Genera Moll,
Jan. j ii, p. 118.

VITREA 185

1855,1 Heix {Crystallus) cnjstallina, Mull. : Lowe, Proc. Zool.
Mar. / Soc. Loml., 1854, p. 178.

1855,) Zoniles {Aphstomo) crystaUinus, Miill. : Moquin-Tandon,
Sept./ Hid. Moll. France, ii, p. 89, pi. ix, f. 26-29.

1857. Zonites crystaUinus, Miiller : Gray, Turton's Manual,

new ed., p. 98, pi. iv, f. 42.
1860. Hyalina crystallina, Miill. : Martens, in Albers, Heliceen,

ed. 2, p. 69.

1862. Zonites crystaUinus, Miiller : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i,

p. 170; V, pi. X, f. 3.

1863. Zonites crystaUinus, Muller : Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., p. 53, figs.
1873. Zonites crystallina [sic], var. contracta, mihi : Wester-
LUND, Fauna Moll. Svecice, p. 56.

1875. Hyalina contracta. West. : Clessin, Jahrb. Deufsch.

Malak. Gesell., ii, p. 32, pi. ii, f. 1.

1876. Oxychilus crystaUinus, Miiller: Jousseaume, Bull. Soc.

Zool. France, ii, p. 42, pi. ii, f. 3 & 4.
1876. Hyalina ( Vitrea) crystallina, Miiller : Clessin, Deutsch.
Excur. MoU. Fauna, p. 77, f. 33.

1876. Hyalina {Vitrea) contracta, Westerlund : Clessin, o. c,

p. 79, f. 34.

1877. Hyalina {Vitrea) Dubrueili, n. sp. : Clessin, Malak.

Blalt., xxiv, p. 128, pi. i, f. 4.
1886. Hyalinia {Vitrea) crystallina, Miill. : Westerlund, Fauna

Paldarct. Region, i, p. 32.
1886. Hyalinia {Vitrea) contracta, West.: Westerlund, t. c,

p. 35.
1902. Vitrea {Crystallus) crystallina. Mull. : Westerlund,

Bad Jugoslav. Akad., cli, p. 87.
1908. Hyalinia crystallina (Muller) : Taylor, Monog. Moll.

Brit. Is. [iii], p. 108, pi. xv.

[Germain {Moll. France, ii, p. 74) cites as synonyms : —
Hyalinia humicola, Mab., and H. suhterranea, Bourg.]

First recorded as British in 1821, by J. E. Gray, as
Helix Zonites crystallina, Drap. {See ref. above.)

British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

Fam. : VITRINID^.

Genus : 1. VITRINA, Draparnaud.

Etym. : — Mod. Lat. based on Lat. vitruni, glass.

Type -.—Helix peUucida, Miiller. (Selected by Fleming, 1822.)

{Helix, vett. auctt.)

1801. Helico-limax [pars] : Ferussac, Mem. Soc. Med. tlmul.
France, iv, p. 390.

186 VITRINID^

1801. Vitrina : Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll. France, p. 98.
1807. Helico-Limax : Ferussac, Essai method. Concliyl., p. 42.

■],T ' - Vitrinus : Montfort, Conch. Syst., ii, p. 238.

1810. Cobresia : Hubner, Mon. Test. Baier. Landschneck.
Cobresia, p. 4.

1820. Hyalina : Studer, Naturw. Anz. Schweiz. GeselL, iii,

p. 86. (In reprint, " Syst. Verzeichn.," p. 11.)
[No7i Schumacher, 1817, a Marginellid.]

1821. Helicolimax : Ferussac, Tabl. Syst. Limagons, Jan. ed.,

p. 25 (June ed., p. 21).
1821. Limacina : Hartmann, Neve Alpina, i, p. 207.
1848. Pagana : Gistel, Nature/. Thierreichs f. Schulen, p. xi

and p. 168.

Sub-gen. : Vitrina, s.s.

1801. Vitrina: Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll. Frarice, p. 98.
1859. Phenacolimax : Stabile, Rev. & Mag. Zool., Ser. II,
torn, xi, p. 422.

Sub-gen. : Semilimax, Stabile.

Etym. : — Lat. senri, half + Umax, slug.
Type : — Vitrifia elongata, Draparnaud.

1859. Semilimax : Stabile, t. c, supra, p. 422.

1892. Vitrinopugio : Ihering, Zeitschr. Wissensch. Zool.,

liv, p. 401. (Nachrbl. Deufsch. Malak.

Gesell., xxiv, 1892, p. 133.)

1. Vitrina (s.s.) pellucida (Muller).

Etym. : — Lat. pellucidus, transparent.

1774. Helix pellucida, Muller, Verm. Hist., ii, p. 15.

. ' > Helix diaphana : Poiret, Coq. Aisne, p. 77.

1801,\ Vitrina pellucida [pars] : Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll.
July. J France, p. 98.

1802. Helix semilimax : Ferussac, Naturforscher, xxix, p. 236.
1805. Vitrina pellucida, Mull, [pars] : Draparnaud, Hist.

Moll. France, p. 119, pi. viii, f. 34-37.
1807. Helico-Limax pellucida, Mtill. : Ferussac, Essai method.

Conchyl., p. 43.
1810. Vitrinus pellucidus, Drap. : Montfort, Conch. Syst., ii,

p. 239, fig. p. 238.
1812. Helix limacoides, mihi : Alten, Syst. Abhandl., p. 85,

pi. xi, f. 20.
1815. Vortex pellucida : Oken, Lehrb. Naturg., iii, abth. 1,

p. 314.
1817. Helix pellucida, Mull. : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii, p. 947.

VITRTNA 187

1818. Helix elliptica [n. sp.] : Brown, Mem. Wernerian Nat.

Hist. Soc, ii, p. 525, pi. xxiv, f. 8.

1819. Vitrina Drapernaldi [sic], Cuv. [pars] : Leach, Moll.

Brit. Synop. (proofs), p. 80.

1820. Hyalina pellucida : Studer, Naturw. Anz. Schweiz.

Gesell., iii, p. 86. (In reprint, " Syst.
Verzeichn.," p. 11.)

1821. Lirnacina pellucida, Drap. : Hartmann, Neue Alpina, i,

p. 246.
1821. Vitrina beryllina : C. Pfeiffer, Naturg. Deutsch. Moll.,

i, p. 47, pi. iii, f. 1.
1827. Vitrina pellucida, Lam. : Brown, Ulust. Conch. Brit.,

ed. 1, pi. xl, f. 6, 7 & 12.
1830. Vitrina Millleri [n. sp.] : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc,

xvi, p. 326.
1830. Vitrina depressa [n. sp.] : Jeffreys, f. c, p. 327.

1830. Vitrina eloncfata [n. sp.] : Jeffreys, t. c, p. 327. [Non

Drap.]

1831. Vitrina pellucida, Drap. : Turtox, Manual, p. 31, f. 21.
1831. Vitrina elongata, Drap. : Turton, o. c, p. 31, f. 22.
1831. Vitrina Draparnaldi [pars] : Leach, Turton's Manual,

p. 31, in synon.
1833. Vitrina DiJhvynii, Jeffreys : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn.

Soc, xvi, p. 506. [N. nov. for elongata, Jeffr.

7ion Drap.]
1840, \ Vitrina pellucida, Miiller : Gray, Turton's Manual, new
Apr. / ed., p. 120, pi. iii, f. 21.

q , I Vitrina pellucida, Drapernaud : Brown, Illust. Conch.
jg^Q j Brit., ed. 2, p. 54, pi. xvii, f. 6, 7 & 12.

1845. Vitrina pellucida, Drapernaud : Brown, Illust. L. c6
F.-W. Conch. Brit., p. 88, pi. ix, f. 21-23;

pi. XXV, f. 1.

1848. Pagana pellucida, Drp. : Gistel, Naturg. Thierreichs f.

Schulen, p. 168.
1852. Vitrina pellucida, Miiller : Forbes & Hanley, Hist. Brit.

Moll, iv, p. 30, pi. cxxxi, f. 8-10.
1852. Vitrina Drapernaldi [sic], Cuv. [pars] : Leach, Moll.

Brit. Synop., p. 59.
1855. Vitrina {Heilcolimax) pellucida, Miill. : Moquin-Taxdon,

Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 52, pi. vi, f. 33-36.
1857. Vitrina pellucida, Miiller : Gray, Turton's Manual, new

ed., p. 87, f. 31, pi. iii, f. 21.
1859. Vitrina {PhenacoUmax) pellucida, Miill. : Stabile, Rev.

(& Mag. Zool, Sor. II, toni. xi, p. 422.

1862. Vitrina pellucida, Miiller : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i,

p. 156; v. pi. viii, f. 7.

1863. Vitrina pellucida, Miiller : Reeve, L. cfe F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., p. 39, figs.

188 VITRINID.^

1906. Vitrina pellucida (Miiller) : Taylor, Monog. Moll. Brit.
Is. [iii], p. 4, pi. ii & vi.

[Germain {Moll. France, p. 62) gives Vitrina Macei,

Bourg., as a synonym.]
First recorded as British in 1818, by Capt. T. Brown, as

Helix eUiptica. {See ref. above.)
British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

2. Vitrina (s.s.) major (Ferussac).
Etym. : — Lat. major, greater.
{Vitrina pellucida, var., of most authors.)

1801. Vitrina pellucida, Mull, [pars] : Draparnaud, Tahl.

Moll. France, p. 98.
1805. Vitrina pellucida, Mull. : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll.

France, p. 119, pi. viii, f. 34-37.
1807. Helicolimax major, nobis : Ferussac, Essai method.

Conch., p. 43.
1816. Vitrina Draparnaldi, Cuv. : Cuvier, Regne Anini., ii,

p. 405, note.
1819. Vitrina Drapernaldi [pars] : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.

(proofs), p. 80.
1821. Helicolimax Audebardi, nobis: Ferussac, Tabl. syst.

Limagons, Jan. ed., p. 25 (June ed., p. 24) ;

Hist., pi. ix, f. 5.
1821. Vitrina major: C. Pfeiffer, Naturg. Dentsch. Moll., i,

p. 47, note.
1828. Vitrina Audebardi, Ferussac : C. Pfeiffer, o. c, iii,

p. 55.

1830. Vitrina Draparnaldi : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc, xvi,

p. 326.

1831. Vitrina Draparnaldi : Leach, in Turton's Manual, p. 31,

in syuon.
1837. Vitrina Audebardi (Fer.) B. : Beck, Index Moll, p. 1.
1852. Vitrina Drapernaldi [pars] : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.,

p. 59.
1859. Vitrina {Phenacolimax) major, Fer. : Stabile, Rev. &

Mag. Zool, Ser. II, tom. xi, p. 422.
1876. Vitrina elliptica. Brown : Clessin, Deutsch. Excur. Moll.

Fauna, p. 54, f. 17. [No7i Brown.]

[Germain {Moll. France, ii, p. 62) cites Vitrina spreta.

Fagot, as a synonym.]
First recorded as British in 18.30, by J. G. Jeffreys, as

Vitrina Draparnaldi. {See rcf. above.)
British Distribution in Time : Piccent.

VITRINA 189

3. Vitrina (Semilimax) pyrenaica (Ferussac).
Etyni. : — Lat. Pyrenaicus, Pyrensean.

1821. HcUcoUmax pyrenaica, nobis: Ferussac, Tab!, syst.

Lima<}ons, Jan. ed., p. 25 (June ed., p. 21);

Hist., pi. ix, f. 3.
1825. Vitrina Pyrenaica, Gray, Ann. Phil., xxv (N.S. ix),

p. 409.
1855. Vitrina {HyaJina) Pyrenaica, Fer. : Moquin-Tandon,

Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 48, pi. vi, f. 9-13.
1859. Vitrina {Semilimax) pyrenaica, Fer. : Stabile, Rev. &

Mag. Zool, Ser. II, torn, xi, p. 422.
1876. Vitrina Penchinati : Bourguic4nat, Spec. nov. Moll.

Europ., p. 38. {Teste Germain.]
1904. Vitrina pellucida, var. depressiuscula : Grierson, Journ.

of Conch., xi, p. 125.
1 907. Vitrina elonyata [Drap.] : Taylor, Irish Nat., xvi, p. 225,

pi. xxvi. [Non Draparuaud.]
1908, \ Vitrina pyrenaica, Fer. : Bowell, Irish Nat., xvii, p. 94,
May. J pi. iv.

1908 ( ^'^l™^ hihernica, sp. nov. : Taylor, Monog. Moll. Brit.
f^ . '- Is. [iii], pt. 15, on wrappers, with figs. ; also

^^^- [ pt. 20, March, 1914, p. 449, figs.

First recorded as British in 1904, by P. H. Grierson, as

V . pellucida, var. depressiuscula. {See ref. above.)
British Distribution in Time : Recent.

Fam. : LIMACIDiE.

Genus : 1. LIMAX, Linnaeus.

Etyra. : — Lat. Umax, a slug.

Type : — Limax anfiquorum, Ferussac [= L. maximus, L.]. {Cf.
Pilsbry, Nautilus, xxxv, 117.)

1758. Limax : Linx.^us, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 652.

1815. Limacella : Brard, Hist. Coq. env. Paris, p. 110.

1831. Limacellus : Turton, Ma;rua/, p. 23.

1855, ~( Megaspis, Krynick. MSS. ined. : Gray, Cat. Puhnonata

Apr. / Brit. Mus., i, p. 163.

1855,\ Eulimax, subg. II of Limax : Moquin-Tandon, Hist.

Sept.j Moll. France, ii, p. 22.

1868. Eidimax [as a genus] : Malm, Zool. Observ., v {Goteborgs
K. Vet. <& Vitt. Samhdll. Handl, N. Tidsf.,
X, 1870), p. 54. [Non Eulimax, Simroth,
1891.]

190 LIMACID^

Sub-gen. : Limax, s.s.

1758. Limax: Linn.«us, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 652.
1868. Heynemannia, subg. of Eulimax : Malm, o. c,

supra, p. 54.
1876. Gestroa, subsect. for Limax cinereo-niger, Wolf:

PiNi, Bull. Soc. Malac. Ital., ii, p. 83.
1876. OpilioUmax, sect, of Eulimax : Pini, f. c, p. 92.
1891. Macroheynemannia : Simroth, Nova Acta Acad.

Cobs. Leop.-Carol., Ivi, p. 302.

Sub-gen. : Malaeolimax, Malm.

Etym. : — Lat. nudacus, soft + Umax, a slug.
Type : — Limax tenellus, Miiller.

1868. Malaeolimax : Malm, /. c, supra, p. 66.

1887. Ambigolimax : Pollonera, Boll. Mus. Zool. Univ.

Torino, ii, no. 21 [p. 3].
1891. Mikroheynemannia : Simroth, i. c, swp-a, p. 302.

Sub-gen. : Limacus, Lehmann.
Etym. : — Lat. limax, a slug.
Type : — L. Breckworthianus, Lehm. = flavus, Linn.

1851. Krynickillus [pars] : Kaleniczenko, Bull. Soc.

Nats. Moscou, xxiv, p. 219.
1864. Limacus : Lehmann, Malak. Blatt., xi, p. 145.
1868. Plepticolimax, subg. of Eulimax : Malm, t. c, supra,

p. 62.
1884. Simrothia, sect. 4 of Limax [pars] : Clessin, Deutsch.

Excur. Moll. Fauna, ed. 2, p. 62.

Sub-gen. : Lehmannia, Heynemann.

Etym. : — Named in honour of the malacologist, Lehmann.
Type : — Limax arhormn, Bouch. -Chant.

1863. Lehmannia, subg. of Limax: Heynemann, MakZ;.

Blatt., X, p. 221.
1868. Lehmannia [as a genus] : Malm, t. c, supra,

p. 83.
1884. Simrothia, sect. 4 of Limax [pars] : Clessin, t. c,

supra, p. 62.

1. Limax (s.s.) maximus, Linnaeus.
Etym. : — Lat. maximus, biggest.

1758. Limax maximus : Linn^us, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 652,

no. 3.
1767. Limax maximus : Linn^us, o. c, ed. 12, p. 1081, no. 4.

LIMAX 191

, 177-1. Liinax cinereus : Muller, Verm. Hist., ii, p. 5.

[Miiller cites in synon. Limax cellaria [sic]

of Dezallier d'Argenville.]
1789. Liinax fasciatus : Razoumowsky, Hist. Nat. Jorat, i,

p. 267.
1791. Limax cinereus : Gmelin, in Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 13,

i, pt. 6, p. 3100, no. 4.
1801. Limax cinereus : Draparnaud, Tahl. Moll. France,

p. 102.
1805. Liinax cinereus, Mull. : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. France,

p. 124, pi. ix [f. 10, error for] f. 11.
1815. Limacella parma : Brard, Hist. Coq. env. Paris, p. 110,

pi. iv, f. 1, 2, 9 & 10.
1817. Limax megaspidus : Blainville, Journ. Phys., Ixxxv,

p. 444, pi. ii, f. 6. [Cockerell {Ann. & Mag.

Nat. Hist., Ser. VI, vol. vi, 1890, p. 287)

says this is an albino variety of tnaxirmts.]
1819. Liinax antiquoruin, nobis : Ferussac, Hist. Moll., ii,

p. 68, pi. iv.
?1819. Limax alpinus, nobis : Ferussac, Tahl. syst. Limaces,

p. 21; and Hist. Moll, pi. iv A, f. 5-7.

[Placed by Taylor under cinereo-niger, but

the figures do not suggest that species at

all.]
1819. Limax antiquorum, Feruss. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.

(proofs), p. 70.
1819. Limax maculatus : Leach, o. c, p. 71.
1821. Limax cinereus, Muller : C. Pfeiffer, Naturg. Deutsch.

Moll, i, p. 20.
1826. Liinax antiquorum, Feruss. : Risso, Hist. Nat. Europ.

merid., iv, p. 55.
1831. Limacella parma, Brard : Turton, Manual, p. 24, f. 14.

1836. Limax maurus, mihi : Held, Isis, xxix, col. 272.

1837. Liinax maculatus [n. nov.] : Nunneley, Trans. Phil.

Soc. Leeds, i, p. 46, pi. i, f. 2.
1837. Limax Cyreneus [n. sp.] : Companyo, Bull. Soc. Philoni.

Perpignati, iii, p. 88. [L. jiyrenceus [ex err.],

Comp. : Cockerell, Conchologist, ii, 1893,

p. 171, under L. cinereo-niger.']
1840,\ Limax maxiinus, Linn. : Gray, Turton's Manual, new
Apr. / ed., p. 112, pi. iii, f. 14.

Post I Liinax maximus, Linnaeus : Brown, lllust. Conch. Brit.,
Sept. - ed. 2, p. 55, pi. xviii*, f. 17; p. 131, 1843,

1840.) pi. Iviii, f. 3.

1845. Limax maximus, Linnaeus : Brown, lllust. L. & F.-W.

Conch. Brit., p. 91, pi. ix, f. 26; pi. xxvi,

f. 10.
1845. Limax sylvaticus, Drap. : Morelet, Moll. Port., p. 33.

[Non Drap.]

192 LIMACID^

1852,') Limax cinereus, Miiller : Forbes & Hanley, Hist. Brit.

Jan. J Moll, iv, p. 15, pi. D, D, D, f. 2.

1852, \ Limax antiquorum, Feruss. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.,

Feb. J p. 51.

1852. Limax variegatus : Leach, o. c, p. 52.

1855. Limax {Eulimax) maximus, Linn. : Moquin-Tandon,

Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 28, pi. iv, f. 1-8.
1857. Limax maximus, Linn. : Gray, Turton's Manual, new

ed., p. 77, pi. iii, f. 14.

1862. Limax maximus, Linne : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i,

p. 137.

1863. Limax cinereus, Miiller : Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moll. Brit.

Is., p. 25, figs.
1868. Eulimax (Heynemannia) maximus [Linn.] : Malm, Zool.

Ohserv., v (Goteborgs K. Vet. cfc Vitt. Samhdll.

Handl., N. Tidsf., x, 1870), p. 54, pi. iv,

f. 10 a-f.
1870. Limax punctulatus [n. sp.] : Sordelli, Atti Soc. Ital.

Sci. Nat., xiii, p. 250.
1876. Limacella maxima [Linn.] : Jousseaume, Bidl. Soc.

Zool. France, i, p. 97, pi. iv, f. 1-3.
1876. Limax (Eulimax) cinereus. Lister : PiNi, Bull. Soc. Malac.

Ital, ii, p. 80.
?1882. Li)nax genei, nobis : Lessona & Pollonera, Monog.

Limacidi Ital, p. 25, pi. i, f. 1. (Mem.

Accad. Sci. Torino, Ser. II, torn, xxxv, 1884,

p. 71, pi. i, f. 1.)
1885. Limax (Opiliolimax) miUipunctatus [n. sp.] : Pixi, Atti

Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., xxvii, p. 252.
1891. Limax (Heynemannia) maximus, Linne : Simroth, Nova

Acta Acad. Cas. Leop.-Carol, Ivi, p. 304.
1902. Limax maximus, Linne : Taylor, Monog. Moll Brit. Is.

[ii], p. 34, pl. vi.

[Germain (Moll. France, ii, p. 43) states that Krynickillus
maurelianus, Bourg., is the young of this species.]

First recorded as British in 1674, by M. Lister (Phil.
Trans., ix, p. 99).

British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

2. Limax (s.s.) cinereo-niger. Wolf.

Etym. : — Lat. cinereus, ashy -\- niger, black.

1774. Limax cinereus. varr. a & e : Muller, Verm. Hist., ii,

pp.'5 & 7.
?1789. Limax ater [Linn.] : Razoumowsky, Hist. Nat. Jorat,

p. 266.
1803. Limax cinereo-niger, mihi : Wolf, in Sturm's Deutschl.

Fauna, vi, hft. 1 [p. 7], col. fig.

LIMAX 193

1819. Limax anliquomm, nobis [pars] : Ferussac, Hist. Moll.,

ii, p. 68, pi. viiiD, f. 2.
1821. Limax alpinus, nobis : Ferussac, Tahl. syst. Limaces,

p. 21 ; Hist., pi. ivA, f. 5-7.
1836. Limax maurus, mihi : Held, Isis, xxix, hft. 4, col. 272.
1840,\ Limax maximus [pars] : Gray, Turton's Manual, new-
Apr, j ed., p. 113.
1843. Limax maximus, var. cinereo-niger, Nilsson : Brown,

lllust. Conch. Brit., ed. 2, p. 131, pi. lix,

f. 1.
1843. Limax albus [n. sp.] : Paasch, Arckivf. Naturg., Jahrg.

ix, bd. i, p. 85. [Non Linnaeus, 1767.]
1845. Limax maximus, var. 2, cinereo-niger, Nilsson : Brown,

lllust. L. (& F.-W. Conch. Brit., p. 127,

pi. xxvi, f. 11.

1850. Arion lineatus [n. sp.] : Dumont, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat.

Savoie, i, p. 64.

1851. Limax bilobatus, Feruss. (?) : Ray & Drouet, Rev. &

Mag. Zool., Ser. II, torn, iii, p. 338.

1852. Limax maximus [pars] : Forbes & Hanley, Hist. Brit.

Moll, iv, p. 15.
*1852. Limax lineatus : Dumont & Mortillet, Hist. Moll.

Savoie, p. 192.
1855. Limax dacampi, Menegazzi: Menegazzi, Malac. Veronese,

p. 63, pi. i, f. 1-4.
1855. Limax claravallensis, Drouet : Drouet, Mem. Soc. R.

Liege, x, p. 144.
1855. Limax {Eulimax) corsicus [n. sp.] : Moquin-Tandon,

Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 26, pi. iii, f. 10-13.
1855. Limax {Eulimax) alpinus, Fer. : Moquin-Tandon, t. c,

p. 27, pi. iii, f. 14.
1855. Limax (Eulimax) maximus, var. cinereo-niger, Sturm :

Moquin-Tandon, o. c, ii, p. 29.
1857. Limax maximus [pars] : Gray, Turton's Manual, new

ed., p. 78.
1861. Limax nuhigenus [n. sp.] : Bourguignat, Rev. <& Mag.

Zool., Ser. II, torn, xiii, p. 253. {Spicileg.

Malac, 1862, p. 20.)
1861. Limax Dorics [n. sp.] : Bourguignat, Rev. & Mag.

Zool., Ser. II, torn, xiii, p. 256, pi. viii,

f. 1-11. {Spicileg. Malac., 1862, p. 23,

pi. XV, f. 1-11.)

1861. Limax psarus [n. sp.] : Bourguignat, Rev. d Mag.

Zool., Ser. II, torn, xiii, p. 258. {Spicileg.
Malac, 1862, p. 26.)

1862. Limax maximus, var. cinereo-niger, Nilsson : Jeffreys,

Brit. Conch., i, p. 138, in text.

1863. Limax Engadinensis [n. sp.] : Heynemann, Malak.

Bldtt., X, pp. 202 & 204.

N.-M. IIOI.L.

194 LIMACID^

1863. Limax transilvanicus [n. sp.] : Heynemann, t. c,

p. 216.

1864. Limax erythrus [n. sp.] : Bourguignat, Malac. Grande-

Chartreuse, p. 33, pi. ii, f. 1-8.

1867. Limax niger. Nobis : Malzine, Mem. Soc. Sci. Hainaut,

Ser. Ill, torn, i, p. 327, pi. iii, f. 12 & 13.

1868. Limax (Heynemannia) cinereo-niger : Malm, Zool.

Observ., v (Gdteborqs K. Vet. & Vitt. Samhdll.

Handl, N. Tidsf., x, 1870), p. 57, pi. v, f.

12 & 13.
1871. Limax 7nontanus,s'pec. nov. : Leydig, Wurtlemh. Natunv.

Jahreshfte., xxvii, p. 225.
1873. Limax Bielzii [n. sp.] : Seibert, Malak. BIdtt., xxi,

p. 195.
1876. Limax {Etdimax) Strobeli, Pini : Pini, Bull. Soc. Malac.

Ital, ii, p. 84, pi. B, f. 11 & 12.
1876. Limax (Eulimax) cinereo-niger, V/olf : Pini, t. c,

p. 85.
1876. Limax {Plepticolimax) Pironce, Piiii : Pini, t. c, p. 98,

pi. B, f. 5 & 6.
1876. Limacella cinereo-niger : Jousseaume, Bull. Soc. Zool.

France, i, p. 99, pi. iv, f. 4-6.

1880. Limax subalpinus [n. sp.] : Lessona, Atti R. Accad.

Lincei, Ser. Ill, Mem., vol. vii, p. 332, pi. ii,
f. 1.

1881. Limax cinereus, p intermedia : Breviers, Journ. de

Conchyl., xxix, p. 314.

1881. Limax monticola, Bttg. n. sp. : Boettger, Jakresb.

Deutsch. Malak. GeselL, viii, p. 180, pi. vii,
f . 6 a-c.

1882. Limax perosinii, nobis : Lessona & Pollonera, Monog.

Limacidi Ital., p. 41, pi. i, f. 2-4. {Mem.

Accad. Sci. Torino, Ser. II, torn, xxxv, 1884,

p. 87, pi. i, f. 2-4. )
?1885. Limax canapicianus, n. sp. : Pollonera, Atti Accad.

Sci. Torino, xx, p. 677.
?1888. Limax polipunctatus, n. sp. : Pollonera, Boll. Mus.

Zool. Univ. Torino, iii, no. 51 [p. 2], pi. iii,

f. 5.

1893. Limax pyrenoeus, Comp. : Cockerell, ConcJiologist, ii,

p. 171. [Error for L. cyreneus = maximus.]

1894. Limax hedleyi, sp. nov. : Collinge, Journ. Malac, iii,

p. 52; iv, 1895, p. 4.
1903. Limax cinereo-niger. Wolf : Taylor, Monog. Moll. Brit.
Is. [ii], p. 53, pi. vii.

First recorded as British in 1840, by J. E. Gray, as a

var. of L. maximus. {See ref. above.)
British Distribution in Time : Recent.

195

3. Limax (Malacolimax) tenellus, Miiller.

i Etyin. : — Lat. tencUKu, delicate.

1774
1791

Limax tenellus : Muller, Verm. Hist., ii, p. 11.

Limax tenellus : Gmelin, in Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 13, i,

pt. 6, p. 3102, no. 14.
1801. Limax tenellus : Draparnaud, Tahl. Moll. France, p. 104.
1805. Limax tenellus. Mull : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. France,

p. 127.
1822. Limax tenellus [MiilL] : Nilsson, Hist. Moll. Svecice,

p. 10.
1848. Limax serotinus [n. sp.] : Schrenk, Bull. Soc. Nats.

Moscou, xxi, p. 144.
1848. Limax cereus, mihi : Held, Jahresb. k. Kreis-Landwirth .-

& Gewerhs-Schule, Miinchen, 1848-9, p. 15.
1852, ~) Limax tenellus, Muller : Forbes & Hanley, Hist. Brit.
Jan. / Moll, iv, p. 21, pi. F, F, F, f. 3.

*1852. Limax sylvaficus : Dumont & Mortillet, Hist. Moll.

Savoie, p. 10.
1852, \ Limax fulvus. Nobis : Normand, Descript. Limaces
Nov. J nouv., p. 7.

1855. Limax {Eulimax) tenellus, Miill. : Moquin-Tandon, Hist.

Moll. France, ii, p. 32.
1857. Limax tenellus, Muller : Gray, Turton's Manual, new

ed., p. 83.
1861. Limax cinctus [n. sp.] : Heynemann, Malak. Bldtt., viii,

p. 100. [Non Muller, 1774.]
1863. Limax tenellus, Muller : Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moll. Brit.

Is., p. 23, fig.

1868. Malacolimax tenellus : Malm, Zool. Observ., v {Goteborgs

K. Vet. & Vitt. Samhdll. Handl, N. Tidsf.,
X, 1870), p. 66, pi. iii, f. 7.

1869. Arion tenellus [Miill.] : Letourneux, Rev. & Mag. Zool.,

Ser. II, torn, xxi, p. 50.
1869. Limax tenellus, Miill. : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., v, p. 156.
1876. Limax {Malacolimax) tenellus, Nilsson : Clessin, Deutsch.

Excur. Moll Fauna, p. 38, f. 8.
1876. Limacella fulva [Norm.]: Jousseaume, Bull. Soc. Zool.

France, i, p. 107, pi. iv, f. 13-17.
1876. Limacella tenella [Miill.] : Jousseaume, t. c, p. 109.
1882. Agriolimax tenellus, Nilsson : Lessona & Pollonera,

Monog. Limacidi Ital., p. 45, pi. i, f. 7.

(Mem. Accad. Sci. Torino, Ser. II, torn, xxxv,

1884, p. 91, pi. i. f. 7.)
1887. Agriolimax (Ambigoli)nax) fulvus, iioimand : Pollonera

Boll. Mus. Zool. Univ. Torino, ii, no. 21

[p. 3].
1891. Limax {Heyemannia) tenellus, Nilsson : Simroth, Nova

Acta Acad. Cces. Leop.-CaroL, Ivi, p. 302.

196 LIMACID.E

1903. Limax tenellus, Miiller : Taylor, Monog. Moll. Brit. Is.
[ii], p. 71, pi. X, f. 1-4.

First recorded as British in 1848, by J. Alder {Trans.

Tyneside Nats. Field Club, i, p. 124).
British Distribution in Time : Recent.

4. Limax (Limacus) flavus, Linnaeus.
Etym. : — Lat. flavus, yellow.

1758. Limax flavus : Linn^us, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 652, no. 5.
1767. Limax flavus : Linn^us, o. c, ed. 12, p. 1082, no. 7.
1774. Limax flavus : Muller, Verm. Hist., ii, p. 10.
1791. Limax flavus : Gmelin, in Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 13, i,

pt. 6, p. 3102, no. 7.
1791. Limax aureus : Gmelin, o. c, p. 3102, no. 12. [Teste

Ferussac]
1801. Limax variegatus : Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll. France,

p. 103.
1805. Limax variegatus : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. France,

p. 127.
1815. Limacella unguiculus : Brard, Hist. Coq. env. Paris,

p. 115, pi. iv, f. 3, 4, 11 & 12.
1819. Limax variegatus, Drap. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.

(proofs), p. 72.
1824. Limax megalodontes, N. : Quoy & Gaimard, Voy.

Uranie & Phys., Zool., p. 426.
1826. Limax variegatus, Drap. : Risso, Hist. Nat. Europ.

merid., iv, p. 56.
1831. Limacellus variegatus : Turton, Manual, p. 25, f. 16.
1831. Limacella concava, Bva.Td : Turton, o. c, p. 25 [ex err. in

synon. = Agriolimax agrestis].
1834? Limax antiquorum : Sowerby, Genera, no. 41, Limax,

fig. [Non Ferussac]
?1836. Parmacclla variegata, Phil. : Philippi, Enum. Moll.

Sicilice, i, p. 125.
1840,\ Limax flavus, Linn. : Gray, Turton's Manual, new ed.,
Apr. j p. 114, pi. iii, f. 16.

1840,\ Limacella concava, Brard : Gray', o. c, p. 114, in synon.
Apr. j [ex err.].

Post ] Limax flavus, Linnaeus : Brown, Hlust. Conch. Brit.,
Sept. - ed. 2, p. 55, pi. xviii*, f. 18; p. 131 (1843),

1840.) pi. lix, f. 7 & 8.

1844. Limax umbrosus, Ph. : Philippi, Enum. Moll. Sicilice,

p. 102.

1845. Limax flavus, Linnaeus : Brown, Ulust. L. & F.-W.

Conch. Brit., p. 92, pi. ix, f. 27 ; xxv, f. 21
&22.
1851. Krynichillus maculatus, mihi : Kaleniczenko, Bull. Sac.
Nats. Moscow, xxiv, no. 1, p. 226, pi. vi, f. 2.

LIMAX 197

1852,1 Limax Jlavus, Linnaeus : Forbes & Hanley, Hist. Brit.
Jan. / Moll, iv, p. 19, pi. E, E, E, f. 1.

1852, \ Limax variegatus, Drap. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.,
Feb. j p. 52.

1853. Limax Ehrenbergii [n. sp.] : Bourguignat, Cat. Moll.

Saulcy, p. 3.

1854. Limax chilensis f : Hupe, in Gay, Hist. fis. Chile, Zool.,

viii, p. 89.

1855. Limax {Eulimax) variegatus, Drap. : Moquin-Tandon,

Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 25, pi. iii, f. 3-9.

1855. Limax {Eulimax) corsicus [n. sp.] : Moquin-Tandon,

o. c., ii, p. 26, pi. iii, f. 10-13.

1856. Kryiiiclia maculata [Kalen.] : Fischer, Journ. de

Conchyl., v, p. 69.

1857. Limax jlavus, Linn. : Gray, Turton's Manual, new ed.,

p. 79, pi. iii, f. 16.

1861. Limax deshayesii [n. sp.] : Bourguignat, Rev. & Mag.

Zool., Ser. II, torn, xiii, p. 302. {Spicileg.
Malac., 1862, p. 36, pi. i, f. 1 & 2.)

1862. Limax jlavus, Linne : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i,

p. 133.

1863. Limax cam^mnyoi [n. sp.] : Bourguignat, Rev. & Mag.

Zool, Ser. II, torn, xv, p. 179.

1863. Limax jlavus, Linnaeus : Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moll. Brit.

7s., p. 24, fig.

1864. Limacus Breckivorthianus, Lehm. : Lehmann, MalaTc.

Bldtt., xi, p. 145. [Teste Heynemann,
Malah. Bldtt., xiv, 1867, p. 131.]

1865. Limax hicolor, n. sp. : Selenka, Malak. Bldtt., xii, p. 105,

pi. ii, f. 10-17.
1868. Limax haticus [n. sp.] : Mabille, Rev. & Mag. Zool.,

Ser. II, torn, xx, p. 145.
1868. Eulimax (Plepticolimax) jlavus : Malm, Zool. Ohserv., v

(Gotehorgs K. Vet. & Viit. Samhdll. Handl,

N. Tidsj., X, 1870), p. 62, pi. iv, f. 11.
1876. Limax {Plepticolimax) variegattis, Draparnaud : Clessin,

Deutsch. Excur. Moll. Fauna, p. 37, f. 7.
1876. Limacella varieqata [Drap.] : Jousseaume, Bull. Soc.

Zool. France, i, p. 103, pi. iii, f. 11-13.
1881. Limax ecarinatus, Bttg. n. sp. : Boettger, Jahresh.

Deutsch. Malah. Gesell, viii, p. 186, pi. vii,

f. la-c.
1891. Limax {Lchmannia) variegatus, Drap. : Simroth, Nova

Acta, Acad. Ccrs. Lcop.-Carol., Ivi, p. 307.
1903. LAmax jlavus, Linne : Taylor, Monog. Moll. Brit. Is.

[ii], p. 78, pi. X, f. 5-9.

First recorded as British in 1685, by M. Lister {Hist.

Conch., i, pi. cii).
British Distribution in Time : Recent.

198 LIMACID^

5. Limax (Lehmannia) arborum, Bouchard-Chantereaux.
Etym. : — Lat. arbor, a tree.

?1774. Limax marginatus : Muller, Verm. Hist., ii, p. 10.
?1779. Limax Scopulorum : Fabricius, Reise Norwegen, p. 311.
?1791. Limax maginatus, Miill. : Gmelix, in Linn. Syst. Nat.,

ed. 13, i, pt. 6, p. 3102.
1822. Limax cinereus, var. (5 : Nilsson, Hist. Moll. Svecice, p. 7.
*1833. Limax gagates : Boubee, Bull. Hist. Nat. Frang., p. 13.
1835. Limax salixium, nob. : Bouillet, Ann. Scient. Acad.

Sci. Clermont-Ferrand, viii, p. 533. (In

reprint, 1836, p. 18).
1837. Limax arborum. Nob. : Bouchard-Chantereaux, Mem.

Soc. Agric. Boulogne, Ser. II, torn, i, p. 164.
?1837,) Limax limbatus, mihi : Held, Isis, xxx, col. 303. [Teste
Apr. / Heynemann.]

1843. Limax arboreus ? Bouch. -Chant. : Clarke, Ann. & Mag.

Nat. Hist., xii, p. 334, pi. xi, f. 4-10.
1843. Limax glaucus, mihi : Clarke, t. c, p. 334, in synon.
1843. Limax arboreus, Bouchard Chantreux [sic^ : Brown,

must. Conch. Brit., ed. 2, p. 131, pi. ILx,

f. 9-13.
1845. Limax arboreus, Bouchard Chantreux [s/c] : Brown,

must. L. (& F.-W. Conch. Brit., p. 127, pi.

xxvi, f. 2-8.
?1848. Limax livonicus [n. sp.] : Schrenk, Bull. Soc. Nats.

Moscou, xxi, p. 142.
,r,r9 [ Limax arborum, Bouchard-Chantereaux : Forbes &
j'l Hanley, Hist. Brit. Moll, iv, p. 17, pi.

'^^"^ [ E, E, E, f. 2 [as L. arboreus].

1852,) Limax scandens. Nobis : Normand, Descript. Limaces
Nov. / nouv., p. 6.

1852. Limax marginatus, Drap. : Baudon, Mem. Soc. Acad.

Oise, ii, pp. 94 & 128. [Non Draparnaud.]

1855. Limax {Eulimax) arborum, Bouch. -Chant. : MoQUlN-

Tandon, Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 24.

1856. Limax sylvaticus. Dr. ? : Goldfuss, Verhandl. Naturli.

Ver. Bonn, xiii, p. 65, pi. iii, f. 5.

1857. Limax arboreum [sic], Bouchard : Gray, Turton's

Manual, new ed., p. 82.
1857. Limax salicetum, Bouillet : Gray, o. c, in synon.
1862. Limax agrestis, var. saxonum. Nob. : Baudon, Mem.

Soc. Acad., Oise, v, p. 178; viii, 1871, p. 202,

pi. ii, f. 1.
1862. Limax arborum, Bouchard-Chantereaux : Jeffreys,

Brit. Conch., i, p. 135.
1863,) Limax marginatus, Muller: Reeve, L. <& F.-W. Moll.
Jan. j Brit. Is., p. 21, fig.

1863,1 Limax {Lehmannia) marginatus, Muller: Heynemann,
Oct. / Malak. Bldtt., x, p. 211.

AGRIOLIMAX 199

1865. Limax {Lehmannia) marginatus, Miill. : Morch, Journ.

de Conchy!., xiii, p. 378.
1868. Lekmannia marginata, Miill. : Malm, Zool. Observ., v

{Goteborqs K. Vet. & Vitt. Samhdll. Handl.,

N. Tidsf., X, 1870), p. 83, pi. v, f. 14 & 15.
1870. Limax Beltonii [n. sp.] : Sordelli, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci.

Nat., xiii, p. 251.
1876. LiinaceJla arhorum : Jousseaume, Bull. Soc. Zool.

France, i, p. 101, pi. iv, f. 7-9.

1876. Amalia marginata, Drap. : Fischer, Journ. de Conchyl.,

xxiv, p. 56. [Non Drapaniaud.]

1877. Limax altilis, Fischer : Fiscpier, Journ. de Conchyl.,

XXV, p. 49.
1880. Amalia marginata, Drap., var. Mongianensis, Paulucci :

Paulucci, Escur. Sci. Calabria. Fauna

MaJac, p. 23.
1891. Limax {Lehmannia) arborum, Bouch. : Simroth, Nova

Acta Acad. Cas. Leop.-Carol., Ivi, p. 308.
1903. Limax arborum, Boiichard-Chantereaux : Taylor, Monoq.
Moll. Brit. Is. [ii], p. 89, pi. x, f. 10-17. '

First recorded as British in 1840, by the Rev. B. J.

Clarke, in paper by W. Thompson {Ann. & Mag,

Nat. Hist., vi, p. 204).
British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

Incerta Sedis.

fLimax ? modioliformis, Sandberger.

Etym. : — Lat. Modiola -j- -formis, shaped like a Modiola shell.

1880. Limax Modioliformis, Sandb. : Sandberger, Palaeontogr.,

xxvii (N.F. vii), p. 103, pi. xii, f. 15-15c.
1905. Limax modioliformis, Sandberger : Taylor, Monog.

Moll. Brit. Is. [ii], p. 161, fig.
1914. Limax {Lehmannia) modioliformis, Sandberger : Ken-

nard & Woodward, List. Brit. Non-mar.

Moll, p. 5.

First recorded as British in 1880, by C. L. F. von Sand-
berger. ((See ref. above.)
British Distribution in Time : Cromerian.

Genus : 2. AGRIOLIMAX, Morch.

Etym. :— Lat. ager + limax, field slug.

Type : — Limax agrestis, Linnaeus. (Malm, 1868.)

{Limax, Limacellus, etc., vett. auctt.)

1851. Krynickillus [pars] : Kaleniczenko, Bull. Soc. Nats.
Moscou, xxiv, p. 219. [Originally proposed,
without characters, as " Krynickia," Bull.
Soc. Nats. Moscou, 1839, p. 30.]

200 LIMACID^

1864. Limacellus, subg. of Limax : Morch, Synop. Moll.

Danice, p. 7. [Non Limacella, Brard, 1815 =
Limax.]

1865. Agriolimax, subg. of Limax : Morch, Journ. de Conchyl.,

xiii, p. 378.
1868. Agriolimax [as a genus] : Malm, Zool. Observ., v {Gote-
borgs K. Vet. <& Vitt. Samhdll. Handl., N.
Tidsf., X, 1870), p. 69.

Sub-gen. : Agriolimax, s.s.

Sub-gen. : Malino, Gray.
Etym. : — Unknown.
Type : — Limax lombricoides, Morelet = lavis, Miiller.

1855. Malino [n. gen.] : Gray, Cat. Pidmonata Brit. Mus.,

i, p. 178.
1868. Hydrolimax, n. gen. : Malm, o. c, supra, p. 79.
1876. Hydrolimax as Gruppe 5 of Limax : Clessin,

Deutsch. Excur. Moll. Fauna, p. 42.

1. Agriolimax (s.s.) agrestis (Linnaeus).

Etym. : — Lat. agrestis, pertaining to a field.

1758. Limax agrestis : Linnjeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 652,

no. 4.
1767. Limax agrestis : Linn^us, o. c, ed. 12, p. 1082, no. 6.
1774. Limax agrestis : Muller, Verm. Hist., ii, p. 8.
1774. Limax reticulatus : Muller, t. c., p. 10.
1791. Limax agrestis, Miill. : Gmelin, in Linn. Syst. Nat.,

ed. 13, i, pt. 6, p. 3101, no. 6.
1801. Limax agrestis: Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll. France,

p. 103.
1805. Limax agrestis, Linn. : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. France,

p. 126, pi. ix, f. 9.
1805. Limax sylvaticus : Draparnaud, o. c., p. 126, pi. ix

[f. 11, error for], f. 10.
1815. Limacella obliqua : Brard, Hist. Cog. env. Paris, p. 118,

pi. iv, f. 5, 6, 13, 14 & 15.
1815. Limacella concava : Brard, o. c, p. 121, pi. iv, f. 7, 8,

16, 17 & 18.
1819. Limax bilobatus, nobis : Ferussac, Hist. Nat. Moll.,

ii, p. 74, pi. V, f. 11.
1819. Limax agrestis, Linn. : Leach, AIoll. Brit. Synop.

(proofs), p. 74.
1821. Limax agrestis, Linn. : C. Pfeiffer, Naturg. Deutsch.

Moll, i, p. 21.
1826. LJmax agrestis : Risso, Hist. Nat. Europ. merid., iv, p. 56.
1831. Limacellus obliquus, Brard : Turton, Manual, p. 26,

f. 17.

AGRIOLIMAX 201

1840,) Limax agrestis, Linn. : Gray, Turtou's Manual, new ed ,

Apr. / p. 117, pi. iii, f. 17.

Post \ Limax agrestis, Linne : Brown, lUust. Conch. Brit.,

Sept. - ed. 2, p. 56, pi. xviii*, f. 20; p. 131, 1843,

1840.) pi. lix, f. 16.

1841. Limax tunicata [n. sp.] : Gould, Rep. Invert. Mass-

chusetts, Moll., p. 3.
1845. Limax agrestis, Linne : Brown, Illust. L. <& F.-W.

Conch. Brit., p. 93, pi. ix, f. 29 ; pi. xxvi, f. 9.
1848. Limax pallidus [n. sp.] : Schrenk, Bull. Soc. Nats.

Moscou, xxi, p. 143.

1851. Krynickillus minutus, mini : Kaleniczenko, Bull. Soc.

Nats. Moscou, xxiv, p. 224, pi. v, f. 3.
1852, \ Limax agrestis, Mliller : Forbes & Hanley, Hist. Brit.
Jan. J 3Ioll., iv, p. 13, pi. D, D, D,/. 3.

1852, \ Limax agrestis, Linn. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Syiiop.,
Feb. / p. 54.

1855. Limax (Eulimax) agrestis, Linn. : Moquin-Tandon,
Hist. Moil. France, ii, p. 22, pi. ii, f. 18-22;
iii, f. 1 & 2.

1857. Limax agrestis, Linn. : Gray, Turton's Manual, new ed.,
p. 80, pi. iii, f. 17.

1861. Limax veranyamis [n. sp.] : Bourguignat, Rev. & Mag.

Zool., Ser. II, torn, xiii, p. 262. {Spicileg.
Malac, p. 30, pi. xiii, f. 9.)

1862. Limax agrestis, Linne : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i,

p. 134.
1863, ~| Limax agrestis, Linnaeus : Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moll.
Jan. j Brit. Is., p. 20, fig.

1863,1 Limax Heydeni [n. sp.] : Heynemann, Malak. Blatt., x,
Oct. / p. 210.

1865. Limax (Agriolimax) agrestis, L. : Morch, Journ. de

Conchyl., xiii, p. 378.
1868. Agriolimax agrestis : Malm, Zool. Ohserv., v (Goteborgs

K. Vet. & Vitt. Samhdll. Handl, N. Tidsf.,

X, 1870), p. 69, pi. iii, f. 8 & 9.
1871. Limax (Eulimax) norvegicus, mh. : Westerlund, Nova

Acta Soc. Sci. Upsal., Ser. Ill, vol. viii,

no. 1, p. 17.
1874. Limax {Agriolimax) Fedtschenkoni, K. & H. : Koch &

Heynemann, Jahrh. Deutsch. Malak. GeselL,

1874, p. 153.
1876. LimaceUa agrestis : Jousseaume, Bull. Soc. Zool. France,

i, p. 105, pi. iv, f. 10-12.
1880. Limax (Krynickillius) nicensis, Bourg. : Nevill, Proc.

Zool Soc. Lond., 1880, p. 103. [Teste

Caziot.]
1880. Limax {Krynickillius) menlonicus, n. sp. : Nevill, I. c.

[Teste Caziot.]

202 LIMACID^

1882. Agriolimaxpanormitanus, nobis : Lessona & Pollonera.

Monog. Limacidi Ital., p. 52, pi. i, f. 5,

(Mem.. Accad. Sci. Torino, Ser. II, torn, xxxv,

1884, p. 98, pi. i, f. 5.)
1903. Aqriolimax aqrestis (L.) : Taylor, Monog. Moll. Brit. Is.

[ii], p. 104, pi. XV, f. 1-4.

[Germain (Moll. France, ii, p. 48) cites Limax nemorosus,

Mabille, as a synonym.]
First recorded as British in 1674, by M. Lister (Phil.

Trans., ix, p. 99).
British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

2. Agriolimax (Malino) laevis (Miiller).
Etym. : — Lat. levis, smooth.

1774. Limax Icevis : Muller, Verm. Hist., ii, p. 1.

1791. Limax Icevis : Gmelin, in Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 13, i,

pt. 6, p. 3099.
1801. Limax brunneus : Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll. France,

p. 104.
1805. Limax brunneus : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. France,

p. 128.
1840. Limax brunneus, Drap. : Gray, Turton's Manual, new

ed., p. 117.
1843. Limax campestris, Binney : Binney, Proc. Boston Soc.

Nat. Hist., i, p. 52.
1845. Limax lombricoides, spec. nov. : Morelet, Descr. Moll.

Portugal, p. 39, pi. iii, f. 4.
1851. Krynckillius Dymczeviczii, m. : Kaleniczenko, Bull.

Soc. Nats. Moscou, xxiv, p. 227, pi. vi, f. 3.
1852, \ Limax brunneus, Draparnaud ? : Forbes & Hanley,
Jan. j Brit. Moll, iv, p. 20, pi. F, F, F, f. 4.

1852,) Limax parvulus. Nobis : Normand, Descr. Limaces nouv.,
Nov. f p. 8.

1855,) Malino lombricoides, Morelet : Gray, Cat. Puhnon. Brit.
Apr. / Mus., i, p. 178.

1855, \ Limax brunneus, Drap. : Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll.
Sept.j France, ii, p. 31.

1857. Limax brunneus, Drap. : Gray, Turton's Mamial, new

ed., p. 82.

1862. Limaxbrunneus,'QoMch..-Q]\&nt. : jEFFREYfi, Brit. Conch.,

i, p. 139.

1863. Limax brunneus, Draparnaud : Reeve, L. <& F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., p. 22, fig.
1865. Limax (Agriolimax) Icevis, Miill. : Morch, Journ de

Conchyl., xiii, p. 378.
1867. Limax arenarius, Gassies : Gassies, Actes Soc. Linn.

Bordeaux, xxvi, p. 117, pi. i, f. 1.
1868,) KrynicliUus (Malino) brunneus : Mabille, Rev. d Mag.
Apr. / Zool., Ser. II, tom. xx, p. 141.

AGRIOLIMAX 203

1868. Hydrolimax IcBvis : Malm, Zool. Observ., v {Gdtehorgs K.

Vet. & Via. SamMll. Handl, N. Tidsf., x,
1870), p. 79, pi. iii, f. 6.

1869. Limax Icevis, Miiller : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., v, p. 156.
1871. Limax [Agriolimnx) Rarotongamis, n. sp. : Heynemann,

Nachrbl. Deutsch. Malak. Gesell., iii, p. 43.
1873. Limax {Malacolimax ?) brasiliensis, n. sp. : Semper,

Reisen Philippinen, ThI. II, bd. iii, p. 84,

pi. xi, f. 20.
*1874. Limax argentinus : Strobel, Mater. Malac. Argentina

merid., p. 6.
1875. Limax montanus, sp. nov. : Ingersoll, Bull. U.S. Geol.

Surv. Territ., No. 2, Second Ser., p. 130.
1875. Limax castaneus, sp. nov. : Ingersoll, t. c., p. 131.

1875. Limax IvgcrsoUi [n. nud.] : W. G. Binney, Proc. Acad.

Nat. Sci. Philad., 1875, p. 176; 1876, p. 184
note.

J [ Limacella Brunnea : Jousseaume, Bull. Soc. Zoll. France,
I 1876 I i. P- 110> pl- iv, f. 21-24.

i 1876. Limax (Hydrolimax) IcBvis, Miiller : Clessin, Deutsch.
I Excur. Moll. Fauna, p. 42, f. 10, 11.

1876, \ Limax hyperboreus, nov. sp. : Westerlund, Nachrbl.
' Sept.j Deutsch. Malak. Gesell, viii, p. 97.

1878. Limax (Agriolimax) meridionalis. Nob. : Doering, Bol.

Acad. Cien. Univ. Cordoba, i, p. 434.
1880. Limax stenurus, nov. sp. : Strebel, Beitr. Fauna

Mexikan. Conch., iv, p. 21, pl. ix, f. 11; x,
j f. 3. [Teste Taylor.]

1882. Agriolimax Icevis, Miill. : Lessona & Pollenera, Monog.

Limacidi Ital, p. 47. (Mem. Accad. Sci.
Torino, Ser. II, torn, xxxv, 1884, p. 93.)
, 1882. Agriolimax lacustris, Bonelli [MS., 1822, Limax] :
Lessona & Pollenera, o. c, p. 47. (Mem.
Sci. Torino, Ser. II, torn, xxxv, 1884, p. 93.)
[= Limax brunneus, Drap. : Lessona, Atti
Accad. Lincei, Ser. Ill, Mem., torn, vii,
p. 337, pl. ii, f. 25-27.]

1883. Krinickia brunneus : Fischer^ Manuel Conch., p. 462.
1888. Limax queenslandicus, sp. nov. : Hedley, Proc. Roy.

Soc. Queensld., v, p. 150, figs.
1897. Agriolimax Bevenoti, n. sp. : Collinge, Proc. Malac.

Soc, ii, p. 295.
1905. Agriolimax (Hydrolimax) lo'vis, Miiller : Taylor, Monog.
Moll. Brit. /s. [ii], p. 121, pl. xv, f. 5-8.
[Germain (Moll. France, ii, p. 48) states that Limax

Bourguignati, Mabille, is a synonym.]
First recorded as British in 1838, by G. Johnston (Proc.

Berwick. Nat. Club, i, p. 154), as Limax brunneus.
British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

204 . LIMACID^

Genus : 3. MILAX, Gray.

Etym. : — Anagram of Umax, a slug.
Type : — Limax gagates, Draparnaud.
(Li max, vett. auctt.)

?1833. Aspidoporus : Fitzinger, Beitr. Landesk. Oeslerr., iii,

p. 90.

1851. KrynicTcillus [pars]: Kaleniczenko, Bidl. Soc. Nats.

Moscow, xxiv, p. 219.

1855 1

. ' > Milax : Gray, Gat. Pidmonata Brit. Mus., i, p. 174.

1855,\ Amalia, subg. I of Limax : Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll.
Sept.j France, ii, p. 19.

1876. Amalia [as a genus] : Pini, Bidl. Soc. Malac. Ilal., ii,
p. 104.

Sub-gen. : Milax, s.s.

1855. Milax: Gray, Cat. Pidmon. Brit. Mus., i, p. 174.
1868. Lallemantia [n. gen.] : Mabille, Rev. & Mag. Zool.,

Ser. II, torn, xx, p. 143.
n876. Palizzolia : Bourguignat, Bull. Soc. Sci. phys. &

nat. Toidouse, iii, p. 59.
1882. Pirainea : Lessona & Pollonera, Monog. Limacidi

Ital., p. 57. (Mem,. Accad. Sci. Torino,

Ser. II, torn, xxxv, 1884, p. 103.)

Sub-gen. : Tandonia, Lessona & Pollonera.
Etym. : — Named in honour of Moquin-Tandon.
Ty2)e : — Milax sowerhii (Ferussac).

1882. Tandonia : Lessona & Pollonera, Monog.
Limacidi Itcd., p. 54. (Mem. Accad. Sci.
Torino, Ser. II, torn, xxxv, 1884, p. 100.)

1. Milax (s.s.) gagates (Draparnaud).

Etym. : — Gr. yayar?;?, jet, brown coal, or lignite.

1801. Limax gagates : Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll. France, p. 100.
1805. Limax gagates : D'rkta.v.^a.vd, Hist. Moll. France, ^.122,

pi. ix, f. 1 & 2.
1824. Limax maurus, N. : Quoy & Gaimard, Voy. Uranie,

Zool, p. 427.
1826. Limax gagates, Drap. : Risso, Hist. Nat. Europ. merid.,

iv, p. 55.
1839. Limax carenata, d'Orb. : Orbigny, in Webb & Berthelot,

Hist. Nat. lies Canaries, ii, pt. 2, p. 47,

pi. iii, f. 4-8.

MI LAX 205

Post "I Limax (jagatcs ? var. Ferussac : Brown, Illust. Conch.
Sept. [ Brit., cd. 2, p. 56, pi. xviii*, f. 21; p. 131,

1840. J 1843, pi. Iviii, f. 4 & 5 ; pi. lix, f. 2-6.

1845. Limax gagates ? var. Ferussac : Brown, Illust. L. &

F.-W. Conch. Brit., p. 94, pi. ix, f. 30;

pi. XXV, f. 14-20.
1852. Limax gagates, Draparnaud : Forbes & Hanley, Hist.

Brit. Moll, iv, p. 24, pi. D, D, D, f. 4.
1852. Limax fuliginosus (Gould) : Gould, in U.S. Explor.

Exped., xii, p. 5, pi. i, f. 4.
I 1854. Limax carinata [sic], d'Orb. : Gray, List Shells Canaries

Brit. Mus., p. 9.

1855,1 M ilax Gagates, Drap. : Guay, Cat. Puhnonata Brit. Mus.,

! Apr. / i, p. 174.

1855 i •

. ' > Milax carinatus [sic] d'Orb. : Gray, t. c, p. 176.

1855 1

. ' y Milax antipodarum [n. sp.] : Gray, t. c, p. 177.

1855,\ Limax {Amalia) gagates, Drap. : Moquin-Tandon, Hist.
Sept.j Moll. France, ii, p. 19, pi. ii, f. 1-3.

! 1857. Li )nax gagates, Drap. : Gray, Turton's Manual, new ed.,
I p. 84.

j 1859. Limax polyptyelus [n. nov.] : Bourguignat, Amenit.

Malac, ii, p. 143 [for L. carenata, d'Orb.].
I 1859. Limax drymonius [n. sp.] : Bourguignat, I. c.
I ?1862. Limax scaptobius [n. sp.] : Bourguignat, Spicileg.

Malac, p. 43.
I 1862. Limax gagates, Draparnaud : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch.,
I i, p. 131.

1863. Limax gagates, Draparnaud : Reeve, L. dc F.-W. Moll.
■ Brit. Is., p. 19, fig.

I 1868. Lallemantia polyptyela (Bourg.) : Mabille, Rev. & Mag.
\ Zool., Ser. II, toni. xx, p. 143.

1868. Milax atratus [n. sp.] : Mabille, t. c, p. 144.
1872. Limax (Amalia) Hewstoni, Cp. n. s. : Cooper, Proc. Acad.
j Nat. Sci. Philad., 1872, p. 147, pi. iii, f. Bl-5.

1876. Amalia marginata, mut. gagates, Drap. : Pini, Bull.
Soc. Malac. Itai, ii, p. 107.
i?1876. Palizzolia Monterosati [n. sp.] : Bourguignat, Bull. Sec.
Sci. phys. & nal. Toulouse, iii, p. 59.
1881. Milax Tasmanicus, nov. sp. : Tate, Papers R. Soc.
Tasmania, 1880, p. 16.

1881. Milax nigricolus, nov. sp. : Tate, t. c, j). 17. [Tryon

spells this " nigricollus."]

1882. Amalia (Pirainea) insularis, nobis : Lessona &

Pollonera, Monoq. Limacidi Ital., p. 57,
pi. i, f. 32 & 33. [Mem. Accad. Sci. Torino,
Ser. II, torn, xxxv, 1884, p. 103, pi. i, f. 32
& 33.)

206 LIMACID^

1882. Amalia {Pirainea) doderleini, nobis : Lessona &

PoLLONERA, o. c, p. 58, pi. i, f. 22-25.

(t. c, p. 104, pi. i, f. 22-25.)
1882. Amalia {Pirainea) sicula, nobis : Lessona & Pollonera,

0. c, p. 58, pi. i, f. 18-21. {t. c, p. 104, pi. i,

f. 18-21.)
1882. Amalia (Pirainea) gagates, Drap. : Lessona &

Pollonera, o. c, p. 59, pi. i, f. 14-17.

{t. c, p. 105, pi. i, f. 14-17.)
1882. Amalia {Pirainea) ichnusce, nobis : Lessona &

Pollonera, o. c, p. 60, pi. i, f. 26 & 27.

{t. c, p. 106, pi. i, f. 26 & 27.)
1891, \ Amalia mediterranea, nov. : Cockerell, Ann. <& Mag.
Apr. j Nat. Hist., Ser. VI, vol. vii, p. 331.

1891, \ Amalia cabiliana, n. sp. : Pollonera, Bull. Mus. Zool.
Apr. j Univ. Torino, vi, no. 100, p. 4.

1896. Amalia gagates, Draparnaud : Adams, Collect. Manual

Brit. Shells, ed. 2, p. 31.

1897. Amalia Babori, n. sp. : Collinge, Proc. Malac. Sac.

Lond., ii, p. 294.
1904. Milax gagates (Draparnaud) : Taylor, Monog. Moll.
Brit. Is. [ii], p. 139, pi. xv, f. 9-14.

First recorded as British in 1840, by W. Thompson {Ann.
& Mag. Nat. Hist., vi, p. 205, in special paragraph).
British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

2. Milax (Tandonia) sowerbii (Ferussac).

Etym. : — Named in honour of the celebrated naturalist and
illustrator.

?1774. Litnax marginatus : Mueller, Verm. Hist., ii, p. 10.
?1791. Limax marginatus, Miill. : Gmelin, in Linn. Syst. Nat.,

ed. 13, i, pt. 6, p. 3102, no. 10.
1801. Limax marginatus : Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll. France,

p. 103.
1805. Limax marginatus : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. France,

p. 124, pi. ix, f. 7.
1819. Limax carinatus : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop. (proofs),

p. 73.
1823. Limax Soiverbii, nobis : Ferussac, Hist. Nat. Moll,

ii, p. 96^, pi. viii, f. 5 & 6.
1826. Limax marginatus, Drap. : Risso, Hist. Nat. Europ.

nierid., iv, p. 56. j

1826. Limax carinatus, (N.) ; Risso, t. c, p. 56. |

1831. Limacellus unguiculus, Brard : Turton, Manual, p. 25,

f. 15. [Nan Brard.]
1831. Limax carinatus. Leach: Leach, in Turton's Manual,,

p. 25, in synon. ,

207

Limax carinatus, Leach : Gray, Turton's Manual, new
ed., p. 115, pi. iii, f. 15 and text fig.

Limax carinatus, Leach : Brown, Illust. Conch. Brit.,
ed. 2, p. 55, pi. xviii*, f. 19.

Limax Sowerbii, Ferussac : Brown, o. c, p. 131, pi. Iviii,

f. 6 ; pi. lix, {. 14.
Limax carinatus. Leach : Brown, Illust. L. & F.-W.

Conch. Brit., p. 92, pi. ix, f. 28.
Limax Soiverhi, Ferussac : Brown, o. c, p. 128, pi. xxv,

f. 12 & 13.
Krynickillus Eichwaldi, mihi : Kaleniczenko, Bull. Soc.

Nats. Moscou, xxiv, p. 226, pi. vi, f. 1.
) Limax Sotverhii, Ferussac : Forbes & Hanley, Hist,
j Brit. Moll., iv, p. 22, pi. E, E, E, f. 3.

Limax carinatus : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop., p. 54,

pi. viii, f. 3.
Limax Sowerbii, Fcr. : Gray, Cat. Pulmonata Brit. Mus.,

i, p. 175.
Limax (Amalia) marginatus, Miill. : Moquin-Tandon,

Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 21, pi. ii, f. 4-17.
Limax Sowerbii, Ferussac : Gray, Turton's Manual,

new ed., p. 83, fig. 30, and pi. iii, f. 15.
Limax argilaceus [n. sp.] : Gassies, Actes Soc. Linn.

Bordeaux, xxii, p. 232.
Limax Eremiophilus [n. sp.] : Bourguignat, Rev. &

Mag. Zool., Ser. II, torn, xiii, p. 303.

{Spicileg Malac, 1862, p. 38, pi. i, f. 3 & 4.)
Limax marginatus, Miiller : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i,

p. 132.
Limax Sowerbyi, Ferussac : Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., p. 17, fig.
Milax marginatus, Miill. : Morch, Journ. de Conchyl.,

xiii, p. 378.
Limax Etruscus [n. sp.] : Issel, in Gentiluomo, Bull,

Malac. Ital., i, p. 69, pi. v, f. 1 & 2.
Amalia marginata, Drap. : Pini, Bull. Soc. Malac. Ital.,

ii, p. 104.
Amalia marqinata, Drap. : Clessin, Dcutsch. Excur.

Moll. Fauna, p. 29, f. 4.
Amalia Hessei, n. sp. : Boettger, Nachrbl. Deutsch.

Malak. Gesell., xiv, p. 96.
Amalia (Tandonia) marginata, Drap. : Lessoxa &

PoLLONERA, Monog. Limacidi Ital., p. 54,

pi. i, f. 13. (Mem. Accad. Sci. Torino,

Ser II, torn, xxxv, 1884, p. 100, pi. i, f. 13.)
1882. Amalia (Tandonia) carinata, Risso : Lessona & Pollo-

NERA, 0. c, p. 55, pi. i, f. 10-12, 30 & 31.

(t. c, p. 101, pi. i, f. 10-12, 30 & 31.)

1840,
Apr.
Post

Sept.
1840.
1843.

1845.

1845.

1851.

1852,
Jan.
! 1852,
i Feb.
1 1855,
I Apr.
' 1855,
1 Sept.
1 1857.

1858.

1861.

I 1862.
: 1863.

1865.
, 1868.
I 1876.

1876.

1882.

1882.

208 EULOTID^

1882. Amalia {Tandonia) tyrrena, nobis : Lessona & Pollo-

NERA, 0. c, p. 56, pi. i, f. 34-38. {t. c,

p. 102, pi. i, f. 34-38.)
1882. Amalia {Tandonia) etrusca, Issel : Lessona & Pollo-

NERA, 0. c, p. 57. {t. c, p. 103.)
1896. Amalia Sowerbyi, Ferussac : Adams, Collect. Manual

Brit. Shells, ed. 2, p. 32, pi. i, f. 10.
1904. Milax Sowerbii (Ferussac) : Taylor, Monog. Moll. Brit.

Is. [ii], p. 151, pi. XV, f. 15-20.

First recorded as British in 1823, by Ferussac. (See

ref. above.)
N.B. — The species occurs in Leach's unpublished proofs

circulated c. 1819 as Limax carinatus. (See ref.

above.)
British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

Fam. : EULOTID^.

Genus : 1. EULOTA, Hartmann.

Etym. : — Gr. m -\- Lat. lotus, well washed.
Type : — Helix fruticum, Miiller.
(Helix, Fruticicola, vett. auctt.)

1840. Eulota : Hartmann, Gasteropoden, pp. 46 & 179, pis,
Ixiii & Ixiv.

1. Eulota fruticum (Miiller).
Etym. ; — Lat. frutex, a shrub.

1774. Helix fruticum : Muller, Verm. Hist., ii, p. 7L

1791. Helix fruticum: Gmelin, in Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 13, i,

pt. 6, p. 3635.
1791. Helix terrestris : Gmelin, o. c, p. 3639. [Tes^e Drapar-

naud and Fitzinger.]
1801,1 Helix cinerea : Poiret, Coq. Aisne, p. 73. [Teste
Apr. j Lamarck.]

1S0l,\ Helix fruticum: Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll. France,
July./ p. 73.

1801, ) Helix Lucana, nob. : Vallot, Exer. Hist. Nat., p. 4.
Aug./ [Tes^e Drouet.] [A'o». Muller.]

1805. Helix fruticum, Miill. : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. France,

p. 83, pi. v, f. 16.
1807. Helix fruticum : G. Hartmann, Alpina, ii, p. 224.
1815. Helix fruticum : Brard, Hist. Coq. Paris, p. 58, pi. ii,

f. 13.
1817. Helix fruticum. Mull. : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii, p. 925.

EULOTA 209

1821. Helix fruticum, Miill. : C. Pfeiffer, Naturg. Deutsch.

Moll, i, p. 23, pi. ii, f. 3-5.
1821. Helix {HcIicelJa) fruticum, Muller : Ferussac, Tab!, syst.

Liiiia^oits, Jan. ed., p. 47 (June ed., p. 43).
1833. HeJicella frulicuiii, Ferussac : Fitzinger, Beitr. Landesk.

Ocsterr., iii, p. 95.
1837. Helix {Bradi/bcrna) fruticum, 0. Miill. : Beck, Index

Moll., p.' 19.

1837. Fruticicola fruticum. Miill. : Held, his, xxx, lift. 12,

col. 914.

1838. Helix {Cernuclla) fruticum., m. (Miill.) : Schluter,

Kurz. syst. Verzeichn., p. 6.
1840. Eulota fruticum : Hartmann, Gasleropoden, pp. 46 &

179, pis. Ixiii & Ixiv.
1847. Helix Lua, Ch. : Nardo, Sinon. Species Chiereghini,

col. 87.
1850. Helix [Fruticicola) fruticum, Miill. : Albers, Heliceen,

p. 70.
1855, "( H ygromia fruticum, Miill. : H. & A. Adams, Genera Moll.,
June. J ii, p. 214.

1855, \ Helix {Hygromia) fruticum, Miill. : Pfeiffer, Malak.
Nov. j Blcitt., ii, p. 127.

1856. Helix (Hygromane) fruticum, Miill. : Moquin-Tandon,

Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 196, pi. xvi, f. 1-4.
1860. Fruticicola {Eulota) fruticum, Miill. : Martens, in Albers,

Heliceen, ed. 2, p. 103.

1888. Helix fruticola. Nob. [n. nov.] : Chatexier, Cat. Moll.

Drome, p. 9.

1889. Helix [Eulota) fruticum:, Miill. : Westerlund, Fauna

Palciarct. Region, ii, p. 152.
1909. Eulota fruticum (Miiller) : Taylor, Monog. Moll. Brit.
Is. [iii], p. 205, figs.

[Germain [Moll. France, ii, p. 86) gives as synonyms : —

Helix mosellica, Bourg. ; H. auhiniana, Bourg. ;

H. lemonia, Bourg. ; H. suhfruticum, Locard ; H.

gratianensis, Bourg. ; and H. dumorum, Bourg.]
First recorded as British in 1843, by J. i\Iorris [Cat.

Brit. Foss., p. 147), from the Pleistocene of Stutton.
British Distribution in Time : Pliocene (?), Pleistocene

and Recent.

N.-M. MOLL.

210 HELICID^

Fam. : HELICIDiE.

(Sub-fam. : Helicin^.)^

Genus : 1. CERNUELLA, Schliiter.

Etym. : — Lat. dimin. of cernuus, facing the earth.

Type : — Helix variabilis, Draparnaud = virgata, DaCosta.

(Selected by Gude & Woodward, 1921.)
{Helix, Helicella, vett. auctt.)

1821, \ Helicella [pars] : Ferussac, Tahl. sijst. Limagons, Jan,
Jan. j ed., p. 41 (June ed., p. 37).

1837. Xerophila [pars] : Held, Isis, xxx, hft. 12, col. 913.

1838. CernueUa : Schluter, Kurz. syst. Verzeichn., p. 6.

J^^* 1 Heliomanes : Brown, Illusf. Conch. Brit., ed. 2, p. 49.

^^P^- r [Non Newman, March, 1840 (Coleopt.).]

1840. j

1856. Heliomane : Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll. France, ii,

p. 259.
1892. Xeroampulla :] Monterosato, Atti Accad Sci. Palermo,

Xerofusca : j Ser. Ill, vol. ii [Classe Sci., no. 2], p. 22.

Xerolauta : \

Xerolincta : \ Monterosato, t. c, p. 23.
Xerolceta :

Iceta : I
Xerovaria : ]
Xerambigua : '
Xerolutea :
Xeromngna
Xeropicta :
Xerobulla :
Xeromunda
Xerocauta :
Xerovera :
Xerolissa :

Monterosato, t. c., p. 24.

Monterosato, t. c., p. 25.

1. CernueUa virgata (DaCosta).
Etym. : — Lat. virgatus, striped.

?1777. Helix zonaria, var. : Pennant, Brit. Zool., iv, 8vo,

p. 138; 4to, p. 119, pi. Ixxxv, f. 133a.
1778. Cochlea virgata : DaCosta, Test. Brit., p. 79, pi. iv, f. 7.
1791. Helix zonaria [pars] : Gmelin, in Linn. Syst. Nat.,
ed. 13, i, pt. 6, p. 3632.

1 The first five genera here following have for some years been classed as
sub-genera of Helicella, a name to which they were not entitled, as pointed
out by Gude & Woodward, See Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., xiv, 1921, p. 175.
In the same paper (pp. 181-184) details were set forth concerning those
sub-genera in the light of contemporary knowledge ; the present arrangement
is consequent upon later study of the group.

CERNUELLA 211

1799. Helix virgala : Pulteney, Cat. Dorset., p. 47.

1800. Helix zonaria, Linn. : Donovan, Brit. Shells, ii, pi. Ixv,

'. '> Helix fasciolata : Poiret, Coq. Aisne, p. 79.

1801, \ Helix suhalbida : Poiret, o. c, p. 83. [Teste Ferussac,

Apr. / Essai, 1807.]

1801,1 Helix variabilis : Draparnaud, Tahl. Moll. France,

July./ p. 73.

1803. Helix virgala, Pult. : Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 415,

pi. xxiv, f. 1.
1805. Helix variabilis : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. France,

p. 84, pi. V, f. 11-13.
1807. Helix virgala : Maton & Rackett, Trans. Linn. Soc,

viii, p. 195.
1813. Helix virgala : Rackett, in Pulteney, Cat. Dorset., ed. 2,

p. 53, pi. XX, f. 7.
1817. Helix Pisana, Miill. [pars] : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii,

p. 911.
?1818. Helix elegans : Brown, Mem. Wernerian Nat. Hist. Soc,

ii, p. 528, pi. xxiv, f. 9. [A scalariform mon-
strosity, by some referred to Xerofhila itala.]
?1819,\ Helix disjuncla : Turton, Conch. Did., p. 61, f. 63.
Feb. j [N. 710V. for Brown's H. elegans {supra).]

1819. Teba virgala, Mont. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Sijnop. (proofs),

p. 93.
1821. Helix {Helicella) variabilis, Draparn. [pars] : Ferussac,

Tabl. syst. Limagons, Jan. ed., p. 48 (June

ed., p. 44).
. 1823. Helix pisana : [Brown], Ency. Brit., ed. 6, vi, p. 459.

1826. Helicella variabilis (Drap.) : Risso, Hist. Nat. Europ.

merid., iv, p. 71.
?1827. Caracolla elegans. Brown : Brown, Illusl. Conch. Brit.,
ed. 1, pi. xl, f. 28.

1827. Helix virgala, Mont. : Brown, o. c, pi. xl, f. 41-45

[f. 41 as riifescens].

1828. Helix variabilis, Drap. : C. Pfeiffer, Naturg. Deulsch.

Moll, iii, p. 28, pi. vi, f. 10 & 13.
1830,\ Helix monilifera, m. : Menke, Synop. Moll., ed. 2,
Apr. j p. 22.

1830. Helix virgala, Mont. : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc, xvi,

p. 334.

1831. Helix virgala, Montagu : Turton, Manual, p. 40, f. 31.
1831. Teba virgala: Leach, in Turton, Manual, p. 41, in

synon.
1831. Helix lauta. Prod. MS. : Lowe, Trans. Camh. Phil Soc,

iv, pt. 1, p. 53, pi. vi, f. 9.
1837. Helix (Theba) mariliina, Drp. [pars] : ) x; ^r- t^^^^

1837. Helix (ThclM)moniUfera,^linke: \^^'[^), ^ {f'''
1837. Helix {Theba) maculosa, Ziegl. : j ^^''''■' P" ^-^

212 HELICID.E

1837. Helix iTheba)ohsoleta,Zigl [sic]:} ^ n r r, M

1837. Helix (Theba) virgata, Mtg. : / ^'^^^' ^- ^■' ?' ^*-
1837,'^ Xerophila variabilis, Drap. : Held, his, xxx, hft. 12,
Dec. j col. 913.

1838. Helix {Cermtella) variabilis, m. (Dr.) : Schluter, Kurz.

syst. Verzeichn., p. G.
Ante ) Helix hirizans, n. : Costa, Fauna Reg. Napoli, Gast.

1839. J Polmon., Helix, p. 30.

1840,') Helix (Heliomanes) virgata, Montagu : Gray, Turton's

Apr. J Manual, new ed., p. 160, pi. iv, f. 31.

Post ]

Q I Helix {Heliomanes) virgata, Montagu : Brown, Illus.

^gPj- j Conch. Brit., ed. 2, p. 49, pi. xvii, f. 41-45.

1842. Euparypha variabilis : Hartmann, Erd.- & Silssw.-

Gasterop., p. 144.
1845. Helix {Heliomanes) virgata, Montagu : Brown, Ulust. L. &

F.-W. Conch. Brit., p. 73, pi. viii, f. 1-5.

1849. Helix arenosa, Ziegl. in Rossm. : Dupuy, Hist. Nat.

Moll. France, p. 291, pi. xiii, f. 9. [Non
Ziegler.]

1850. Helix {Xerophila) variabilis, Drp. : Albers, Heliceen, p. 75. ,
1852. Helix virgata, DaCosta : Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll,

iv, p. 57, pi. cxvii, f. 10.
1852. Teba virgata, Mont. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop., p. 68.

1856. Helix {Heliomane) variabilis, Drap. : Moquin-Tandon,

Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 262, pi. xix, f. 21-26.

1857. Helix {Heliomanes) virgata, DaCosta : Gray, Turton's

Manual, new ed., p. 124, pi. iv, f. 31.
1859. Helix lineata, Olivi, var. 2 : L'Hopital, Bull. Soc. Linn. I
Normandie, iv, p. 104. [No7i Olivi "?] j

1862. Helix virgata, DaCosta : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i, i

p. 210; V, pi. xiii, f. 2. '

1863. Helix virgata, DaCosta : Reeve, L. tfc F.-W. Brit. Is., i

p. 69, figs. i

1865. Jacosta variabilis, Drp. : Morch, Journ. de Conchyl., i

xiii, p. 386. j

1878. Theba virgata, Costa : Jousseaume, Bull. Soc. Zool. j

France, iii, p. 211, pi. v, f. 7 & 8. j

1882. Helix lineata, Locard : Locard, Prod. Malac. France, j

p. 117. [Non Olivi.] i
1889. Helix {Xerophila) virgata, DaCosta : Westerlund,

Fauna Paldarct. Region, ii, p. 165.

1892. Xerophila {Xerolauta) virgata : Monterosato, Atti '

Accad. Sci. Palermo, Ser. Ill, vol. ii, p. 22. |

1892. Xerophila {Xerolauta) variabilis : Monterosato, I. c. '

1895. Helicella {Heliomanes) variabilis, Dr. :\Pilsbry, Man. \

1895. Helicella {Heliomanes) virgata, DaC. : J Conch., Ser. II, ;

vol. ix, p. 249. \
1902. Heliomanes {Helicopsis) variabilis, Drp. : Westerlund,

Rad Jugoslav. Akad., cli, p. 100.

XEROPHILA 213

1904. Xerophila (Helicopsis) variabilis, Drap. : KoBELT, in

Kossmassler, Icon., N.F. xi, p. 204.

1905. Helix Palavasensis, Germain : Germain, Bull. Soc. Set.

Elbeuf, xxiii, p. 53. [N. nov. for H. lineata,
Locard, non Olivi.]
1921,) Helicopsis {Cernuclla) vinjata, DaCosta : Gude & WoOD-
Oct. ( WARD, Proc. Malac. Soc., xiv, p. 182.

1091 I J(^^osta (Cernuella) virgata, DaCosta: Gude & WooD-
ir"^'- WARD, Ann. <& Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. IX,

■^*^^- [ vol. viii, p. 625.

1921. Xerophila (Heliomanes) virqata (DaCosta) : Taylor,

Monog. Moll. Brit. Is. [iv], p. 143.

[Helix lineata, Olivi (Zool. Adriat., 1792, p. 177) and

H. maritima, Draparnaud {Hist. Moll. France, 1805,

p. 85, pi. V, f. 9 & 10), have been largely cited as

varieties of this species, but there are grave doubts

as to their identity and consequently they are here

omitted.

Germain {Moll. France, ii, p. 97) gives as synonyms : —

Helix luteata, Locard {non Parr.) ; H. astata, Bourg. ;

H. plenaria, hocavd; H. arenivaga,Ma,h.; H.leonis,

Loc. ; H. privatiformis, Hagenm. ; H. lentipes, Loc. ;

and H. petrophila, Loc. Innumerable additional

names have been given by continental writers to

more or less inconstant varieties of this species that

are here disregarded.]

First recorded as British in 1685, by M. Lister {Hist.

Conch., i, pi. lix, f. 56).
British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

Genus : 2. XEROPHILA, Held.

Etym. : — Gr. ^epo's + <^tAos, a lover of dry places.

Type : — Helix itala, Linne (selected under the synonym of H.

ericetorum, Miiller, by Von Martens, in Albers, Heliceen,

1860).
{Helix, Helicella, vett. auctt.)

1821, \ Helicella [pars] : Ferussac, Tabl. syst. Li masons, Jan.

Jan. / ed., p. 41 (June ed., p. 37).

1837. Xerophila : Held, Isis, xxx, hft. 12, col. 913.

1876. Planatella : Clessin, Deutsch. Excur. Moll. Fauna,

p. 143.
1879. Psevdoxerophila : Westerlund, in Westerlund & Blanc,

Apergu Faune Malac. Grece, p. 55.
1892. Xerolenta : \

MoNTEROSATO, Atfi Accad. Sci. Palermo,
Ser. Ill, vol. ii [Classc Sci., no. 2],
p. 24.

Xerolaxa :
Xerofriga :
Xerogyra :
Xerocincta

214 HELICID^

1. Xerophila itala (Linne).

Etyin. : — Lat. Italus, Italian.

1758. Helix itala : Linn^us, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 772, no. 598.

1767. Helix itala : Linn^us, o. c, ed. 12, p. 1245, no. 683.

1774. Helix ericetoruni : Muller, Verm. Hi.st., ii, p. 33.

1777. Helix albella, Linn. : Pennant, Brit. Zool., ed. 4, iv,

8vo, p. 132; 4to, p. 115, pi. Ixxxv, f. 122.

1778. Helix erica : DaCosta, Test. Brit., p. 53, pi. iv, f. 8.
1791. Helix ericetorum : Gmelin, in Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 13,

i, pt. 6, p. 3632, no. 65.
1791. Helix itala : Gmelin, t. c, p. 3636, no. 81.

1798. Angaria lineata : Bolten, Mus. Bolt., ii, p. 71, no. 916.

1799. Helix ericetorxim : Pulteney, Cat. Dorset., p. 47.
1801. Helix ericetorum, vars. p & y, Jliill. : Draparnaud, Tabl.

Moll. France, p. 92.

1803. Helix ericetorum., Gmel. : Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 437.

1805. Helix ericetorum, vars. p & y, Mull. : Draparnaud, Hist.
Moll. France, p. 107, pi. vi, f. 16 & 17 [by
error f. 12].

1807. Helix ericetorum : Maton & Rackett, Trans. Linn.
Soc, viii, p. 194.

1813. Helix ericetorum : Rackett, in Pulteney, Cat. Dorset.,
ed. 2, p. 53, pi. XX, f. 8.

1815. Vortex ericetorum: Oken, Lehrh. Naturg., iii, abth. i, p. 314.

1817. Helix ericetorum, Miill. : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii, p. 910.

1817. Helix itala, Linn. : Dillwyn, t. c, p. 929.
?1818. Helix elegans : Brown, Mem. Wernerian Soc. Nat. Hist.,
ii, p. 528, pi. xxiv, f . 9. [A scalariform mon-
strosity, by some identified with Cernuella
virgata.]

,,c;,fj (Helix disjuncta : Turton, Conch. Diet., p. 61, f. 63.
■-p, 1 '- [Nom. nov. for the H. elegans of

■^^''- [ 1818.]

[Nom. nov. for the H. elegans of Brown,

1819. Zonites ericetorum, Miill. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.

(proofs), p. 101.
1821. Helix {Helicella) ericetorum, Muller: Ferussac, Tabl.

syst. Limagons, Jan. ed., p. 48 (June ed.,

p. 44); Hist., pi. Ixxxv, f. 1-4.
1821. Helix neglecta, Drap. : Hartmann, Neue Alpina, i, p. 226.
1821. Helix cespitum, Drap. : C. Pfeiffer, Naturg. Deutsch.

Moll, i, p. 39, pi. ii, f. 24 & 25.
1823. Helix ericetorum : [Brown], Ency. Brit., ed. 6, vi, p. 459.
1827. Helix ericetorum, Mont. : Brown, Illust. Conch. Brit.,

ed. 1, pi. xl, f. 21 [22], 23 & 24.
?1827. Carocolla elegans. Brown : Brown, o. c, pi. xl, f. 28.

[See supra, 1818.]
1830. Helix ericetorum, Miill. : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc,

xvi, p. 339.

XEROPHILA 215

1831. Helix ericetorum, Montagu : Turton, Manual p 54

f. 37. ' ^' '

1831. Zoniles ericetorum: Leach, in Turton, Manual, p. 54,

in synon.
1833. Oxychilus ericetorum, mihi : Fitzinger, Beitr. Landesk.

Oesterr., iii, p. 100.
1837. Helix (Theba) ericetorum, 0. Mull. : Beck, Index Moll

p. 13.

1837. Xerophila ericetorum. Mull. : Held, I sis, xxx hft 12

col. 913. ' ' '

1838. Helix arenosa, Ziegl. : Rossmassler, Icon., hft. 7

(Bd. ii), p. 34, f. 519. (First mentioned in

Bd. i, 1835, p. 68.)
1840,\ Helix {Heliomanes) ericetorum, Muller : Gray, Turton's
Apr. / Manual, new ed., p. 163, pi. iv, f. 37.

Post "j Helix (Heliomanes) ericilorum [sic], Muller : Brown,
Sept.,'- Illust. Conch. Brit., ed. 2, p. 50, pi. xvii'

1840. j f. 21-23, 28&34. ^ ' i

1845. Helix (Heliomanes) ericitorum [sic], Miiller : Brown,

Illust. L. & F.-W. Conch. Brit., p. 76. pi. viii'
f. 16-19. ^

1846. Helix erycetorum [sic], Miill. : Porro, Coll. Mus. Medio-

lan., Moll., p. 4.

1847. Helix (Teba) ericetorum, Miill. : Beck, Amtl. Ber. 24.

Versamml. Deutsch. Naturf., p. 122.

1847. Theba (Oxychilus) ericetorum : Gray, Proc. Zool Soc

XV, p. 173.

1848. Helix kiisteri, mihi : Held, Jakresh. K. Kreis- Land-

wirth.- & Gewerbs-Schule Miinchen, 1848-9,

p. 22.
1850. Helix (Xerophila) ericetorum. Mull. : Albers, Heliceen

p. 75.
1852. Helix ericetorum, Muller : Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll.

iv, p. 61, pi. cxvii, f. 4.
1852. Zonites ericetorum, Miill. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.,

p. 73.

1856. Helix (Helicella) ericetorum. Mull. : Moquin-Tandox,

Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 252, pi. xviii
f. 30-33; xix, f. 1-3.

1857. Helix (Heliomanes) ericetorum, Miiller : Gray, Turton's

Manual, new cd., p. 127, pi. iv, f. 37.

1862. Helix ericetorum, Miiller : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch i

p. 216; V, pi. xiii, f. 4.

1863. Helix ericetorum, Miiller: Reeve, L. & F -W Moll

Brit. Is., p. 71, figs.

1864. Jacosta ericetorum. Mull. : Morch, Sunop. Moll. Danice

p. 20.
1876. Xerophila (Planatella) ericetorum, Miiller : Clessin,
Deutsch. Excur. Moll. Fauna, p. 143, f. 82.

216 HELICID^

1888. Helix criceticola, Nob. : Chatenier, Cat. Moll. Drome,

p. 16.
1892. Helix (Xerophila) lampra, n. sp. : Westerlund, Ver-

liandl. Zool.-bot. Gesell. Wien, xlii, p. 33.
1892. Xerophila {Xerolaxa) ericetorum : Monterosato, Atti

Accad. Sci. Palermo, Ser. Ill, vol. ii, p. 24.
1895. Helicella (s.s.) ericetorum, Miill. : Pilsbry, Man. Conch.,

Ser. II, vol. ix, p. 252.
1902. Heliomancs (Xerophila) ericetorum, Miill. : Westerlund,

Rad Jugoslav. Akad., cli, p. 100.
1921,) Hclicopsis [Xerophila) iiala, Linn. : Gude & WooD-
Oct. / WARD, Proc. Malac. Soc, xiv, p. 182.

[ Jacosta [Xerophila) itala, Linn. : Gude & Woodward,
|. '- Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. IX, vol. viii,

-^*'^- [ p. 625.

1921,) Xerophila itala (Linne) : Taylor, Monog. Moll. Brit.
Dec. j Is. [iv], p. 114, pi. xi.

[Germain [Moll. France, ii, p. 105) cites as synonyms : —
Helix virgullorum, Bourg. ; H. morhihana, Bourg. ;
H. Tardyi, Bourg. ; H. suhulivaga, Mab. ; H. novio-
dunensis, Locard ; and H. avernorum, Locard.]

First recorded as British in 1674, by M. Lister [Phil.
Trans., ix, p. 99, pi. ii, f. 12).

British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

2. Xerophila neglecta (Draparnaud).
Etym. : — Lat. neglecta, overlooked.

1805. Helix neglecta : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. France, p. 108,

pi. vi, f. [12 &] 13.
1821. Helix [Helicella) yieglecta, Draparn. : Ferussac, Tabl.

syst. Limaqons, Jan. ed., p. 48 (June ed.,

p. 44).
1821. Helix ericetorum, Mtill. : C. Pfeiffer, Naturg. Deiitsch.

Moll, i, p. 38, pi. ii, f. 23.
1837. Helix [Theba) neglecta, Drp. : Beck, Index Moll, p. 13.
1837. Xerophila neglecta Drap. : Held, Isis, xxx, hft. 12,

col. 913.

1850. Helix [Xerophila) neglecta, Drp. : Albers, Heliceen,

p. 75.

1851. Helix [Xerophila) Nilssoniana, Bk. : Malm, Gotheh. K.

Vet. & Vitt. SamhaUes Handl., N.F. ii,
p. 119. [Non Beck.]

1855. Theha neglecta, Drap. : H. & A. Adams, Genera Moll, ii,

p. 216.

1856. Helix [Helicella) 7\eglecta, Drap. : Moquin-Tandon,

Hist. Moll France, ii, p. 250, pi. xviii, f.
27-29.

I

HELICOPSIS 217

1865. Jacosta neglecla, Drp. : Morch, Journ. de Conchyl., xiii,

p. 386.
11878. Theba ericcteUa, nobis : Jousseaume, Bull. Soc. Zool.

France, iii, p. 229, pi. v, f. 11 & 12.
1892. Xerojphila {Xerocincta) necjlecta : Monterosato, Alti

Accad. Sci. Palermo, Ser. Ill, vol. ii [Classe

Sci., no. 2], p. 24.
1895. Helicella (s.s.) neqlecta, Drap. : Pilsbry, Man. Conch.,

Ser. il, vol. ix, p. 252.
1904. Xerojphila (Helicopsis) neglecla, Drap. : Kobelt, in

Rossmiissler, Icon., N.F. xi, p. 204.
1921,) Helicopsis (Xerophila) neglccta, Drap. : Gude & WooD-
Oct. j WARD, Proc. Malac. Soc, xiv, p. 188.

1Q91 I "^^*^<^*'^ (Xerophila) neglecla, Drap. : Gude & WooD-
^ \ WARD, Ann. ct- Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser IX,

[ vol. viii, p. 625.

1921, \ Xerophila {Heliomanes) neglecla, Draparnaud : Taylor,
Dec. J Monog. Moll. Brit. Is. [iv], p. 137, pi. xi.

[Germain [Moll. France, ii, p. 106) gives as synonyms : —

Helix subneglecta, Bourg. ; H. trepidula, Serv. ; H.

Irepidulina, Loc. ; //. acosmela, Bourg. ; and H.

ericetorella, Servain.
Pfeiffer {Mon. Helic. Vivent., i, 1848, p. 164) cites in

synonymy : — " Helix clivorum, Hartm," and this has

been quoted on his authority.]
First recorded as British in 1917, by A. S. Kennard &

B. B. Woodward {Proc. Malac. Soc. Lond., xii,

p. 133).
British Distribution in Time : Recent.

Genus : 3. HELICOPSIS, Fitzinger.

Etym. : — Gr. IXi^ + oi//t?, like a helix.
Type : — Helix striata, Miiller.
{Helix, Helicella, vett. auctt.)

1821, \ Helicella [pars] : Ferussac, Tabl. sysl. Limagons, Jan.

Jan. j ed., p. 41 (June ed., p. 37).

1833. Helicopsis : Fitzinger, Beitr. Landcsk. Ocslerr., iii,

p. 101.
1837. Xerophila [pars] : Held, Isis, xxx, hft. 12, col.

913.
1876. Slriatelh, [pars] : Westerlund, Fauna Europ. Moll.

Exlramar., p. 105. [Non Brot, 1874

(TiaridcT).]
1892. Xeroelausa : ^ Monterosato, Alii Accad. Sci.

Xerolenta [pars] : - Palermo, Ser. Ill, vol. ii [Claase
Xerotringa [pars] : j Sci., no. 2], p. 22.

218 HELICID^

1. Helicopsis striata (Miillei).
Etym. : — Lat. striatus, grooved.

1774. Helix striata : Muller, Verm. Hist., ii, p. 38.

1791. Helix striata, Miill. : Gmelin, in Linn. Syst. Nat., cd. 13,

i, pt. 6, p. 3632.
1805. Helix striata [pars] : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. France,

p." 106, pi. vi, f . 18-20.
1817. Helix striata, Muller : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii, p. 928.
1821. Helix {Helicella) striata, Drap. [pars] : Ferussac, Tabl.

syst. Lima^ons, Jan. ed., p. 48 (June ed., p. 44).
1828. Helix costulata, Ziegler [MS.] : C. Ppeiffer, Naturg.

Deutsch. Moll, iii, p. 32, pi. vi, f. 21 & 22.
1833. Helicopsis striata, raihi : Fitzinger, Beilr. Landesk.

Oesterr., iii, p. 101.
1860. Helix {Xerophila) striata, Miill. : Martens, in Albers,

Heliceen, ed. 2, p. 111.
1878. Theha striata, Miill. : Jousseaume, Bull. Soc. Zool.

France, iii, p. 223, pi. v, f. 13 & 18.
1884. Xerophila (Striatinella) striata, Miiller : Clessin, Deutsch.

Exc\ir. Moll. Fauna, ed. 2, p. 196, f. 114.
1888. Helix {Candidula.) striata, Miiller : Tryon, Manual,

Ser. II. vol. iv, p. 7, pi. i, f. 24 & 25.
1892. Xerophila {Xeroalbina) striata : Monterosato, Atti

Accad. Sci. Palermo, Ser. Ill, vol. ii [Classe

Sci., no. 2], p. 23.
1895. Helicella (Candidula) striata, Miill. : Pilsbry, Manual,

Ser. II, vol. ix, p. 255.
1921,"! Helicopsis (s.s.) striata, Miiller : Gude & Woodward,
Oct. / Proc. Maine. Soc, xiv, p. 183.

1Q91 ( J^^osta {Helicopsis) striata, Miiller : Gude & Woodward,
\^ '\ Ann. <& Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. IX, vol. viii,

■^^^- [ p. 625.

[Beck {Index Moll., p. 11) gives a " H. narbonensis,
Requieu," as a synonym of Theha costulata, Zigl. [sic\,
and this reference has been quoted on his authority.

Germain {Moll. France, ii, p 110) gives as synonyms : —
Helix deana, Tassy ; and H. pleurestha, Tassy.]

First recorded as British in 1917, by A. S. Kennard &
B. B. Woodward {Proc. Geol. Assoc, xxviii, table
facing p. 190).

British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene.

Genus : 4. CANDIDULA, Kobelt.

Etym. : — Lat. dimin. of candidus, white.
Type : — Helix candidula, Studer.
{Helix, Helicella, vett. auctt.)

1821, \ Helicella [pars] : Ferussac, Tabl. syst. Limagons, Jan.
Jan. / ed., p. 41 (June ed., p. 37).

CANDIDULA 219

•1837. Xerophila [pars] : Held, Isis, xxx, lift. 12, col. 913.
1871. Candidula : Kobelt, Cat. Europ. Binmnconch., p. 22.
1876. Striatinella : Clessin, Deutsch. Excur. Moll. Fauna,

p. 149.
1876. Striatella [pars] : Westerlund, Fauna Europ. Moll.
Extramar., p. 105. [Non Brot, 1874
(Tiaridse).]
1892. Xerolena [pars] : ] Monterosato, Atti Accad. Sci.
Xerotringa [pars] : - Palermo, Ser. Ill, vol. ii [Classe
Xerovaga : ) Sci., no. 2], p. 22.

Xeroalhina : ' \

Xeromicra : - Monterosato, t. c, p. 23.

Xerotricha : j

1. fCandiduIa crayfordensis, Kennard & Woodward.
Etyin. : — Named after the type locality of Crayford, Kent.

1913. Helicella {Candidula) candidula, Studer : Kendall,

Journ. of Conch., xiv, p. 88. [Non Studer.]

1914. Helicella {Candidula) crayfordensis (A. S. Kennard MS.) :

Jackson, Journ. of Conch., xiv, p. 199.
[Nom. nud.]

1915. Helicella {Candidula) crayfordensis, n. sp. : Kennard &

Woodward, Proc. Malac. Soc, xi, p. 270,

figs-
First recorded as British in 1913, by C. E. Y. Kendall,

as Helicella, candidula. {See ref. above.)
British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene.

2. Candidula caperata (Montagu).
Etym. : — Lat. caperatus, wrinkled.

'a '\ Helix fasciolata : Poiret, Coq. Aisne, p. 79.

■ . ' > Helix intersecta : Poiret, o. c, p. 81.

[This name is accepted by French authors for this species,
but its identity appears doubtful.]
1801,^4 Helix striata : Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll. France, p. 91.
July./ [Non Miiller.]

1803. Helix caperata : Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 430, pi. xi,

f. 11.
1805. Helix striata [pars] : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. France,

p. 106.
1807. Helix caperata, Montagu : Maton & Rackett, Trans.

Linn. Soc, viii, p. 196.
1813. Helix caperata [pars] : Rackett, in Pulteney, Cat.

Dorset., ed. 2, p. 53.
1819. Tela caperata, Mont. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop. (proofs),

p. 97.

220 HELICTDiE

1821. Helix (Helicella) striata, Drap. [pars] : Ferussac, Tabl.

syst. Limagons, Jan. ed., p. 48 (June ed.,

p. 44).
1828. Helix striata, Drap. : C. Pfeiffer, Naturg. Deutsch.

Moll, iii, p. 31, pi. vi, f. 23.

1830. Helix caperaia, Mont. : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc,

xvi, p. 335.

1831. Helix caperata [pars] : Turton, Manual, p. 42.

1831. Teba caperata : Leach, in Turton, Manual, p. 42, in

synon.
1833. Helicopsis striata, mihi : Fitzinger, Beitr. Landesk.

Oesterr., iii, p. 101.
1837. Helix {Theba) intersecta, Poiret : Beck, Index Moll,

p. 12.
1837. Xerophila striata, Drap. : Held, Isis, xxx, lift. 12,

col. 913.
1840,\ Helix {Heliomanes) caperata, Montagu [pars] : Gray,
Apr. j Turton's Manual, new ed., p. 162.

I, I Helix {Heliomanes) caperata, Montagu [pars]: Brown,

^^P^- f Illust. Conch. Brit., ed. 2, p. 49.

1840. j

1845. Helix {Heliomanes) caperata, Montagu [pars] : Brown,
Illust. L. & F.-W. Conch. Brit., p. 74.

1850. Helix {Xerophila) striata, Drp. : Albers, Heliceen, p. 75.

1852. 'Teba caperata, Mont. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Sijnop., p. 70.

1852. Helix caperata, Montagu : Forbes & Hanley, Brit.
Moll., iv, p. 59, pi. cxvii, f. 7.

1855. Helix {Xerophila) caperata, Mont. : Pfeiffer, Malak.

Blatt., ii, p. 130.

1856. Helix {Zenobia) fasciolata, Poir. : Moquin-Tandon, Hist.

Moll. France, ii, p. 239, pi. xviii, f. 7-10.

1856. Helix {Zenobia) intersecta, Poir. : Moquin-Tandon, t. c,

p. 241, pi. xviii, f. 11 & 12.

1857. Helix {Heliomanes) fasciolata, Poiret [pars] : Gray,

Turton's Manual, new ed., p. 122.
1860. Helix {Xerophila) caperata, Mont. : Martens, in Albers,
Heliceen, ed, 2, p. 112.

1862. Helix caperata, Montagu : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i,

p. 213; V, pi. xiii, f. 3.

1863. Helix fasciolata, Poiret : Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moll. Brit.

Is., p. 70, figs.
1865. Jacosta fasciolata, Poiret : Morch, Journ. de Conchjl.,

xiii, p. 386.
1878. Theha intersecta, Poiret : Jousseaume, Bull. Soc. Zool.

France, iii, p. 221, pi. v, f. 23 & 24.

1888. Helix {Candidula) caperata, Mtg. : Tryon, Manual,

Ser. II, vol. iv, p. 14, pi. iii, f. 1, 3-5, 12 & 13.

1889. Helix {Xerophila) intersecta, Poir. : Westerlund, Fauna

Palaarct. Region, ii, p. 256.

CANDIDULA 221

1893. XeropMla {Xerovaga) caperala, Mtg. : Monterosato,
Atli Accad. Sci. Palermo, Ser. Ill, vol. ii
[Classe Sci., no. 2], p. 22.

1895. Helicella {Candidula) caperata, Mont. : Pilsbry, Manual,
Ser. II, vol. ix, p. 254.

[Germain (MoU. France, ii, p. 115) gives as synonyms : —
Helix olisippensi, Servain ; H. subinfersecta, Bourg. ;
H. herhanon, Servain; and H. pictonum, Bourg.
Innumerable additional names have been given by
continental writers to more or less inconstant varieties
of this species that are here disregarded.]

First described as British in 1803, by G. Montagu, as
Helix caperata. (See ref. above.)

British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

3. Candidula gigaxii (Charpentier MS., Pfeiffer).
Etym. : — Dedicated to a M. Gigax.

1803. Helix caperata [pars] : Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 432.

[Placed in the Portland cabinet by Dr.

Solander under the name apex-niger.]
1805. Helix striata, var. a : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. France,

p. 106, pi. vi, f. 19 & 20.
1813. Helix caperata [pars] : Rackett, in Pulteney, Cat.

Dorset., ed. 2, p. 53, pi. xix, f. 20.
1817. Helix crenulata, Miill. : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii, p. 895.

[Non Miiller.]
1821. Helix {Helicella) striata, Drap. [pars] : Ferussac, Tahl.

syst. Limagons, Jan. ed., p. 48 (June ed.,

p. 44) ; Hist., pi. Ixxxv, f. 9-13.
1823. Helix crenulata : [Brown], Ency. Brit., ed. 6, vi,

p. 4.57.
1827. Helix caperata, Mont, [pars] : Brown, Illust. Conch. Brit.,

ed., 1, pi. xl, f. 32 [i.e. 37] & 39.
1831. Helix caperata [pars] : Turton, Manual, p. 42,

f. 32.
1840, \ Helix {Heliomanes) caperata [pars] : Gray, Turton's
Apr. / Manual, new ed., p. 162, pi. iv, f. 32.

Post I Helix {Heliomanes) caperata, Montagu [pars] : Brown,
Sept. [ Illust. Conch. Brit., ed. 2, p. 49, pi. xvii,

1840.) f. 37 & 39.

1845. Helix {Heliomanes) caperata : Brown, Ulust. L. & F.-W.

Conch. Brit., p. 74, pi. viii, f. 6 & 7.
1848. Helix caperata, var. p \ Gigaxii, Charp. in sched. :

Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. Viv., i, p. 167.
1850,\ Helix Gigaxii, Charpentier [MS.] : Pfeiffer, Zeitschr.f.
Aug. J Malak., vii, p. 85.

1850. Helix {Xerophila) Gigaxii, Charp. : Albers, Heliceen,

p. 75.

222 HELICID^

1854. Helix derogata : Rossmassler, Icon., iii, p. 27, pi. Ixvii,

f. 833.

1855. Theba {Irus) Gigaxii, Charp. : H. & A. Adams, Genera

Moil., ii, p. 216.

1856. Helix (Zoiobia) fasciolata, 8 : Moquin-Tandon, Hist.

Moll. France, ii, p. 239.

1857. Helix {Heliomanes) fasciolata [pars] : Gray, Turton's

Manual, new ed., p. 122, pi. iv, f. 32.
1860. Helix {Xerophila) intersecta, Mich. : Martexs, in Albers,

Heliceen, ed. 2, p. 111. [Nan Michaud.]
1862. Helix caperata, var. 4, Gigaxii : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch.,

i, p. 214.
1877. Helix Heripensis, Jules Mabille in Sched. 1872 : Mabille,

Bull. Sac. Zool. France, ii, p. 304.
1881. Helix idanica, nob. : Locard, Mem. Acad. Sci. Lyon,

XXV, p. 51. [Teste Jackson, Journ. of Conch.,

xiv, p. 197.]
1883. Helix Lieuranensis, Bourguignat [MS.] : Locard, Con-

trih. Fauna Malac. France, vi, p. 23. {Ann.

Soc. Linn. Lyon, xxx, 1884, p. 19.) [Teste

Jackson, Journ. of Conch., xiv, p. 197.]
1883. Helix scrupellina, P. Fagot [MS.] : Locard, t. c, p. 61.

(t. c, p. 57.) [Teste Jackson, Journ. of

Conch., xiv, p. 197.]
1888. Helix (Candidula) Gigaxii, Charp. : Tryon, Manual,

Ser. II, vol. iv, p. 16, pi. iii, f. 25-27.
1892. Helix (Xerovaga) gigaxii : Monterosato, Atti Accad.

Sci. Palermo, Ser. Ill, vol. ii [Classe Sci.,

no. 2], p. 22.
1895. Helicella {Candidula) gigaxii, Charp. : Pilsbry, Manual,

Ser. II, vol. ix, p. 255.
1895. Helicella {Candidula) heripensis, Mab. : Pilsbry, Man.

Conch., Ser. II, vol. ix, p. 255.
1912. Helix {Candidula) heripensis, Mabille : Germain, Arch.

Mus. Hist. Nat. Lyon, xi, mem. 3, p. 95.

[Germain {Moll. France, ii, p. 114) considers the following
to be synonyms : — Helix gcsocribatensis, Bour-
guignat; H.lugdunica, Mabille; H. philora, Mabille;
H. Thuillieri, Mabille ; H. Taillandieri, Bourguignat ;
H. nomephila, Bourguignat ; H. ruida, Bourguignat ;
H. gavarnica, Bourguignat; H. pouzouensis. Fagot;
H. Coutagnei, Bourguignat; H. acentromfhala,
Bourguignat; H. mauriana, Bourguignat; H.
tolosana, Bourguignat; H. Grohoni, Bourguignat;
//. xeuelica, Servain; H. saxcea, Bourguignat;
H. Margieri, Fagot; H. Pauli, Bourguignat;
H. valcourtiana, Bourguignat ; H. crouziliana,
Fagot; H. Veranyi, Bourguignat; H. solaciaca,

XEROCLIVIA 223

Bourguignat ; //. loroglossicola, Mabille ; H. diniensis,
Rainbur ; H. Lauraguaisiana, Loc. ; H. Lemeslei,
Mab. ; //. scrupea, Bourg. ; and H. scitulosa. Fagot.]

First recorded as British in 1803, by G. Montagu, as a
var. of Helix caperata. (See ref. above.)

British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

Genus : 5. XEROCLIVIA, Monterosato.

Etym. : — Gr. i(p6<;, dry, and Lat. clivits, a hill.
Type : — Helix clegans, Gmelin.
{Helix, Helicella, vott. auctt.)

1821, \ Helicella [pars] : Ferussac, Tuhl. syst. Limagons, Jan.

Jan. J ed., p. 41 (June ed., p. 37).

1837. Xerophila [pars] : Held, Isis, xxx, hft. 12, col. 913.

1837. Turricula : Beck, Index Moll, p. 10. [Non Hermann,

1783 (Gastr.) ; nee Schumacher, 1817 (Pleuro-
tomida;).]

1838. TrocJntla : Schluter, Kurz. syst. Verzcichn., p. 7. [Non

Trochulus, Humphrey, 1797 (= Monodonta);
nee " Trochulus, Christ." Gray, 1847 {Helix
hispida, Linn.); 7iec Trochulus, Westerlund,
1886 {Petasinafulva, JVIiiller).]
1850 Crenea, subg. of Helix [pars] : Albers, Heliceen, p. 77.
[Non Risso, 1826.]

I ' Y * • I Monterosato, Atti Accad. Palermo, Ser.

i tr 7.7 ' I III, vol. ii [Classe Sci., no. 2], p. 25.

XerococMea :] ^ > j' r

1893. Tropidocochlis [pars] : Locard, ^change, ix, p. 97.

[*.^* Trochoidea, Brown, 1827, for " T. terrestre. Brown's
MS." {Hlust. Conch. Brit., pi. xli, f. 80 & 81, with
syn. " Torchus terrestris, Mont.") has been quoted
for this genus, under the belief that Brown was
I figuring the Helix elegans of Gmelin. His figures

I (possibly copied from Donovan) are, however, bad

and like neither elegans nor fulva, to which latter
he refers them in his second edition. Brown's name
is, therefore, inadmissible. {Cf. Gude & Woodward,
Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. IX, vol. viii, 1921,
p. 625.)]

j 1. Xeroclivia elegans (Gmelin).
I Etym. : — Lat. elegans, elegant.

1791. Helix elegans : Gmelin, in Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 13, pt. 6,
p. 3642.

224 HELICID^

J , ' [ Helix elegans : Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll. France, p. 70.

1801. Trochus terrestns, Penn. : Donovan, Brit. Shells, iii,

pi. cxi. [Non Pennant.]
1805. Helix elegans, Grael. : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. France,

p. 79, pi. V, f. 1 & 2.

1821. Helix (Helicella) elegans, Gmelin : Ferussac, Tabl. syst.

Limacons, Jan. ed., p. 49 (June ed., p. 45).

1822. Carocolla elegans : Lamarck, Hist. Anim. s. Vert., vi,

pt. 2, p. 100.
1826. Helicella elegans : Risso, Hist. Nat. Europ. merid., iv,

p. 69. [= Helix scitula, Cristof. & Jan, fide

Caziot.]
1826. Helicella solarium (N.) : Risso, t. c, p. 70. [Fide

Pfeiffer and Caziot.]
1837. Turricula elegans, Gm. : Beck, Index Moll., p. 10.

1837. Turricula depressa, B. : Beck, I. c.

1838. Helix (Trochula) elegans, m. (Gm.) : Schluter, Kurz.

syst. Verzeichn., p. 7.
1847. Theha [Trochidea [sic] elegans : Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc.

Lond., 1847, p. 173.
1850. Helix (Crenea) terrestris, Chemn. : Albers, Heliceen, p. 78.

1855. Iberus terrestris, Chem. : H. & A. Adams, Genera Moll.,

ii, p. 209.

1856. Helix {Heliomane) terrestris, Penn. : Moquin-Tandon,

Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 271, pi. xx, f. 6-12.
1860. Helix (Turricula) elegans, Gmel. : Martens, in Albers,

Heliceen, ed. 2, p. 116.
1881. Helix (Xerophila) elegans, Gmel. : Kobelt, Cat. Europ.

Binnenconch., ed. 2, p. 51.

1888. Helix {Turricula) terrestris, Pennant : Tryon, Manual,

Ser. II, vol. iv, p. 29, pi. vi, f. 59-62.

1889. Helix {Xerophila) terrestris, Penn. : Westerlund, Fauna

Paldarct. Region, ii, p. 354.
1895. Helicella {Trochula) terrestris, Penn. : Pilsbry, Manual,

Ser. II, vol. ix, p. 262.
1902. Hcliomanes {Turricula) terrestris, Penn. : Westerlund,

Rad Jugoslav. Akad., cli, p. 101.
1904. Trochula terrestris, Penn. : Kobelt, in Rossmassler,

Icon., N.F. xi, p. 208.
1921,) Helicopsis {Xeroclivia) elegans, Gmelin : Gude & WoOD-
Oct. J WARD, Proc. Malac. Soc., xiv, p. 183.

IQ91 { Jacosta {Xeroclivia) elegans, Gmelin: Gude & Wood-
j^ " '- WARD, Ay\n. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Ser. IX,

I vol. viii, p. 625.

[='%,* Trochoidea, Brown {Illust. Conch. Brit., ed. 1, 1827,
pi. xli, f. 80 & 81) has been erroneously cited as
referring to this sj^ecies. For discussion of the

cochlicellA ' 22b

question, See Gude & Woodward, Ann. <& Mag.

Nat. Hist., Ser. IX, vol. viii, p. 625.]
First recorded as British in 1891, by C. S. B. Cox (Journ.

of Couch., vi, p. 377). Earlier citations of the

name were due to errors of identification.
British Distribution in Time : Recent.

Genus : 6. COCHLICELLA, Ferussac.

Etyra. : — Lat. dimin. from Gr. KoxA.tas, a spiral shell.

Type : — Helix conoidea, Draparnaud (selected by Gray in 1847).

(Helix, Turbo, Bulimus, vett. auctt.)

1821. Cochlicella, subg. 11 of Helix: Ferussac, Tahl. sysl.

Liniagons, Jan. ed., p. 56 (June ed., p. 52).
1826. Cochlicella [as a genus] : Risso, Hist. Nat. Europ. merid.,

iv, p. 77.
1828. Longceva, Mhlfd. [MS. ?] : Menke, Synop. Moll, p. 15,

in synon.
1831. Elismia : Leach, in'^Turton, Manual, p. 84, in synon.

[misprinted Elisma. In the proofs of the

Moll. Brit. Sgnop., 1819, p. 109, it is given

as " Prideau.x MSS."].
1892. Xeroacida, subg. of Xerophila : Monterosato, Atti

Accad. Sci. Palermo, Ser. Ill, vol. ii (Classe

Sci., no. 2), p. 25.

1. Cochlicella acuta (Miiller).^
Etym. : — Lat. acutus, pointed.

?1758. Helix hnrhura : Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, p. 773.

?1767. Helix harbara : Linnaeus, o. c, ed. 12, p. 1249.

1774. Helix acuta : Muller, Verm. Hist., ii, p. 100.

1777. Turbo fasciatus : Pennant, Brit. Zool., ed. 4, iv, 8vo,

p. 131; 4to, p. 114, pi. Ixxxii, f. 119.

1778. Turbo fasciatus (Penn.) : DaCosta, Test. Brit., p. 90.
1789. Bulimus acutus. Nob. : Bruguiere, Ency. Mefhod.,

Vers i, p. 323.
1791. Helix acuta, Miill. : Gmelin, in Linn. Syst. Nat., ed. 13,

i, pt. 6, p. 3660.
1799. Helix bijasciata : Pulteney, Cut. Dorset., p. 49.
1801 . Bulimus acutus : Draparanaud, Tahl. Moll. France, p. 68.
1803. Turbo fasciatus : Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 346.

[According to Montagu {Test. Brit., Suppt., p. 132),
this species occurred in the Portland Collection
under the name of Turbo fasciaris.]
1805. Bulimus ac[u]tus : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. France,
p. 77, pi. iv, f. 29 & 30.

' For discussion as to the validity of this name, See Kexxabd & Wood-
ward, Proc. Malac. Soc. Land., xiv, 1920, p. 80.

N -Br. MOLL. Q

226 • IIELICID^

1807. TurrilcUu turricula : Link, Bcschreih. Nat. Smnml.

Univ. Rostock, iii, p. 138.
1807. Helix hijasciata, Pulteney : Maton & Rackett, Trans.

Linn. Soc, viii, p. 210.
1813? Li/nitKca fasciata : Fleming, Edinh. Ency., vii, p. 78.
1813. Helix hijasciata : Rackett, in Pulteney, Cat. Dorset.,

cd. 2, p. 55, pi. xviii, f. 8 & 10.
1817. Helix acuta, Miill. : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii, p. 956.
?1817. Helix harhara, Linn. : Dillwyn, t. c, p. 960.
1817, \ Bulimulus acutus, Linn. Gmel. : Blainville, Diet. Sci.
Mar. j Nat., v, Suppt., p. 126.

1819. Elismia fasciata, Penn. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.

(proofs), p. 109.

1820. Helix {Bulimus) acuta, Mull. : Fervssac, Jouni. Physique

xc, p. 300.

1821. Helix {Cochlieella) acuta, Muller : Ferussac, Tabl. syst.

Limagons, Jan. cd., p. 56 (June ed., p. 52).

1821. Bulinus variabilis, var. a : Hartmann, Neue Alpina,

i, p. 223 : ih. Sturm, Deutschl. Fauna, vi,
hft. 6, no. 11 [i. e. 12].

1822. Buliinas artieulatus : Lamarck, Hist. Anim. s. Vert.,

vi, pt. 2, p. 124. [Teste Moquin-Tandon.]
It is followed on the next page by B. acutus.
1820. Cochlieella meridionalis (N) : Risso, Hist. Europ. merid.,
iv, p. 78.

1826. Cochlieella turricula (N) : Risso, I. c.

1827. Bulimus acutus, Lam. : Brown, Ulust. Conch. Brit.,

ed. 1, pi. xli, f. 18.
1828,"! Lonyawa turrita, Mhlfld. : Menke, Synop. Moll., p. 15,
Feb. j in synon.

1828. Bulimus acutus, Brug. : C. Ppeiffer, Naturg. Deutsch

Moll, iii, p. 35, pi. vii, f. 1.

1830. Bulimus acutus, Miill. : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc,

xvi, p. 346.

1831. Bulimus fasciatus, Mont. : Turton, Manual, p. 84, f. 67.
1831. Bulinms ventricosus, Drap. : Turton, o.c, p. 86, f. 69.

[Non Drajjarnaud.]

1831. Elisina [sic] fasciata : Leach, in Turton, Manual, p. 84,

in synon.

1832. Bulimus elongatus, nob. : Cristofori & Jan, Catalogus,

p. 4, Bulimus 17 7^.

1833. Bulimus turritella Andrz. [MS.] : Krynicki, Bull. Soc.

Imp. Nats. Moscou, vi, p. 415.
1837. Bulimus {Coehlieellus) artieulatus, Lm ! : Becik, Index

Moll, p. 63.
1837. Bulimus {Coehlieellus) Maroccanus, B. : Beck, I. c.

1837. Bulimus {Coehlieellus) actdus (0. Miill.) Brug. : Beck, I. c.

1838. Bulimus littoralis, nobis : Brumati, Cat. Conch. Monfalc.,

p. 34, f. 9.

THEBA * 227

1840,) Bulimus {EUsma) aculus, Miiller : Gray, Turtoii's
Apr. / Manual, new ed., p. 185, pi. vi, f. 67.

Q°^, I Bulimufi acutus, Bruguiere : Brown, Illust. Couch. Brit.,
jgP*- j ed. 2, p. 3f, pi. xiv, f. 18.

1845. Bulimus acutus, Bruguiere : Brown, Illust. L. & F.-W
Conch. Brit., p. 35, pi. iv, f. 31 & 32.

1847. BuUmulus {Elisina) acuta : Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud.,
1847, p. 175.

1847. Turbo Zappoides, Ch. : \Nardo, Sinon. Specie Chicraj-

1847. Turbo Panoitius, Ch. : j hini, col. 83.

1847. Helix miseria, Ch. : Nardo, o. c, col. 93.

1850. Bulimus (CochliceUus) acutus, Miill. : Albers, Heliceen,
p. 178.

1852,\ Elismia fasciata, Penn. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Sijuop.,

Feb. / ' p. 79.

1852,) Bulimus acutus, Miiller : Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll.,

Mar. J iv, p. 86, pi. cxxviii, f. 5.

1852, \ CochliceUus acutus, Miill. : Morch, Cat. Conch. Yoldi,

Aug. J i, p. 24.

1855. Cochlicella acuta, Miill. : H. & A. Adams, Genera Moll.,

ii, p. 163.

1856. Helix {Cochlicella) acuta, Miill. : Moqutn-Tandon, Hist.

Moll. France, ii, p. 280, pi. xx, f. 27-32.

1857. Bulimus {Elismia) acutus, Miiller : Gray, Turton's

Manual, new ed., p. 153, pi. vi, f. 67.

1862. Bulimus acutus, Miiller : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i,

p. 233 ; V, pi. xiv, f . 4.

1863. Bulimus acutus, Miiller : Reeve, L. <& F.-W. Moll. Brit.

Is., p. 88, figs.
1889. Helix {Xerophila) barhara, Linn. : Westerlund, Fauna

Paldarct. Region, ii. p. 366.
1892. Xerophila {Xeroacuta) acuta : Monterosato, Atti Accad.

Sei. Palermo, Ser. Ill, vt)l. ii (Classe Sci.,

no. 2), p. 25.
1895. Helicella {Cochlicella) barbara, L. : Pilsbry, Manual,

Ser. II, vol. ix, p. 263, pi. Ixviii, f. 29.

First recorded as British in 1685, by M. Lister {Hist.

Conch., i, pi. xix, f. 14), from Alderney.
British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

Genus : 7. THEBA, Risso.

Etym. :— Doubtful.

Type ■.—Helix cartusiana, Miiller. (Selected by Pilsbry, 1895.)

{Helix, vett. auctt.)

1819. Teba [pars]: Leach, Moll. Brit. Sijnop. (proofs), p. 91.

228 HELICID^

1821, "( HdiccUa [pars] : Ferussac, TaU. syst. Lima<;ons, Jan. ed.,

Jan. I p. 41 (June ed., p. 37).

1821,) Zcnobia [pars] : Gray, Lomi. Med. Rcpos., xv, p. 239.

Mar. J [Noil Oken, 1815 (Lcpidopt.).]

1826. Theba (Leach MS.) : Risso, Hist. Nat. Europ. merid., iv,

p. 73.
1833. Monacha [pars] : Fitzinger, Beitr. Landesk. Oesterr.,

iii, p. 95. [Noil Monachns, Kaup, 1829

(Aves).]
1837. Biadyhccna, subg. 11 of Helix [pars] : Beck, Index Moll,

p. 18. [Non Bradyhcenus, Dejean, 1829

{Coleo'plera).^^

1837. Fiuticicola [pars] : Held, Isis, xxx, lift. 12, col. 914.

1838. Cernuella [pars] : Schulter, Kurz. syst. Verzeichn., p. 6.
1871. CartJmsiana : Kobelt, Cat. Europ. Binnenconch., p. 11.
1889. Latonia : Westerlund, Fauna Paldarct. Reyion, ii,

pp. 30 & 68. [Non Meyer, 1843 (Kept.).]
1889. Euomphalia : Westerluxd, t. c, pp. 31 & 92.
1904. Westerlundia : Kobelt, in Rossmasslcr's Icon., N.F. xi,

pp. 131 & 181 [n. nov. for Latonia].

1. Theba cartusiana (Miiller).

Etyni. : — So called because found at the Carthusian monastery
of La Chartreuse.

1774. Helix cartusiana : Muller, Venn. Hist., ii, p. 15.
1791. Helix Carthusiana, Miill. : Gmelin, in Linn. Syst. Nat.,

ed. 13, i, pt. 6, p. 3664.
?1792. Helix arenaria, nobis : Olivi, Zool. Adriaf., p. 178.
1801. Helix Carthusianella : Draparnaud, Tahl. Moll.

France, p. 86.
1805. Helix carthusianella : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. France,

p. 101, pi. xvi, f. 31, 32.
?]805. Helix glabella : Draparnaud, o.c., p. 102, pi. vii, f. 6.
1815. Vortex cartusiana : Oken, Lehrb. Natury., iii, abth. 1,

p. 314.
1817. Helix Cartusiana, Miill. : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, li, p. 943.

1819. Teba Carthusianella, Drap. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Syiiop.

(proofs), p. 95.

1820. Helix yypsii [err. pro yibsii] : Ferussac, Journ. Phys.,

xc, p. 300 note.
,ooi [ Helix (Helicella) Carthusianella, Drap. : Ferussac, Tabl.
-f '- syst. Limagons, Jan. ed., p. 47 (June ed.,

''^'^- [ p. 43).

1821,) Helix (Zenobia) bimarcjinata : Gray, Lond. Med. Bepos.,
Mar. / XV, p. 239.

1823. Helix cartusiana : [Brown], Ency. Brit., ed. 6, vi, p. 460.
1826. Theba carthusianella, Drap. : Risso, Hist. Europ. merid.,

iv, p. 75.

TnEBA 229

1826. Theha cemenelea (N) : Risso, t. c, p. 75. [Teste Bour-

guignat and Caziot.]
?1826. Theha chnrpentieri (N) : Risso, t. c, p. 76. [Cited as
this species by Gray, 1857, but referred by
Caziot to T. rubella, Risso.]

1827. Helix Gihsii, Leach MS. : Brown, Illmt. Conch. Brit.,

ed. 1, pi. xl, f. 49-51.

1828. Helix carthusianclla, Drap. : C. Pfeiffer, Naturg.

Deutsch. Moll., iii, p. 25, pi. vi, f. 1.

1830. Helix palida, a : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc, xvi,

p. 336.

1831. Helix Carthusianella, Drap. : Turton, Manual, p. 37,

f. 27.
1831. Tehn Carthusianella : Leach, in Turton, Manual, p. 37,

in synon.
1831. Helix olivieri, Fer. : Michaud, Complem. Hist. Moll.

France Drap., p. 25.
1833. Motiacha carthusianella, mihi : Fitzinger, Beitr. Landesk.

Oesterr., iii, p. 95.
1833. Helix clauslralis, Ziegler : Fitzinger, I. c.
1833. Helis rufilabris : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc, xvi,

p. 509.

1837. Helix (Bradybeena) carthusiana, 0. Miill. : Beck, Index

Moll, p. 19.
1837, \ Fruticicola carthusianella, Drap. : Held, Isis, xxx,
Dec. j hft. 12, col. 914.

1838. Helix {Cernuella) Carthusianella, in. (Dr.) : Schluter,

Kurz. syst. Verzeichn., p. 6.
1840,^ Helix (Hygromanes) Carthusiana, Miiller : Gray, Turtou's
Apr. / Manual, new ed., p. 146, pi. iii, f. 27.

I, I Helix (Helicclla) carthusiana, Miiller : Brown, Illust.
jg|^- j Conch. Brit., ed. 2, p. 46, pi. xvii, f. 49-51.

1845. Helix [Helicclla) carthusiana, Miiller : Brown, Illust. L.

& F.-W. Conch. Brit., p. 63, pi. vii, f. 11-13.
1847. Theba (Monacha) carthusiana : Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc.

Lond., 1847, p. 173.
1850. Helix {Fruticicola) carthusiana, Mull. : Albers, Heliceen,

p. 70.
1852. Helix Carthusiana, MuIIer : Forbes & Hanley, Brit.

Moll., iv, p. 51, pi. cxvi, f. 5 & 6.
1852. Teba Carthusianella, Drap. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.,

p. 69, pi. viii, f. 4-6.
1855,) Hyi/romia Carthusiana, Miill. : H. & A. Adams, Genera
June./ " Moll., ii, p. 214.

1855,) Helix {Hi/gromia) cartusiana. Mull. : Pfeiffer, Malak.
Nov. I" ■' Bldll., ii, p. 127. '

1856. Helix (Zenobia) Carthusiana, Miill. : Moquin-Tandon,

Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 207, pl.xxvi, f. 20-26.

230 HELTCIB^

1857. Helix {Hygromanes) cartlntsiana, Miiller : Gray, Turton's
Manual, new ed., p. 130, f. 35; pi. iii, f. 27.

1862. Helix Cartusiana, Miiller : Jeffreys, Brit. Condi., i,

p. 192; V, pi. xi, f. 6.

1863. Helix Carthusiana, Muller : Eeeve, L. & F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., p. 67, figs.
1871. Helix {Fniticicola : e. Carthusiana) carthusiana, Muller:

KoBELT, Cat. Europ. Binnenconch., p. 11.
1887. Helix (Carthusiana) carthusiana, Muller : Tryon,

Manual, Ser. II, vol. iii, p. 195, pi. xliv,

f. 12 & 13.
1895. Helicella (Theha) carthusiana, Miill. : Pilsbry, Manual,

Ser. II, vol. ix, p. 266.
1902. Hygromanes {Theha) carthusiana, Mtill. : Westerlund,

Rad Jugoslav. Akad., cli, p. 92.
1904. Carthusiana carthusiana, Miill. : Kobelt, in Ross-

miissler. Icon., N.F. xi, p. 209.
1912. Helix [Theha) rufilahris, Jeffreyss [sic'\ : Germain, Arch.

Mus. Hist. Nat. Lyon, xi, no. 3, p. 60, pi. v,

f. 267-281 & 283-285.
1917. Theha cartusiana (Miiller) : Taylor, Monog. Moll. Brit.

Is. [iv], p. 96, pi. ix.

[Germain (Moll. France, ii, p. 121) cites as synonyms : —
Helix stagnina, Bourg. ; H. sarricensis, Mart. ;
H. ventiensis, Bourg. ; H. innoxia, Bourg. ; H. diurna,
Bourg. ; H. episcma, Bourg. ; H. Guerhoi.^i, Bourg. ;
and H. avarica, Loc]

First recorded as British in 1820, by Ferussac (Journ.
de Physique, xc, p. 300), as Helix carthusianella,
Drap.

British Distribution in Time : Holocene and Recent.

2. Theba cantiana (Montagu).

Etym. : — Lat. Cantium, the county of Kent.

1801. Helix carthusiana, Mull. : Draparxaud, Tahl. Moll.

France, p. 86. \Non Miiller.]
1803. Helix cantiana : Montagu, Tf.??. 5riV., p. 422 ; Suppt.,
pi. xxiii, f. 1.
[According to Montagu (Test. Brit., p. 422) this species
occurred in the Portland Collection under the name
of Helix rufescens cantiana.^
1803. Helix pallida : Donovan, Brit. Shells, v, pi. clvii, f. 2.

[Quoted by Montagu (Tesit. Brit., Suppt., p. 145).]
1805. Helix carthusiana. Mull. : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll.

France, p. 102, pi. vi, f. 33.
1807. Helix cantiana, Montagu : Maton & Rackett, Trans.
Linn. Soc, viii, p. 197.

TIIEBA 231

•1813. Helix cantiana : Rackett, in Pulteney, Cat. Dorset.,

ed. 2, p. 53, pi. xix, f. 21.
1817. Helix cantiaua, Mont. : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii, p. 891.
1819. Teba Cantiana, Mont. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop.

(proofs), p. 94.
1821. Helix {Helicella) Carthusiana, Draparn. : Ferussac,
Tahl. syst. Lima^ons, Jan. ed., p. 47 (June ed.,
p. 43); Hist., pi. Iv, f. 19 & xc, f. 11.
1821. Helix {Helicella) cantiana, Mont. : Ferussac, I. c.

[FtTUSsac afterwards, p. 73 (69), acknowledged this
species to be a synonym of his H. carthusiana,
Drap.]
1823. Helix cantiana : [Brown], Ency. Brit., ed. 6, vi, p. 457.

1826. Theba carthusiana, Drap.: Risso, Hist. Nat. Europ. merid.,

iv, p. 74.

1827. Helix cantiana, Mont. : Brown, Ulust. Conch. Brit.,

ed. 1, pi. xl, f. 15-17.

1828. Helix carthusiana, Drap. : C. Pfeiffer, Nattmj. Deutsch.

Moll, iii, p. 26, pi. vi, f. 2 & 3.

1830. Helix pallida, Don. : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc, xvi,

p. 335.

1831. Helix Carthusiana, Drap. : Turton, Manual, p. 36, f. 26.
1831. Tela Cantiana: Leach, in Turton, Manual, p. 36, in

synon.
1837. Helix {Bradybcena) cantiana, Mtg. : Beck, Index Moll,

p. 19.
1837. Helix {Bradybarm) Brunonensis, B. : Beck, I. c.
1837. Fruticicola carthusiana, Drap. : Held, Isis, xxx, hft. 12,

col. 914.
1840,) Helix {Hygromanes) Cantiana, Montagu : Gray, Turton's
Apr. / Manual, new ed., p. 144, pi. iii, f. 26.

c^^i ] Helix (Helicella) cantiana, Montagu : Brown, Illust.
1840 I <^'o»''^*- ^"■'■' °^- 2' P- 46, pi. xvii, f. 15-17.

1845,) Helix carthmianella, Drap. [pars] : Morelet, Descr.
July./ Moll. Portugal, p. 62.

1845. Helix (Helicella) cantiana, Montagu : Brown, niu.'<t. L.

& F.-W. Conch. Brit., p. 63, pi. vii, f. 8-10.
1848. Helix Galloprovincialis : Dupuy, Hist. Nat. Moll.

France, p. 204, pi. ix, f. 5 a-c.
18.50. Helix {Fruticicola) cantiana, Montagu : Albers, Heliceen,

p. 70.
1852. Helix cantiana, Montagu : Forbes & Hanley, Brit.

Moll, iv, p. 50, pi. cxvi, f. 8 & 9.
1852. Teba Cantiana, Mont. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop., p. 68.
1855, \ Hycjromia Cantiana, Mont.: H. & A. Adams, Genera
June. ) ' Moll, ii, p. 214.

1855,^ //('//.*• {Hifgromia) Cantiana, Mont. : Pfeiffer, Malak.
Nov./ Blatt., ii, p. 127.

232 HELICID^

1855. Helix carduelis, Schiilze : Reibisch, AJlg. Deutsch.

Naturh. Zeitung, N.F. i, p. 415. [Schuize,
1770, was not a binominal writer and gave
no name. See Gude, Proc. Malak. Soc, xi,
p. 168, 1914.]

1856. Helix {Zenobia) Cantiana, Mont. : Moquin-Tandon,

Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 201, pi. xvi, f. 9-13.

1857. Helix {Hyqromanes) cantiana, Montagu : GtRAY, Turtou's

Manual, new ed.. p. 128, f. 34 & 35; pi. iii,
f. 26.

1862. Helix Cantiana, Montagu : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i,

p. 190; V, pi. xi, f. 5.

1863. Helix Cantiana, Montagu : Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., 25. 66, figs.
1871. Helix {Fruticicola : e. Carthusiana) Cantiana, Mont. :

Kobelt, Cat. Europ. Binnenconch., p. 11.
1884. Helix cantianiformis, Bourg. in coll. : Ancey, Bull. Soc.

Mulac. France, i, p. 158.
1887. Helix {Carthusiana) Cantiana, Montagu : Tryon,

Manual, Ser. II, vol. iii, p. 192, pi. xlii,

f. 67-69.
1895. Helicella (Thcha) cantiana, Mont. : Pilsbry, Manual,

Ser. II, vol. ix, p. 266.
1904. Carthusiana cantiana, Mont. : Kobelt, in Rossmassler,

Icon., N.F. xi, p. 209.
1917. Theha cantiana (Montagu) : Taylor, Monog. Moll. Brit.

Is. [iv], p. 78, pi. ix.

First recorded as British in 1678, by M. Lister (Hist.

Anini. Angl., p. 125).
British Distribution in Time : Roman Times and Recent.

Genus : 8. ASHFORDIA, Taylor.

Etym. : — Named in honour of the British malacologist C.

Ashford.
Genotype : — Helix granulata, Turton MS., Alder.
(Helix, Teba, Hygromia, Fruticicola, vett. auctt.)

1917. Ashfordia : Taylor, Monog. Moll. Brit. Is. [iv], p. 69.

1. Ashfordia granulata (Turton MS., Alder).

Etym. : — Based on the Lat. dimiu. granuluui, a little grain.

1799. Helix hispida [pars] : Pulteney, Cat. Dorset., p. 47.
1803. Helix hispida, Lin. : Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 423;

Suppt., pi. xxiii, f. 3.
1807. Helix hispida [pars] : Maton & Rackett, Trans. Linn.

Soc, viii, p. 198,

ASHFORDIA 233

1813. Helix hispida [pars] : Rackett, in Pultcney, Cat.

Dorset., ed. 2, p. 54.
1817. Helix hispida : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii, p. 915.
1819. Teba hispida, Linn. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Syiiop. (proofs),

p. 98.
?1823. Helix hispida [pars] : [Bkown], Eney. Brit., ed. G, vi,

p. 458.
1827. Helix hispida, Mont. : Brown, Ulusl. Conch. Brit., ed. 1,

pi. xl, f. 8 & 13.
1830,\ Helix sericea, Miill. : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc., xvi,
June. I p. 333. [Non Midler.]

1830. Helix granidata, Turton MS. : Alder, Trans. Nat. Hist.

Soc. Nortkuinb., i, p. 39.

1831. Helix sericea, Drap. : Turton, Manual, p. 38, f. 29.

[No7i Drapaniaud.]
1831. Tela hispida: Leach, in Turton, Manual, p. 38, in

synon.
1833. Helix glohularis : Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc, xvi,

p. 507.

1840, \ Helix {Hygro)nanes) (jranulata. Alder : Gray, Turton's

Apr. j Manual, new ed., p. 151, pi. iii, f. 29.

Post \

q , I Helix (Hclicella) granulata, Alder : Brown, Ulust. Conch.

jgP) I Brit., ed. 2, p. 48, pi. xvii, f. 8 & 13.

1845. Helix (HeliceJla) granidata, Alder : Brown, Hlust. L. d:

F.-W. Conch. Brit., p. 69, pi. vii, f. 23 & 24.
1847. Helix {Bradyhena) gramdala. Alder : Beck, Amtl. Ber.

24. Versamm. Deutsch. Naturf., p. 122.
1850. Helix {Fruticicola) sericea, Drap. : Albers, Heliceen,

p. 71.
1852. Helix sericea, Draparnaud : Forbes & Hanley, Brit.

Moll., iv, p. 71, pi. cxviii, f. 5 & 6, cxxxii, f. 9.
1852. Teba hispida, Linn. : Leach, Moll. Brit. Synop., p. 71.
1857. Helix (Hygromanes) granulata. Alder : Gray, Turton's

Manual, new ed., p. 134, pi. iii, f. 29.
1860. Helix psaturocha'ta : Bourguignat, Malac. Bretagne,

p. 97, pi. i, f. 1-4.

1862. Helix sericea, Miiller : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i, p. 201 ;

V, pi. xii, f. 4.

1863. Helix sericea, Draparnaud : Reeve, L. d: F.-W. Moll.

Brit. Is., p. 77, figs.
1871. Helix (Theba) granulata. Alder: Kobelt, Cat. Eiirop.

Binnenconch., p. 10.
1879. Helix (Hygroniia) granulata. Alder : Pfeiffer, Nomencl.

Helic. viivnt., ed. Clessin, p. 123.
1881. Helix (Fruticicola) granidata, Alder: Kobelt, Cat.

Europ. Binnenconch., ed. 2, p. 22.
1892. Helix {Trichia) granulata. Alder : Kobelt, in Ross

massler, Icon., N.F. v, p. 18.

234 HELTCID^

1895. Hycjromia (Fruticicola) qmnulata, Alder : Pilsbry,
Manual, Ser. 11, vol. ix, p. 273.

1904. Fruticicola granulata. Alder : Kobelt, in Rossmassler,
Icon., N.F. xi, p. 181.

1917. Aslifordia granulata (Alder) : Taylor, Monog. Moll.
Brit. Is. [iv], p. 70, pi. ix.

First recorded as British in 1803, by G. Montagu, as

Helix hispida. (See ref. above.)
British Distribution in Time : Pleistocene to Recent.

Genus : 9. FRUTICICOLA, Held.^

Etyni. : — hsit. frutex, a shrub -f colo, to inhabit.

Type : — Helix cinctella, Draparnaud. (Selected by Gray in 1847.)

(Helix, Hygromia, vett. auctt.)

1821. Helicella [pars]: Ferussac, Tahl. syat. Lima^ons, Jan.

ed., p. 41 (June ed., p. 37).
1826. Hygromia : Risso, Hist. Nat. Enrop. vierid., iv, p. 66.
1837. Bradyhcrna, subg. 11 of Helir [pars] : Beck, Index Moll.,

p. 18. [Non Bradyheeniis, Dejean, 1829

(Coleopt.).
1837. Fruticicola : Held, Isis, xxx, hft. 12, col. 914.

Sub-gen. : Zenobiella, Gude & Woodward.

Etyni. : — Diniin. of Zenohia, a genus of helicoids.
Type : — Helix subrnfescens, Miller.

1821. Zenohia [pars]: Gray, London Med. Repos., xv,
p. 239. [Non Oken, 1815 (Lepidopt.).]

1921. Zenobiella: Gude & Woodward, Proc. M«/ac. *Soc.
Lond., xiv, p. 179.

Sub-gen. : Fruticicola, s.s.

1837. Fruticicola : Held, as above.

1902. Sciapkila : Westerlund, Rad Jugoslav. Alad., cli,
p. 92. [Non Treitschke, 1829 (Lepidopt.).]

Sub-gen. : Capillifera, Honigmann.

Etym. : — Lat. capillus, hair -\- fero, to bear.
Type : — Helix hispida, Linne.

1840. Trichia : Hartmann, Gasteropoden, p. 41. [Non
Haller, 1768 (Mycetozoa) ; nee Trichius,
Fabricius, 1775 (Coleopt.); nee Trichia,
Hahn, 1841 (Crust.).]

' For discussion concerninc; tliis genus, See Gude & Woodward, Proc.
Malac. Soc. Lond.. xiv, 1!)21, p. 178.

FRUTICICOLA 235

1855. IlispiflrUn [pars] : Lowe, Proc. Zool. Soc. Loud.,
1854, p. 178, with H. hispida as type. [Non
Hispidella, Lowe, 1852 (Ann. <& Marj. Nat.
Hist., Ser. II, vol. ix, p. 115) with sole
species armitafjena, which is a Geomitra.]

1906. CapilUfera : IIonigmann, Abhandl. Mus. Magde-
burg, i, p. 190.

Sub-gen. : Ponentina, Hesse

Etyni. : — From the Portuguese poncnte, or poenie, west, used

as a specific name by Morelet.
Type : — Helix fiiibvirescens, Bellamy.

1921. Ponentina : Hesse, Arch.f. Mollhmde, 1921, p. 62.

1. Fruticicola (Zenobiella) subrufescens (Miller).
Etym. : — Lat. sub -}- rufeseens, somewhat reddish.

1803. Helix fusca : Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 424, pi. xiii, f. 1.

[Non Poiret.]
1807. Helix fusca, Montagu : Maton & Rackett, Trans. Linn.

Soc, viii, p. 209.
1817. Helix fusca, Montagu : Dillwyn, Cat. Shells, ii, p. 946.

1821. Helix (Zenobia) corrugata : Gray, Lond. Med. Repos.,

XV, p. 239. [Nam. nud.]

1822. Helix subrufescens, nobis : Miller, Ann. Phil., N.S. iii,

p. 43.
1827. Vitrina membranacea. Brown's MS. : Brown, lllust.
Conch. Brit., ed. 1, pi. xl, f. 3, 4 & 5.

1827. Helix fusca, Mont. : Brown, o. c, pi. xl, f. 25 & 26.

1828. Helix subrufescens (Miller) : Fleming, Hist. Brit. Anim.,

p. 259.

1830. Helix fusca, Mont.: Jeffreys, Trans. Linn. Soc, xvi,

p. 330.

1831. Helix fusca, Mont. : Turton, Manual, p. 53, f. 36.
1837. Helix revelata, Fer. : Bouchard-Chantereaux, Mem.

Soc. Agric Boulogne, Ser. II, toni. i, p. 180.
1840,1 Helix [Hygromanes) fusca, Mont. : Gray, Turton's
Apr. / Manual, new ed., p. 147, pi. iv, f. 36.

p . { Helix {Helicella) fusca, Montagu : Brown, lllust. Conch.
g J I Brit., ed. 2, p. 47, pi. xvii, f. 25, 26.

1840 I ^^^^'•^' (Helicella) revelata, Ferussac [pars] : Brown, o. c,

{ p. 48, pi. xvii, f. 3, 4 & 5.

1843. Zonites fuscus : Macgillivray, Hist. Moll. Aberdeen.,

p. 93.
1845. Helix (Helicella) fusca, Montagu : Brown, Hlust. L. (ft

F.-W. Conch. Brit., p. 66, pi. vii, f. 19 & 20.
1845. Helix (Helicella) revelala, Ferussac [pars] : Brown, o. c,

p. 69, pi. vii, f. 25-27.
1850. Helix (Conulus) fusca, Montagu : Albers, Heliceen, p. 73.

236 HELTCID^

1852. Helix fusca, Montagu : Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll., iv,

p. 77, pi. cxix, f . 4 & 5 ; cxxxii, f. 8.
1855,1 Zonites {Coiiulus) fu.sca, Mont. : H. & A. Adams, Genera
Jan. / Moll, ii, p. 116.

1855,^ Helix [Hyijromia) fusca, Mont. : Pfeiffer, Malak. Bldtt.,
Nov. j ii, p. 127.

1856. Helix {Zcnohia) fusca, Mont.: Moquin-Tandon, Hist.

Moll. France, ii, p. 212, pi. xvi, f. 33-36.

1857. Helix {Hygromanes) fusca, Mont. : Gray, Turton's

' Manual, new ed., p. 132, f. 37, pi. iv, f. 36.
1860. Helix (Fruticicola) fusca, Mont. : Martens, in Albers,
Heliceen, ed. 2, p. 104.

1862. Helix fusca, Montagu : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i, p. 205;

V, p]. xii, f. 6.

1863. Helix fusca, Montagu: Reeve, L. & F.-W. Moll. Brit.

Is., p. 79, figs.
1895. Hyc/romia {Fruticicola) fusca, Mont. : Pilsbry, Manual,

Ser. II, vol. ix, p. 273.
1916. Hyyroinia (Zenobia) fusca (Montagu): Taylor, Monog.

Moll. Brit. Is. [iv], p. 47, pi. v.
1921. Monacha fusca, Mont. : Hesse, Arch. f. Mollkund.,

1921, p. 66.
1921. Fruticicola (Zenobiclla) suhrvfe.scens (Miller) : Gude &

Woodward, Proc. Malac. Sac. Lond., xiv,

p. 179.

First recorded as British in 1803, by G. Montagu, as

Helix fusca. (See ref. above.)
British Distribution in Time : Recent.

2. Fruticicola (s.s.) odeca (Locard).
Etym. : — Unknown.

1805. Helix linthaia : Draparnaud, Hist. Moll. France, p. 100,
pi. vi, f. 29. [Non DaCosta, 1778.]

1821. Helix (Helicella) limbata, Draparn. : Ferussac, Tahl. syst.
Limagons, Jan. ed., p. 47 (June ed., p. 43).

1837. Helix (Bradyha"na) limhata, Drp.: Beck, Index Moll.,^. 18.

1837. Fruticicola limhata, Drap. : Held, Isis, xxx, hft. 12,
col. 914.

1840, 1 Helix [Hygromanes) limhata, Drap. : Gray, Turton's

Apr. ( Manual, new ed., p. 143, pi. xi, f. 132.

Q*^^ ' I Helix {Helicella) limhata, Drapernaud : Brown, Illust.
'J*gP^- r Conch. Brit., ed. 2, p. 46, pi. xviii, f. 29 & 30.

1845. Helix {Helicella) limbata, Drapernaud : Brown. Illust. L.&
F.-W. Conch. Brit., p. 65, pi. vii, f. 16 & 17.

1850. Helix {Fruticicola) limhata. Drap. : Albers, Heliceen,
p. 69.

1852. Helix limhata, Ferussac : Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll.,
iv, p. 85.

FRUTICICOLA 237

1855,1 Hygromia limbala, Drap. : H. & A. Adams, Genera Moll.,
Junc.j ii, p. 215.

1855,) Helix {Ilyfjromia) Umhata, Drap. : Pfeiffek, Malak.
Nov. / ■ BUitt., ii, p. 127.

1856. Helix (Hyf/roniaiie) limbatn, Drap. : Moquin-Tandon,

' Hist. Moll. France, ii, p. 194, pi. xv, f. 14-40.

1857. Helix Umhata, Drap. : Gray, Turtou's Maimed, new ed.,

p. 293.

1862. Helix Umhata, Draparnaiul : Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i,

p. 192.

1863. Helix Umhata, Drap. : Keeve, L. <& F.-W. Moll. Brit. Is.,

p. 67.
1882. Helix odeca, Bourguignat [MS.] : Locard, Prod. Malac.

Frang., p. 314. (Also : Ann. Soc. Ayric.

Lyon, Ser. V, torn, iv, p. 588.)
1882. Helix Hylonomia, Bourguignat [MS.] : Locard, o. c,

p. 315. {t. c., p. 589.)
1882. Helix suhlimhata, Bourguignat [MS.] : Locard, o. c,

p. 315. [t. c, p. 589.)
1887. HeUx {Helicella) Umhata, Drap. : Tryon, Manual, Ser. II,

vol. iii, p. 189, pi. xlii, f. 33 & 34.
1902. Hyyromanes {Sciaphila) Umhata, Drap. : Westerlund,

Rad Jtiyoslav. Akad., cli, p. 92.
1909. Helix {Monacha) Umhata, Drp. : Jodot, Compta Rend.

Assoc. Frang., Sess. 37, p. 427.
1921. Fruticicola (s.s.) Umhata, Drap. : Gude & Woodward,

Proc. Malac. Soc, xiv, p. 189.

First definitely recorded as Briti